论英语习语中的隐喻

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概念型教学在英语习语隐喻教学中的探究

178美眉 2023.10下教研与美育大学校园概念型教学在英语习语隐喻教学中的探究王宁（渤海大学，辽宁　锦州　121013）摘　要：英语习语教学是一大棘手问题。

传统的教学把习语看成一个整体，认为语义不能够被分析，学生只能反复记忆，导致教学效果不佳。

然而，认知语言学家认为大部分习语的含义是可以分析的，其与人的认知以及文化有关。

概念隐喻认知机制可以为习语分析提供语义理据。

因此，本文以概念隐喻理论为指导，为学习者提供习语的隐喻概念，帮助学习者在理解习语表层含义的基础上，探究其背后的隐喻动机，加深学习者对习语隐喻含义的理解，培养运用隐喻思维理解习语的能力。

并结合概念型教学，采用具体的方式促进学习者对习语隐喻概念的内化，使其在交际活动中灵活地运用习语。

关键词：概念型教学；概念隐喻理论；英语习语教学一、引言英语习语是英语民族根据长期实践经验创造出的特殊语言表达，蕴含着特有的文化和认知方式。

英语学习者由于缺乏英语民族的历史文化背景知识，遇到习语时往往会感到手足无措。

另外，传统习语教学将习语看作固定的词组，以为其在语义上不可分析，因此习语对于学习者来说是个棘手的问题。

认知语言学家认为大部分英语习语的含义是可以被分析的，它们有些是有理据的。

习语不仅仅是语言本身的产物，它产生于人的认知结构，是隐喻思维在语言中的再现形式（张镇华等，2006）。

习语是概念性的，习语含义与人类的概念系统以及文化知识有关联。

因此，大部分习语仅从字面分析无法推测出它的含义，我们应考虑其概念体系和认知方式，将表面含义与底层概念意义联系起来，去把握习语的真正含义。

学习和掌握习语的重点在于深入探究其内涵，特别是隐藏在其中的概念隐喻（文秋芳，2013）。

概念隐喻理论揭示了习语语义的理据性及可分析性，为英语习语教学提供了新的视角。

概念型教学侧重于明确、完整的特定领域概念知识的系统指导和内化。

因此，开发第二语言隐喻能力被认为是合适的，因为隐喻通常涉及具象概念和抽象概念之间的系统映射，是对语言概念理解的根本（Lakoff ， Johnson， 1980）。

英语习语中的概念隐喻

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关键词：念隐喻：射：概映习语：境语
中圈分类号：１Ｈ３３
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从英语汉语中的习语、成语、委婉语看隐喻能力和隐喻运用

从英语汉语中的习语、成语、委婉语看隐喻能力和隐喻运用大约公元前300年，亚里士多德就在他的《诗学》和《修辞学》中多次提到了隐喻的构成方式和修辞功能。

之后，隐喻作为语言的一种修辞手段，一直是传统修辞学的研究重点。

20世纪70年代至今，认知语言学不仅仅把隐喻看作一种简单的修辞手段或语言现象，而把它上升为人类的思维现象去研究，把它看作一种认知模式，大大拓宽了隐喻研究的范围。

本文通过几个英汉习语（成语）和委婉语的对比，试图讨论隐喻作为一种思维现象是全人类共有的思维能力，但民族文化的差异使隐喻又具有了民族约定性。

一、隐喻能力——人类的共性思维能力认知语言学认为隐喻实质上是从一个概念域（认知域）向另一个概念域的映射，初始概念域成为始发域，被映射的概念域叫目的域，人们通常是用具体范畴去映射抽象的范畴。

Bolinger 曾指出：人们的隐喻机制自孩提时代就已经开始了。

大自然并不以有序的方式自动地呈现在儿童面前，儿童被赋予感知世界的能力，儿童生来即有辨认相似性的能力。

这种能力超越其他任何潜能。

例如，二至四岁的儿童，常常将“妈妈”这一概念泛化，他们除了认识自己的母亲外，在认知其他事物时会得出“鸡妈妈”“鸭妈妈”等结论。

可以说这是一种简单的隐喻思维能力，是以人类自己的亲缘关系去认知其他事物关系的结果。

大量研究结果证明了“导管隐喻”“时间即空间”等隐喻的存在具有普遍性，这也说明不同语言的使用者都拥有隐喻思维的能力。

作为一种基本的认知模式，隐喻是我们运用相对具体、结构相对清晰的概念去理解相对抽象的概念的主要途径。

例如：在现代市场经济社会，人们常用空间概念种中“上”“下”结构去理解经济市场的结构，市场份额上升是rise，下降是go down ；也用“高”“低”去划分抽象的社会阶层，the poor（穷人）正在消失，代以the lower income bracketer（低收入阶层），相对的就是the higher income bracketer（高收入阶层）。

浅谈英语习语中的隐喻【开题报告】

开题报告英语浅谈英语习语中的隐喻一、选题的背景、意义（所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势）英语习语是英语语言的精华，其数量可观，内容包罗万象，使用极其广泛。

隐喻是人类语言的共有现象，在人们的日常生活中无处不在。

作为语言精华的习语也蕴含着大量的隐喻。

在传统修辞学中，隐喻是一种非常重要的修辞格。

当代隐喻理论则认为，隐喻不仅是一种语言现象，而且还是一种认知现象和思维方式。

一切语言都是建立在隐喻思维基础上的。

习语与隐喻的关系犹如语言和思维的关系。

因此，研究英语习语中的隐喻具有十分重要的实用价值。

它对英语学习者更好地了解英语习语的历史背景和文化内涵，从而提高对习语的理解和应用能力、语言认知能力、思维能力以及交际能力等都有着重要作用。

英语习语的研究通常以英国学者L.P.Smith的研究作为开始。

Smith于1925年发表了《词与习语》（Words and Idioms）一书，成为早期习语研究的代表。

从20世纪30年代至50年代，随着结构主义语言学理论的蓬勃发展，以结构主义理论为基础的词汇、语义和句法理论也被用来解释习语的深层结构和语义特征。

这个时期的代表人物C.F.Hockett强调了语境在识别和解释习语中的重要地位。

20世纪60年代，以B.Fraser为代表的语言学家开始用生成转换理论来研究习语的深层结构，尤其是习语的转换功能。

他承认习语的固定性，但认为固定性是个程度问题，大部分习语的确存在不同程度的转换不足，但仍然具有转换潜力，因此他提出了习语的固定性等级理论。

从20世纪80年代开始，习语研究进入了一个崭新的、繁荣的阶段，许多学者突破原有的研究模式，开辟了新的研究途径。

习语研究出现了一些新亮点，并取得了一些可喜的成绩。

首先是习语意义的理解模式，其次是认知语义学在习语意义研究方面的应用，再者就是习语交际功能的研究。

隐喻理论的研究可以追溯到古希腊时期。

西方最初的隐喻研究发源于古典修辞学。

Plato与Aristotle分别开启了西方隐喻研究的浪漫主义与古典主义传统。

英语习语中的隐喻现象(可编辑)

英语习语中的隐喻现象摘要本论文围绕英语习语中的隐喻现象展开先介绍了隐喻的概念和习语的概念比如隐喻的含义从古至今就有不同的人不同的学派对此做过研究至于隐喻和习语之间存在着怎么样的关系许多学者也对此进行了研究本文例举了几位比较有名的学者的研究比如Lakoff和Gibbs这两位学者本文的重点是介绍习语的隐喻特征这部分是通过3个方面来论证的本位隐喻方位隐喻和结构隐喻这三方面有其不同的特点主要是以例子来说明通过举例的方式可以让读者能更直接地了解英语习语中的隐喻现象关键词习语隐喻派别ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the metaphorical phenomenon in English idioms firstly introducing the concepts of metaphor and idiom Take the definition of metaphor for example since the old times many scholars of different schools have different ideas In terms of relationship between metaphor and idiom many scholars carried out their own studies This paper cites the viewpoints of several famous scholars like Laoff and Gibbs This paper emphasizes the metaphorical features of idioms from the ontological metaphors orientational metaphors and structural metaphors These three kinds of metaphors have different characteristics which are explained through examples The way of citing examples enables the readers to get access to the metaphorical phenomenon in English idioms more directly Keywordsidioms metaphor schoolsContents1 Introduction 12 The concept of idioms and metaphors 321The concept of metaphors 3com definition of metaphors 3com classification of metaphors 422The concept of idioms 4com definition of idioms 4com features of idioms 53Research on the relationship between metaphors and idioms 631Lakoffs study 632The Gibbss study 733 Other scholars study 84Metaphorical features of idioms 841Ontological metaphors and idioms 8comsonification 9com The container metaphor 9comA case study of ontological metaphor 1142Orientational metaphors and idioms 11com The analysis of metaphoric meaning about UP-DOWN 12com The analysis of metaphoric meaning about FRONT-BACK 13com A case study idioms denoting the concept of love 1443 Structural metaphor and idioms 15com The internal systematicity 15com The external systematicity among the different structuralmetaphors 16com A case study 185 Conclusion 196Acknowledgements 207References 21IntroductionIn our study of English we always come across metaphor which is widely used in English sentences and can indicate vivid meanings However we dont have a clear understanding of this rhetoric Traditionally metaphor is a figure in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other But according to cognitive linguistics metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain The study of metaphor has attracted the attention of many scholars In the West there have been many different approaches to the study of metaphor In 1457 Aristotle studied metaphor as a transference of name which was known as Aristotelian Approach The traditional linguistic approach studies metaphor as a deviant phenomenon in language which produces either a false statement or an ungrammatical sentence The pragmatic approach takes metaphor as a special speech act and metaphorical understanding as the interplay between knowledge of the language system knowledge of context and background schematic knowledge about the world and the society and the interaction approach understands metaphor as an interaction between two subject systems Nietzsche Shelly Werner Cassirer and Reddy all reflects on metaphor as cognitive phenomenon from the perspectives of philosophy literary criticism psychologyanthropology and linguistics respectively The Knowledge and Language was written by Ankersmit in 1993which briefly introduced the theories of metaphor the research ways to metaphor Kirsten Malmkjaer compared the constructive theory and replacement theory in The Linguistics Encyclopedia In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1967 Beardsley introduced many kinds of metaphoric theories in particular In China the dominant approach over the centuries has been the rhetorical approach that studies metaphor as a figure of speech Lan Chun once said This approach pays a special attention to distinguishing metaphor from other figures of speech and to dividing metaphor into incessantly increasing sub-groups [8]49Idioms are frequently used in our language both in English and Chinese Idioms are special kinds of phrases whose meaning can not be grasped from the superficial perspectives According to the statistics an adult uses more than 20 million idioms all over his life which means 7000 idioms per week It sounds unbelievable but it is true In this way we may have a better understanding of the important status of idioms in the language In 1994 the scholar Nunberg divided the idioms into three kinds decomposable idioms abnormal decomposable idioms and nondecomposable idioms In The Comprehensive of Idioms Cacciari and Tabossi divided the idioms into transparent idioms opaque idioms according to the degree of transparency However in the eyes of Fernando idioms are composed of pure idioms semi-idioms and literal idioms In the understanding of mechanism of idioms two explanations have been brought up compositional view and noncompositional view On the basis of noncompositional view in 1973 Bobrowand Bell put forward Idiom List Hypothesis which means the literal meaning of idioms exists prior to the rhetoric meaning However Swinney and Cutler were against it so Lexical Representation Hypothesis came upOn the other hand on the basis of compositional view Gibbs and Nayak put forward Idiom Decomposition Hypothesis in cognitive psychology In China Zhang Peiji studied the construction and meaning of idioms In 1998Chen Daoming issued an article in Foreign Language talking about the development of understanding idioms Also there are many other scholars who contribute to the research of idiom in China like Hua Xianfa Lin Weiyan etc This study based on the previous studies is expected to make clear the definition of idiom and metaphor from different perspectives what is more the relationship between them is also the focus of the study The use of idioms can achieve better communicative effects and are conceived to be a sign of language proficiency This study has theoretical significance and it may confirm the learnability of idioms through conceptual metaphor approach In the process of learning idioms people can not only remember and imitate but also get access to its deep constructions especially the metaphorical significance of the English idioms2 The concept of idioms and metaphors21 The concept of metaphorscom definition of metaphorsWhen we refer to the study of metaphor there have been many different approaches in the western countries Aristotelian approach studies metaphor as a transference of names the traditional linguistic approach studies metaphor as a deviant phenomenon in language whichproduces either a false statement or an ungrammatical sentence the pragmatic approach takes metaphor as a special speech act and metaphorical understanding as the interplay between knowledge of the language system knowledge of the context and background schematic knowledge about the world and the society In the traditional way we always regard metaphor as a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is another For example He is a tigerHein the sentence is the target which is the described element whiletigeris called source which is the describing element According to Lan Chun this approach pays special attention to distinguishing metaphor from other figures of speech and to dividing metaphor into incessantly increasing sub-groups [8]111 The interactionist approach begins to recognize the cognitive value of metaphor thus paving the way for the emergence of the cognitive theory The cognitive view of metaphor can provide new insights into how certain linguistic phenomena work It can also shed new light on how metaphorical meaning emerges The work which marks the establishment of the cognitive approach to metaphor is Lakoff ＆Johnsons Metaphor We Live By metaphor means metaphorical concept The definition then is explained in the way Metaphor refers to understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain It claims that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life not just in language but in thought and action and our ordinary conceptual system in terms of the fact that what we both think and act is fundamentally metaphorical in nature We often talk about life in terms of journey about time in terms of money about love also in terms of journey and many others The concept of JOURNEY the source domain is usually used to talk aboutthe concept of LOVE the target domain The reason why concept A can be understood in terms of concept B is that there is a set of systematic correspondences between the source and target domain in the sense that constituent conceptual elements of B correspond to those of A com classification of metaphorsAccording to the view of Lakeoff＆Johnson metaphor can be divided into three1 Structural metaphor is known as one concept metaphorically structured in terms of another In structural metaphors the source domain provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the target concept The cognitive function of these metaphors is to enable speakers to understand target A by means of the structure of source B For example ARGUMENT IS WAR in this metaphor the target domain ARGUMENT is structured in terms of a more familiar domain WAR2 Orientational metaphor does not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another as they are related to spatial orientation It concerns about up-down in-out on-off deep-shallow and so on For example HAPPY IS UPSAD IS DOWN3 Ontological metaphor is described as a way of viewing events activities emotions ideas as entities and substances That is to say our experience of physical objects and substances provide a basis for an extraordinary wide variety of ontological metaphors For example THE MIND IS AN ENTITY the ENTITY refers to something concrete22 The concept of idiomscom definition of idiomsNo one can give a noncontroversial answer to the question of what idiom is That is to say there is no clear-cut definition for the term idiom The traditional view holds that idioms are semantically arbitrary What is common in the traditional view is that idioms are essentially noncompositional and their meanings are unanalyzable and arbitrary While the cognitive linguistics provides us a new perspective on idioms It argues that the parts of an idiom have their individual meanings and the relationship between the meanings of the parts and the meaning of the idiom is compositional that is idioms are regarded to be analyzable semanticallyDifferent dictionaries give the different definitions about it and many linguists hold different opinionsA group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words New Oxford Dictionary of EnglishA special kind of phrase It is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one it would have if the meaning of each word were taken individually Collins Cobuild Dictionary of IdiomsA phrase whose meaning is different from the meaning of each word considered separately These phrases have a fixed form―they usually cannot be changed―and they are often informal but they can also be slang rude slang or even slightly formal Many idioms are used in spoken English but they also appear in newspapers and magazines in books and even in academic writing Cambridge Dictionary of American idioms An idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit andwhose meaning can not be worked out from its separate parts Longman Dictionary of Applied LinguisticThere are broad sense and narrow sense in defining idioms In its broad sense idioms in English refer to set phrases colloquialism proverbs and slang expressions In its narrow sense idioms in English refer to some special fixed phrases But not all fixed phrases are idioms For example close your eyes is a common fixed phrase but it is not an idiom because each word in it is used in its standard meaning Keep your shirt on however is an idiom because the phrase does not mean not taking off your shirt but means staying calmIn my thesis I will focus mainly on the narrow sense of idiomcom features of idiomsNow we have discussed the definition of idioms we have known there exist different views as different schools or linguists define idioms from different perspectives Some may describe it from the semantic perspective claiming the meaning of idioms are analyzable however some point out the semantic properties are the most important to idioms So here it is necessary for us to discuss the semantic characteristics of idioms According to the view of Luo Shiping there are five semantic characteristics of English idioms [19]901 The meaning of an idiom is a single unit That is to say an idiom must be learned as a whole Its overall meaning is not a simple combination of each components meaning For examplelet the cat out of the bagmeans to tell somebody secret information which seems to have nothing to dowithcatanddog2 Most idioms have both literal meaning and figurative meaning and they are different For examplebread and butterrefers to two kinds of food literally while figuratively the idiom means something that people need in order to live such as money and jobs3 The literal meaning of some idioms are apparently against thinking logic or life logic such aseat ones head off4 New idiomatic meanings can not be obtained by analogy or inference Takeunder the weatherfor example it is incorrect to coin a phraseabove the weatherto mean to feel well for the phrase means to feel uncomfortable5 Figurativeness is an obvious feature of the idiomatic meaning as well as a significant figure of speech employed in idioms In this sense they include simile idioms such asas blind as a batfeel like a fish out of waterand metaphorical idioms such asan old flamecarry a torch3 Research on the relationship between metaphors and idiomsIn the previous sections this thesis has discussed the definition of metaphor and idiom from various perspectives However they are not independent of each other The next part is to clarify the relationship between metaphor and idiom which enables the readers to understand firstly what is the relationship between metaphor and idiom secondly to what extent the research on the relationship between metaphor and idiom has reached The thesis elucidates this part by citing the researches made by two important linguists31 Lakoffs studyIn Lakoffs book Metaphor We Live By a large amount of idioms werefrequently taken as examples of conventional metaphors implying the facilitating role of conceptual metaphor in the comprehension of idioms According to the view of Lakoff the link between conceptual metaphors and idioms was established with the proposition of the conceptual metaphor theory language is metaphorically structured idioms as a constitutive part of language are supposed to be metaphorically structured Lakoff criticized the traditional view that the meaning of idioms are arbitrarily formed and statedwhen idioms have been associated with conventional images it is common for an independently-motivated conceptual metaphor to map that knowledge from the source to the target domain [16] Lakoffs analysis also shows conceptual metaphor is helpful in distinguishing idioms similar in meaning For examplecrack upandbreak downboth are used to describe peoples psychological state but it is still confusing to distinguish Crack upis governed by the metaphor THE MIND IS A MACHINE as if the mind has an on-off state That is to say when a machine breaks down it simply ceases to function If someone is unable to function for psychological reasons we would like to saycrack upwhilebreak downis governed by the metaphor THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT that is to say when a brittle object shatters it flies into pieces that may cause dangerous consequences such as hurting people around When someone goes crazy wild and violent he or she may hurt somebody else then we would like to saybreak down32 Gibbs studyGibbs research contributes greatly to the psychological studies on idiom comprehension and offers us valuable inspiration for the studyof idioms Gibbs view is similar to Lakoffs His research proves that idioms are not dead metaphors and they have more complex meanings that are motivated by conceptual metaphors linking the idiomatic phrases to their figurative interpretations the meanings of idioms are not arbitrary but motivatedly peoples tacit knowledge of conceptual metaphors as suggested by Lakoff Gibbs has carried out a series of experiments the feature of which is the use of mental imagery The subjects were asked to form and describe their mental images for different idiomatic expressions and then they were asked a series of detailed questions about their images regarding the causes and effects of different events within their images The result showed that the participants demonstrated great consistency in their responses to the questions for the idioms with similar figurative meanings despite the differences in their surface forms33 Other scholars studyLakoff and Gibbs have made great contribution to the studies on the relationship between metaphors and idioms Also based on Lakoffs study Kovecses and Szabo summed up the conceptual metaphors on FIRE which contributes to the construction and comprehension of the idioms related to fire These conceptual metaphor serve as a bridge linking two independent domains a domain of fire and a domain of an abstract concept ANGER IS FIREHe was spitting fireLOVE IS FIREThe fire between them finally went outIMAGINATION IS FIREThe painting set fire to the composers imaginationCONFLICT IS FIREThe killing sparked off riotsENERGY IS FUEL OF FIREHe was burning the candle at both ends4 Metaphorical features of idioms41 Ontological metaphors and idiomsOntological metaphor is one of the three types of metaphors and is usually described as ways of viewing events activities ideas emotions etc as entities and substances [16] As long as we are able to identify our experiences as identities or substances then we can refer to them categorize them group them and quantify them and by this means reason about them The most important characteristics of ontological metaphor is to view abstract things as concrete things For example 1 we need to combat inflation 2 That was a beautiful catch In 1 the abstract noun inflation is regarded as concrete person In 2 the act of catch is regarded as a concrete thing The following are the most obvious types of ontological metaphorscom PersonificationThe most obvious ontological metaphors are those where the physical object is further specified as being a person Personification is considered to belong to ontological metaphorsFirst lets look at the two examplesA Life has cheated meB Anger has pinned us to the wallIf we look closer to the above two sentences we are able to find out that both of the two sentences enable us to see nonhuman as human It allows us to understand a wide variety of experiences with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivation characteristics and activities The most obvious ontological metaphor are those where the physical object is further specified as being a person In the second sentence anger is personified It gives us a vivid picture about how anger acts In this sentence anger seems to hurt us attack us and kill us So we can understand that personification is a general category that covers a wide range of metaphors which allows us to make sense of phenomena in the world in human terms This kind of sentences are Disease finally caught up with him His religion tells him that he cannot eat pork Inflation has given birth to a money-minded generationcom The container metaphorThe container metaphors are the other representation of ontological metaphors As we know rooms and houses can be considered to be containers as they have boundaries moving from room to room or house to house is moving from one container to another that is which is also true to our physical beings Each of us is a container with a bounded surface and in-out orientation A clearing in the woods is seen as having a boundary surface and we can view ourselves as being in the clearing or out of the clearing in the woods or out of woods There are different kinds of boundaries concrete or abstract definite or indefinite surface line or point1 The boundary of the tenor is a surfacea The boundary is clear and concreteThis kind of tenor which can be understood as the target in a sentence is concrete such as the human body which we can actually see with our eyes Lets look at the following examples1 I was filled with anger2 He poured out his hatred on us3 She is a warm and caring person insideThe human body can be regarded as a container so can every part of human body1 Her eyes filled with tears2 My stomach is empty3 Your head is full of good ideasb The boundary is obscure or abstractIn this way the boundary of the tenor is generally unseen or untouchable such as water light and air a type of society or culture the ideas or feeling of a human There are some phrases in English such as "in the air" "jump into water" and "read in the sun"1 He was lost in thoughts2 He fell into depression3 I didnt take this responsibility into account2 The boundary of tenor is a lineSome objects with plane structure can also be mapped onto containers for they also have boundaries which are made of lines1 There is a lot of land in Kansas2 What can you see in this picture3 The boundary of tenor is two pointsThe concept of container is pervasive It can be mapped into a three-dimensional space two-dimensional plane and even one-dimensional line The concept of one-dimensional is mostly seen in the concept of time for the time is durable and going to the future constantly The time can be viewed as container because time has the boundary that is the beginning and ending The beginning and ending are definite in special times1 He is trapped in his past2 He did it in three minutescom A case study of ontological metaphorBoth Lakoff and Johnson paid attention to the role of the body in Linguistic expressions and maintained that these expressions reflect and influence our thought in many ways A group of English idioms containing "finger" contribute to different meanings and the finger in English is frequently conceptualized as the actual "doer of thing" If one is doing something or participates in something ones fingers must be "IN" the matter or ones fingers should function and make contact with the matter1 get one s finger into something participate in something2 have a finger in something take part in something3 get ones finger burnt suffer after a foolish act or mistake4 work one s finger to the bone work very hard5 cross ones finger wish for good luck or success6 twist somebody around ones finger persuade somebody without difficulty dominant somebody completely7 get ones fingers out begin work in earnest hurry upOntological metaphor deals with the physical experience in theobjective world We have mentioned above that ontological metaphors allow us to view events activities emotions etc as entities and substances In 1 we can view get ones finger into something as an activity what can be figured out is more than that Just as the idiom conveys if one is doing something or participates in something ones fingers must be "IN" the matter or ones fingers should function and make contact with the matter42 Orientational metaphors and idiomsAccording to Lakoff and Johnson orientational metaphors give the concept of a spatial orientation by "mapping a spatial structure onto a non-spatial concept" Most of them have to do with spatial orientationup-downin-outfront-backon-offdeep-shallowcentral-peripheri calThese spatial directions arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment Metaphorical orientation is not arbitrary They have a basis in our physical and cultural experiences This section will focus on the directions of up-down and front-backcom The analysis of metaphoric meanings about UP-DOWNIn English we usually use up above over and the verb rise climb to denote the concept of UP The adjectives are upper high superior etc On the other hand the prepositions denoting the concept DOWN are down under or below the verbs are drop sink fall etc1 More is up Less is downIf you add more of a substance or of physical objects to a container or pile the level goes up―Lakoff [16]1 If you are too hot turn the heat down2 Now he has realized that hes already up to his ears in debt2 Good is up Bad is downHappiness health life and control―the things that principally characterize what is good for a person―are all up―Lakoff[16]1 We hit a peak last year but its been downhill ever since2 Things are looking up3 High status is upLow status is downStatus correlated with social power and physical power is up ―Lakoff[16]1 Hes climbing the ladder2 He has a lofty position3 They work under a kind leader4 Having control or force is up Being subject to control or force downPhysical size typically correlates with physical strength and the victor in a fight is typically on top ―Lakoff [16]1 I am on top of the situation2 He is low man on the totem pole3 The director presides over the meeting5 The metaphors about time in English are expressed by up and downNormally our eyes look in the direction in which we typically move ahead forward As an object approaches a person or the person approaches the object the object appears larger Since the ground is perceived as being fixed the top of the object appears to be moving upward in the persons field of vision―Lakoff [16]1 Whats up2 Im afraid of whats up ahead of usBut there are exceptions in English TOWARD A LATER or TIME IS DOWN is also seen in English For example this story was handed down to him by his fathercom The analysis of metaphoric meaning about FRONT-BACKThe words and expressions denoting the concept of "FRONT-BACK" are front and back before and after in front of and behind forward and backward etc1 THE OPEN IS FRONT and THE HIDDEN IS BACKAccording to the normal condition the front persons in a line are easier to be seen and the back persons are blocked and not easier to be seen-----Lakoff1 He is behind the plan2 The case is now before the judge2 THE IMPORTANT IS FRONT and THE LESS IMPORTANT IS BACKThe important person is always in the front of a line and the important thing is firstly dealt with----Lakoff1 I think quality must come before quality2 The prince is before his brother in the line of succession3 THE DEVELOPED IS FRONT and THE LESS DEVELOPED IS BACKThe fast runners will be in the front and the slow runners will be in the back----Lakoff1 The child was backward in learning to walk2 You company is ahead in developing the new technology4 The concept of FRONT-BACK is complex in denoting time When the observer is standing at the road of time the conceptual metaphor isa THE FUTURE IS BACK and THE PAST IS FRONTwhile the observer is marching facing the future the conceptual metaphor isb THE FUTURE IS FRONT and THE PAST IS BACKAs for a lets look at the examples1 The plane was behind schedule2 Lets move the appointment forward from Friday to ThursdayThe above metaphor views time as a road with different points and judges from the perspective of the road thus the past is in front and the future is at the backAs for b Lets look at the examples1 I am looking forward to seeing you again2 He looked backwards forty yearscom A case study idioms denoting the concept of love1 LOVE IS A JOURNEYThe expressions such as we can turn back now and we are spinning our wheels were considered to reflect entirely different and mostly dead metaphors before Yet these expressions do reflect different aspects of our ordinary metaphorical concept of love as a kind of physical journey Each expression listed above reflects a particular entailment of the mapping of journeys onto love a metaphorical mapping in which our knowledge of a concrete domain of experience journey help us better structure our understanding of a more abstract concept love。

英语习语的隐喻认知理据

53英语习语的隐喻认知理据王丹宇（哈尔滨工程大学外语系黑龙江哈尔滨150001）摘　要：隐喻是一种思维方式，英语习语是隐喻性的语言表达方式，概念隐喻是英语习语语义的重要理据，本文阐释了隐喻认知的本质、机制和功能，指出英语习语的语义是有理据和动因的，概念隐喻是人们理解习语语义的理据基础。

关键词：认知；概念隐喻；英语习语中图分类号：H31文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-9795（2010）05-0253-02收稿日期：6作者简介：王丹宇（），女，黑龙江克山人，从事语言学、英汉对比方向的研究。

基金项目：该文章已获得“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”资助，项目编号U F 。

一、引言习语是语言体系的重要组成部分。

大多数以英语为母语者一生中要说两千万个习语，平均每星期说七千个习语。

习语使用普遍频繁，是外语学习者不能回避的现象。

大多数习语与其民族的历史背景、风俗习惯等有关，造成习语很难理解和掌握。

近年来对我国英语学生词汇知识“深度”的研究发现，在所有类型词汇知识当中，习语习得速度最慢，效果最差。

隐喻认知是许多习语的语义理据，本文介绍了隐喻认知的相关理论，指出概念隐喻是习语重要的语义理据。

二、习语习得背景与现状习语习得一直是语言学家和认知心理学家致力研究的重要领域。

习语是具有固定结构，在语义和语法功能上能作为独立单位使用的词组。

它的意义一般不能由各组成部分推断，习语是独特的语言表达方式，是大多数人约定俗成和习惯性的说话方式及某一语言团体由过去经验而形成的概念，属于词汇范畴。

从20世纪70年代，影响较大的习语习得观有两种：一种认为习语是一种特殊的多词单位，其整体意义不等于其组成成分字面意义之和。

如：under the w eather(身体不舒服的)。

受这一观点影响，习语被认为是不可分割的，在掌握时也只能作为固定结构来使用。

研究者在进行习语语义研究时，只关注两种语言习语整体意义之间的异同，而不考虑其字面意义与整体意义之间的匹配程度在两种语言中的具体体现方式。

从英语习语的角度看隐喻的本质

收稿日期：０９０－８２０—９０
般来说，比喻有本体（ｉｎｆｄ，ｓｉｅ）喻体（ｅｉｅ，ｇｉｖｈｃ）ｌ
作者简介：海云（９５）女，刘１６一，汉族，南人，海师范大学教授。河青
・
１９Ｏ・
例如，ｈｉｔｇｂｓｅｂｌｔａｗａＯｗｅｋＴｅｖｓｉａｋｔａｌｅｍｓａｉｎＳ
ｔｔｏｃｏｏａｉｌａｃｒｎｇｏｉｔｈａｕｒｓｈｌｈｄａｆｅｄｄｙｓｏｉｎｅｐｏｎ
贫困期，即缺乏足够的语言表述方式，特别是对
抽象概念的表达，便产生了以此物喻他物的思维方式：以身体某部位喻指其他物体，以近物喻远物。正如古人所云，远取诸物， “ 近取诸身 ” 。以具体事物喻指抽象概念。人类的思维活动便由
宗教信仰和价值观念，是该民族文化的组成部分和载体。每门语言都有大量的习语，习语是语言
“ ，种” 或从 “ 到“ ” 种” 属或是通过类比。几个世纪以来，们对隐喻作了这样的确认：人隐喻与诗学
和修辞学相关，在话语成分层面上及在名称层是
便恰如其分地理解和得体应用习语。
一
同事物之间的相似点。同类事物无所谓相似与
否，就不会产生此类思维过程。按 “ 维贫困也思
、

隐喻理论在英语习语教学中的运用

摘要：河语是英语的重要组成部分Ｏ塞德尔说过” 习语不是英语中可以使用也可以不使用的游离部分・而是英语总词汇中・个必不可分的组成部分 ” 只要是使用英语，不可避免地要接触习语。习语的使用普遍、繁是ｌ语学习者不能回避的语言现。都频夕象，而。然习语又一直是外语学习和教学中最棘手的问题。本文将隐喻理论引入到大学英语习语教学中，以切实解决习语教可学中的若干问题．高学生的习语理解运用能力，进英语教学。提促关键词：习语认知语言学概念隐喻概念转喻常规知识
知功能。在这个理论中，喻被认为是把一个概念域（域）隐源的结
式．整体意义不是其结构成分的简单叠加．而成为英语学习其因与教学的重点和难点．直受到研究者的重视。认知语言学家认一为．言是一由规则支配的体系。仅依靠单纯记忆和模仿，们语人很难学习和掌握好习语如果理解了习语的隐喻概念．意习语注的组成成分与习语整体意义的内在联系．我们就能够具备创造
性地、灵活地使用习语的能力。本文拟从认知语言学的角度出发．隐喻理论引人大学英语习语教学中．析其认知理据 — — 表达方式：（）ｈｒｅｗｅｎＪｙａｄＪｌｉａｌｏｓｏｔＪｙ将分１Ｔｅｆｅｂｔｅａｎｏｉｆｎｌｙｇｅｕ（ａｉｎ

英语习语中概念隐喻的认知对比分析

俚语、行话等，它是任何语言都不可缺少的重要组成部分，带有浓意是指 “ 某人最珍爱的东西，掌上明珠 ”。这种表述就像修辞方法
厚的民族色彩和鲜明的文化内涵，而对于习语的理解程度和使用的作用一样，使源域和目标域得到很好的结合。效果对于我们平臼里的英语学习工作很关键，尤其是英语习语中除此之外，还有很多种关于英语习语中概念隐喻的认知对比ｂｂｓ根据习语意义的产生，按照的概念隐喻具有相当的代表性，概念隐喻是习语建构过程中最常分类方式。例如美国的语言学家Ｇｉ见、最活跃的一种手段。在过去的２０００多年里隐喻只作为一种修习语语义的理据程度把习语分成三类：不可分析性习语、可正常分辞手段被研究，亚里士多德以来的很多学者都是根据 “ 类似点”
关键词：英语习语；概念隐喻；认知对比；分析
这一表达可以延伸出许多表达方式。《圣经》中的习语 “ ａｐｐｌｅｏｆｈｅｅｙｅ ”不能按字面意思来理解成 “ 眼中的苹果” 。ＡｐｐＩｅ一词被英语作为全世界通用的语言，对于人类的作用不言而喻。习ｔ瞳仁 ” ，因为在当时存在于人们日常生活中最常见、形语是英语不可缺少的部分，但凡使用英语的人都会接触到习语。习用来表示 “ 语是经过长时期的使用而提炼出来的具有特定形式的固定搭配，是体上最圆的物体是苹果，而且眼睛是人认知和感悟世界的最重要的

英语中的明喻、隐喻和暗喻

英语中的明喻、隐喻和暗喻比喻(the figures of speech)是语言艺术的升华，是最富有诗意的语言形式之一，是语言的信息功能和美学功能的有机结合。

在文学作品翻译和影视译配中，比喻句的翻译司空见惯。

今天博语北京翻译公司就依照比喻的三个种类，明喻、隐喻和转喻，来介绍一下比喻句翻译的技巧。

一、明喻(the simile)明喻通常是把被比喻的“本体”和用以比喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物像喻体事物，用介词like ，连词as，as if，as…so，动词seem等以及句型A …to B as C…to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。

例如：Bacteria are so small that a single round one of common type is about 1／25,000 of an inch across when these bacteria are magnified 1,000 times, they look only as large as a pencil point.英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许许多多常用的明喻习语。

例如：as long as it′s broad 这类利用双声增强美感的明喻习语简洁明快，短小精悍，语言形象，比喻恰切，令人回味无穷，运用得当，可以达到表达生动、形象的效果。

二、隐喻(the metaphor)隐喻根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一种事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。

本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方。

例如，Argument is war. 实际上argument 和 war是两种不同的事物，但argument和war都可能十分激烈，因此该句用战争(war)来暗指辨论(argument)激烈的程度。

再如：He has a heart of stone.To me, the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama.英语中有许多数词习语和俚语，主要用作隐喻。

英语习语中概念隐喻生成机制的认知学解析

富的联想，使我们要表达的内容具有鲜明生动的形语搭配的隐喻特征及其语言认知机制。
Hale Waihona Puke 象，从而摆脱 “ 言难尽意” 这种令人尴尬的言语制约情境。纵观隐喻的研究历史，在长达两千多年的
漫长时间里，亚里士多德的影响，喻一直被看受隐
１３）人们使用隐喻时有两样不同事物的思糊的“ 生 ” 人。通过这一隐喻，以将始源域各部（９６提出：可分相关特征激活，映射到目标域， “ 生 ” 一想同时在一个词或短语中活动，喻的意义即是该并使人这隐
习语是经过长时间的使用而提炼出来的具有使用过程中渐渐形成了用已知事物认识另一种事特定形式的固定搭配，括俗语，包谚语，语等，俚是物的认知基础，而扩展了对客观世界的认识。对从语言在发展过程中不断积累和沉淀下来的含有丰隐喻的工作机理作探究的代表人物有ＧＬｋｆ和ａｏ
目标域，而且这种映射的基础是我们的身体构造、
・收稿日期：００１－１２１ —０２
作者简介：许
萍（９７）女，１７－，甘肃兰州人，讲师，士生硕
第２期
许萍：英语习语中概喻生成念隐
堂堡堑
：：２
但日常生活的经验和知 ¨。比如英语中一个众所原形范畴的映射生成的，这种映射不是单向的跨ｉｒｓｈｌｃ语周知的隐喻：ｉｓｊｕｎｙ这里的始源域是结构域映射。Ｒｃａｄ和Ｂａｋ的互动论、用关联理Ｌｆｉｏｒｅ．ｅ相对清晰的ｊｕｎｙ旅行 ” 目标域是结构相对模论可以对习语语义的构造做出解释。Ｒｃａｄｏｒｅ “ ，ｉｒｓｈ

英语人名与习语中的概念隐喻

英语人名与习语中的概念隐喻摘要概念隐喻属于认知语言学范畴。

认知语言学认为隐喻是人类最基本的、必不可少的认知工具。

随着认知语言学的发展，概念隐喻越来越受到人们的关注。

因此越来越多的人在起名字的时候都会用隐喻的概念来表达某种情感或指代某一事物，我们将其称为隐喻化（metaphorization）。

本文从概念隐喻视角出发研究英语人名与习语的内在关联。

关键词:概念隐喻，英语人名。

2.研究背景隐喻不是语言的表面现象，它是深层的认知机制，组织我们的思想，形成我们的判断，使语言结构化，从而有巨大的语言生成能力。

正如Lakoff和Johnson所说：人类在认知世界的过程中，由于缺乏清晰的类别概念和抽象的概念语言，只能用已知事物的具体意象来表达新事物、新经验，两类事物间的联系是通过类比和联想来发现它们之间的某种相似性而建立起来的。

这种通过类比和联想进行的事物之间相似性的映射过程就是隐喻思维的基本过程。

也就是我们通常说的概念隐喻是始发域向目标域的映射。

尽管许多学者认为人名没有任何的意义，它只不过是个人身份的代名词而已。

但如果追溯到单词的起源以及在人们的认知中它所映射的事物或表达的思想感情，我们不难发现，大多数的人名都有来源，或者说它们都有暗含意义，也就是隐喻。

比如许多英语国家人取名为Ana，这个词来源于希伯来语(h)anna，有“仁慈、感恩”等的意思。

因此取名人很可能是用Ana这一名词来表达这一思想。

还有英语人名会以较有意义的地理标识或地点命名，比如Adrian这一常见的名字就来源于拉丁语中Adriatic（亚得里亚海）一词，而取该名的隐含意义可能是在暗指该人的出生地。

当然，这些在以前应该算是英语人名的重要来源。

3.英语人名与概念隐喻随着认知语言学的发展，概念隐喻越来越受到人们的关注。

而在新生的一些人名中我们不难发现有许多名字都用了隐喻的概念来表达某种情感或指代某一事物，我们将其称为隐喻化（metaphorization）。

英语习语中的隐喻分析及其翻译

cast ye your pearls before swine袁lest they trample them under their feet袁 and turn again and rend you冶遥其意为"别把神圣的器物送给狗袁也莫将珍珠置于猪前遥它们践踏了宝物还会伤害于你"遥从字面上看袁cast pearls before swine 是野把珍珠撒在猪的面前冶袁猪当然不会欣赏这么美的东西袁所以这个习语实际的意思是野做无谓的努力冶袁与汉语成语野明珠按投冶相似袁但是寓意不同袁基本上不对应曰按其比喻意义袁它相当于野对牛弹琴冶袁野狗咬吕洞宾袁不识好人心冶等遥毫无疑问袁在句中听那个女孩读莎士比亚的人并不能理解听到的内容袁被比喻成了听不懂琴声
Science & Technology Vision
科技视界
英语习语中的隐喻分析及其翻译
王琳渊南京工程学院外国语学院袁江苏南京 211100冤
揖摘要铱习语是语言使用者长期以来习用的尧形式简洁而意思精辟的定型词组或短句遥英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一袁英语习语更显得纷繁浩瀚遥而隐喻作为习语中最常使用的修辞形式使得译者在翻译习语的过程中困难重重袁因此对于习语的翻译要求译者有深厚的文化功底及扎实的语言基础遥
would like them to beat their swords into plowshares and abandon all plans for war. 该国首相希望双方能够化干戈为玉帛袁放弃所有的战争计划遥在这句话的翻译过程中袁因为这个习语正好在汉语中有相对应的成语可用袁所以译者拿来使用袁显得浑然天成遥
This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet Union and the USA.这个问题似乎成了美苏争端的原因遥在这个

关联理论视角下英语习语中隐喻的翻译的开题报告

关联理论视角下英语习语中隐喻的翻译的开题报告开题报告一、研究背景英语习语是英语语言中的一大特色。

它们具有独特的语义和语用特征，被广泛应用于日常生活和各种文化领域。

然而，由于其隐喻性质和复杂的语言结构，英语习语的翻译一直是翻译研究领域中备受关注的难点。

隐喻是英语习语中的重要语言现象之一。

隐喻是指“将一种事物概念投射到另一种事物上”的语言现象。

隐喻在语言中广泛应用，并且在英语习语中表现得尤为明显。

英语习语中的隐喻往往具有诸如多义、模糊、不可逆转等特点，因此，它们的翻译需要一定的技巧和方法。

关联理论是语言学中的一个研究领域，是20世纪后半叶以来发展起来的一种语言分析方法。

关联理论认为，人类思维与语言的形式结构是相关的，并且认为语言的意义是通过外部语言符号和内部认知结构之间的关系建立的。

因此，关联理论为英语习语中的隐喻翻译提供了一个新的视角。

二、研究问题本研究旨在探讨英语习语中隐喻的翻译问题，并基于关联理论的视角提出一种有效的翻译方法。

具体问题如下：1. 英语习语中的隐喻的分类和特点是什么？2. 英语习语中隐喻在翻译中的问题是什么？3. 关联理论对于英语习语中隐喻的翻译有哪些启示？4. 基于关联理论视角，如何翻译英语习语中的隐喻？三、研究目的本研究的目的是：1. 了解英语习语中隐喻的分类和特点，为隐喻的翻译提供基础知识。

2. 探究英语习语中隐喻在翻译中的问题，为英语习语翻译提供参考。

3. 介绍关联理论对英语习语中隐喻翻译的启示，为翻译实践提供理论指导。

4. 提出一种在关联理论视角下的英语习语中隐喻的翻译方法，为英语习语翻译实践提供可行方案。

四、研究方法本研究采用文献研究和实证研究相结合的方法。

文献研究主要是对英语习语中隐喻的相关文献进行归纳整合和文本分析。

实证研究主要是以实际翻译实践为基础，通过翻译实践的反思和总结，提出一种在关联理论视角下的英语习语中隐喻的翻译方法。

五、预期成果本研究的预期成果包括：1. 一份英语习语中隐喻翻译的分类和特点的梳理表。

英语习语中的隐喻观

英语习语中的隐喻观作者：徐敏来源：《科教导刊》2011年第02期摘要语言是文化的载体，习语是语言中的精华，是在语言的形成和发展中约定俗成的。

英语习语中存在着大量的隐喻，这些隐喻习语在一定程度上也体现着西方文化。

本文浅析了英语习语隐喻表达中所体现的文化内涵，指出英语学习者在学习中要注重这种文化内涵以提高英语学习的效率。

关键词英语习语隐喻文化中图分类号：H31文献标识码：AThe Metaphorical Views in English IdiomsXU Min(Foreign Language College, South-central University For Nationalities, Hubei 430074)AbstractLanguage is the carrier of culture, and idioms, which are conventionally formed during the development of languages. This paper simply analyses the western culture in English metaphorical expressions, and points out that English learners should pay attention to the cultural knowledge in language learning to improve the efficiency of English learning.Key WordsEnglish idioms; metaphor; culture0 引言所有的语言中都存在着隐喻，隐喻渗透到语言的诸多方面。

隐喻，作为一种思维模式和认知方式，在英语习语中也大量存在着。

美国心理语言学家Gibbs认为，习语是深藏在人类概念系统中的隐喻概念的表层现象。

英语习语中的隐喻观

英语习语中的隐喻观
徐敏
【期刊名称】《科教导刊》
【年(卷),期】2011(000)002
【摘要】语言是文化的载体,习语是语言中的精华,是在语言的形成和发展中约定俗成的.英语习语中存在着大量的隐喻,这些隐喻习语在一定程度上也体现着西方文化.本文浅析了英语习语隐喻表达中所体现的文化内涵,指出英语学习者在学习中要注重这种文化内涵以提高英语学习的效率.
【总页数】2页(P168-169)
【作者】徐敏
【作者单位】中南民族大学外国语学院,湖北·武汉,430074
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H31
【相关文献】
1.英语习语(idiom)中的认知隐喻学阐释——以“hot”习语为例 [J], 甘翠华;
2.英语习语中的隐喻新探——以表示"高兴"和"悲伤"'的习语为例 [J], 袁玺
3.认知凸显观在\"狗\"的英语习语中的隐喻修辞格研究 [J], 李琳;黄阳
4.概念隐喻在英语习语教学中的运用 [J], 徐明月
5.从英语汉语中的习语、成语、委婉语看隐喻能力和隐喻运用 [J], 焉丽
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

英语习语中的隐喻

英语习语中的隐喻
王玉芳
【期刊名称】《黄山学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2014(016)001
【摘要】隐喻既是一种认知现象,又是一种语言现象.隐喻是文化的重要组成部分,又是文化的载体.传统隐喻观和认知隐喻观从不同的视角来解释隐喻从传统隐喻观和认知隐喻观的视角分析英语习语隐喻现象、隐喻种类及其隐喻意义,为英语习语的理解提供新的视角.
【总页数】3页(P61-63)
【作者】王玉芳
【作者单位】合肥学院基础教学与实验中心,安徽合肥230601
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H313
【相关文献】
1.英语习语(idiom)中的认知隐喻学阐释——以“hot”习语为例 [J], 甘翠华;
2.英语习语的认知机制探究——从概念隐喻和意象图式看英语习语学习 [J], 刘娜
3.概念隐喻在英语习语教学中的运用 [J], 徐明月
4.概念隐喻在英语习语教学中的运用 [J], 徐明月
5.从英语汉语中的习语、成语、委婉语看隐喻能力和隐喻运用 [J], 焉丽
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

【英语习语中DOWN的空间隐喻分析】

【英语习语中DOWN的空间隐喻分析】一、习语及其研究习语在语言中占据极其重要的地位。

英国语言学家Seidl在《英语习语和使用》中所言“习语和语言是不能分开的，你无法选择要用还是不用”。

（骆世平，2006）可见，习语存在于日常生活的每个地方。

而什么是习语呢？Seidl在其上述著作中给习语下的定义是，“习语是数个词组合在一起时，产生某种不同于词独立时使用的意义。

多数组合方式很怪异，不符合逻辑，语法甚至是错误的，这是一些习语的特别之处；另一些习语在语法和词汇方面则完全不符合规则，符合逻辑”。

（张镇华，2007）而国内的王宗炎先生认为，按照传统的看法，习语指具有固定结构，在语义和语法功能上作为独立的单位来运用的词组，一般不能由各组成部分推断出来。

从语言学的范畴来看，习语并没有一个严格科学的定义及范围，人们在使用范围上或宽或窄，一般来说，它包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语、惯用语、典故和对等词。

（王宗炎，1985）虽然至今关于习语的定义还没有一个固定的说法，但是，习语整体来说就是指由单词组成，其意义不是其组成词意义的简单相加，而是要对其进行进一步认识和处理加工之后才能知道的，具有隐喻性。

国内外对英语习语的研究历史悠久，从翻译角度研究有：张琳丽《隐喻习语的汉译》，王红《从图式理论的角度看英语习语的汉译》；从文化角度研究有：王梅《从英汉习语看英汉文化的差异》，张镇华《英语习语的文化内涵及其语用研究》；从语用学角度研究有：彭庆华《英语习语研究-语用学视角》以及前面提及张镇华的研究；王颖《英语习语整合处理法》结合前人的研究从形式、功能、心理语言学、语用角度分析了英语习语；骆世平《英语习语研究》从习语来源、习语结构，习语中的修辞、习语转换能力等方面分析了习语。

也用从隐喻的角度分析习语，比如焦海红《英语习语中隐喻的解释》等，但这里的隐喻仅仅是作为修辞学中的一种修辞手段来处理的。

本文将从认知角度的空间隐喻分析英语习语。

二、空间隐喻语言深深扎根于认知结构中，隐喻是一种重要的认知模式，是新的语言意义产生的根源。