混合动力汽车毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
电动汽车相关课题外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER,GREENER CARS附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文2007年来了...清洁，环保汽车一个全新的领域，在柴油发动机上使用电气混合燃料电池。
这个说法是针对混合动力汽车：美国人爱他们，不过只是猜测。
一些环保人士一直在疑惑，有没有更大的混合电池组，能不能够直接插在墙上进行充电，能不能提供动力让你开车去上班，电力与小型燃气发动机使其变为可能。
这个概念最初是一个环保主义者的梦想，是来自的费利克斯克莱默，他推动了公用事业支持插件的合作。
但现在电动汽车走向市场,就像其他高科技绿色汽车当年发展的情况一样。
清洁汽车新的一天清洁和环保汽车技术正在蒸蒸日上。
可充电混合动力车,在工业发展上展现了比1900年的黄金岁月高很多的研究和开发热情。
当汽油、蒸汽、电动车在市场上进行竞争，许多公司如通用汽车、还在嘲弄像罗杰和我这样的人,是谁扼杀了电动汽车的发展?事实上,美国通用汽车公司是第一个成功制造出了可充电混合动力车的公司,他们使用了一个有趣的新方法。
他们正在研发一种全新的推进系统,在最近的底特律车展上展示,那就是雪佛兰伏特。
随着seesawing对未来石油和汽油价格的不确定性，美国人终于将注意力集中在寻找燃油经济性车辆和展望他们的下一个大型多功能运动型车。
一个由具有很大影响力的公司JD Power and Associates去年夏天对消费者的调查发现，让人吃惊的是有57%的受访者会考虑购买他们的下一个混合动力汽车，有49%的购车者会考虑E85乙醇动力汽车。
另一项由Frost＆Sullivan的调查发现约有80%的人更关注较一年前的燃油价格。
几乎有一半的人说，如果燃油价格持续上涨的话他们会考虑购买更省油的汽车或混合动力汽车。
而从居住在美国的市民的调查中发现，有五分之一的让人印象深刻的说道，他们也开始使用替代交通工具：诸如自行车，步行，公共交通和电动汽车等等。
电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献
电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。
石油并不是可再生资源。
在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。
随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。
电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。
面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。
该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。
许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。
丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。
美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。
截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。
目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。
形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。
混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。
除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。
从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。
截止到2009年1月31日，在混合动力车辆技术领域，中国知识产权局受理并公开的中国专利申请为1116件。
外文翻译外文文献英文文献国内混合动力汽车发展
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle DevelopmentWith the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensusof all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cellfor the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009,Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%.Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market.FAW GroupDevelopment Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000.FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission,officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric BusFAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%.Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid carsRed Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is thefirst in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basisof red car with good performance and operational smoothness.Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficientthan traditional cars by about 50%, Euro 川emission standard.Besturn B70 hybrid carsBesturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol versioncosts two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models.SAICDevelopment Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market.In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key.2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress.Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1stApply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessoriesstill able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power,braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people.Roewe 750 hybrid carsRoewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%.Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars.EQ7200HEV hybrid carsEQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-U model (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. In dustrializatio n, the vehicle cost more tha n EQ7200 cars in crease in cost W 30%.EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric BusEQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more tha n the in crease in automobile engine equipped with 6CT W 30%.China ChanganDevelopment Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000."Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources,Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing.CheryDevelopment Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems.From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe IV Standard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations.Chery A5BSGChery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%.Chery A5ISGChery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards.Cherry A3ISGChery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses.FY 2BSGFY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSGstart / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped thedriver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%.BYD AutoDevelopment Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD.BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国内混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。
毕业论文外文翻译-集成式发动机辅助混合动力系统
集成式发动机辅助混合动力系统摘要本论文介绍了用于设计和开发Honda Insight发动机的技术方法，一种新的发动机辅助混合动力汽车，其总开发目标是在广泛的行驶条件下达到当今Civic消耗量的一半，实现35km/L （日本10-15模式），3.4L/km（98/69/EC）的消耗量。
为了达到这个目标，加入了许多用于包装和集成发动机辅助系统以及改善发动机效率的新技术，开发了一种新的集成式发动机辅助混合动力发动机系统。
这是结合了一种低空气阻力的新型轻稆车身开发的。
环境性能目标也包括了低排放（日本2000年标准的一半，EU2000标准的一半），高效率和杨回收性。
对消费的关键特性全面考虑，包括碰撞安全性能，操纵性和运行特性。
1．绪论为减小汽车对社会和环境的冲击要求其更干净并且能量效率更高更节能，空气质量更好。
降低CO2排放问题作为全球环境焦点提出，解决这些问题的方法之一就是混合动力汽车。
Honda已开发并向遍及全球的几大市场输入Insight，新一代车辆设计。
Insight将混合动力系与先进的车身技术特性相结合以符合取得实际的最高燃油经济性的总目标。
混合动力系是发动机的辅助并联平行结构，把IMA叫做集成式发动机辅助。
此动力系将把一个高效电动机与一个新型小排量VTEC发动机结合起来，很轻的铝车身，改良的空气动力学以实现3.4L/100km(CO2：80g/km)98/69/EC燃油经济性。
低排放性能也已达到EU排放水平为目标。
除减速能的重用之外，集成式发动机在典型的市区行驶加速时提供大助力扭矩，显著地减小了发动机拜师，提高了发动机效率。
接近56kW每吨的功率/质量比保证了稳定的爬坡能力和高速的常速行驶能力。
新发动机技术包括促进高效快速的催化剂活性化的一种新VTEC （电子控制可变配气相位和气门升程）缸盖设计，促进稀薄燃烧能降低排放的新型稀NOx 催化转化器，广泛的减摩及减重特色也用于其中。
2．开发目标及开发理念开发目的在于达到极低燃油消耗量。
国内混合动力汽车发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文翻译China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resourcesIncrease awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series ofbreakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability todevelop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achievedlow-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basicoperation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%. Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid cars Red Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, itis built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemissionstandard. Besturn B70 hybrid cars Besturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models. SAIC Development Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market. In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key. 2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress. Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electricair-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicledynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people. Roewe 750 hybrid cars Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating onemachine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybridfuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%. Dongfeng Motor Group Development Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars. EQ7200HEV hybrid cars EQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤ 30%. EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus EQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou.EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤ 30%. China Changan Development Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000.vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgradeand fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored.Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing. Chery Development Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems. From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumptiontarget to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations. Chery A5BSG Chery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes.Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10%-15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%. Chery A5ISG Chery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards. Cherry A3ISG Chery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines andelectric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop functionsuch as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stoppedor suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses. FY 2BSG FY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%. BYD Auto Development Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD. BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electricvehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles. Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the lastcentury, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living beingreplaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily actofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002,which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trendcontinues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashesby 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overallsocietal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than$230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the sametime, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Trafficcongestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution underminespublic health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems weredeveloped and deployed。
文献翻译-丰田混合动力系统THS II
附录A：英文资料IntroductionNew levels of environmental & power performance compatibility based on the concept ofHybrid Synergy DriveAt the 2003 New York Auto Show, TMC President Cho unveiled the all-new Priuswith THS II, a “Hybrid SynergyDrive” concept th at deliversboth higher power and greaterfuel economy than the previousPrius.In search of the ultimateeco-carToyota’s mission has always been toprovide clean and safe products.Thus, the company has positioned the environment as one of its most important issues and has been working toward creating a prosperous society and a world that is comfortable to live in. With this goal in mind, Toyota has been actively developing various new technologies from the perspective of achieving energy security and diversifying energy sources, which is necessitated by the dwindling supply of petroleum resources.For example, in motive power sources for automobiles alone, we have been continuously improving conventional engines and have developed and commercialized lean-burn gasoline engines, direct injection gasoline engines and common rail direct-injection diesel engines, etc. We have also been modifying engines so that they can use alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG), instead of gasoline or light oil, and have been installing these engines in commercially sold vehicles. Toyota has also developed and has been marketing electric vehicles (EV) that use motors for the driving source; hybrid vehicles (HV) that combine an engine and a motor, fusing the advantages of these two power sources; fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV) that use fuel cells (FC) to generate electricity based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and the oxygen in the air and that supply this electricity to electric motors to produce driving power.In January 1997, Toyota declared the start of the Toyota Eco Project. As part of this effort, Toyota decided to tackle the international challenge of reducing CO2 emissions in order to prevent global warming and accelerated the development of a hybrid vehicle with the goal of achieving twice the fuel efficiency of conventional ehicles. Then, in March of the same year, Toyota announced the completion of a new power train called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) for use in passenger vehicles. This power train combines a gasoline engine and an electric motor, and because it does not require external charging, as do existing electric vehicles, it works within existing infrastructures such as fueling facilities. This system also achieves nearly twice the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline engines.THS was installed in the passenger vehicle Prius, which was introduced in December 1997 in the Japanese market as the first mass-produced hybrid passenger vehicle in the world. In 2000, overseas marketing of the Prius began. The Prius has gained a reputation as a highly innovative vehicle, and itscumulative worldwide sales have exceeded 110,000 nits. Meanwhile, THS has continued to evolve, and in 2001, THS-C, which combines THS with CVT (continuously variable transmission), was installed in theEstima Hybrid minivan and THS-M (a mild hybridsystem) wasinstalled in the Crown, luxury sedan,both for the Japanese market thereby contributinggreatly to innovations in the automobiles of the 21stcentury.Building on the ecology-focused THS, Toyotahas developed the concept of Hybrid SynergyDrive. Based on this concept, Toyota has developeda new-generation Toyota hybrid system called THS II,which achieves high levels of compatibility between environmental performance and power by increasing the motor output by 1.5 times, greatly boosting the power supply voltage and achieving significant advances in the control system, aiming for synergy between motor power and engine power.Toyota has positioned hybrid technology as its key technology. Beginning with the development of EVs and through the commercialization of HV s and FCHV s, its continued efforts have now culminated in the development of THS II. Toyota will continue to endeavor to make technical advances in this area.What is a Hybrid System?Fusion between an internal combustion engine and electric motor—achieving different functions through different power combinationsAutomobile hybrid systems combine two motive power sources, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, to take advantage of the benefits provided by these power sources while compensating for each other’s shortcomings, resulting in highly efficient driving performance. Although hybrid systems use an electric motor, they do not require external charging, as do electric vehicles.3 types of Hybrid SystemsThe following three major types of hybridsystems are being used in the hybrid vehiclescurrently on the market:1) SERIES HYBRID SYSTEMThe engine drives a generator, and an electric motoruses this generated electricity to drive thewheels. This is called a series hybrid systembecause the power flows to the wheels in series,i.e., the engine power and the motor power are inseries. A series hybrid system can run a smalloutputengine in the efficient operating region relativelysteadily, generate and supply electricity to theelectric motor and efficiently charge the battery. Ithas two motors—a generator (which has the samestructure as an electric motor) and an electric motor. This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.2) PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMIn a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilizedaccording to the prevailing conditions. This is calleda parallel hybrid system because the power flowsto the wheels in parallel. In this system, the batteryis charged by switching the electric motor to act asa generator, and the electricity from the battery isused to drive the wheels. Although it has a simplestructure, the parallel hybrid system cannot drivethe wheels from the electric motor whilesimultaneously charging the battery since thesystem has only one motor.3) SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMThis system combines the series hybridsystem with the parallel hybrid system in order tomaximize the benefits of both systems. It has twomotors, and depending on the driving conditions,uses only the electric motor or the driving powerfrom both the electric motor and the engine, in orderto achieve the highest efficiency level. Furthermore,when necessary, the system drives the wheels whilesimultaneously generating electricity using agenerator. This is the system used in the Prius andthe Estima Hybrid.Engine and Motor Operation in each systemThe chart below shows how the ratio of usebetween engine and motor differs depending onthe hybrid system.Since a series hybrid uses its engine togenerate electricity for the motor to drive thewheels, the engine and motor do about thesame amount of work.A parallel hybrid uses the engine as the mainpower source, with the motor used only toprovide assistance during acceleration.Therefore, the engine is used much more thanthe motor.In a series/parallel hybrid (THS in the Prius), apower split device divides the power from the engine, so the ratio of power going directly to the wheels and to the generator is continuously variable. Since the motor can run on this electric power as it is generated, the motor is used more than in a parallel system.Three Objectives of THS II DevelopmentA new-generation hybrid system that seeks enhanced efficiency and greater powerCompatibility of Environmental &Power PerformanceAutomobiles of the future must increase both environmentaland safety performance, while significantly increasing theall-important motor vehicle characteristic of being fun to drive.To achieve superior driving performance, which is the basis fordriving enjoyment, the conventional approach has been toincrease output and torque by increasing engine displacementor using supercharging. However, this approach decreases fuelefficiency, making it difficult to achieve compatibility ofenvironmental performance and power. In other words, fuel efficiency and power are in a trade-off relationship. By using the Toyota Hybrid System (THS), the Prius was able to escape the inevitability of this relationship in a paradigm shift. The goal of the Hybrid Synergy Drive concept is to achieve compatibility of high levels of both environmentalperformance and power.THS, which is a series parallel hybrid, contains a power split device that splits power into two paths. In one path, the power from the gasoline engine is directly transmitted to the vehicle’s wheels. In the other path (electrical path), the power from the engine is converted into electricity by a generator to drive an electric motor or to charge the battery. This unique configuration achieves idling stop, stopping of the gasoline engine while the vehicle is running, running of the vehicle using the electric motor, motor assist at any speed, and highly efficient energy regeneration, without using a clutch or transmission. This is achieved through the use of a motor having large low-speed torque and large output.The newly developed hybrid system, THS II, targets both greater power and improved motor power transmission efficiency, advancing energy management control for the entire vehicle. As a result, Hybrid Synergy Drive has been developed, which markedly increases power performance, improves acceleration performance, and at the same time achieves the highest degree of environmental performance in the world.How the THS II System WorksSuperb coordination between engine and motorMotor power is used for starting the vehicle. Fornormal operation, the engine and the motor areoptimally controlled to increase fuel efficiency.When powerful acceleration is needed, thehigh-output motor and the engine generateoptimum power. This represents further evolutionin smoothyet powerful running performance.System ConfigurationAll of the major components of THS II have been developed by Toyota on its own. The high-voltage power circuit, the motor,the generator and the battery have all been designed anew, enabling further evolution of the hybrid system.The system consists of two kinds of motive power sources, i.e., a high-efficiency gasoline engine that utilizes the Atkinson Cycle, which is a high-expansion ratio cycle, as well as a permanent magnet AC synchronous motor with 1.5 times more output,a generator, high-performance nickel-metal hydride(Ni-MH) battery and a power control unit. This power control unit contains a high-voltage power circuit for raising the voltage of the power supply system for the motor and the generator to a high voltage of500 V, in addition to an AC-DC inverter for converting between the AC current from the motor and the generator and the DC current from the hybrid battery. Other key components include a power split device, which transmits the mechanical motive forces from the engine, the motor and the generator by allocating and combining them. The power control unit precisely controls thesecomponents at high speeds to enable them to cooperatively work at high efficiency.System Operation1 Start and low to mid-range speedsThe engine stops when in an inefficient range,such as at start-up and in low to mid-rangespeeds. The vehicle runs on the motor alone. (A)2 Driving under normal conditionsEngine power is divided by the power split device.Some of the power turns the generator, which in turndrives the motor. (B)The rest of the power drives the wheels directly. (C)Power allocation is controlled to maximize efficiency.3 Sudden accelerationExtra power is supplied from thebattery (A), while the engine andhigh-output motor provide smoothresponse (B+C) for improvedacceleration characteristics.4 Deceleration, brakingThe high-output motor acts as a high-output generator,driven by the vehicle’s wheels. This regenerative brakingsystem recovers kinetic energy as electrical energy,which is stored in the high-performance battery. (D)5 Battery rechargingBattery level is managed to maintain sufficient reserves. The enginedrives the generator to recharge the battery when necessary. (E)6 At restThe engine stops automatically.附录B ：英文翻译丰田混合动力系统THS II导 言-——基于混合协同驱动系统概念下的环境与动力性能兼容性的新水平在2003年纽约车展上，丰田汽车公司总裁赵揭幕了装备有THS II 系统的全新普锐斯，THS II系统意味着一个“混合协同驱动”的概念，它为您提供不仅比之前普锐斯更高的功率，而且具有更加优良的的燃油经济性。
新能源汽车外文文献翻译
文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726.原文The prospects for global green car mobilityPatrick Moriarty, Damon HonneryAbstractThe quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel.Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution1. IntroductionProvision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measuressuch as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space, one country cannot solve this problem alone. Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to ‘freeload’ if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter。
新能源汽车外文翻译文献
新能源汽车外文翻译文献Electric Cars: XXX?As the XXX crises。
wars。
and increasing oil n。
the need for alternative XXX not a renewable resource。
and we must find a replacement before XXX and social progress。
the n of electric cars XXX.Faced with high XXX costs。
growing XXX。
XXX and American automakers。
XXX Prius has e the world's best-selling hybrid car。
Tesla Motors。
a new American automaker。
has launched its first battery-powered car。
the Tesla Roadster。
As of the end of 2010.XXX hybrid car。
and XXX a similar plan is underway.Currently。
XXX vehicles。
XXX。
key components。
and system n。
They have established a research institute with "three verticals" of hybrid electric vehicles。
pure electric vehicles。
and fuel cell vehicles。
and "three horizontals" of vehicle controlsystems。
motor drive systems。
and power XXX industry。
外文翻译---混合动力电动汽车机械和再生制动的整合
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Mechanical and Regenerative Braking Integration for a Hybrid ElectricVehicleAbstractHybrid electric vehicle technology has become a preferred method for the automotive industry to reduce environmental impact and fuel consumption of their vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles accomplish these reductions through the use of multiple propulsion systems, namely an electric motor and internal combustion engine, which allow the elimination of idling, operation of the internal combustion engine in a more efficient manner and the use of regenerative braking. However, the added cost of the hybrid electric system has hindered the sales of these vehicles.A more cost effective design of an electro-hydraulic braking system is presented. The system electro-mechanically controlled the boost force created by the brake booster independently of the driver braking force and with adequate time response. The system allowed for the blending of the mechanical and regenerative braking torques in a manner transparent to the driver and allowed for regenerative braking to be conducted efficiently.A systematic design process was followed, with emphasis placed on demonstrating conceptual design feasibility and preliminary design functionality using virtual and physical prototyping. The virtual and physical prototypes were then used in combination as a powerful tool to validate and develop the system. The role of prototyping in the design process is presented and discussed.Through the experiences gained by the author during the design process, it is recommended that students create physical prototypes to enhance their educational experience. These experiences are evident throughout the thesis presented.1.1 Modern Hybrid Electric VehiclesWith rising gas prices and the overwhelming concern for the environment, consumers and the government have forced the automotive industry to start producing more fuel efficient vehicles with less environmental impact. One promising method that is currently being implemented is the hybrid electric vehicle.Hybrid vehicles are defined as vehicles that have two or more power sources [25]. There are a large number of possible variations, but the most common layout of hybrid vehicles today combines the power of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with the power of an electric motor and energy storage system (ESS). These vehicles are often referred to as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV’s) [25]. These two power sources are used in conjunction to optimize the efficiency and performance of the vehicle, which in turn will increase fuel economy and reduce vehicle emissions, all while delivering the performance the consumer requires. In 1997, the Toyota Prius became the first hybrid vehicle introduced into mass production in Japan. It took another three years for the first mass produced hybrid vehicle, the Honda Insight, to be introduced into the North American market. The release of the Honda Insight was closely followed by the release of the Toyota Prius in North America a couple of months later [35].Hybrid electric vehicles have the distinct advantage of regenerative braking. The electric motor, normally used for propulsion, can be used as a generator to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle back into electrical energy during braking, rather than wasting energy as heat. This electrical energy can then be stored in an ESS (e.g. batteries or ultracapacitors) and later released to propel the vehicle using the electric motor.This process becomes even more important when considering the energy density of batteries compared to gasoline or diesel fuel. Energy density is defined as the amount of energy stored in a system per unit volume or mass [44]. To illustrate this point, 4 kilograms (4.5 litres) of gasoline will typically give a motor vehicle a range of50 kilometres. To store the same amount of useful electric energy it requires a lead acid battery with a mass of about 270 kilograms [25]. This demonstrates the need for efficient regenerative braking to store electrical energy during driving, which in turn will keep the mass of the energy storage system down and improve the performance and efficiency of the HEV.1.2 Research Scope - Regenerative Braking SystemsThe scope of the research presented is to create a low cost regenerative braking system to be used on future economical hybrid vehicles to study the interaction between regenerative and mechanical braking of the system. This system should be able to control the combination of both regenerative and mechanical braking torque depending on driver demand and should be able to do so smoothly and safely. Controlling the regenerative braking torque can be done using control algorithms and vector control for induction motors. However, controlling the mechanical braking torque independently of the driver pedal force, while maintaining proper safety back-ups, proved to be more of a challenge. To overcome this problem, a system was developed that would attenuate the pressure in the brake booster in order to control the amount of mechanical torque developed by the braking system．2.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle OverviewHybrid vehicles have emerged as one of the short term solutions for reducing vehicle emissions and improving fuel economy. Over the past 10 years almost all of the major automotive companies have developed and released for sale their own hybrid electric vehicles to the public. The popularity of hybrid electric vehicles has grown considerably since the turn of the century. With enormous pressure to become more environmentally friendly and with unpredictable gas prices, the sales of hybrid electric vehicles have increased dramatically in recent years.2.1.1 Hybrid ConfigurationsFor the past 100 years the objective of the hybrid has been to extend the range of electric vehicles and to overcome the problem of long recharging times [35]. There are three predominant hybrid electric vehicle configurations currently on the market today. These configurations are known as series hybrids, parallel hybrids andseries/parallel hybrids.Each configuration has its advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed in the following sections.Series HybridsIn series hybrids the mechanical output from the internal combustion engine is used to drive a generator which produces electrical power that can be stored in the batteries or used to power an electric motor and drive the wheels. There is no direct mechanical connection between the engine and the driven wheels. Series hybrids tend to be used in high power systems such as large trucks or locomotives but can also be used for lower power passenger vehicles [18]. The mechanically generated electrical power is combined with the power from the battery in an electronic controller. This controller then compares the driver demand with the vehicle speed and available torque from the electric motor to determine the amount of power required from each source to drive the vehicle. During braking, the controller also switches the power electronics to regenerative mode, and directs the power being regenerated to the batteries [55].There are many advantages made possible by the arrangement described above. It is possible to run the ICE constantly at its most efficient operating point and share its electrical output between charging the battery and driving the electric motor. By operating the engine at its most efficient operating point, emissions can be greatly reduced and the most electrical power can be generated per volume of fuel. This configuration is also easierto implement into a vehicle because it is less complex which makes this method more cost effective.Parallel HybridsIn parallel hybrid configurations the mechanical energy output from the ICE is transmitted to a gearbox. In this gearbox the energy from the ICE can be mechanically combined with a second drive from an electric motor. The combined mechanical output is then used to drive the wheels [35]. In this configuration there is a direct connection between the engine and the driven wheels. As in series hybrids the controller compares the driver demand with the vehicle speed and output torque and determines the amount of power to be used from each source to meet the demand,while obtaining the best possible efficiency. A parallel hybrid also controls regenerative braking similarly to a series hybrid. Parallel hybrids are usually used in lower power electric vehicles in which both drives can be operated in parallel to provide higher performance [18].There are a number of advantages of a parallel hybrid over a series hybrid. The most important advantage is that since only one conversion between electrical and mechanical power is made, efficiency will be much better than the series hybrid in which two conversions are required. Since the parallel hybrid has the ability to combine both the engine and electric motor powers simultaneously, smaller electric motors can be used without sacrificing performance, while getting the fuel consumption and emission reduction benefits. Lastly, parallel hybrids only need to operate the engine when the vehicle is moving and do not need a second generator to charge the batteries.Series/Parallel HybridsCombined hybrids have the features of both series and parallel configurations. They use a power split device to drive the wheels using dual sources of power (e.g. electric motor only, ICE only or a combination of both). While the added benefits of both series hybrids and parallel hybrids are achieved for this configuration, control algorithms become very complex because of the large number of driving possibilities available.2.1.2 Degree of HybridizationSince most H EV’s on the road today are either parallel or series/parallel, it is useful to define a variable called the ‘degree of hybridization’ to quantify the electrical power potential of these vehicles.iceem em P P P DOH += The degree of hybridization ranges from (DOH = 0) for a conventional vehicle to (DOH = 1) for an all electric vehicle [25]. As the degree of hybridization increases, a smaller ICE can be used and operated closer to its optimum efficiency for a greater proportion of the time, which will decrease fuel consumption and emissions. The electric motor power is denoted by Pem and the internal combustion engine power isdenoted by Pice.Micro HybridMicro hybrids have the smallest degree of hybridization and usually consist of an integrated starter generator (ISG) connected to the engine crankshaft. The ISG allows the engine to be shut off during braking and idling to conserve fuel and then spins the crankshaft up to speed before fuel is injected during acceleration. The ISG also provides small amounts of assist to the ICE during acceleration and acts as a generator to charge the batteries during braking. Micro hybrids usually improve fuel economy by about 10 percent compared with non hybrids [53].Mild HybridMild hybrids have a similar architecture to the micro hybrid except that the ISG is uprated in power to typically greater than 20 kW. However, the energy storage system is limited to less than 1 kWh [35]. Mild hybrids usually have a very short electric-only range capability but can provide a greater assist to the ICE during accelerations. The electrical components in a mild hybrid are more complex than a micro hybrid and play a greater role in the vehicle operation. Fuel economy can be improved by 20 to 25 percent with a mild hybrid over non hybrid vehicles [53].Full HybridFull hybrids do away with the ISG and replace it with a separate electric motor and alternator/starter that perform the same function. The electric motor has the ability to propel the vehicle alone, particularly in city (stop and go) driving. The energy storage system is upgraded to improve electric-only range capability and the engine is usually downsized to improve fuel economy and emissions. Full hybrids can achieve40 to 45 percent fuel consumption reductions over non hybrids [53].Plug-in HybridPlug-in hybrids are very similar to full hybrids except that they have a much larger ESS that can be connected to an outside electrical utility source for charging. These vehicles use only the electric motor to propel the vehicle within the range of the batteries and then operate like full hybrids once the batteries have discharged to a predefined level.2.1.3 Fundamentals of Regenerative BrakingOne of the most important features of HEV’s is their ability to recover significant amounts of braking energy. The electric motors can be controlled to operate as generators during braking to convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy that can be stored in the energy storage system and reused. However, the braking performance of a vehicle also greatly affects vehicle safety. In an emergency braking situation the vehicle must be stopped in the shortest possible distance and must be able to maintain control over the vehicle’s direction. The latter requires control of brake force distribution to the wheels [12].Generally, the braking torque required is much larger than the torque that an electric motor can produce [12]. Therefore, a mechanical friction braking system must coexist with the electrical regenerative braking. This coexistence demands proper design and control of both mechanical and electrical braking systems to ensure smooth, stable braking operations that will not adversely affect vehicle safety. Energy Consumption in BrakingBraking a 1500 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to 0 km/h consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy based on Equation 2.2.221mv E If 25 percent of this energy could be recovered through regenerative braking techniques, then Equation 2.2 can be used to estimate that this energy could be used to accelerate the vehicle from 0 km/h to about 50 km/h, neglecting aerodynamic drag, mechanical friction and rolling resistance during both braking and accelerating. This also assumes that the generating and driving modes of the electric motor are 100% effici ent. This suggests that the fuel economy of HEV’s can be greatly increased when driving in urban centres where the driver is constantly braking and accelerating. Note that the amount of energy recovered is limited by the size of the electric motor and the rate of which energy can be transferred to the ESS.2.1.4 Methods of Regenerative BrakingThere are two basic regenerative braking methods used today. These methods are often referred to as parallel regenerative braking and series regenerative braking. Each of these braking strategies have advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed in this section.Parallel Regenerative BrakingDuring parallel regenerative braking, both the electric motor and mechanical braking system always work in parallel (together) to slow the vehicle down [48]. Since mechanical braking cannot be controlled independently of the brake pedal force it is converting some of the vehicle’s kinetic energy into heat instead of electrical energy. This is not the most efficient regenerative braking method. However, parallel regenerative braking does have the advantages of being simple and cost effective. For this method to be used, the mechanical braking system needs little modification and the control algorithms for the electric motor can be easily implemented into the vehicle. This method also has the added advantage of always having the mechanical braking system as a back-up in case of a failure of the regenerative braking system. Series Regenerative BrakingDuring series regenerative braking the electric motor is solely used for braking. It is only when the motor or energy storage system can no longer accept more energy that the mechanical brakes are used [48]. This method requires that the mechanical braking torque be controlled independently of the brake pedal force and has the advantage of being the most efficient by converting as much of the vehicle’s kinetic energy into electrical energy . The downfall of this method is that it brings many costs and complexities into the system. For this method to function properly a brake-by-wire system has to be developed which either uses an electro-hydraulic brake (EHB) or an electro-mechanical brake (EMB). Both of these types of brakes require brake pedal simulators and redesigned brake systems which can become costly. Since these systems are brake-by-wire there are also many redundancies required with sensors, processors and wiring for safety which add to the complexity of the system. 2.1.5 Current Regenerative Braking SystemsThe current regene rative braking system in most HEV’s (e.g. Toyota Prius) is the more costly electro-hydraulic braking (EHB) system. This system uses a brake pedal simulator, which is separate from the hydraulic braking circuit, to establish driver braking demand. The braking demand is then proportioned into a regenerative and mechanical braking demand. The mechanical braking demand is then sent to a system that contains a high pressure hydraulic pump, accumulator and proportional controlvalves. The proportional control valves allow the brake line fluid to flow to each wheel at predefined pressures determined by the braking demand.译文混合动力电动汽车机械和再生制动的整合摘要为了减少对环境的污染和车辆的燃油消耗，混合动力电动汽车已经成为汽车工业的首选方法。
电动汽车中英文文献
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress. With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources, Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanicaland electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level. Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%. Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid cars Red Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-effic ient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲ emission standard. Besturn B70 hybrid cars Besturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models. SAIC Development Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market. In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key. 2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress. Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people. Roewe 750 hybrid cars Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%. Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars. EQ7200HEV hybrid cars EQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱ model (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤ 30%. EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus EQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the in crease in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤ 30%. China Changan Development Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000. "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing. Chery Development Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems. From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe Ⅳ Standard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations. Chery A5BSG Chery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%. Chery A5ISG Chery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," thecomposition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards. Cherry A3ISG Chery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses. FY 2BSG FY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%. BYD Auto Development Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD. BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业人士的共识。
汽车 专业 外文 文献 英文 翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
混合动力论文
The starter/alternator technology is considered an easily realizable hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) configuration to achieve significant fuel economy without compromising consumer acceptability. Several examples can be found in production or near-production vehicles, with implementation based on a spark ignition (SI) engine coupled with either a belted starter/alternator (BSA) or an integrated starter/alternator (ISA). One of the many challenges in successfully developing a starter/alternator HEV is to achieve engine start and stop operations with minimum passenger discomfort. This requires control of the electric motor to start and stop the engine quickly and smoothly, without compromising the vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness signature. The issue becomes more critical in the case of diesel hybrids, as the peak compression torque is much larger than in SI engines. This paper documents the results of a research activity focused on the control of the start and stop dynamics of a HEV with a belted starter/alternator. The work was conducted on a production 1.9 l common-rail diesel engine coupled to a 10.6 kW permanent magnet motor. The system is part of a series/parallel HEV powertrain, designed to fit a midsize prototype sport utility vehicle. A preliminary experimental investigation was done to assess the feasibility of the concept and to partially characterize the system. This facilitated the design of a control-oriented nonlinear model of the system dynamics and its validation on the complete HEV hardware. Model-based control techniques were then applied to design a controller for the belted starter/alternator, ensuring quick and smooth engine start operations. The final control design has been implemented on the vehicle. The research outcomes demonstrated that the BSA is effective in starting the diesel engine quickly and with very limited vibration and noise. ͓DOI: 10ion
混合动力汽车外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Pohl G. The research of hybrid car development [J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2016, 15(3):57-67.原文The research of hybrid car developmentPohl G.AbstractIncreasingly scarce oil resources and environmental pollution, the problem such as global warming becoming more serious, as a major source of carbon emissions car become focus of research and development of automobile manufacturers, low emissions, zero emissions of choice for new energy vehicles has become the next generation of cars, more and more car manufacturers focus on low emission, low fuel consumption on the development of the car. Therefore, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), hereinafter referred to as HEV, as a transition to a zero discharge development models, is starting to get attention. The characteristics of a hybrid car is can make the engine keep in the region of the optimum condition, and good dynamic performance, the hybrid cars have the advantage of low emissions, low pollution.Keywords: Hybrid cars, Control strategy of power matching, Forward simulation1 IntroductionHumans are faced with more and more serious energy shortage crisis; Countries have established their own energy saving strategy. As the national income boost national economy rapid development. Traditional fuel cars used widely in petroleum refining traditional fuels such as gasoline, diesel is belongs to the non-renewable energy, traditional fuel oil reserves and production are in danger of drying up. And car holdings increased year after year, had had a serious of urban traffic congestion, further intensify the energy crisis, and also received a national energy supply security threat. Automobile exhaust gas caused by the environment problem is increasingly serious, such as the tiny particles in urban PM2.5 mainly from automobile exhaust emissions, car exhaust and has become a primary sources of air quality and people's health. Hybrid is refers to the vehicle using conventional fuel (diesel, gasoline, etc.)power and the two methods in electric power, the advantage is in the car at the time of starting, can only rely on motor drive the car, when reaching a certain speed to start the engine. In this way, can make the engine keep the best working state, to obtain good dynamic performance, and power source is battery, do not need to consume fuel alone. The key technology of hybrid car is a hybrid control system assembly, it will affect the performance of hybrid vehicle power performance. Through technology unceasing development, the hybrid control system has been from the traditional motor and engine dispersion structure gradually into the engine, motor and variable speed mechanism of integration. The current hybrid system generally in power transmission lines to distinguish, can be divided into three categories of parallel, series, and mixed type.2 Summary of three hybrid system2.1 series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV)SHEV type hybrid vehicle, powered by batteries, control module and module DengZi modules, which is in series connection way between them constitute the SHEV powertrain. At work, engine driven generator to generate electricity, directly by the controller to transfer power to the battery or direct drive motor, by variable speed motor to drive a car again. In a small load, the battery to the motor power and drive wheel, when large load, motor direct drive motor power, and thus drive motor. Just started in the car, the battery capacity in a saturated state, the kinetic energy of the battery at this time can achieve auto start demand, when the battery power value is lower than the set value, dynamic auxiliary system starting; When the vehicle's energy demand grows, the battery pack and power module for traction system to transmit power at the same time; When the vehicle energy demand decreases, the auxiliary power system in the guarantee of energy demand driven system at the same time, to the battery. Since the role of the battery, the engine can work in relatively constant work environment, improved their emissions. Series system is widely used in urban area of idle run and repeatedly in the environment, can make the engine area in optimal conditions constant, at the same time, through the deployment of the output of the motor and battery energy to adjust the speed of the car. So you can make theengine to avoid and idle running at low speed, improve the efficiency of the engine, thus reduce exhaust emissions. But its drawback is that a lot of energy conversion, the mechanical efficiency also decreases. Such as Honda's "energy" SHEV is using a fuel battery pack, in the city, under the condition of motor powered by fuel cells, electric motor through a transmission driving car, meet the requirements of the "zero pollution" can effectively improve air quality. When faster and uphill to jointly by the engine, fuel cell and motor vehicle power supply, driving wheel, in order to meet the demand for power vehicle.2.2 Parallel power (PHEV)Parallel hybrid electric vehicle, is composed of motor and motor traction motors at the same time, the motor and engine points belong to two sets of power module, can transmission torque, independent of each other to the automobile transmission system under various conditions can either individual drive and driven vehicle when the vehicle needs to accelerate or is uphill, engine and motor can be transmitted to the drive system of traction at the same time, when the vehicle needs to accelerate or is uphill, engine and motor can be transmitted to the drive system of traction at the same time, when the speed reached cruising speed, car will only to maintain the engine speed. The motor can be used as a generator can directly drive the car. The system with separate no generators, and can drive transmission module to drive the car engine, this system is more similar to the average vehicle driver module, mechanical efficiency loss and almost like a regular car, get more extensive application.Such as V olkswagen golf PHEV vehicles that the engine through the transmission of regulating motor, export torque to the clutch to drive the car forward. When the car starts, battery power supply to the motor, the motor into the engine driving mechanism. After the engine side became the only power source to drive cars, car and driving motor power to the battery at the same time, this time with the traditional cars. In urban conditions, the engine stops, the transmission from, batteries as the only energy supply power to motor wheel driven by a motor to replace the engine. When the vehicle needs to speed up or high load, engine starting transmission gear at the same time, the engine and motor system composition of hybrid models,with maximum torque traction vehicles.2.3 Mixed type power systems (SPHEV)SPHEV usually is in the structure of a PHEV and add a motor, so the engine to provide energy to mechanical transmission output Power Bridge on one hand, can drive the generator to the battery charging at the same time. The engine through a generator which can adjust the speed, the engine can run as far as possible in the working area to high efficiency and low emissions. Distribution of electricity by the controller and motor, transmission to the battery or motor, motor driving force of transmitted power composite structure to the drive axle. Mixed type driving mechanism and structure of control of the parallel and serial mechanism of advantage, can make the motor, engine, generator and other components to better cooperate, under the complicated working conditions on the structure ensures that the car work freedom, so are more likely to achieve control target of low emissions and lower fuel consumption. Composite group compared with tandem type, mixed type less dependence on battery, between energy transfers in less, also more fuel efficient; mixed type compared with parallel connection, the engine operation is affected by the condition of smaller. Three kinds of hybrid electric vehicle, the compound type is based on energy distribution is optimal. Hybrid vehicle technology has been gradually perfected. But because the structure is complex, high cost, during the period of the electric car, before the arrival of hybrid car is a kind of transitional product3 The development of hybrid carsJapan's Toyota and America's big three carmakers to world each big car manufacturers such as turning the hybrids of development and research. Through the development of recent years, hybrid cars in the popularization, the more rapid development in the process of marketization. The world's largest car manufacturers focus on the development of clean energy vehicles, hybrid vehicles become the strategic focus of each big car company, gradually break through the scope of small cars and application in medium and large car slowly, technology is more and more competitive. The world car market in 2009, production of hybrid vehicles already broke through 700000, according to the forecast, to 2016 hybrid cars accounted for15% of the share in the global market. In 1997, Toyota has developed the world's first mass-produced hybrid car, and then in 2001, have developed a hybrid minivans and vans, they have a leading comprehensive control system and electric four-wheel drive hybrid system control unit (TSH), the universal hybrid low fuel consumption, low emissions and improve driving performance, etc., in the forefront of the world. Represented by Toyota's Japanese automakers, is due to the precision of 10 years ago, finally to hybrids such transition of clean energy vehicle technology leading the global auto market now. The Toyota Prius hybrid cars off sales amounted to 208900 cars in 2009, increased by 290% than in 2008, became the first new car sales list.The Obama administration in the United States began to implement the new policy, 2015, 1 million hybrid car gained popularity. The United States is the implementation of tax preferential treatment, the hybrid electric vehicle subsidies is between $2500 to $15000 and at the same time. giving subsidies on lending to the electric car companies. In addition, the United States introduced new vehicle carbon dioxide emissions and car fuel economy law, significantly increase to the requirement of vehicle technology, if not the green energy car technology, auto makers will be difficult to meet the requirements of the new regulations.09 on June 1, tesla, nissan North America, and the ford motor company received $8 billion in loans, mainly used in the r&d and production of pure electric and hybrid cars. Daimlerchrysler, gm and ford motor company in 2003 set up the production of hybrid cars and the fuel cell car batteries used in the development company, they injected $4.6 million to develop the next generation of environmentally friendly vehicles need polymer battery. In August 2005, general motors, such as Daimler signed on to form the world alliance cooperation, development of hybrid system with the letter of intent, Shared their hybrids system with regard to the rich resources of science and technology and advanced technology, and will develop dual-mode hybrid car as the primary target.2010 hybrid cars sold 290300 vehicles in the United States, are 2.8% of the proportion of the U.S. auto market, the proportion is not big, but starting from 1.3% in 2005 to present the trend of rising gradually. Forecast that the yield of hybrids will amount to 873000 vehicles in 2016, its market share will reach 5%.译文混合动力汽车发展研究Pohl G.摘要石油资源日渐匮乏和环境污染、全球变暖等问题的日益严重，作为碳排放主要来源的汽车成为汽车厂商研发的重点，低排放、零排放的新能源汽车成为了下一代汽车的首选，越来越多的汽车生产商把目光放在了低排放、低油耗汽车的研制上。
混合动力汽车毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
混合动力汽车毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献对插电式混合动力电力车技术成本效益分析安德鲁辛普森国家可再生能源实验室摘要插入式混合电动汽车（PHEVs）已经成为一个很有前途的技术，使用电取代石油消费。
然而，有一个非常广泛的混合动力汽车的设计与大大变成本和效益。
特别是电池成本，燃料成本，车辆性能属性和驾驶习惯大大影响PHEVs相对价值。
本文提出了一种成本（车辆购置成本和能源成本）和收益减少（对比石油消费PHEVs）相对于混合动力电动汽车和传统。
详细仿真模型，用于预测石油和混合动力汽车的成本削减设计相比，基于中型轿车。
两个动力总成技术方案被认为是探索短期和PHEVs长期前景。
分析认为，石油减少超过45％，每台车辆可以达到20英里（32公里），或储存更多的能量配备PHEVs。
然而，这些车辆长期增量成本预计将超过8,000美元，比近期成本高得多。
一个简单的经济分析表明，高石油价格和低成本的电池需要PHEVs做出引人注目的业务案例。
然而，大油气PHEVs为政府加快混合动力汽车技术的部署提供强大的理由。
关键词插入式混合动力；混合动力电动汽车；二次电池的电池；1 介绍插入式混合动力电动汽车插入式混合电动车最近出现了有希望的替代方案，使用电要取代石油消费的车队相当一部分[1]。
插件的混合电动汽车（混合动力汽车）是一种混合动力电动汽车充电的能力，其电化学能源（戊肝）从一板外源产品，如电力公司电网（电力储存）。
车辆可以当时正处在一个电荷消耗（CD）的模式，降低了系统的状态充电（SOC）的，从而使用电力，以取代液体燃料，否则将被消耗。
这是液体燃料典型的石油（汽油或柴油），尽管PHEVs也可以使用，如生物燃料或替代氢气。
PHEV的电池通常在混合电动汽车相比有较大的能力，从而增加潜在的石油流离失所。
1.1插入式混合动力电动汽车术语插入式混合电动汽车的特点是“PHEVx”符号，其中“X”通常是指汽车的全电范围（阿英俄）作为英里的距离定义的并联混合动力汽车可以完全充电驱动器之前需要操作的引擎。
新能源汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译The Investigation Of Car new energy'S PresentCondition And DevelopmentAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generallyused in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going andstability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car,car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenientand flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carwill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.First, the development of natural gas vehicleReduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives. or the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries.Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits comparedCompressed natural gas vehicles:20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages: l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline as fuel can reduce emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2, non-dust emissions, to improve the urban environment has a significant role in .A typical diesel engine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.2, CNG vehicle for a higher securityCompared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel. (1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 ℃, ignition than gasoline high 218 ℃, compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties of natural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuel properties of gasoline is shown in table 2(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards)) (GBl7258-1998).Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure reducer, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension. China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gas carsMotor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of the development.4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wear and tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles will reduce maintenance and operating costs, thereby enhancing the economy of the use of vehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasolineprices continued to rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to save nearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3. Third, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasures In order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and support: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important factor in their development should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification, parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects of the preferential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an important factor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gas car before the development of an economic foundation and driving force. 2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and other departments.3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered co-ordination, rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building one station.4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNGvehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only CNG car to a certain number, the normal operation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability. 5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, certification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the focus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment.6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage, the public nature of its environmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support.Compressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental protection situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will reduce the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable development of a reliable guarantee.汽车新能源现状与发展的探究随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。
混合动力汽车中英文外文翻译
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of Integrated Motor Assist Hybrid SystemAbstract ：This paper presents the technical approach used to design and develop the powerplant for the Honda Insight, a new motor assist hybrid vehicle with an overall development objective of just half the fuel consumption of the current Civic over a wide range of driving conditions. Fuel consumption of 35km/L (Japanese 10-15 mode), and 3.4L/100km (98/69/EC) was realized. To achieve this, a new Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) hybrid power plant system was developed, incorporating many new technologies for packaging and integrating the motor assist system and for improving engine thermal efficiency. This was developed in combination with a new lightweight aluminum body with low aerodynamic resistance. Environmental performance goals also included the simultaneous achievement of low emissions (half the Japanese year 2000 standards, and half the EU2000 standards), high efficiency, and recyclability. Full consideration was also given to key consumer attributes, including crash safety performance, handling, and driving performance.Keywords：hybrid car，integration of the engine，efficient，environmental protection1 INTRODUCTIONTo reduce the automobile’s impact on society and the envir onment requires that it beincreasingly cleaner and more energy efficient. The issues of energy conservation, ambient air quality, and reduction in CO2 emissions are increasing raised as global environmental concerns. One solution for dealing with these issues is the hybrid automobile. Honda has developed and introduced to several major markets worldwide the Insight, a new generation of vehicle design. The Insight combines a hybrid power train with advanced body technology features to meet an overall goal of achieving the highest fuel economy practical.The hybrid power train is a motor assist parallel configuration, termed IMA for ‘Integrated Motor Assist’. This power train combines a highly efficient electric motor with a new small displacement VTEC engine, a lightweight aluminum body, and improved aerodynamics to realize 3.4L/100km (CO2:80g/km) on 98/69/EC fuel economy. Low emissions performance was also targeted with emission levels achieving the EU2000.In addition to recapturing deceleration energy, the integrated motor provides high torque assist during typical urban driving accelerations. This allows a significant reduction in engine displacement and higher engine efficiency. Sustained hill climbing performance and high speed cruising capability are assured by a power-toweight ratio of approximately 56kW per metric ton. New engine technology includes the application of a new VTEC (Variable valve Timing and valve lift, Electronic Control) cylinder head design promoting high efficiency and fast catalyst activation, and a new lean NOx catalyst system which promotes lean burn combustion and a reduction in emissions. Extensive friction and weight reducing features are also applied.2 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS AND CONCEPTDevelopment was aimed at the achievement of extremely low fuel consumption. We set a target of twice the fuel economy of the current production Civic, Honda’s representative high fuel economy car at 7.0 L/100km (93/116/ EC). As a result, the Insight has the lowest fuel consumption in the world, among gasoline passenger cars.Exhaust emission performance often tends to be sacrificed for the sake of low fuel consumption. However, we also decided to match the low emissions performance achieved by other mass production cars. Consideration was also given to recyclability (another important environmental issue), crash safety performance, and the basic car characteristics includinghandling and styling.Summarizing the above, our development targets were as follows:∙The best fuel consumption performance in the world∙Ultra-low exhaust emissions∙Superior recyclability∙The world's highest level of crash safety performance∙Advanced styling∙Practical features and responsive handling∙Comfortable two-seat configuration with personal utility space3 POLICIES FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION REDUCTIONIn order to establish the technical approach for achieving the fuel consumption target, we conducted a detailed analysis of the energy consumption of the base car, a Civic equipped with a 1.5 liter engine. We found that it was useful to divide the targeted efficiency gains roughly into thirds, as shown in Fig. 1, in order to achieve the low fuel consumption and numerous other above-mentioned goals. These divisions are as follows.∙Improvement of the heat efficiency of the engine itself∙Recovery of braking energy and employment of idle stop using a hybrid power plant ∙Car body technologies including reduction of weight and reduced aerodynamic and rolling resistance.Figure 1. Target of double the fuel economy of CIVICAiming to establish a benchmark for 21st century automobile power trains, we developed this new Integrated Motor Assist power train. This power train simultaneously achieves both extremely low fuel consumption of 3.4L/100km, and low exhaust gas emission performance, befitting a next-generation car.This paper reports on the newly developed IMA system, including the lean burn engine, electric motor, power control unit, battery technology, and exhaust emission control technology used in the "Honda Insight".4 AIM OF THE IMA SYSTEMWhile developing this next-generation IMA hybrid system, we incorporated as many currently achievable technologies and techniques as possible, in order to achieve the "world's lowest fuel consumption".The following four system development themes were established in order to meet this target.1.Recovery of deceleration energy2.Improvement of the efficiency of the enginee of idle stop system4.Reduction of power train size and weight5 OVERVIEW OF THE IMA SYSTEM5.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION – As shown in Fig. 2, the IMA system uses the engine as the main power source and an electric motor as an auxiliary power source whenaccelerating. Using a motor as an auxiliary power source simplifies the overall system and makes it possible to use a compact and lightweight motor, battery, and power control unit (PCU).Figure 2. IMA SystemA permanent magnet DC brushless motor is located between the engine and the transmission. When decelerating, the rate of deceleration is calculated for each gear and the PCU controls the motor to generate electricity (recover energy), which charges a nickel-metal hydride battery. When accelerating, the amount of auxiliary power provided (hereafter called "assist") is calculated from the throttle opening, engine parameters, and battery state of charge. The PCU controls the amount of current flowing from the battery to the drive motor5.2 RECOVERY OF DECELERATION ENERGY – Recovering deceleration energy through regeneration makes it possible to supplement the engine’s output during acceleration and reduce the amount of fuel consumed. In particular, minimizing the engine displacement is an effective means of reducing friction. Engine displacement reduction also has several other benefits, such as weight reduction and increased thermal efficiency. The IMA system effectively increases the amount of regeneration during deceleration by optimizing the engine and transmission specifications.5.3 REDUCTION OF ENGINE DISPLACEMENT – Reducing engine displacement is a very important factor in improving fuel economy of a hybrid drive train. However, modern automobiles have to perform over a wide dynamic range. Reducing thedisplacement is equivalent to lowering the basic performance characteristics of the car. As shown in the output characteristics graph in Fig. 3, the IMA system assists the engine in the low rpm range by utilizing the hightorque performance characteristic of electric motors. The motor can increase overall toruque by over 50% in the lower rpm range used in normal driving. Output in the high rpm range is increased by using a Variable valve Timing and valve lift Electronic Control (VTEC) engine. Thus sufficient peak power is assured and makes it possible to use a new, small displacement 1.0 liter engine.Figure 3.Engine speed (rpm) Output performance of IMA SYSTEMAssist from the electric motor while accelerating is a very efficient means of reducing the amount of fuel consumed.5.4 ACHIEVING LEAN BURN ENGINE OPERATION –Assist from the electric motor, based upon the throttle opening, creates quite linear torque characteristics. This, in turn, improves driveability. In addition, motor assist is also provided under moderate load conditions to broaden the lean-burn operating range, bringing out the full potential of the newly developed lean burn engine.5.5IDLE STOP SYSTEM – Stopping the engine rather than idling at stops is also an effective means for reducing fuel consumption. In order to restart the engine with the minimum amount of fuel consumption, the engine is quickly cranked to 600 rpm or more by the hightorque integrated motor before ignition occurs, as shown in Fig. 4. This makes it possible to minimize the amount of fuel consumed, in addition to the fuel saved by not running the engine at idle. There are many issues to be considered when performing idle stop. These include judging the driver's intent to stop, preparing for the restart, providing a smooth feeling of deceleration, and minimizing vibration of the car body when the engine stops.Figure 4.Time (sec) The number of cranking in the engine start集成式发动机辅助混合动力系统摘要：本论文介绍了用于设计和开发Honda Insight发动机的技术方法，一种新的发动机辅助混合动力汽车，其总开发目标是在广泛的行驶条件下达到当今Civic消耗量的一半，实现35km/L（日本10-15模式），3.4L/km（98/69/EC）的消耗量。
中英文中英文文献翻译-混合动力驱动车辆安装高空作业平台的控制策略
英文原文Control strategy of the hybrid drive for vehicle mounted aerial work platform Janusz Krasucki a, Andrzej Rostkowski a, Łukasz Gozdek b, Michał Bartyś b,a Construction Equipment Research Institute, Napoleona 2, 05-230 Kobyłka, Polandb Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, PolandThe development process i.e. assumptions, construction, simulations and analysis of a control strategy for thehybrid drive of the vehicle mounted aerial work platform is presented in the paper. Particular attention ispaid to the development of the control system strategy ensuring appropriate energy recuperation by makinguse of energy stored in the electrochemical form. The control strategy is built up around the concept of bilevelhierarchic control system. The elevation control of the aerial work platform is assumed as the primarygoal of the control system. The secondary goal of the control system is formulated in terms of tracking andkeeping the charging level of the rechargeable electrochemical accumulator in predefined limits. A control system simulation model is developed in Matlab-Simulink environment. Exemplary results of control system simulations are shown on the example of a hydraulic power unit driving aerial work platform mounted on special vehicle MONTRAKS.1. IntroductionThe reduction of vehicle emission has been an objective of research for many years; partly it is forced by increasingly stringent environmental legislation. The Kyoto protocol, whichwas adopted at the COP3in December 1997, is aimed to decrease the green house gas emissions(GHG) by an average of 5% referring to 1990 levels. It came into force on February 16, 2005 following its rati fi cation by Russia.Hybrid systems are now gaining attention as a means for reducing GHG emissions by improving fuel economy and energy ef i ciency.Market for hybrid driven vehicles is growing up dynamically sincemany years. Contemporary, eleven large car manufacturers use to deliver or to intensively develop hybrid driven vehicles. Even that is mainly focusing on passenger cars segment, it should be stressed that the remarkable effort is undertaken to implement hybrid drives in the trucks, delivery vans and buses [1,2].WestStart-CALSTART [3], an advanced transportation technologies consortium, supported by U.S. Army National Automotive Center(NAC), organized the pilot program as part of its Hybrid Truck Users Forum (HTUF™) program, to speed up and to assist hybrid commercialization. According to the forecasts elaborated by CALSTART,the hybrid driven trucks market share will grow reaching ca 9% in 2010 and near 18.5% in 2020.Still heavy duty machines and special purpose vehicles are the object of possible implementation for hybrid drive solution. However there are some doubts, if that application is economically feasible.Considering passenger cars,in respect of environmental regulations,important role plays the “effect of the scale”. In case of heavy duty machines, aerial work platforms, pick and carry mobile cranes or special vehicles with lift equipment, the application of hybrid solution is driven with operating constrains and application.For many cases, working conditions for that class of machinerystrongly limits or even eliminates the application of combustion engines. In particular that is case of closed space areas such as factory shops, warehouses, intrinsically safe zones, etc. Here the implementation of diesel-electric drives could considerably extend possible use of that kind of equipment. Very unique and on the other side common area of services is municipal services and works used to be processed during night in the highly populated zones (street sprayer-sweepers,garbage trucks, tramway traction networks service vehicles, etc.). It is often reported by municipalities, that the issue to be solved for that services is the level of noise generated by diesel engine.An example on how to meet the ever-increasing regulations controlling environmental conditions during indoor lifting operations is the battery powered cranes line designed by Valla Corporation [4],which recently extended the offer for hybrid solution. Another example is a hybrid system investigated by Eaton Corporation [5,6]for medium trucks with optional aerial work platform equipment.Eaton began commercializing its medium-duty hybrid system in August 2007 in a wide variety of applications such a: telecommunications and municipality, city delivery, refuse, city transit bus, pick andcarry and so on.A hybrid vehicle is de fi ned as one that has more than one source of power. Several different types of hybrid solutions have beenconsidered in the past and are still undergoing extensive research,Fig. 1. Special purpose vehicle MONTRAKS 3PS.such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) [1], which use a motor/generator and battery packs (or other electrical storage devices) and mechanical hybrids which use flywheels to store energy. Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicles (HHVs) [2], which store kinetic energy captured during braking events and store it in hydro-pneumatic accumulators and return energy to driveline during vehicle acceleration. Various different structures of hybrid drives (serial and parallel) have been developed. [7,8]The hybrid electric system maintains conventional drive train architecture while adding the ability to enhance engine power withelectrical one.One feature of this system is its ability to recover energy normally lost during braking and store the energy in batteries. The stored energy is used to improve fuel economy and vehicle performance for a given speed or used to operate the vehicle with electric power only.The control of hybrid power trains is more complicated than the control of ICE only power train. First, one needs to determine the optimal operating mode among five possible modes (motor only,engine only, power assist, recharge, and regenerative). Furthermore,when the power assist mode or the recharge mode is selected, the enginepower and motor power needs to be selected to achieve optimal fuel economy, battery charge balance, and operability. With the increased power train complexity and the need to achieve multiple objectives, most often a two-level control architecture is adopted [5].Fig. 2. Structure of the hybrid drive unit. Notion: x — piston stem displacement, v — piston stem velocity, p1 —under piston pressure, R1 —switching signal of valve (8), p2 —supply pressure, R2 — switching signal of valve (7), n1 — EM rotational speed, U — battery voltage, I— battery current, n2 — ICE rotational speed, OUT — setpoint of electric motor controller.Fig. 3. Structure of the control system. Notion: SP_xp —Setpoint of the AWP position. PV_xp —Actual value of the AWP position. e_xp —AWP position control error. SP_vp —Setpoint of the lifting or lower velocity of the AWP. PV_vp — Actual value of the AWP velocity. SP_SOC — Setpoint of the battery SOC. PV_SOC — Actual value of battery SOC. PV_P1 —Actual value of the pressure p1. PV_P2 —Actual value of the pressure p2. OUT1, OUT2 —Outputs of PID controllers.The analysis of power control systems optimizing: power efficiency factors, fuel consumption and emissions has been given in[3,9,10]. Investigations have been mainly focused on the possibility of kinetic energy recuperation in the phase of vehicle braking.In this paper, the design of a power management control system isdescribed for a hybrid drive system of special purpose vehicle with hydraulic aerial work platform (AWP) equipment. For that type of vehicles (stop-and-go duty cycles) the potential energy of the load being handled with AWP should be seriously considered as recyclable [11,12].The major advantage of the proposed hybrid drive over othersolutions is a simple drivearchitecture. It differs from known solutions, thosewidely used in personal cars. The classic approach (personal cars) needs full redesign of power transmission system. The innovative approach for the special purpose vehicles requires only extension of classic ICE drive with extension unit. Extension unit is composed of electricmotor coupledwith hydraulic pump/motor. That solution allows to differentiate the power flowbetween the thermal and electrical path with help of hydraulic subsystem. However, even that solution is not straightforward from the point of view of power flow, it demands for advanced control system strategies.Two-layer hierarchical control system architecture is considered in this paper. A lower control level is built by application of local classic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. A higher control level is developed around a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with the intention of dynamically setting out control rules for lower level local controllers2. Characteristics of the target systemA specialized automotive vehicle MONTRAKS (Fig. 1) is intended for repairing and maintenance of tram and trolley-bus overhead wire system, assembling and disassembling of rail track sections and is exploited by the municipal communication services.Such types of vehicles are usually designed on the bases of regular trucks undercarriage equipped with appropriate working accessories. The equipment is built up around the aerial work platform (AWP) (1) embedded at the end of the boom (2) driven by the set of two hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic swing motor (3).Besides a standard road running on the tires, the major feature of these vehicles is the possibility to move on rail run. That is achieved with additional set of rail wheels (4) which are driven with low speed hydraulic motors.As often as not, maintenance and repairing of the traction networks take place throughout the night, and these are time consuming operations. For the period of the time that repair work is carried out, the vehicle is parked; instead of the engine is continuously running and driving the hydraulic pump which is used to supply oil to the hydraulic equipment. In this phase of duty cycle, a power demand from the working equipment is low — does not exceed 3% value of engine rated power [2], due to that the diesel operation point approaches the regions of its low efficiency and significant emissions. Simultaneously, the diesel generates particularly bothersome noise.Disadvantages mentioned above may be eliminated for instance by introducing an additional electric motor (EM) powered by an electrochemical battery pack. In this case, the ICE will deliver mechanical power when the vehicle moves from/to its operation area. While parking the vehicle's power demand from the working equipment will be balanced from the EM and optionally from the ICE.The structure of discussed hybrid drive is shown in Fig. 2Energy for the motor is supplied from a set of electrochemicalaccumulators (5). The primary power source of the equipment drive unit is the EM. Motor traction parameters are controlled by the pulse width modulator (6). It is possible to reverse the motor's operation into generator mode.The EM runs the hydraulic pump (3) supplying the hydraulic actuation system. The ICE, running in the appropriate chosen operating point, drives the second hydraulic pump (2).Hydraulic oil flows frompumps (2) and (3) are added together in the common supply line. Hydraulic switching valves (7) and (8) redirect the oil flow in the main supply line either to the tank via overflow valve or to the under piston chamber of the hydraulic cylinder (9).The piston stemof the cylinder (9) controls the elevation angle of the boom (10) and indirectly the position of AWP (11). It is obvious that the control of the cylinder (9) influences the potential energy of load Q while the platform is lifting or lowering.The following phases are to be distinguished in the duty cycle of thehybrid drive unit:• SPL phase — lifting of the AWP,• SPD phase — lower of the AWP,• SPP phase — parking of the AWP.In SPL phase, as a result of movements of the cylinder's (9) piston and appropriate boom lifting movements, the addition or differentiation of oil flows from pumps (2) and (3) takes place. In case of subtraction of flows, one part of the pump flow (2) is directed to the main supply line and the reminder part of flow drives the pump (3) switched into motor mode. In SPD phase, the direction of oil flow in the main hydraulic supply line changes, oil runs the pump (3), and the mechanically coupled electric motor (4). In both phases it is possible to supply cylinder (9) by the oil delivered by the pump (3) driven by electric motor (4). Charging a battery (5) occurs in the SPP phase. In this phase, the AWP is fixed, and the pump (3) is driven by oil provided by the pump (2).Fig. 4. Membership functions of the AWP position control error.3. Control strategyIn general, the main objective of the power control strategy is to operate the hybrid drive with possible high energy efficiency and low emissions while maintaining specified vehicle performance [13].Maximal use of electric power is the main task of the hybrid drive control system. This corresponds with specific requirements for noise level and economic operation of MONTRAKS vehicle.This can be achieved by applying of the proposed power control strategy. This strategy is based on operation of AWP velocity closed to required trajectory and effectively capturing of the regenerative energy by controlling the state of charge (SOC) of a battery. As it is only possible,the electric drive should be used in SPL and SPD phases of duty cycle.SOC is the ratio of present charge of a battery to the maximum charge that can be possibly stored in the battery and in time instantt=T may be expressed as:001()1()()T T SOC T i t dt Q t =-⎰;where:Q(t0)=Qmax maximal capacity of the battery, SOC(t0)=1,i(t) battery charging or recharging current.Meanwhile, the SOC of a battery should be controlled between a minimum SOC and a maximum SOC to obtain regenerative braking energy effectively with the least amount lost and stress on the battery.The minimum and maximum SOC levels are determined according to the ability of a battery to absorb regenerative energy and to restart vehicle systems. In general, the larger the difference between the minimum SOC level and the maximum SOC level, the more regenerative energy a battery can effectively absorb. However, the larger span of operating SOC levels may reduce the battery's life, which is affected by the depth of discharge. Hence, the SOC levels should be appropriately determined between optimal minimum and maximum levels[SOCmin, SOCmax]. Considering the battery charging and discharging efficiency, the SOC range is set to [0.3, 0.8] in this paper. The power flow distribution between engine and electric motor may be defined through degree of hybridization (DOH) of the drive:;(0,1)mot ICE mot P DOH DOH P P =∈+where: PICE — engine power, Pmot — motor power.The combined power management/design optimization problem can be written as follows: ()()min ()min{}sp t pv t e t X X =- min max SOC SOC SOC <<where:XSP(t) 2 desired AWP trajectoryXPV(t) 2 actual AWP trajectory.A structure of the proposed control system for this purpose is given in Fig. 3.Fig. 3 shows the structure of the control system. The control system consists of two loops:— control of the AWP position and velocity,— control of the SOC of battery pack.Each loop may control electric motor controller. Control signals are governed by the logic unit. It is aimed to provide smooth switching of control signal for appropriate time instants. Control system for AWP positioning and velocity control has a cascade structure. Fuzzy controller processes the velocity of the AWP. It is calculated from the real and desired platform displacement. Velocity signal from the auxiliary controller SP_vp is fed as the reference to the classic PID controller and it is compared with actual velocity of the platform PV_sp. The second control loop keeps the SOC of battery in predefined limits. This loop consists of PID controller and logic unit. PID unit controls the level of charge of the battery through continuous adjustment the hydraulic valves positioning.Fig. 5. Membership functions of the AWP velocity.3.1. AWP position controllerA controller of the AWP has been developed based on the cascade of classic PID controller and FLC. The FLC has been chosen because of its suitability for control of nonlinear, multiple-domain, and timevarying plant with multiple uncertainties [3]. This controller has two inputs: a control error of the AWP postion (SP_xp−PV_xp), and acurrent velocity of the AWP (PV_vp). The FLC calculates setpoint value of the AWP velocity SP_vp for the PID controller of the electric motor.The FLC [14]consists of three basic blocks: fuzzyfication, inference and defuzzyfication. Inputs of the controller are fuzzyfied in the fuzzyfication block. In fact, fuzzification maps the space of crisp values onto the space of fuzzy ones. In this process, each crisp sample of each inputsignal is transformed into the set of numbers interpreted as the membership degrees of this samples to the appropriate fuzzy values (fuzzy sets). Fuzzyfied inputs are fed to an inference machine. The inference machine makes fuzzy outputs based on: fuzzy inputs, fuzzy logic rules and knowledge embedded in the rule base (Fig. 6). The rule base is created based on the appropriate knowledge or by means of learning from data or is acquired from real or simulation experiments. Fuzzy output from the inference machine is transformed into the crisp value by means of defuzzyfication procedure. Exclusively the triangle and trapezoidal membership functions have been used in the process of fuzzyfication. In fuzzy AWP velocity controller each input was fuzzyfied by means of seven membership functions (see Figs. 4 and 5).The rule base applied for the inference process is depicted in Fig. 6. Rule base is assumed as the set of quantitative knowledge. A total of 49 rules have been formulated for the FLC. For the clarity, the rule base is displayed in the form of colored matrix. Every entry to the matrix corresponds with the appropriate fuzzy output (SP_vp); that is presented in the form of vertical bar in the right side of Fig. 6. Conventional, center of gravity [14]method has been applied for the defuzzyfication of fuzzy output. A control surface of developed FLC has been presented in Fig. 7. As mentioned above, the output from the FLC is fed to the AWP velocity PID controller. Velocity of the AWP is controlled in the follow-up control system by controlling rotational speed of the hydraulic pump (Fig. 2). Settings of the velocity controller have been carefully tuned to ensure aperiodic transition (without overshoots) even in case of stepwise excitation (see Figs. 10 and 11).3.2. SOC controllerThe linear PID controller has been applied for the control of the battery's SOC (Fig. 3). The actual value of SOC is continuously estimated fromEq. (1) making use of the measurements of the battery current. An additional control unit allows for driving the coils of electro-hydraulic valves R1 and R2. Control signals for the electro-hydraulic valves are obtained from the measurements of supply pressure p2, under piston pressure p1, and current and voltage (I, U) of the battery.Fig. 6. The rule base of the AWP velocity FLC. Notion used is given in Table 1.Fig. 7. Control surface of the FLC.In the lifting phase of the AWP, the control unit delivers an appropriate excitation for the electro-hydraulic valves (7) and (8). In outcome, the under piston chamber of the cylinder is connected with the main hydraulic supply line. After a demanded position of the AWP is reached, the valve (8) will be driven towards its neutral position, which will finish the movement of the platform.Here, the energy of the combustion motor may be used for battery charging. In the battery charging phase, the charging controller controls also the pressure in the under piston chamber of the hydraulic cylinder. This prevents an unpleasant situation of accidental spurious jerking of the AWP in case of the incidental load changes. The electro-hydraulic valve (7) will beswitched to position that directs oil from the pump (2) to the tank after reaching the demanded battery charging level. At the beginning of the lower phase of the platform, the control unit again switches on the valve (7), which equalizes the supply and under piston oil pressures. Just after that the valve (8) will be switched on causing down movement of the platform. Potential energy of the platform during this movement is converted to the electrical form and is used for battery charging.3.3. Shock-free switching systemSimulations have shown that during switching of the operation modes of the control unit stepwise changes of the control signal may appear. This phenomenon should be eliminated because itmay lower the reliability figures of the hybrid drive. For example, a stepwise change of the control signal forces dynamic changes of the rotational speed of the electric motor, which results in pressure swinging in the oil supply lines. A special unit has been developed to avoid potential influences of the sudden changes of the control signal in the hybrid drive. The concept of this unit has been presented in Fig. 8. Blocks P1, I1, D1 represent respectively: proportional plus-integralplus- derivative constituents of the PID1 controller. An integral part of the controller is additionally equipped with the input for setting of initial value of the controller output. The switching unit tracks respective outputs: OUT1 and OUT2 of controllers PID1 and PID2. In the moment of switching of controller outputs, the tracking system sets outputs of integral actions I1 and I2 to the values that satisfy the following conditions:a) I1=OUT1 when switching to the SOC controller,b) I2=OUT2 when switching to the AWP velocity controller.The control error value e in a moment of switching (t=0) is compensated by auxiliary value ek, generated by a correction unit. The correction value ek drops down to zero value in the predefined timeperiod Δt starting from value e0=SP_vp−PV_vp. This means that O UT1 and OUT2 values will be equal in the moment of switching i.e. the control value for DC motor controller will not change in the moment of switching. This action ensures shock-free switching of the motorcontroller setpoint value. After time Δt elapses i.e. ek=0, the input of the PID1 controller er=e.4. Simulation investigationsSimulation investigations of the hybrid drive have been carried out in the Matlab-Simulink environment based on the analytical models given in [11]. Parameters used for model tuning were acquired partly from exploitation investigations of the specialized vehicle MONTRAKS[12]. A general block diagram of the developed simulation model has been shown in Fig. 9.The following set of the main parameters have been used for simulation investigations:• electrochemical lead battery: nominal capacity Qnom=200 Ah;nominal voltage Unom=48 V,• DC electric motor: nominal power Pnom=5 kW; nominal rotational speed nnom=2300 rpm, • diesel nominal power N=120 kW• nominal unit delivery of hydraulic pumps qp=42.3⁎10–6 m3/rev• hydraulic cylinder: piston diameter D=10 mm; maximal strokes=0.65 m• mass load of the AWP: m=680 kg• permissible velocity of lifting/lower of the AWP: Vmax=0.5 m/s•initial level of the battery charging SOC(t0)=0.8.Simulation investigations have been carried out assuming a duty cycle lasting T=18 s and the following phases:• SPL phase —lifting of platform ΔH=1.6 m,• SPP phase — parking of platform, tp=5 s,• SPD phase —lower of platform ΔH=1.6 m.Results of the simulation of lifting and lower velocities of the AWP have been given in Figs.10 and 11.As mentioned in Section 3.1., velocity setpoint value is generated by the FLC. At the early beginning of the platform lifting phase (Fig.10) and lower phase (Fig. 11), when the control error is maximal, the FLCrapidly forces the maximal output value. In the real system this may cause damped low amplitude velocity oscillations (see Fig. 10). The setpoint and real value of the platform velocity fall down quasiasymptotically in the end phase of the platform movement. This assures gentle approach to the demanded platform position. A lower of the platform changes the charging level of the battery. A change of the SOC during one duty cycle of the AWP is shown in Fig. 12. A slight battery discharge is observed during SPP phase. This results from the loading of the battery by the electric motor running hydraulic pump. During the SPD phase, an increase of SOC is observable as a result of the platform potential energy conversion and recuperation. The energy recuperation ratio (quotient of the recuperated energy in SPD phase to the energy used in the SPL phase) in the considered example equals ca 36%.For proposed configuration the battery discharge per one duty cycle is 0.017%. The simulations for consecutive cycles conclude, that the SOC reaches its minimum value of 0.3 after 2920 duty cycles. It is equivalent to 14.6 h work time, see Fig. 13. The efficient time of AWP uses 74% of the whole duty cycle time and amounts to 2.5 h [12]. Thus it may be concluded, that the AWP driving power can be supplied by electric motor only while battery is not discharged excessively. What follows, the estimated average fuel consumption for whole working time of the vehicle could be decreased by ca 24%.5. Final remarksA two-level multiple output control system structure consisting of the AWP velocitycontroller, AWP position controller, and battery charging controller for hybrid drive has been developed. This system allows to shift up the system operating point trajectories near the optimal energy effectiveness regions. Results of the simulation investigations of the hybrid drive, verified experimentally, have demonstrated the correctness of the developed control system. The achieved simulation results have established a solid base for the development of the prototype of the control system for laboratory investigations. The control system structure proposed in this paper may be considered for applications in hybrid drives in which the actuation element changes its potential energy over the duty cycle.This takes place for example in: lift trucks, aerial platforms, trailer mounted booms, mobile cranes, etc. For special purpose vehicle MONTRAKS the investments needed to upgrade the existing drive of aerial work platform is estimated as a 2% of the whole vehicle cost. For further application the techno-economical feasibility study should be elaborated for each individual case.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge funding support of the Polish Ministry of Education and Higher Education under the grant 5 TO7C 0192: Development of the methodology of construction of ecological electro-mechanical power transmission units for specialized vehicles and machines for municipal applications.Fig. 9. Block diagram of the MONTRAKS driving unit model.Fig. 10. AWP velocity during SPL phase.Fig. 11. AWP velocity during SPD phase.Fig. 12. Battery SOC changes one during duty cycle.Fig. 13. Battery SOC drop.References[1] B.V. Arburg, Hybrid technology growing momentum, Hybrid Truck Users Forum,San Antonio, 2003 .[2] J.S. Stecki, F. Conrad, P.L. Matheson, A. Rush, Development of a hydraulic drive for a novel hybrid diesel-hydraulic system for large commercial vehicles, 5-th JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power, Nara, Japan, 2, 2002, pp. 425–430.[3] B. Baumman, G.Washington, B. Glenn, G. Rizzoni, Mechatronic design and control of hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE transactions on mechatronics, 55(1), 2000, pp.58–72.[4] http://www.valla.co.[5] C. Lin, H. Peng, J.W. Grizzle, J. Liu, M. Busdiecker, Control System Development for an Advanced-Technology Medium-Duty Hybrid Electric Truck, SAE International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition, Fort Worth, TX, USA, SAE Paper 2003-01-3369,2003.[6] R. Nellums, J. Steffen, S. Naito, Class 4 Hybrid Truck for Pick Up and Delivery Applications, SAE International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition, FortWorth, TX, USA, SAE Paper 2003-01-3368, 2003.[7] C. Chan, The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles, Proc. IEEE 90 (2) (2002)247–275.[8] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S.E. Gay, A. Emadi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design, CRC Press, Washington D.C., 2004.[9] J.B. Burl, J.E. Beard, Control Strategies for a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle, SAE 2001 World Congress, Detroit, SAE Paper 2001-01-1354, 2001.[10] D. Choi, M. Im, H. Kim, An operation algorithm with state of charge recovery for a parallel-type hybrid vehicle, Proc. of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, J. Automob. Eng. 217 (9) (2003) 801–807.[11] J. Krasucki, A. Rostkowski, Idea of application of electric drives in hydraulic power systems on example of actuating units of automotive crane MONTRAKS, (in Polish), Prz. Mech. 9 (2005) 15–19.[12] A. Rostkowski, J. Krasucki, M. Bartyś, The analysis of hydraulic driving system of special vehicle MONTRAKS in operating conditions, XX Conference on Problems of Heavy Duty Machines Development. Zakopane, Poland, 2007, pp. 269–271, (inPolish).[13] D.L. Buntin, J.W. Howze, A switching logic controller for a hybrid electric/ICE vehicle, Proc. of American Control Conference, Seattle, 2, ISBN: 0-7803-2445-5, 1995, pp. 1169–1175.[14] J.M. Mendel, Fuzzy logic systems for engineering, Proc. IEEE 83 (1995) 345–377。
隔振并行液压混合动力汽车(中英文)
第1章外文翻译和原文1.1译文：隔振并行液压混合动力汽车摘要：近几十年来, 为了提高燃油经济性和减少污染，几种类型的混合动力汽车已经迅速开展。
混合动力电动汽车动力已显示了能够为小中型客车和SUV 提高极大的燃油效率。
混合动力汽车存在一些局限性当应用于重型车辆;一个是更大的车辆就需求更强大的力量,这就需要更大的电池的容量。
作为一种替代方案,液压驱动混合动力技术已经找到有效的重型车辆因其高功率密度。
机械电池在液压混合动力汽车(HHV)可以出院显著高于化学电池。
这个特性对于重型车辆杂交的本质。
一个主要应解决的问题：对商品化成功程度，HHV是过度的噪音和振动的液压系统。
本研究主要集中于利用磁流变(MR)技术来减少噪音及振动遗传性的液压系统。
在车身上，为了研究了噪音和振动的HHV液压驱动混合动力系统,分析了设计并行。
这项研究说明了MR元素在传输降低噪声和振动的车身中扮演重要角色。
此外,与方向的隔振系统的效率也会影响的噪音和振动。
在模拟中,一个太空梭控制算法来到达最高效率的隔振系统。
关键词:液压驱动混合动力车辆、噪音和振动,磁流变液、传递力1. 介绍混合动力汽车将超过一个能量的来源,推进以到达更高的燃料效率和较低的污染。
最简单的例子是电动自行车踏板〔使用〕短时间的杂交电器电机和人类的肌肉。
核能源和电力资源相结合,为推进潜艇。
最近,gasoline-electric客车、或混合动力电动汽车动力,成为最受欢送的。
gasoline-electric混合动力汽车存在各种配置,其中主要的有两种系列：串、并联设计[16]。
尽管提高燃油经济性和减少污染,明显的劣势的gasoline-electric混合系统由于其有限的力量的能力[8]。
最大的功率密度的电池是大约2亿千瓦/公斤。
这个功率系数在较低的温度下急剧下降。
因此,它是唯一可行的为中小企业的车辆运用gasoline-electric系统。
这是由于这样的事实,即较大的车辆需要显著较大的电池的容量。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
混合动力汽车毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献混合动力汽车毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献对插电式混合动力电力车技术成本效益分析安德鲁辛普森国家可再生能源实验室摘要插入式混合电动汽车（PHEVs）已经成为一个很有前途的技术，使用电取代石油消费。
然而，有一个非常广泛的混合动力汽车的设计与大大变成本和效益。
特别是电池成本，燃料成本，车辆性能属性和驾驶习惯大大影响PHEVs相对价值。
本文提出了一种成本（车辆购置成本和能源成本）和收益减少（对比石油消费PHEVs）相对于混合动力电动汽车和传统。
详细仿真模型，用于预测石油和混合动力汽车的成本削减设计相比，基于中型轿车。
两个动力总成技术方案被认为是探索短期和PHEVs长期前景。
分析认为，石油减少超过45％，每台车辆可以达到20英里（32公里），或储存更多的能量配备PHEVs。
然而，这些车辆长期增量成本预计将超过8,000美元，比近期成本高得多。
一个简单的经济分析表明，高石油价格和低成本的电池需要PHEVs做出引人注目的业务案例。
然而，大油气PHEVs为政府加快混合动力汽车技术的部署提供强大的理由。
关键词插入式混合动力；混合动力电动汽车；二次电池的电池；1 介绍插入式混合动力电动汽车插入式混合电动车最近出现了有希望的替代方案，使用电要取代石油消费的车队相当一部分[1]。
插件的混合电动汽车（混合动力汽车）是一种混合动力电动汽车充电的能力，其电化学能源（戊肝）从一板外源产品，如电力公司电网（电力储存）。
车辆可以当时正处在一个电荷消耗（CD）的模式，降低了系统的状态充电（SOC）的，从而使用电力，以取代液体燃料，否则将被消耗。
这是液体燃料典型的石油（汽油或柴油），尽管PHEVs也可以使用，如生物燃料或替代氢气。
PHEV的电池通常在混合电动汽车相比有较大的能力，从而增加潜在的石油流离失所。
1.1插入式混合动力电动汽车术语插入式混合电动汽车的特点是“PHEVx”符号，其中“X”通常是指汽车的全电范围（阿英俄）作为英里的距离定义的并联混合动力汽车可以完全充电驱动器之前需要操作的引擎。
美国加州空气资源委员会（CARB）使用标准的城市测功机驱动附表（UDDS）来衡量PHEVs AER和提供车辆之间的公平比较[2]。
按照这个定义，一个PHEV20可以驱动20英里（32公里）全在测试电周期开始前引擎开启。
然而，这一切电定义没有考虑PHEVs可能继续在CD模式运作后的第一发动机开启。
因此，笔者使用了PHEVx更恰当的定义，是与石油流离失所。
按照这个定义，一个PHEV20包含足够的可用储能电池取代20英里（32公里的石油消费）的标准测试周期。
请注意，这个定义并不意味着车辆运行以来，全电能力将最终取决于元件的额定功率和控制策略，以及实际使用中的驾驶循环。
1.2潜在插入式混合动力电动汽车PHEVs可能取代石油消费来自车队的几个因素。
首先，PHEVs是潜在的良好匹配，以驾驶者的驾驶习惯，尤其是分布每天游的距离。
基于原型从过去十年中，PHEVs通常在秋季PHEV10-60范围[3]。
美国的汽车，每天行驶里程分布的数据，收集了1995年全国个人交通调查（NPTS的）[4]。
显然，大部分每日里程较短，有50小于30英里（48公里）被天％。
图1还显示了效用因子（联阵）1995年NPTS的曲线数据。
对于一定的距离D的效用的因素是分数总车英里前往（虚拟制造）发生在首每日旅行D英里。
对于距离为30英里（48公里），效用因子约为40％。
这意味着全电动PHEV30可以取代石油消费相当于40％的虚拟制造，（假设该车辆是完全每天充电）。
同样，全电动PHEV60可以取代约60％。
这种低每日里程的特点是为什么PHEVs有潜力取代了很大一部分每汽车石油消耗。
然而，PHEVs取代石油消费车队，他们必须深入市场，推断这些储蓄的船队水平。
第二个因素是令人鼓舞的，是为PHEVs成功的混合电动汽车在市场上。
全球混合动力汽车目前生产几百每年1000个单位[5]。
正因为如此，电机和大功率蓄电池迅速接近，性能改进和成本的主要到期没有得到实现。
虽然混合动力汽车组件没有优化的混合动力汽车的应用，它们提供了一个平台，其中混合动力汽车部件供应商可以开发出PHEV动力元件产品。
最后，在这非常PHEVs销售他们的混合电动汽车和电池相结合的有益属性（贝弗斯），同时减轻他们的缺点电动汽车。
混合电动汽车燃料的生产达到高经济，但他们仍对石油燃料和设计不启用燃料替代/灵活性。
PHEVs，然而，真正的燃料，灵活的车辆，可以运行在石油或电能。
贝弗斯不需要任何石油，但在有限的由电池驱动造成的技术限制范围，成本和冗长的重大电池充电时间。
PHEVs有一个更小的电池减轻电池充电时间和成本，而船上的石油燃料箱提供驱动范围相当于传统和混合动力汽车。
这是建设一个属性组合需求强劲PHEVs，就证明了最近推出的插件合作伙伴运动[6]。
PHEVs有可能进入市场，渗透船队，实现有意义的石油位移相对较快。
很少有竞争的技术提供了这种潜在的合并率和在车队的石油消费削减的时间[7]。
但是，混合动力汽车技术并非没有挑战。
储能系统的成本，体积和生活是必须克服的主要障碍这些车辆能够成功。
增加混合电动汽车增幅超出了该电池储存车辆包装成本，并提出重大挑战。
此外，合并后的深/浅循环在混合动力汽车电池是唯一比这更要求以混合电动汽车或贝弗斯经验。
混合动力汽车电池可能需要超大去年该车辆的寿命，进一步增加成本。
鉴于混合电动汽车在市场上取得成功，有关PHEVs的问题就是，“增量石油可达到降低边际成本什么？“这些因素将严重影响通过他们的PHEVs销路购买价格和成本的所有权。
本文介绍了结果，旨在评估这项成本效益权衡的研究。
2建模并联混合动力汽车石油消耗和成本在两个因素，混合动力汽车的结果减少每车石油消费：1、石油在光盘模式，如前面讨论位移涉及PHEVx关于增加电池容量为基础的汽车能源指定。
2、燃油效率的改善负责维持（CS）的模式，由于杂交，其中涉及对学位的，杂交（卫生署）或添加车用动力电池的能力。
混合电动汽车，不有CD模式，只能通过这第二个因素，实现节约。
2.1建模方法和研究范围在混合动力汽车的成本效益模型包括若干子模型。
首先，性能模型计算元件尺寸必须满足表1中列出的性能限制。
第二，大规模平衡计算对车辆的性能质量模型确定组件大小为基础。
第三，能源使用模型模拟了汽车的汽油和电力消费在各个驾驶循环。
车辆的性能和能源使用模型耦合到车辆的质量，因此，模型能够捕捉到大量的元件尺寸复利。
第四，成本模型估计零售价格的车辆组件尺寸为基础。
所有费用在2006年美国报告美元。
最后，结果后处理执行计算车辆的能源报告消费和有意义的方式经营成本。
该模型是一个迭代实施微软Excel电子表格。
能源使用的模型是一个详细的，第二次按第二，动态车辆模型，它使用一个反向计算方法[8]。
它还有一个特点是作为功率流模式，因为它的模型组件损失/效率作为设备的电源的功能，而不是作为扭矩/速度或功能电流/电压更详细的模型。
这种反向计算，功率流方法提供快速估计车辆的使用，使能源的耦合，迭代电子表格中描述以上。
一个解决方案是唯一一个获得了几秒钟，这意味着可以设计空间探索非常迅速和彻底。
数百名混合动力汽车的设计，因此纳入研究。
该模型进行的常规车辆（CVS）和混合电动汽车（包括PHEVs），以便模拟该方由方比较可以的。
的性能和能源使用模型进行了验证为丰田佳美轿车和本田Civic混合动力。
在这两种情况下，不到5％的误差观察到车辆的性能和能源利用的估计。
两个动力总成技术方案被纳入研究。
短期方案（2005-2010年）代表目前使用的车辆生产地位动力总成技术，而长期方案（2015-2020年），预期将导致从正在进行的先进技术，使研发努力，并大批量的生产水平。
长远的方案，但不包括先进的发动机技术，因为撰文想孤立改善电力驱动的影响并在相对成本效益的PHEVs能源存储技术。
2.2汽车平台性能和成本假设所有车辆包括在研究中满足了同样的性能和使用车辆的限制平台相同的基线简历。
基准简历是一个中型轿车（类似于丰田凯美瑞或雪佛兰Malibu）及有关参数列于表1。
大多数参数计算出的2003年美国最畅销[9]中型轿车销售加权平均数据。
一些参数，如滚动阻力，配套荷载，通过加速度，爬坡能力，是工程概算。
基准制造商的建议零售价（MSRP）美国23.392美元，所使用的动力系统成本模型，结合估算基准“滑翔机”的成本（即车辆无动力总成）。
一个121千瓦的简历动力总成的费用估计在美国六零零二美元，导致预计基准的美国滑翔机成本17390美元。
2.3动力系统结构这两个东西，一个PHEV的区别戊型肝炎病毒是从一个CD列入经营模式和充电插头。
因此，混合动力汽车可以实施典型的混合动力汽车使用的任何架构（平行，串联，或电分裂）。
在这项研究中，一个并行体系结构与能力去承担declutch 于动力系统（图3）发动机。
这两个平行的布局提供了更大的灵活性体系结构与能力去承担declutch于动力系统（图3）发动机。
这两个平行的布局提供了更大的灵活性在发动机开/关控制相比，本田的综合电机辅助（IMA）并行系统[10]这里的引擎和汽车是一直保持连接状态。
为了创造更多的灵活性，在发动机开/关控制，也有人认为，所有配件（包括空调）将供电电从电池。
2.4组件电池该电池是由第一个组件大小的模型和两个关键的投入是PHEVx指定和电池电源的能源（的P/E）的比例；2.5组件效率，贴近群众，成本；发动机和电动机正如2.1节所讨论的，混合动力汽车；[15]；6）函数；[14]所列；3结果；PHEV2，5，10，20，30，40，50，6；HEV0s，最佳卫生署（32％）恰逢引擎缩编限制；3.1PHEVs经济学；在混合动力汽的成本效益分析还包括一个以上的成本，；在短期情况下，混合动力汽车实电池电源的能源（的P / E）的比例。
电池的可用能量的计算使用车辆的单位电能相当于消耗估计距离乘以目标PHEVx距离。
电能消耗，估计使用PAMVEC 模型[11]。
电池的总能量，然后计算出基于SOC的设计窗口。
最后，电池的额定功率计算乘以输入P / E的总电池能量比，然后去了20％的受访者占电池在结束时的生命权退化。
2.5组件效率，贴近群众，成本发动机和电动机正如2.1节所讨论的，混合动力汽车能源使用模式是反向计算，功率流模型该损失是模拟组件的输出功率的功能/效率。
无论是引擎和电动机的效率是参照使用分量输入功率多项式表达式作为一个函数的输出功率。
该发动机曲线是基于一个4缸，1.9升，95kW的汽油发动机。
一路3阶多项式是由一顾问仿真拟合数据[8]使用这种发动机。
这是第电机曲线是基于一个50千瓦永磁电机和一个9阶多项式拟合从仿真数据的顾问使用此马达。