新SAT官方指南阅读第十八篇全解析
TPO-18 Reading 1解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：通过关键词England and Germany 定位到第一句，但只是提到了英国和德国在十八世纪就开始工业化了，而丹麦挪威等其它国家的工业化进程要比它们晚。
选项中并没有信息与此句相关，所以也可以采取排除法先排错误选项。
A中的start of 19th century 做关键词定位到第二句，说的是这四个国家在19世纪初工业化进度相对落后，没提到英国德国工业化是否完成，不选；同理C也错误，与第二句意思相反；原文没有具体阐述英国德国工业化成功原因，所以不确定是否与其它国家成功原因一样，D错误。
原文最后一句话说这四个国家工业化起步晚是因为缺少煤炭资源，可以推出英国德国这些国家起步早是因为煤炭资源丰富，选B。
Q2正确答案：D解析：根据population density定位到最后两句，说到这几个国家人口密度差异比较大，但是它们都实现了工业化，且成功原因一致，说明人口密度并不重要，D选项正确。
Q3正确答案：D解析：定位到第三段最后一句，提到这个事实帮助经济发展，因为有代词this，所以看前一句，前句说北欧国家有全欧洲甚至是全世界最高的识字率，所以应该是受教育程度高帮助经济发展，所以答案是D。
Q4正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，A的transportation，B的fish和C的shipbuilding做关键词都可以定位至第四段第二句的，所以都正确，都不选；只有D在原文没有对应点，错误，选。
Q5正确答案：A解析：exceptional“出色的，出众的，例外的”，所以extraordinary正确。
Q6正确答案：A解析：abolish“中止，中断”，所以end是正确答案。
Q7正确答案：B解析：EXCEPT题，排除法，A的liberal trade policies做关键词定位至第五段第二句，与progressive demogcratization相对应，所以A正确，不选；B的huge projects 做关键词定位至第三句，原文提到without notable corruption or grandiose state projects，所以B与原文相反，选；同一句话说明C正确，不选；D的little disruption做关键词定位至第二句的relatively peacefully，所以D正确，不选。
新sat官方指南阅读试题解析之文本细读题
新SAT官方指南阅读试题解析之文本细读题新SAT阅读比现行SAT更重视学生的文本细读能力与对文本细节的理解。
College Board 在考试改革说明中也明确规定了精读题的考察范围。
一、题型介绍新SAT官方指南阅读试题解析之文本细读题第一种题型：Determining explicit meanings：The student will identify information and ideas explicitly stated in text. 识别明确信息：要求学生能够读懂文章中给出的明确的信息。
第二种题型：Determining implicit meaning: The student will draw reasonable inferences and logical conclusions from text. 识别隐含信息：要求学生能够从文章中做出合理推断与结论。
第三种题型：Using analogical reasoning: The student will extrapolate in a reasonable way from the information and ideas in a text or apply information and ideas in a text to a new, analogous situation. 运用类比推理：要求学生能够从文章中做出合理推断或者能将文章中的观点与信息运用到一个新的，类似的情景之中。
二、出题比例这三种题型在新SAT官方指南阅读中一共有38道(18.3%)，其中Determining explicit meaning占10道(4.8%), Determining implicit meaning占28道(13.5%), Using analogical reasoning占0道(%)。
由此可见，精读能力是新SAT阅读中非常重要的一项考察内容。
2023年SAT英语阅读真题解析
2023年SAT英语阅读真题解析SAT（Scholastic Assessment Test）是美国大学入学考试之一，其中英语阅读是SAT考试的重要组成部分之一。
本文将对2023年SAT英语阅读部分的真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对这一考试。
一、真题概述2023年SAT英语阅读部分共有四篇阅读材料，涵盖不同主题和文体。
每篇材料后有5道相关问题需要回答，考生需仔细阅读材料并选择正确的答案。
1. 第一篇：科学与环境本文介绍了一项关于全球气候变化的新研究，通过对动植物及其栖息地的观察，分析了气候变化对生态系统的影响。
2. 第二篇：历史与文化该篇讲述了中世纪欧洲的黑死病，探讨了该疾病对人口和社会结构的影响，并引发了对当时医学知识的重新审视。
3. 第三篇：文学与哲学此篇主要解析了伟大诗人威廉·莎士比亚的作品，在阐述其生平和重要作品的同时，还深入分析了其中的人性哲学。
4. 第四篇：社会与政治最后一篇讨论了科技在现代社会中的重要性和影响，探究了科技革命对人类生活的改变以及科技对社会和政治的影响。
二、常见题型及解题技巧在解答SAT英语阅读真题时，考生需注意以下几点：1. 主旨题主旨题要求考生理解文本的核心意义，回答文章的中心思想。
解答这类题目时，应在阅读文章时注意作者的观点和观点的转变，寻找文章的关键信息，帮助确定正确选项。
2. 细节题细节题需要考生从文章中找到特定的信息并作出判断。
解答此类题目时，可以在阅读时画线标记关键信息，并通过定位关键词快速找到答案。
3. 推理题推理题要求考生根据文章中的信息进行逻辑推理，推断未在文章中直接提及的内容。
解答此类题目时，需要仔细阅读文章，并根据文章暗示和联系进行合理的推断。
4. 例证题例证题要求考生根据文章提供的例子或证据，选择与之相符的选项。
解答此类题目时，需要注意例子的具体细节和作者对该例子的描述。
三、应试技巧除了理解各种题型和解题技巧外，考生还应注意以下应试技巧：1. 预览题目在阅读文章之前，快速预览问题，理解问题的要求，这样在阅读时能更加有目的地寻找关键信息。
剑桥雅思18阅读 解析
剑桥雅思18阅读解析摘要：I.剑桥雅思18 阅读概述A.剑桥雅思18 阅读的发布B.剑桥雅思18 阅读的重要性II.剑桥雅思18 阅读的难度和特点A.文章主题和题型的多样性B.题目难度的提升C.考察的雅思技能III.备考剑桥雅思18 阅读的建议A.提高阅读速度和理解能力B.熟悉题型和解题技巧C.分析错题和总结难点D.利用真题进行练习IV.总结A.剑桥雅思18 阅读的重要性B.备考建议正文：剑桥雅思18 阅读是备受关注的一本教材，它对于备考雅思考试的考生具有重要的参考价值。
在这本教材中，阅读部分涵盖了丰富的题型和文章主题，为考生提供了全面的练习内容。
首先，剑桥雅思18 阅读在题型和文章主题方面展现出了很高的多样性。
在这本教材中，考生可以遇到诸如事实细节题、推理判断题、段落主旨题等各种题型，这些题型在考试中都有可能出现。
同时，文章主题涵盖了科学、社会、文化等多个领域，让考生在备考过程中能够充分锻炼自己的阅读能力。
其次，剑桥雅思18 阅读的题目难度相较于之前的版本有所提升。
这主要体现在文章的长度和难度的增加，以及题目的深入和复杂程度上。
这使得考生在备考过程中需要更高的阅读速度和理解能力，以便在考试中迅速抓住文章的主旨和关键信息。
在备考剑桥雅思18 阅读时，考生可以采取以下策略：首先，通过大量的阅读练习提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力；其次，熟悉各种题型的解题技巧，掌握如何快速找到答案；此外，要分析自己做错的题目，总结出题目的难点和自己的不足，进行针对性的改进；最后，利用剑桥雅思真题进行模拟练习，以提高自己在真实考试环境下的应对能力。
总之，剑桥雅思18 阅读是雅思备考的重要参考资料，考生可以通过这本教材全面提高自己的阅读能力。
雅思阅读剑18t4解析
雅思阅读剑18t4解析
第18本剑桥雅思阅读真题中的第4篇文章是一个解析文章，题目和内容涉及解释某种现象或事件的原因和结果。
在这篇文章中，作者阐述了一个关于动物洞穴形成原因的理论，以及这些形成洞穴对生态系统的影响。
文章的开篇引入了动物洞穴的普遍存在，并指出它们在过去几个世纪中一直引起了学者们的兴趣。
接着，作者介绍了一个主要理论，该理论认为动物洞穴的形成是由于地下水系统在长时间内的侵蚀作用。
文章指出，地下水的运动和溶解作用导致了洞穴壁的溶解和崩解，从而形成了洞穴结构。
在解释这个理论的过程中，文章提供了一些具体的实例来支撑观点。
例如，作者引用了一项研究，它发现在含有大量地下水的地区，动物洞穴数量明显较多。
这些实例和数据为理论提供了强有力的支持。
除了介绍原因，文章还探讨了动物洞穴对生态系统的影响。
它指出，洞穴提供了许多动物的栖息地，包括蝙蝠、兔子和地下生物等。
这些洞穴为动物提供了避暑和保护的地方，对于地下生物而言尤为重要。
文章最后提到了一些问题和争议，例如关于洞穴对周围环境的影响以及人类活动对洞穴的破坏程度等。
作者特别强调了保护洞穴生态系统的重要性，以及人们需要制定适当的政策来保护这些珍贵的生态资产。
总结起来，这篇雅思阅读剑18t4解析的文章为我们提供了一个关于动物洞穴形成和生态系统影响的解释和理论。
通过引用实例和数据，文章构建了一个有力的观点，并提出了保护洞穴生态系统的必要性。
这样的阅读练习有助于拓展我们的知识和理解能力。
新托福TPO18阅读原文及译文(一)
新托福TPO18阅读原文(一)：荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚半岛的工业化进程TPO18-1：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success.All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so atRotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agriculturalproduction: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.TPO18-1译文：荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚半岛的工业化进程尽管一些欧洲国家，如英国和德国，在18世纪就开始了工业化，荷兰以及丹麦、挪威、瑞典这些斯堪的纳维亚半岛国家的工业化则发展得较晚。
SAT阅读考试答题要点全面讲解
SAT阅读考试答题要点全面讲解SAT阅读考试答题要点全面讲解SAT阅读考题全面讲解Types of QuestionsThree types of questions may be asked about a passage: extended reasoning, vocabulary-in- context, literal comprehension. You will also be asked questions involving paired long passages and paragraphs第一类:Extended reasoning questionsExtended reasoning questions ask you to draw conclusions from or evaluate the information in the passage.The answers to these questions will not be directly stated in the passage but can be inferred from it.Extended reasoning questions also ask about the overall theme or meaning of the passage and about the purpose, attitude, or tone of the writer.第二类:Vocabulary-in-Context QuestionsOne word can have many meanings. The answer choices will often include several different meanings of the word.Questions asking for the meaning of a word or phrase refer to the meaning in the context in which the word or phrase is being used in the passage.It helps to go back to the passage and reread the surrounding text of the world that is used. Be sure to read enough of the context to thoroughly understand the meaning of the word.第三类:Literal Comprehension QuestionsTips of Literal Comprehension Questions1.Find the place in the passage where the detail is discussed.2.Recognize different ways of stating the same fact or idea.3.Cross out incorrect responses as you eliminate them.4.Read questions carefully, looking for words such as except, not, and only, and for other words that describe exactly what you are asked to do with the information.5.Be sure you can support your answer by referring to words or phrases within the passage that support it.第四类:Questions Involving Paired Passages and Paragraphs The pair of passages will have a common theme or subject.One of the passages will oppose, support, or in some way relate to the other. (反对，支持，或相关)SAT阅读题解题要点Remember, every word counts.Read the questions and answers carefully.Don't forget that an answer choice can be both true and wrong. The correct choice is the one that best answers the question, not any choice that makes a true statement.Make sure the reading passage supports your answer. Try eliminating choices. Double-check the other choices. Don't jump from passage to passage.。
新SAT阅读官方详题解析
新SAT阅读官方详题解析阅读在SAT考试中占有重要比例，所以在解答阅读题时，一定要仔细，切记将个人猜想或者个人判断随意选择，否则一不小心就偏离文章的中心。
下面文都国际教育小编给大家搜集了新SAT阅读官方详题解析，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。
材料：The Official SAT Study Guide试卷：2页数：457题号：18Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. This passage is adapted from Iain King, “Can Economics Be Ethical?”©2013 by Prospect Publishing.These human quirks mean we can never make purely “rational” decisions. A new wave of behavioral economists, aided by neuroscientists, is trying to understand our psychology, both alone and in groups, so they can anticipate our decisions in the marketplace more accurately. But psychology can also help us understand why we react in disgust at economic injustice, or accept a moral law as universal. Which means that the relatively new science of human behavior might also define ethics for us. Ethical economics would then emerge from one of the least likely places: economists themselves.18. The main idea of the final paragraph is thatA) human quirks make it difficult to predict people’s ethical decisions accurately.B) people universally react with disgust when faced with economic injustice.C) understanding human psychology may help to define ethics in economics.D) economists themselves will be responsible for reforming the free market.答案: C答案解析: 本题问的是结尾段(lines 83-88) 的中心思想。
TPO-18 Reading 2解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：高亮部分的主干意思是：人们无聊或困的时候会打哈欠，打哈欠可以让人提起精神，所以B正确。
A没提到打哈欠，重要信息缺乏，错误；C的比较意义原文没有出现，错误；D的can be avoided原文没有提到，错误。
Q2正确答案：A解析：对应第一段第二句，科学研究发现没有证据证明打哈欠和无聊、疲倦有联系，所以A正确。
BCD都说有证据，错误。
Q3正确答案：A解析：flaw“瑕疵，缺点，错误”，所以A fault正确。
这里有another，说明是接着上一段继续陈述另一个____，而一段说的是这个理论的问题，所以这里应该是接着说问题。
Q4正确答案：C解析：修辞目的题，首先找到修辞点所在的第二段第三句，句首的However提示这句话与前面一句的转折关系，前句说的是在打哈欠时、打哈欠后的确测到了一些生理上的变化，后面转折说：但哪怕是张开嘴、深呼吸，也会有这些生理变化，所以测到生理变化并不能说明什么问题。
答案是C。
Q5正确答案：D解析：trigger“引起”，所以D cause正确。
这句里的while提示对比：如果该理论正确，那么呼吸二氧化碳含量高的空气会_____打哈欠，而呼吸纯氧会抑制打哈欠。
和“抑制”意义相反的就是“引起、增加”。
Q6正确答案：B解析：EXCEPT题，可以用排除法做，A的alertness or physiological activity做关键词定位至第二段第一句，正确，不选；B的thinking about yawning做关键词定位至第六句，只是作为附加的实验要求出现，但未提到单独这一条件是否会增加哈欠。
所以B未提及，可选；C的carbon dioxide and oxygen做关键词定位至第六、七、八句，正确，不选；D的rate of breathing做关键词定位至倒数第二句，D正确，不选。
Q7正确答案：C解析：periodically“规律地”，所以C regularly正确。
雅思18test2passage1阅读解析
雅思18test2passage1阅读解析
【原创实用版】
目录
1.文章概述
2.文章结构
3.文章主旨
4.文章结论
正文
【文章概述】
本文是一篇关于雅思 18test2passage1 阅读解析的文章，旨在帮助考生更好地理解这篇文章，提高阅读能力和答题技巧。
文章将从文章结构、主旨和结论等方面进行详细分析。
【文章结构】
文章分为四个部分：
1.第一部分：文章开头，简要介绍雅思 18test2passage1 的背景和重要性。
2.第二部分：分析文章的结构，包括段落划分、主题句和细节内容。
3.第三部分：阐述文章的主旨和作者观点。
4.第四部分：总结文章的结论和启示，为考生提供一些实用的答题技巧和方法。
【文章主旨】
文章主要分析了雅思 18test2passage1 的阅读材料，通过解析文章结构和内容，帮助考生更好地理解文章，提高阅读能力和答题技巧。
文章强调了理解文章结构和作者观点的重要性，以便考生在答题时能够更加准
确地找到答案。
【文章结论】
通过对雅思 18test2passage1 的阅读解析，考生可以更好地掌握文章的主旨和结构，从而提高阅读能力和答题技巧。
在实际考试中，考生可以通过运用本文所提供的方法和技巧，更加高效地完成阅读题目，提高整体考试成绩。
总之，本文为一篇关于雅思 18test2passage1 阅读解析的文章，旨在帮助考生提高阅读能力和答题技巧。
新托福TPO18综合写作详细解析：怎样防止香榧数量下降
阅读材料： In the 1950s Torreya Taxifolia, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three ways to address the decline of Torreya. 在佛罗⾥达州，佛罗⾥达⾹榧是⼀种⾮常常见的常绿乔⽊。
从1950年代开始，佛罗⾥达⾹榧数量开始减少，并濒于灭绝。
⽬前尚不清楚导致其濒危的确切原因，但是如果不采取任何⾏动的话，⾹榧很可能会灭绝。
⽬前，专家们提出了三个⽅式去解决⾹榧数量下降。
The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small area differs from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Florida’s microclimate is very favorable to Torreya’s growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding region’s relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate. 第⼀个选择是把⾹榧重新种植在它们已经茂盛⽣长数千年的原⽣长地。
剑桥18 阅读test2 passage2解析
剑桥18 阅读test2 passage2解析（原创版）目录1.引言2.森林管理的定义和重要性3.宾夕法尼亚的森林管理实例4.管理低质量木材的意义5.高质量树干的砍伐问题6.结论正文1.引言森林是地球上最重要的生态系统之一，它为我们提供氧气、吸收二氧化碳、保护土壤和水源、控制气候变化等。
然而，随着人类活动的不断扩张，森林面临着巨大的挑战。
为了保护森林资源，森林管理成为了一个重要的课题。
本文将通过对剑桥 18 阅读 Test2 Passage2 的解析，了解森林管理的相关知识。
2.森林管理的定义和重要性森林管理是指对森林资源进行科学、合理、有效的保护、培育、利用和修复的一系列活动。
它旨在实现森林资源的可持续发展，保护生态系统平衡，促进人类社会和经济的可持续发展。
森林管理对于保护生物多样性、减缓气候变化、保障水资源安全、改善生态环境等方面具有重要意义。
3.宾夕法尼亚的森林管理实例在美国宾夕法尼亚州，森林管理人员通过实施一系列森林管理措施，旨在保护森林资源，提高森林的生产力。
这些措施包括选择性砍伐、再生育林、病虫害防治等。
通过这些措施，宾夕法尼亚州的森林资源得到了有效的保护和利用。
4.管理低质量木材的意义管理低质量木材对于森林管理具有重要意义。
低质量木材通常指病虫害侵染、生长不良、树形不整等木材。
这些木材的价值较低，但如果不进行有效管理，它们会占据森林空间，影响森林资源的生产力。
通过对低质量木材进行合理管理，可以提高森林资源的利用率，促进森林资源的可持续发展。
5.高质量树干的砍伐问题高质量树干是森林中的重要资源，它们具有较高的经济价值和生态价值。
然而，在森林管理过程中，高质量树干的砍伐问题引起了广泛关注。
如果砍伐过多高质量树干，会导致森林资源枯竭，影响森林的可持续发展。
因此，如何合理控制高质量树干的砍伐，是森林管理面临的一个重要课题。
6.结论森林管理是保护森林资源、实现可持续发展的重要手段。
通过对剑桥18 阅读 Test2 Passage2 的解析，我们了解了森林管理的定义、重要性和具体实践。
新SAT官方指南阅读第二篇全解析
新SAT官方指南阅读第二篇全解析This passage is adapted from Francis J.Flynn and Gabrielle S.Adams,“Money Can’t Buy Love:Asymmetric Beliefs about Gift Price and Feeling of Appreciation.”○c2008by Elsevier Inc.Every day,millions of shoppers hit the stores in full force-both online and on foot-searching frantically for the perfect st year,Americans spent over$30billion at retail stores in the month of December alone.Aside from purchasing holiday gifts,most people regularly buy presents for other occasions throughout the year,including weddings,birthdays,anniversaries, 5graduations,and baby showers.This frequent experience of gift-giving can engender ambivalent feeling in gift-givers.Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers.At the same time,many dread the thought of buying gifts;they worry that their purchases will disappoint rather than delight the intended recipients.10Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive social process,serving various political,religious,and psychological functions.Economists,however,offer a less favorable view.According to Waldfogel(1993),gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources.People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to buy on their own,or at least not spend as much money on to purchase(a phenomenon referred to as“the deadweight loss of Christmas”).To wit,givers 15are likely to spend$100to purchase a gift that receivers would spend only$80to buy themselves.This“deadweight loss”suggests that gift-givers are not very good at predicting what gifts otherswill appreciate.That in itself is not surprising to social psychologists.Research has found that people often struggle to take account of others’perspectives---their insights are subject to egocentrism,social projection,and multiple attribution errors.20What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gift-recipients,but nevertheless tend to overspend each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift.In the present research,we propose a unique psychological explanation for this overspending problem-i.e.,that gift-givers equate how much they spend with how much recipients will appreciate the gift(the more expensive the gift,the stronger a gift-recipient’s 25feeling of appreciation).Although a link between gift price and feeling of appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-givers,such an assumption may be unfounded.In deed,we propose that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift than givers assume.Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely linked to gift-recipients’feelings of 30appreciation?Perhaps givers believe that bigger(i.e.more expensive)gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.According to Camerer(1988)and others,gift-giving represents a symbolic ritual,whereby gift-givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward resources in a future relationship.In this sense,gift-givers may be motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to send a“stronger signal”to their intended recipient.As for 35gift-recipients,they may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.The notion of gift-givers and gift-recipients being unable to account for the other party’s perspective seems puzzling because people slip in and out of these roles every day,and,in somecases,multiple times in the course of the same day.Yet,despite the extensive experience that 40people have as both givers and receivers,they often struggle to transfer information gained from one role(e.g.,as a giver)and apply it in another,complementary role(e.g.,as a receiver).In theoretical terms,people fail to utilize information about their own preferences and experiences in order to produce more efficient outcomes in their exchange relations.In practical terms, people spend hundreds of dollars each year on gifts,but somehow never learn to calibrate their 45gift expenditure according to personal insight.11.The authors most likely use the examples in lines1-5of the passage(“Every…showers”)to highlight the(A)regularity with which people shop for gifts.(B)recent increase in the amount of money spent on gifts.(C)anxiety gift shoppings causes for consumers.(D)number of special occasions involving gift-giving.正确答案：A分析：第1-5行，文章举例说明了有多少人购物（“millions of shoppers”）,在购物上花费多少钱（“over$30billion at retail stores in the month of December alone”）,以及购物的很多情形（“including weddings,birthdays,anniversaries,graduations,and baby showers”）.这些例子组合到一起，可以说明美国人购买礼物的频率。
托福阅读TPO18答案解析
托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的tension和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；B的negatively和positively chargedparticles同样定位至第二句，但原文没有比较，所以B没说，选；C的come together和D的release做关键词定位都至倒数第二句，都正确，都不选。
2.tremendous大量的，巨大的，所以正确答案是huge。
原句说当带相反电荷的例子碰到一起的时候发生中和并释放什么样的能量，就是我们能看到的闪电，大家都知道闪电的能量很大，所以选huge，C。
A不同B增大D立刻都不靠谱。
3.以ice crystal和positively charged做关键词定位至第七句，说在这样的温度下，ice pellet和ice crystal 的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet带负电，crystal带正电，所以答案应该是A碰撞；B虽然也说到碰撞，但不是和负电碰撞；D的温度不是带正电的决定条件。
4.acquire获得，所以答案obtain正确，正如上题，原句说ice pellet和ice crystal的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet怎么样负电，crystal带正电，至少猜出acquire应该和become差不多，是个从无到有的过程，答案是B。
需要不一定有，C错；A拒绝与原文相反；D错，电荷不能产生。
5.以positively charged ice pellets做关键词定位至最后一句，说在这个很大的，带负电的区域之下，碰撞产生了positively charged pellets，所以答案是D。
A的increase in number，B的smaller和C的比较原文都没说。
6.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的ice pellets and ice crystals做关键词定位至第七句，正确，不选；B的in themiddle 做关键词定位至倒数第四句，正确，不选；C的数字做关键词定位至第六句，正确，不选；D的the base of the cloud 做关键词定位都至最后一句，但倒数第三句已经说过this process explains，也就是说原因到倒数第三句就给完了，D不是原因，错，选。
新托福TPO18阅读原文及译文
TPO18-3：LightningLightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to the ground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places.TPO18-3译文：闪电闪电是由雷雨云放电产生的一道明亮夺目的闪光。
剑桥18阅读解析
剑桥18阅读解析摘要：一、引言1.介绍剑桥18 阅读解析2.阅读在英语学习中的重要性3.剑桥18 阅读对于提高阅读能力的作用二、剑桥18 阅读的特点1.内容丰富2.题目设置科学3.解析详细三、剑桥18 阅读的解析方法1.文章结构分析2.题目类型分析3.解题技巧分享四、剑桥18 阅读的实践应用1.个人英语学习2.教学辅导3.备考雅思、托福等英语考试五、总结1.剑桥18 阅读解析在英语学习中的贡献2.提出进一步提升阅读能力的建议正文：一、引言在英语学习过程中，阅读能力的提升至关重要。
阅读不仅可以丰富我们的词汇量，还能拓宽我们的知识面。
而剑桥18 阅读解析作为一种有效的学习资料，对于提高我们的阅读能力有着举足轻重的作用。
二、剑桥18 阅读的特点1.内容丰富剑桥18 阅读解析包含了各种题材的文章，如社会科学、自然科学、人文科学等，让学习者在阅读过程中不仅能提高英语水平，还能增长知识。
2.题目设置科学剑桥18 阅读解析的题目设置严谨，涵盖了阅读理解的各种题型，如事实细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题等。
这有助于学习者全面了解阅读理解的考试要求和技巧。
3.解析详细剑桥18 阅读解析对每篇文章都进行了详细的解析，包括文章结构分析、题目解析以及答案解析，帮助学习者更好地理解文章内容，掌握解题方法。
三、剑桥18 阅读的解析方法1.文章结构分析在解析剑桥18 阅读时，首先需要对文章结构进行分析。
了解文章的主题、论点、论据以及结论，有助于我们更好地理解文章内容。
2.题目类型分析其次，要分析题目的类型。
针对不同类型的题目，我们需要运用不同的解题方法。
例如，对于事实细节题，我们要在文章中找到与题目相关的信息；对于推理判断题，我们要根据文章内容进行合理推断。
3.解题技巧分享在解析剑桥18 阅读时，我们还可以分享一些解题技巧，如先看题目，了解题目要求，然后有针对性地查找文章相关内容；在选择答案时，要注重文章的上下文，避免以偏概全。
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新SAT官方指南阅读第十八篇全解析This passage is adapted from Emily Anthes,Frankenstein's Cat.©2013by Emily Anthes.When scientists first learned how to edit the genomes of animals,they began to imagine all the ways they could use this new power.Creating brightly colored novelty pets was not a highpriority.Instead,most researchers envisioned far more consequential applications,hoping tocreate genetically engineered animals that saved human lives.One enterprise is now delivering on 5this dream.Welcome to the world of“pharming,”in which simple genetic tweaks turn animals into living pharmaceutical factories.Many of the proteins that our cells crank out naturally make for good medicine.Our bodies’own enzymes,hormones,clotting factors,and antibodies are commonly used to treat cancer,diabetes,autoimmune diseases,and more.The trouble is that it’s difficult and expensive to make 10these compounds on an industrial scale,and as a result,patients can face shortages of themedicines they need.Dairy animals,on the other hand,are expert protein producers,their udders swollen with milk.So the creation of the first transgenic animals—first mice,then otherspecies—in the1980s gave scientists an idea:What if they put the gene for a human antibody or enzyme into a cow,goat,or sheep?If they put the gene in just the right place,under the control of the right molecular switch,maybe they could engineer animals that produced healing human15proteins in their milk.Then doctors could collect medicine by the bucketful.Throughout the1980s and’90s,studies provided proof of principle,as scientists created transgenic mice,sheep,goats,pigs,cattle,and rabbits that did in fact make therapeutic compounds in their milk.At first,this work was merely gee-whiz,scientific geekery,lab-bound thought20experiments come true.That all changed with ATryn,a drug produced by the Massachusetts firm GTC Biotherapeutics.ATryn is antithrombin,an anticoagulant that can be used to preventlife-threatening blood clots.The compound,made by our liver cells,plays a key role in keeping our bodies clot-free.It acts as a molecular bouncer,sidling up to clot-forming compounds andescorting them out of the bloodstream.But as many as1in2,000Americans are born with a25genetic mutation that prevents them from making antithrombin.These patients are prone to clots, especially in their legs and lungs,and they are at elevated risk of suffering from fatalcomplications during surgery and childbirth.Supplemental antithrombin can reduce this risk,and GTC decided to try to manufacture the compound using genetically engineered goats.To create its special herd of goats,GTC used microinjection,the same technique that30produced GloFish and AquAdvantage salmon.The company’s scientists took the gene for human antithrombin and injected it directly into fertilized goat eggs.Then they implanted the eggs in the wombs of female goats.When the kids were born,some of them proved to be transgenic,thehuman gene nestled safely in their cells.The researchers paired the antithrombin gene with apromoter(which is a sequence of DNA that controls gene activity)that is normally active in the 35goat’s mammary glands during milk production.When the transgenic females lactated,thepromoter turned the transgene on and the goats’udders filled with milk containing antithrombin.All that was left to do was to collect the milk,and extract and purify the protein.Et voilà—human medicine!And,for GTC,liquid gold.ATryn hit the market in2006,becoming the world’s firsttransgenic animal drug.Over the course of a year,the“milking parlors”on GTC’s300-acre farm 40in Massachusetts can collect more than a kilogram of medicine from a single animal.22、The primary purpose of the passage is toA)present the background of a medical breakthrough.B)evaluate the research that led to a scientific discovery.C)summarize the findings of a long-term research project.D)explain the development of a branch of scientific study.正确答案：A分析：文章的重点是介绍基因工程发展的背景（注：pharming在这里应理解成基因工程或基因改造）。
在第6-7行，作者使用了如下语言：welcome to the world of pharming,in which simple genetic tweaks turn animals into living pharmaceutical factories.紧接着，文章讨论了这种技术的逐年发展，描述了一种有用的药物ATryn.23、The author’s attitude toward pharming is best described as one ofA)apprehension.B)ambivalence.C)appreciation.D)astonishment.正确答案：C分析：通篇文章讲述的是如何通过基因改造，帮助人类治疗疾病。
文章开头段落也提到：基因工程将动物变成了一个医药工厂。
因此作者态度应该是积极赞赏的。
24、As used in line12,“expert”most nearly meansA)knowledgeable.B)professional.C)capable.D)trained.正确答案：C分析：文章原句的意思是：奶畜是有能力的蛋白生产者。