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lecture note 7

lecture note 7

The English verbThe news made headlines.A mild south wind picked up.The boy’s shoulders squared with pride.I think the focus on politics has crowded out the discussion of the economic and businessside.I tortured the toothpaste tube to get that last stubborn trace of paste.We had some good laugh on the way.She gave us a big smile and a friendly wave.That bee gave me a nasty sting.Under the guidance of the new teacher, Tom is making amazing progress.I tried to stop him, but he elbowed me out of the way.All the major newspaper front-paged these photos.Rays of the late afternoon sun angled through the hole of a dilapidated wall.Exercise 1Age has clouded his memory, and drink has clouded his thinking.His career in the army was sidetracked by a shoulder injury.He was schooled by life itself.John low-keyed the topic as usual.Mother arrived in San Francisco the next day, badly jet-lagged.It took just 20 minutes for him to zip up to the top of the 25 –storey building.The English nounWhat I despised him was his drinking, gambling, and cursing.My admiration for him grew more.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.His acceptance of bribe led to his arrest.The timely arrival of the police stopped the riot.He regretted their failure to reach an agreement.His continual, unnatural watching of other’s movements aroused our suspicion.His decision could not be indefinitely postponed.He was not to be moved by either advice or entreaties.History of Latin America is a history of U. S. military intervention.In the evening after wash and his sit-down tea, he went upstairs.She considered housework demeaning and the care of children an insult.This medicine will make you feel better.His words sent a quiver through my body.Soon the train started to move and the passengers were settled to fruit, periodicals and letters.In her habits, she was a living personification of order, method and exactness.课后思考题：To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.These virtues are: 1). Temperance, 2). Self-control, 3) silence, 4). Order, 5). Firmness,6). Savings, 7). Industry, 8). Honesty, 9). Justice, 10). Cleanliness, 11). Calmness, 12).Morality, 13). Humbleness.---- Benjamin Franklin十三項美德（The Thirteen Virtues）富蘭克林告訴別人他的成功，在於養成十三項優良的品格，包括Temperance，飲食節制。

专四听力样题(1)

专四听力样题(1)

SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically & semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic features(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________Examples1. whispering: need for secrecy2. (2)__________: deep emotion (2)__________3. huskiness: unimportance4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physical paralinguistic featuresfacial expressions(3)_______ (3)__________----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcomeless common expressions----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________gesturegestures are related to culture.British culture----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________----- scratching head: puzzlementother cultures----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________ ----- pointing at nose: secretproximity, posture and echoingproximity: physical distance between speakers----- closeness: intimacy or threat----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________ posture----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate(9)_____ (9)________ ----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitudeechoing----- definition: imitation of similar posture----- unconsciously same posture: aid in communication----- (10)___________ imitation: mockery (10)___________ Paralinguistic features of languagesGood morning, everyone. Today we'll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, we'll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called ‘paralinguistic features of language'. These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body.Now, the first category, is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first iswhispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportants. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, expecially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.Now, let's come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me sight some brief examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages. About how we feel, or what we mean. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning. We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eye-brows - suggest that you are surprised or interested in something. Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that youare deep in thinking, or areuncertain about something; compressing the lips, which show that you are making decisions; and a visible clenching of the teeth, to showthat you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too. The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings. Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of ‘I don't care', or ‘I don't know'. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are bored.Waving can mean welcome and farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. In othercultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means it'sa secret. That's why we saythat gestures are culture bound. The third is proximity, posture andechoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers. But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, I'd like tosay,proximity is also both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back, shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the personis happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact, changes the nature of interaction, and can been seen as either open or challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. When two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same posture, as if an imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manor. When used in this way, echoing appears to complementthe verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is marking at another speaker.Ok, in today's lecture, we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as tone of voice, gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic features of language, like grammar, or vocabulary, are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face to face encounters. In our next lecture, we'll watch some video material, and see how people actually use paralinguistic means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.1 tones of voice2 breathiness3 universal signal;4 thought or uncertainty5 indifference6 honesty7 distance;8 situation;9 mood; 10 conscious1.Which of the following is NOT needed for the Lost Property Form?B.NationalityC.AddressD.Phone number2.From the conversation we know that Mark Adams comes fromA.EssexB.EdinburghC.LondonD.The US3.What will Mark Adams do the day after tomorrow?A.To come to the office againB.To wait for the phone callC.To call the officeD.To write to the officeQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation.Receptionist: Good evening, sir. Can I help you?Mark: Yes. I think I left my digital camera on the train from London earlier today.Receptionist: Did you, sir? Oh, well, in that case, we'd better fill in a Lost Property Form. Can you tell me your name?Mark: Yes, it's Mark Adams.Receptionist: OK. Your address?Mark: You mean in Britain or in the States?Receptionist: How long are you staying?Mark: Oh, I've still got a few months in Britain.Receptionist: OK, then can you give me your address here?Mark: Right. It's 18 Linden Drive, Laten Essex. Do you want the phone number?Receptionist: Yes, I'd better have that too.Mark: OK,0809 45233.Receptionist: Thanks. And you say it was a digital camera. What make and model?Mark: It's Samsung J302.Receptionist: OK, got that. Now, you say it was the London train. What time did it arrive inEdinburgh?Mark: At 4:45 this afternoon.Receptionist: Well then, if we find it, sir, shall we phone you or write to you?Mark: No. I think I will drop in the day after tomorrow to check out.Receptionist: Right you are, sir. We'll do our best.。

Vocabulary_Test_3

Vocabulary_Test_3

中国农业大学2007~2008 学年春季学期大学英语四级词汇测试（三）课程考试试题说明：本试卷共100小题，答题时间为50分钟。

Section I Vocabulary (25 minutes)ernment policy has created a very ______ change in attitudes towards work..A. sufficientB. successfulC. substantialD. subsequent2.What he suggested in his lecture ____ the existing ideas about the causes of heart disease.A. explodedB. exploitedC. overcameD. pursued3. Economists believe that the jobless total will ____ to 3.5 million by the spring.A. soarB. soreC. sumD. stretch4. I haven’t got the ______ the idea of what you mean. Would you please make it clear to me?A. furthestB. fairestC. faintestD. dampest5. Only by the act of using the language can we ______ the ability to use a language.A. inquireB. requireC. acquireD. acknowledge6. The phrase “despite of” has already not ______ to present-day usage.A. conformedB. deformedC. confirmedD. informed7. A _____ person is one who is easily hurt or offended by things that people do or say.A. sensitiveB. senselessC. sensibleD. sensed8. The system was extremely ______ because it ran on half-price electricity.A. economicsB. economicalC. economicD. economized9. I ______ you that this medicine will do no harm to you.A. assureB. reassureC. ensureD. secure10. There is a marked ____ between the standard of living in the north of the country and thesouth.A. contrastB. contactC. contractD. contest11. Britain’s mineral ____ include oil, coal and gas depositsA. resourcesB. sourcesC. originsD. assets12. The final document was, of course, supposed to mend the damage ______ upon the world bythe war.A. imposedB. compactedC. impressedD. compelled13. There is a reasonable ____ of reaching the trapped child before it gets dark.A. prospectB. illusionC. conceptD. deception14. She is only 12 years old? I find that completely ____.A. credibleB. credulousC. incredibleD. incredulous15. If I tell the police I was with you that day, will you ____ my story?A. back ofB. back downC. back offD. back up16. In Sweden employers have taken the ____ in promoting health insurance schemes.A. initialB. initiativeC. initialsD. initiated17. They are not the kind of people to ____ to threats.A. yieldB. classifyC. contendD. comply18 Some young people returning from different countries have made a _____ by developingprivate business in these years.A. awardB. moneyC. wealthD. fortune19. Do you still remember being _____ warned by the doctor not to smoke?A. speciallyB. abstractlyC. generallyD. concretely20. Jack was sure that the proposal would be _____ by the committee.A. receivedB. adoptedC. takenD. accepted21. Yesterday evening I happened to find my daughter sitting in the kitchen crying _____.A. bitterlyB. stronglyC. heavilyD. deeply22. The teacher asked his students to leave enough _____ on the page for correction in writing acompositionA. roomB. marginC. edgeD. rim23. This is a(n) ____ time in his life, so he may think twice before taking any action.A. abstractB. amazingC. criticalD. ambitious24. We _____ that diet is related to most types of cancer, but we don’t have a definite proofA. assureB. suspectC. ascertainD. suspend25. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no _____ problem but can be solvedin a few hours.A. simplifiedB. complicatedC. incredibleD. objective26. As she pointed out, the steady rise in quality _____ much to the improvement of ourequipment.A. contributesB. ownsC. allowsD. owes27. One method by which stores advertise their goods is to ____ them in attractive ways in thestore windows.A. conveyB. displayC. consultD. confront28. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____.A. favorableB. predictableC. dependableD. reasonable29. Courageous people think quickly and act without _____.A. complaintB. explanationC. delayD. anxiety30. She keeps a supply of candles in the house in case of a power ____.A. shortageB. omissionC. absenceD. failure31. The old lady _____ and fell down from the top of the stairs to the bottom.A. slippedB. slopedC. splitD. spilt32. We are in ____ of extra pay for extra work.A. favorB. generalC. viewD. terms33. Some psychologists argue that the traditional idea “Spare the rod spoil the child”is not_____.A. sensitiveB. efficientC. effectiveD. rational34. Farmers will have a bumper harvest, ____ that the whether is a favorable.A. consumingB. assuringC. resumingD. assuming35. The manager was told when he was _____ that his was a pressure job.A. pointedB. appointedC. disappointedD. assigned36. With a large tree providing _____, this is a good spot for a picnic.A. shapeB. shadowC. shadeD. shave37. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _____.A. safetyB. managementC. routineD. devices38. We advised them to take a rest, but they _____ on finishing the work.A. declaredB. maintainedC. emphasizedD. insisted39. After a few months, the immigrants became _____ to the new environment.A. sickB. confidentC. accustomedD. happy40. As might be _____, a knowledge of psychology is essential for good advertisement.A. inspectedB. respectedC. expectedD. instructed41. Professor Wu traveled and lectured throughout the country to _____ education andprofessional skills so that women could enter the public world.A. prosecuteB. acquireC. advocateD. proclaim42. This might explain the ____ feeling I have long had about pop music.A. instructiveB. inventiveC. incentiveD. intuitive43. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen _____ into human nature.A. intellectB. insightC. perceptionD. understanding44. I wanted to have the meeting today, but it has been _____ until next Tuesday.A. transmittedB. postponedC. omittedD. canceled45. There are no tickets ____ for Monday’s performance.A. availableB. possibleC. preferableD. considerable46. The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ to having a match without astandard court.A. objectedB. proposedC. subjectedD. submitted47. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable _____ to the total cost of the product.A. proportionB. correlationC. connectionD. correspondence48. A man has to make _____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment49. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force by _____ the thinking of itslisteners.A. stimulatingB. smoothingC. estimatingD. intimating50. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. promptSection II Structure (10 minutes)51.We desire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans.A. informB. informsC. informedD. has informed52.Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office room ______.A. to send it toB. to send itC. to be sent toD. to have it sent53.The Browns ______ here, but not any more.A. were used to livingB. had livedC. used to liveD. had been living54.______ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.A. Dissatisfying thoroughlyB. Being thoroughly dissatisfiedC. To dissatisfy thoroughlyD. To be thoroughly dissatisfied55.Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6months old.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. whose56.____ continued protection and conservation, the country-side will be used and enjoyed by ourchildren and grandchildrenA. GivenB. GrantedC. ProvidedD. Allowed57.The students will put off the outing until next week, ______ they won’t be so busy.A. whenB. asC. sinceD. while58.It is highly necessary that another computer center ___ on campus.A. will be builtB. must be builtC. be builtD. has to be built59.Dorothy went to work quietly, ______ to work as hard as she could.A. her mind being made upB. with her mind making upC. with her mind made upD. he mind making up60.If you want ______ you have to get the fund somewhere.A. that the job is doneB. the job doneC. to have done the jobD. the job that is done61.____ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.A. ExceptB. BesidesC. DespiteD. As for62.Much ____ I love him, I can’t forgive his action.A. thatB. likeC. ofD. as63.I’m awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.A. ought to have doneB. have to doC. had to doD. have been doing64.______ for many years, the writer suddenly became famous.A. Having ignored himB. To be ignoredC. To have been ignoredD. Having been ignored65.I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A. once offeringB. him once offeringC. him to offerD. his offer66.He must have had an accident, or he ______ then.A. would have been hereB. had to be hereC. should be hereD. would be here67.The minister was the person ______.A. whom the state dinner was given in honorB. for whom the state dinner was given honorC. whose honor the state dinner was givenD. in whose honor the state dinner was given68.______ the punishment was unjust, Helen accepted it without complaint.A. HoweverB. So long asC. SinceD. Even though69.He moved away from his parents, and missed them ______ enjoy the exciting life in NewYork.A. too much toB. enough toC. very much toD. much so as to70.The buses, ____ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd..A. both of whichB. few of themC. those of whichD. most of whichSection III Choose the best answer from the box to complete the sentences. (10 minutes)worker._______ 72. My aunt is not a good patient. She rarely does what her doctor ____s her to do. _______ 73. The opposite of the highest salary the company allows would be its _____ salary._______ 74. It used to be more common for teachers to _____ students by hitting them._______ 75. We can say that the place where a river starts is where it _____s._______ 76. We might refer to styles that are widely worn today as _____ fashions._______ 77. Prisons _____ people of much of their freedom._______ 78. I _____ to work more than ten hours a week this semester. I have such difficult classes that I may need more time than usual for studying._______ 79. I have an _____ to that comedian because his jokes often hurt other people._______ 80. You must keep up a B average to keep your football uniform. In other words, if_______ 81. Sometimes I think I can’t _____ one more day of winter, but I know I have to put up with it until spring._______ 82. Did you know that scientists _____ the whale as a mammal? Most people think of it as a fish._______ 83. Although I remember little about first grade, I ____ my year in third grade very clearly._______ 84. The great magician Houdini would _____ audiences by escaping from chains, locked trunks, and even sealed coffins._______ 85. The day after Jackie had her waist-length hair cut short, nearly everyone she met _____ed, “Oh! Your hair! ”_______ 86. A car would probably come to an _____ stop if a dog ran out in front of it._______ 87. Knowing that she had done well on every test, Phyllis was _____ to see her final grade for the course._______ 88. Why must our tax forms be so _____? Why can’t the government make them easier to understand?_______ 89. It’s true that _____ stripes on clothing make you look wider, and stripes that go up and down make you look taller._______ 90. If you won the lottery, would you _____ to having your name and picture printed in the newspaper?Section IV Complete the passage by choosing words from the word list. (5 minutes) Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communications is one that you might not think about: space. Every 91 himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps onto someone, he feels 92 to apologize. But the size of a person’s “comfort zone”depends on his cultural ethnic origin. For example, in 93 conversation, many Americans stand about for feet 94. In other words, they like tokeep each other “at arm’s length”, people in Latin or Arab cultures, in 95, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, The American may feel uncomfortable and back away.When Americans are talking, they expect others to 96, to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by 97 expressions of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a “poker face”, whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures 98 direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a 99 of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn’t look at you in the eye, American might say, you should question his motives—or assume that he doesn’t like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans stillKeys:Section I1-20 CAACC AABAA AAACD BADAB21-40 ABCBB DBBCD AADDB CDDCC41-50 CDBBA AACABSection II51-60 AACBC AACCB 61-70 CDCDB ADDADSection III71-80 J A F I H B C D G E 81-90 G C J B H A F D I ESection IV91-100 D F H N K J I A B C。

新世纪英语专业综合教程 unit 7 lecture notes

新世纪英语专业综合教程 unit 7 lecture notes

新世纪英语专业综合教程 unit 7 lecture notesUnit 7Unit 7 Letter to a B StudentSection One Pre-reading Activities. Cultural information 1. QuoteHistories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.― Francis Bacon2. GradesGrades are standardized measurements of varying levels of comprehension within a subject area. Grades can be assigned in letters (for example, A, B, C, D, or F), as a range (for example 4.0 �C1.0), as descriptors (excellent, great, satisfactory, needs improvement), in percentages, or, as is common in some post-secondary institutions in some countries, as a Grade Point Average (GPA). The GPA can be used by potential employers or further post-secondary institutions to assess and compare applicants. A Cumulative Grade PointAverage is the mean GPA from all academic terms within a given academic year, whereas the GPA may only refer to one term.Section Two Global ReadingI Text analysis1. What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with?How should students regard grades, both good and bad? Are grades as important as they are assumed to be? Do good grades necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a student‘s later life?2. What‘s the theme of this piece of writing?It is explicitly stated in the first sentence of the third paragraph: to put a B student‘s disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what the grade B means and doesn‘t mean.II Structural analysis1. Divide the text into parts by completing the table. Paragraphs 1 2-5 6-8 9-10 Grades do not mean everything. Getting a B in class does not mean one will always be a B performer in life. In a complex society like ours, labels are necessary but they should be kept in perspective. Main idea It introduces the topic of the letter.2. Apart from the first paragraph, the rest of the text falls clearly into three parts, each of which is marked at the beginning by a key word or words. Try to find these key words. Paragraphs 2�C5: Disappointment1Unit 7Paragraphs 6-8: The student as performer; the student as human being. Paragraphs 9-10: PerspectiveSection Three Detailed ReadingText ILetter to a B StudentRobert Oliphant1Your final grade for the course is B. A respectable grade. Far superior to the “Gentleman’s C” that served as the norm a couple of generations ago. But in those days A’s were rare: only two out of twenty-five, as I recall. Whatever our norm is, it has shifted upward, with the result that you are probably disappointed at not doing better. I’m certain that nothing I can say will remove that feeling of disappointment, particularly in a climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs.1Disappointment. It’s the stuff bad dreams are made of: dreams of failure, inadequacy, loss of position and good repute. The essence of success is that there’s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game2 where one person’s winning must be offset by another’s losing, one person’s joyoffset by another’s disappointment.2 You’ve grown up in a society where winning is not the most important thing ― it’s the only thing.3 To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke ― these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign of salvation in the future. In a different society, your disappointment might be something you could shrug away. But not in ours.4My purpose in writing you is to put your disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what your grade means and doesn’t mean. I do not propose to argue here that grades are unimportant. Rather, I hope to show you that your grade, taken at face value, is apt to be dangerously misleading, both to you and to others.As a symbol on your college transcript, your grade simply means that you have successfully completed a specific course of study, doing so at a certain level of proficiency. The level of your proficiency has been determined by your performance of rather conventional tasks: taking tests, writing papers and reports, and so forth. Your performance is generally assumed to correspond to the knowledge you have acquired and will retain. But this assumption, as we both know, is questionable; it may w ell be that you’ve actually gotten much more out of the course than your grade indicates ― or less. Lacking more precise measurement tools, we must interpret your B as a rather fuzzy symbol at best, representing a questionable judgment of your mastery of the subject.Your grade does not represent a judgment of your basic ability or of your character. Courage, kindness, wisdom, good humor ― these are the important characteristics of our species. Unfortunately they are not part of our curriculum. But they are important: crucially so, because they are always in short supply. If you value these characteristics in yourself, you will be valued ― and far more so than those whose identities are measured only by little marks on a piece of paper. Your B is a price tag on a garment that is quite separate from the living, breathing human being underneath.The student as performer; the student as human being. The distinction is one we223456Unit 778910should always keep in mind. I first learned it years ago when I got out of the service5 and went back to college. There were a lot of us then: older than the norm, in a hurry to get our degrees and move on, impatient with the tests and rituals of academic life. Not an easy group to handle.One instructor handled us very wisely, it seems to me. On Sunday evenings in particular, he would make a point of stopping in at a local bar frequented by many of the GI-Bill students. There he would sit and drink, joke, and swap stories with men in his class, men who had but recently put away their uniforms and identities: former platoon sergeants, bomber pilots, corporals, captains, lieutenants, commanders, majors ― even a lieutenant colonel,6 as I recall. They enjoyed his company greatly, as he theirs. The next morning he would walk into class and give these same men a test. A hard test. A test on which he usually flunked about half of them.Oddly enough, the men whom he flunked did not resent it. Nor did they resent him for shifting suddenly from a friendly gear to a coercive one.7 Rather, they loved him, worked harder and harder at his course as the semester moved along, and ended up with a good grasp of his subject ― economics. The technique is still rather difficult for me to explain; but I believe it can be described as one in which a clear distinction was made between the student asclassroom performer and the student as human being. A good distinction to make.A distinction that should put yourB in pers pective ― and your disappointment.Perspective. It is important to recognize that human beings, despite differences in class and educational labeling, are fundamentally hewn from the same material and knit together by common bonds of fear and joy, suffering and achievement. Warfare, sickness, disasters public and private ― these are the larger coordinates of life. To recognize them is to recognize that sociallabels are basically irrelevant and misleading.8 It is true that these labels are necessary in the functioning of a complex society as a way of letting us know who should be trusted to do what, with the result that we need to make distinctions on the basis of grades, degrees, ranks, and responsibility. But these distinctions should never be taken seriously in human terms, either inthe way we look at others or in the way we look at ourselves.Even in achievement terms, your B label does not mean that you are permanently defined as a B achievement person. I’m well aware that B students tend to get B’s in the courses they take later on, just as A students tend to get A’s. But academic work is a narrow, neatly defined highway compared tothe unmapped rolling country your will encounter after you leave school. What you have learned may help you find your way about at first; later on you will have to shift to yourself, locating goals and opportunities in the same fogthat hampers us all as we move toward the future.Paragraph 1 Questions1. What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly?The author has mentioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, i.e. the norm has shifted upward.2. What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment?It has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate3Unit 7school and special programs. This is why the author says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling of disappointment.3. Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?The purpose of writing the letter is not stated in this paragraph. It is not specifically mentioned until the third paragraph.Words and Expressions1. norm n.1) an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with e.g. You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical e.g. One child per family is fast becoming the normin some countries. Derivation: normal a. normally ad. normalize v. normalization n.2. shift vt.& vi.1) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightlye.g. She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other.The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. 2) transfer sth.e.g. This simply shifts the cost of medical insurance from the employer to the employee. Collocation:shift sth. (from A to / onto B) 转移或转换某事物 shift (your) ground （辩论中）改变立场或方法e.g. He‘s annoying to argue with because he keeps shifting his ground. Derivation: shift n. shiftless a. Translation:1. 教师让学生们挪动了教室里的椅子，以便小组成员坐在一起开展讨论。

lecture 2-词汇技巧(1)

lecture 2-词汇技巧(1)

e.g.：我们的发展，要在某一个阶段， e.g.：我们的发展，要在某一个阶段，抓 住时机，加速搞几年。 住时机，加速搞几年。
a. It seems that we should hold on to opportunities in a certain period to accelerate our development for several years. b. It seems to me that at certain stage, we should seize the opportunity to accelerate development for a few years.
变换用词
重复是汉语的一大特点。 重复是汉语的一大特点。 汉语是意合性语言。 汉语是意合性语言。 美学角度： 美学角度：音节整齐划一和匀称 英语： 英语：忌重复
1)（ e.g.: 1)（中国人民经历了三次历史性的巨 大变化） 大变化）… 第一次是辛亥革命… 第一次是辛亥革命 第二次是中华人民共和国的成立… 第二次是中华人民共和国的成立 第三次是改革开放… 第三次是改革开放
用词简练
掌握英语词汇的准确含义（包含几层意义），恰 掌握英语词汇的准确含义（包含几层意义），恰 ）， 当地使用可以使译文更为精练。 当地使用可以使译文更为精练。合理运用英语 中的动词、名词、介词都可使译文简练。 中的动词、名词、介词都可使译文简练。 e.g.: 1) 积极推进各项配套改革。 积极推进各项配套改革。 We should press ahead with all supportive reforms. press ahead 包含go ahead与in a determined way两层意思，因此基本上表达出 两层意思， 两层意思 积极” 推进”两层含义。 了“积极”和“推进”两层含义。

大学英语水平测试

大学英语水平测试

Beihang University College English Proficiency Test (BUCEPT)(SAMPLE)Part I Listening Comprehension (40 minutes; 40 points)In this part, there are 4 sections: 2 long conversations in Section A, 2 passages in Section B, 21.2.C) The third year. D) The fourth year.3. How many more credits does the woman need to graduate?A) One B) NineC) Ten D) Two4. Which of the following statements is true of the woman’s paying for college?A)She has worked very hard part time.B)She is currently repaying student loans.C)She borrows money from her parents.D)She has received an internship this summer.5. What does the woman say about her future job?A)She will work in her father’s business after she graduates.B)She hopes to find a job related to her major.C)She has landed some job interviews.D)She wants to continue her study in a graduate school.Conversation Two6.7.8.9.10.A) 560-288. B) 560-1-88.C) 560-1287. D) 560-1288.Section B Short Passages (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. Each passage will be read only once.After each passage, there will be a one-and-a-half-minute pause. During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the bestanswer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.Passage OneFour SeasonsQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. Which type of recording was this presentation taken from?A) A TV weather program on seasonal changes.B) An informal discussion between friends.C) An academic speech at school.D) A scientific report on weather.12. Which of the following statements is true of the winter season?A) The snow averages about 30 inches only in January.B) Winter temperatures hover below freezing for a 3-month period.C) Sledding, skiing and snowshoeing are popular outdoor activities during this season.D) There are snow storms for most of January.13. Which statement is NOT true about the spring?A)Spring usually begins at the end of March.B)Spring usually begins in early March.C)People can take some outdoors activities.D)Nighttime temperatures drop below 50 degrees.14. What can we learn about the climate of the city?A) It’ cool and rainy in autumn. B) It’s hot and humid in summer.C) It’s freezing and dry in winter. D) It’s warm and windy in spring.15. What do people there like to do in the fall?A) Go and see the fall colors. B) Clean their houses.C) Have a fall picnic. D) Drive to see leaves falling.Passage TwoNew York TravelQuestions 13 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. When will the plane take off?A) 6:00 AM. B) 7:30 AM.C) 9:00 AM. D) 3:00 PM.17. How will the group get to the hotel from the airport?A) By taxi. B) By subway.C) By bus. D) By car.18. About what time does the hotel restaurant open?A) 5:00 AM B) 6:00 AMC) 7:00 AM D) 8:00 AM19. What can the group do at Times Square?22. According to scientist Von Frisch, what message is NOT conveyed by the scout bee’s dance?A) The quantity of the food it had found.B) The smell of the food it had found.C) The direction to fly to the food site.D) The distance of the food site from the beehive.23. Why did the British scientists use a new type of radar?A) To explain how bees know which way to fly.B) To prove that V on Frisch’s theory was correct.C) To illustrate problems with the waggle dance.D) To confirm the accuracy of the round dance.24. According to the professor, what does the waggle dance tell forager bees?A) The distance of the food site from the hive.B) The exact location of the food site.C) How much food they will find at the site.D) The weather conditions at the food site.25. Which way should forager bees fly if a scout bee flies up the side of the beehive in a verticalC) To illustrate female roles in US history.D) To demonstrate his profound historical knowledge.29. W hat’s wrong with the “contribution approach”, according to the professor?A) It makes the plight of women seem overly dramatic.B) It ignores the most outstanding women.C) It overemphasize s men’s oppression of women.D) It neglects women’s social role in family life.30. Which of the following describes the “victim approach” to US history?A) It asks, “What have women done?”B) It asks, “How have men oppressed women?”C) It asks, “How have women helped men?”D) It asks, “What have men done?”Section D News (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear two news items. Each news item will be read separately for three times. When the news items are read for the first time, youshould listen carefully for their general ideas. When they are read for the secondtime, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 31 to 36, and from 39 to44 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 37, 38 and 45you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can eitheruse the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your ownwords. Finally, when the news items are read for the third time, you should checkwhat you have written. You should put your answers on Answer Sheet Two.News OneThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.This Saturday night at eight thirty, all the lights will be (31)_________ at the Tokyo Tower in Japan. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and the Eiffel Tower in Paris are also (32)_________off to go dark. So is the Empire State Building in New York and buildings in other cities around the world.The lights will stay off for one hour for an event called Earth Hour. The observance is organized by a (33)_____________ group, the World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as the World Wildlife Fund.For the fourth year, people are being (34)_________ to turn off their lights for one hour to call attention to the (35)________ of climate change. The group says climate change is one of the greatest (36)_________ facing wildlife and nature.(37)_____________________________________________________________. Organizers said more than two thousand businesses and two million people took part.Since then, Earth Hour has grown into an international event. People in more than four thousand cities in eighty-eight countries took part last year.(38)_______________________________________________________________________. This will be the first Earth Hour for countries including Kuwait, Qatar, Kosovo, Madagascar, Nepal, Cambodia and Panama.News TwoOn April twenty-second, some American children stayed out of school but they were not punished. They were with their parents. As Faith Lapidus tells us, it was Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day.FAITH LAPIDUS: The Ms. Foundation for Women started the (39)_________ seventeen years ago, in nineteen ninety-three. At first it was just called Take Our Daughters to Work.Gloria Steinem and other foundation leaders pointed to studies showing that self-(40)______ suffers as girls become teenagers. They can lose trust in their abilities and (41)____________, especially in areas like science, math and technology.So the Ms. Foundation planned a day for parents in New York City to show girls all the possibilities for them in the (42)__________ world. But there was so much interest, the organizers decided to make it (43)________.At first, girls mostly followed their mom or dad around at work to learn about their jobs. Later, employers and schools began to offer (44)_________ activities.(45)_______________________________________________________________________ ______________. So in two thousand three the day was renamed Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension （50 minutes; 45 points）Section 1: True/False/Not Given and Multiple Choice Questions (30 points)Directions:There are two passages in this part. Each passage has ten questions or unfinished statements. The first five statements in each passage are True/False/Not givenstatements. You should mark “A)”, for True, “B)”, for False and “C)” for Not Given;the next five questions or unfinished statements are multiple choices. You shoulddecide the correct answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Onewith a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 55 are based on the following passage.Free and Easy? One Man's Experiment in Living without Money1 For most of us it seems that money makes the world go round.2 But not for Mark Boyle, who has turned his life into a radical experiment and pledged（发誓）to live without cash, credit cards, loans or any other form of finance.3 The British economics graduate was inspired by Gandhi's call to be the change you want to see in the world. After six years working as the manager of an organic food company in Bristol, UK, he decided to strike out in a bold new direction.4 "I was sitting around with a friend one night in 2007 discussing the world's problems, and we were trying to work out which one to dedicate our lives to helping solve," he told CNN.5 "Then it hit me, at the root of it all was money, which creates a kind of disconnection between us and our actions, whether that's through sweatshops, industrial agriculture, or war, and so I decided to see if it was possible to do without."6 Mark sold his houseboat and set about preparing himself for his new life. He posted an advert on Freecycle asking for a tent, a yurt (圆顶帐篷）, a caravan （可供居住的拖车）or any other type of shelter and was immediately rewarded by his first taste of human kindness.7 Then a friend made him a cheap wood-burning stove from an old gas can to heat the caravan, and with a few other budget purchases, including solar panels (太阳能电池板) and a trailer (拖车) for his bike, he was ready to go.8 His food would be cooked on a rocket stove made from two old catering tins (餐盒), and he would wash in a solar shower, essentially a black plastic bag suspended from a tree, and warmed by the sun.9 His lavatory would be a hole in the ground screened by a wooden modesty structure to protect the sensibilities of any walkers using a nearby footpath.10 Then, with his pockets empty -- he didn't even carry keys as he decided not to lock his caravan and start trusting the world a bit more -- Mark was ready to go.11 Everything was about to change.12 Even breakfast on the first day would be different, with morning coffee no longer an option, and the ingredients for his breakfast beverage now gathered in the hedges (篱笆) around his caravan.13 "I drink nettle and cleaver tea (荨麻与猪殃殃泡成的茶) , sometimes with some fresh lemon verbena (防臭木) when I find it," he says.14 Although it hasn't always been easy, and there have been many challenges and sacrifices, 18 months later, Mark is still living this way. He told CNN he has really loved it and never been happier or fitter.15 Mark's remarkable journey is relayed in his new book, "The Moneyless Man", which along with detailing the practical challenges on the rocky road towards his new world, also explains the philosophy that drives him that human society is fairer, happier and more secure when relationships are not mediated (以…为媒介) by money.16 Any profits from the book will be invested in buying land to create a "Freeconomy community", where people can experiment living together without money.17 Public interest in his project has been divided. While a huge number of people are very supportive, there has been harsh criticism of him, particularly on Internet forums.18 "People tend to be either very positive about what I'm doing or very negative; I think it's about 70 percent/30 percent. But I try not to get too worked up about it; it’s early days and we live in a very money orientated world."19 Of course not everyone can, or is ready to, live like Mark -- a point he is happy to concede.But he does believe people can live more like him, and be happier as a result.20 "There's no one solution for everyone, and everyone has different needs," says Mark.21 "It's about reducing your consumption however that is appropriate for you, and there are lots of small ways people can do that which will benefit themselves and the environment, like car sharing."22 With this in mind, he put the money from the sale of his houseboat towards setting up , a social networking Web site that aims to help reconnect people in their local communities through the simple act of sharing.23 So far Mark's adventure without money has taught him a lot, and he has inspired many others along the way, but he remains philosophical about his success.24 "I just get up each morning and try and say if it happens, it happens," he says.25 "I'm just trying to take life as it comes and enjoy it along the way."(803 words)For questions 46-50, chooseA) (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;B) (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;C) (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.46. Economics graduate Mark Boyle has lived for over 3 years without money.47. To encourage others to shun (避开，躲避) money bounds, Mark has set up a freeconomycommunity.48. Mark says he feels freer, fitter and happier than ever before.49. Mark has more critics than supporters of his project.50. Mark believes everyone can live like himself--- live without money.For questions 51-55, choose the one that best completes the sentence or answers the question.51. Which of the following best illustrates “a kind of disconnection between us and our actions” (Para. 5)?A) Art for art’s sakeB) Farming for one’s livingC) Work for money’s sakeD) War for freedom52. From Mark’s design of lavatory, we can infer that any choice of lifestyle __________.A) should be protected from other people’s observationB) should show due respect for other people’s way of lifeC) should solely be the business of the individual involvedD) should protect other people’s sensibilities53. The word “it” in Paragraph 18 refers to_________.A) public’s interest in his projectB) public’s criticism of himC) public’s support to himD) public’s ex treme attitude toward his project54. The author mentions “car sharing” in Paragraph 21 as an example of _________.A) environmental protectionB) the eco benefits of living without moneyC) saving moneyD) reducing consumption55. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________.A) admiringB) criticalC) ironicD) partialPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 65 are based on the following passage.1 Hemingway was working on A Farewell (永别，再见) to Arms, and they were traveling a great deal--fishing on the rented Anita and then on Hemingway's beloved boat the Pilar from Havana, Bimini, and Key West; sporting vacations in Montana and Wyoming; family visits to Oak Park and Pauline's family home in Piggott, Arkansas. It was also a family time. In June 1928 their son Patrick was born in Kansas City. After a visit to Oak Park, Hemingway worried about his father's health. Clarence was very depressed, and just before Christmas, he shot himself. A hurting Hemingway finished A Farewell to Arms, and it was successful. Again he had turned his experiences into powerful fiction. "If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them," Lt. Frederic Henry reflects. "This is one of the most beautiful pages in all English literature," F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of this page of the manuscript (手稿，草稿). The writing, the friendships, and the family relationships continued.2 Hemingway's lean (清晰的，简洁的), disciplined style made the writing and the living seem simple. He focused on one point and wrote very clearly about that point. But if we put all the stories together, all the pieces, a very complex picture emerges. Neither the living nor the writing was easy. "There's no rule on how it is to write," Hemingway wrote his editor Charles Poore in 1953. "Sometimes it comes easily and perfectly. Sometimes it is like drilling rock and thenblasting (爆破) it out with charges (炸药)." Because A Farewell to Arms was being serialized in Scribner's Magazine, Hemingway had six months to struggle with the ending. He left forty-four pages of alternate (不同的) endings, a record even for the meticulous （细致的，挑剔的）Hemingway, who would write out or retype a page until he was satisfied with it. Fitzgerald sent Hemingway ten handwritten pages of comments on the draft of the novel, and Hemingway's response was "Kiss my ass."3 Pauline and Hemingway's second son, Gregory, was born in November 1931. The intimate side of Hemingway as son, husband, father, and successful big brother is revealed in his letters to his family. He was very much involved in their lives and concerned about their welfare, often more than they wished. He gave financial support and unsolicited （主动提供的）advice. He was sometimes heavy-handed, especially with his sisters and his sons, but he always cared.4 As with his friends, he formed strong feelings for or against the people his family were involved with. He would have four wives and divorce three times, but he felt he was right when he strongly objected to the man his sister Carol wished to marry. When she went ahead with the marriage, Hemingway broke with her for the rest of his life. (The marriage lasted.)5 In 1933 Pauline's wealthy Uncle Gus gave them a safari （旅行，狩猎旅行）to Africa. Hemingway was "totally captivated （征服）by the prospect and made endless preparations." The safari lasted only ten weeks but had a great impact on Hemingway. "Everything he saw seemed to have made an indelible （深刻的，不可磨灭的）impression on him," and he used his experiences as the basis for his nonfictional account of big game hunting, Green Hills of Africa, and some of his finest stories including "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber."6 "I want to run as a writer; not as a man who had been to the wars; nor a bar room fighter; nora shooter; nor a horseplayer; nor a drinker. I would like to be a straight writer and be judged as such," Hemingway wrote in 1950. Perhaps. But he enjoyed the celebrity, encouraged it, and recorded it. The experience, interests, and celebrity were the raw material for the writing, but more than that he internalized （内化）it all, and the celebrity, the actor, the active participant, and the writer were fused （融合）into one being without boundaries. He rewrote himself, reimagined himself, refabricated （再加工，再整合）himself for himself and for others, emphasizing all those other things that he did "run as" and did as enthusiastically as he did his writing.7 A lifelong sportsman, he saw his first bullfight in Madrid in 1923. According to the two friends he was with, Bob McAlmon and Bill Bird, "he was overwhelmed （被震撼）by the bullfight experience, so much so that for a time he could talk of nothing else." He began an exhaustive （详细的）study of bullfighting. He saved everything he could about bullfighting--newspapers, ticket stubs （票根）, embroidered （镶边的）postcards picturing matadors （斗牛士）, programs, posters （海报）. His 1932 treatise （论文）on bullfighting, Death in the Afternoon, is still the most comprehensive study of the sport in the English language. Such an intensive study was typical of Hemingway. He had a "natural, sometimes almost competitive tendency to find out everything he could about any subject that interested him." He greatly admired professionals in whatever arena.8 The Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936. Hemingway supported the Loyalist side and followed the war with great interest. In 1937 he went to Spain to cover the war as a correspondent （记者）for the North American Newspaper Alliance ("Hemingway Sees Dead Strewing （散步，散播）Battlefield," "A New Kind of War," "The Chauffeurs （司机）of Madrid," "A Brush with Death," "Hemingway Finds Madrid Calmly Fighting Own War"). He translated this experience into seven more short stories, the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, and the play The Fifth Column.9 In Sloppy Joe's in December 1936, Hemingway met a lovely young novelist and journalist from St. Loui s—Martha Gellhorn (called Marty). As the friendship developed, Martha spent so much time at the Hemingway house that, as she wrote Pauline, "she nearly became a fixture （机器装置）there, 'like a kudu （非洲大羚羊）head.'" By the end of March, Martha had made it to Spain, too, and she and Hemingway both covered the war. The affair continued until their marriage November 5, 1940, the day after Pauline's divorce from Hemingway became final.10 After their marriage, with assignments for Martha from Collier's and for Hemingway from PM, Martha and Hemingway traveled to China to cover the war there. This time, Martha was the prime mover （发动者）. "On this super horror journey," Martha recounted （叙述）in her 1978 travel memoir （回忆录）, Travels with Myself and Another, "I wheedled （哄骗）an Unwilling Companion, hereinafter referred to as U.C., into going where he had no wish to go. . . . That was scandalous （罪恶的）selfishness on my part, never repeated." U.C. did not have a good time. "U.C. could not bear party chatter （喋喋不休）, or discussions of politics or the arts, but never tired of true life stories, the more unlikely the better. He was able to sit with a bunch of men for most of a day or most of a night, or most of both day and night though perhaps with different men, wherever he happened to have started sitting, all of them fortified (加强的) by a continuous supply of drink, the while he roared with laughter at reminiscences (回忆) and anecdotes. It was a valid system for him. Aside from being his form of amusement, he learned about a place and people through the eyes and experiences of those who lived there."For questions 56-60, chooseA) (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;B) (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;C) (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.56. One of the sons of Ernest Hemingway was born in June 1928 in Kansas City.57. Lt Frederick Henry is one of the close friends of Ernest Hemingway and a famous literaturecritic.58. In 1923, Ernest Hemingway saw bullfighting for the first time in a city of Spain.59. In 1932, Ernest Hemingway signed treaties of bullfighting.60. Ernest Hemingway went to Spain in the year of the breakout of the Spanish Civil War.For questions 61-65, choose the one that best completes the sentence or answers the question.61. The following are the themes described in the novel “A Farewell to Arms” EXCEPT ____.A)CourageB)FriendshipsC)family relationshipD)the beauty of literature62. Hemingway’s writing enjoys the characteristics of ____.A)SimpleB)ComplexC)Both simple and complexD)Neither simple and complex63. According to paragraph 2, Hemingway's response of "Kiss my ass " to ten handwritten pagesof comments on the draft of the novel by Fitzgerald indicate that ____.A)Ernest Hemingway agree with Fitzgerald’s comments but could not accept themB)Ernest Hemingway agree with Fitzgerald’s comments and would accept them in the endC)Ernest Hemingway completely disagree with Fitzgerald’s commentsD)Ernest Hemingway disagree with most of Fitzgerald’s comments and might accept part ofcomments64. According to the passage, which of the following is the correct chronological order ofHemingway’s work?I. For Whom the Bell TollsII. Green Hills of AfricaIII. Death in the AfternoonIV. A Farewell to ArmsA) IV, I, II, IIIB) IV, II, III, IC) IV, II, I, IIID) IV, III, I, II.65. According to paragraph 4, Ernest got the chance to travel in Africa in 1933 because ____.A) Hemingway was "totally captivated by the prospect and made endless preparations."B) a relative of his wife provided them financial supportC) he wanted to record his experiences as the basis for his nonfictional account of big gamehunting, Green Hills of AfricaD) Pauline’s wealthy uncle lived in AfricaSection 2: Headings (15 points)Directions: There are 10 paragraphs (paragraph1-10) in the following passage. Choose the most appropriate headings (main ideas) for these 10 paragraphs from the list ofheadings below (heading A)-N)). You should put your answers on Answer SheetTwo.Caution：There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of theheadings in the list.1 IN MOST parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a recent gathering of green luminaries(n. 发光体,权威者,著名的知识份子) —in a film star's house, naturally, for that is how seriousness is often established in Los Angeles—the dominant note was self-satisfaction at what the state has already achieved. And perhaps nobody is more smug than Arnold Schwarzenegger. Unlike Al Gore, a presidential candidate turned prophet (n. 预言者, 先知, 提倡者) of environmental doom, California's governor sounds cheerful when talking about climate change. As well he might: it has made his political career.2 Although California has long been an environmentally-conscious state, until recently greens were concerned above all with smog and redwood trees. “Coast of Dreams”, Kevin Starr's authoritative history of contemporary California, published in 2004, does not mention climate change. In that year, though, the newly-elected Mr Schwarzenegger made his first tentative call for western states to seek alternatives to fossil fuels. Gradually he noticed that his efforts to tackle climate change met with less resistance, and more acclaim, than just about all his other policies. These days it can seem as though he works on nothing else.3 Mr Schwarzenegger's transformation from screen warrior to eco-warrior was completed last year when he signed a bill imposing legally-enforceable limits on greenhouse-gas emissions—a first for America. The bill, which is just 13 pages long, obliges California to cut its emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. That alone is ambitious, considering that the state's population is expected to increase by 42% in the period. But Mr Schwarzenegger has set up two other targets. He wants the state to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions to 2000 levels by 2010, and to slash them to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.4 Thanks mostly to its lack of coal and heavy industry, California is a relatively clean state. If it were a country it would be the world's eighth-biggest economy, but only its 16th-biggest polluter. Its big problem is transport—meaning, mostly, cars and trucks, which account for more than 40% of its greenhouse-gas emissions (see chart) compared with 32% in America as a whole. The state wants to ratchet (n. 棘轮(棘齿) vt 安装棘轮于(松脱)) down emissions limits on new vehicles, beginning in 2009. Mr Schwarzenegger has also ordered that, by 2020, vehicle fuel must produce 10% less carbon: in the production as well as the burning, so a simple switch to corn-based ethanol is probably out.5 Californians of the future will also be expected to use cleaner electricity. The state subsidises solar power, with the intention of creating a million power-generating roofs within ten years. It has, in effect, banned electricity companies from signing long-term contracts with coal-fired power stations, and plans to buy from cleaner sources. In 2002 Gray Davis, then the Democratic governor, signed a bill that committed the state to obtaining a fifth of its power from renewable sources, not including nuclear or large hydro-electric power stations, by 2017. Last year, in a typically cocky (a. 骄傲的, 自大的, 太过自信的) gesture, the deadline was brought forward to 2010.6 All of which is a welcome change from business as usual. California has not just inspired other states; it has created a vanguard (n. 前锋, 先锋, 先驱) that ought to be able to prod (n. 刺针,刺棒,签子v. 戳,刺,刺激) the federal government into stronger national standards than it would otherwise consider. But California is finding it easier to export its policies than to put them into practice at home.7 The state's first hurdle (n. 障碍[计算机] 障碍), which requires it to generate a fifth of its electricity from renewable sources in three years' time, now seems impossibly high. Last year it managed just 11%. Although the energy companies are eagerly signing up wind and sun farmers, there is simply not enough supply out there—at least, at the price the companies want to pay. Meanwhile, the plan to install solar roofs on houses has been stymied (n. 困难境地vt 使...处于。

简明英语测试教程Lecture 05

简明英语测试教程Lecture 05

N) technology O) victims
精品PPT
4.3 Matching
4.4 Information transfer
4.5 Ordering tasks
4.6 Fill-in and Cloze
4.6.1 Fill-in 4.6.2 Gap-filling
(1. to 2 affect/influence 3. Others 4. each/them
From Integrated course Book 2, Unit 1)
精品PPT
Today, I went to the ________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way ________.
……
A) acting B) assuming C) comprehensive D) cooperative E) entire F)
especially G) forward H) images I) information J) offers K) projects
L) respectively M) role
2 ___
C. because it was one he and Richard had learnt at school 3 ___
D. Peter looked outside
4 ___
E. He recognized the tune
5 ___
F. and it seemed deserted

高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料

高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料

高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料expresses of the Pennsylvania Railroad, I rolled eastward for an hour through the coaland steel towns of Westmoreland county. It was familiar ground; boy and man, I had been through it often before. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appallingdesolation. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its mostlucrative and characteristic activity, the boast and pride of the richest and grandestnation ever seen on earth--and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous , so intolerablybleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre anddepressing joke. Here was wealth beyond putation, almost beyondimagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would havedisgraced a race of alley cats.allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness,of every house in sight. From East Liberty to Greensburg, a distance of twenty-fivemiles, there was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the eye.Some were so bad, and they were among the most pretentious --churches, stores,warehouses, and the like--that they were down-right startling; one blinked beforethem as one blinks before a man with his face shot away. A few linger in memory,高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料horrible even there: a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like adormer-window on the side of a bare leprous hill; the headquarters of the Veterans of Foreign Wars at another forlorn town, a steel stadium like a huge rattrap somewherefurther down the line. But most of all I recall the general effect--of hideousnesswithout a break. There was not a single decent house withineyerange from thePittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was not misshapen, andthere was not one that was not shabby.in form, a narrow river valley, with deep gullies running up into the hills. It is thicklysettled, but not: noticeably overcrowded. There is still plenty of room for building, evenin the larger towns, and there are very few solid blocks. Nearly every house, big andlittle, has space on all four sides. Obviously, if there were architects of anyprofessional sense or dignity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides--a chalet with a high-pitched roof, to throw off the heavy Winter snows,but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall. But what havethey done? They have taken as their model a brick set on end. This they haveconverted into a thing of dingy clapboards with a narrow, low-pitched roof. And thewhole they have set upon thin, preposterous brick piers . By the hundreds andthousands these abominable houses cover the bare hillsides, like gravestones in somegigantic and decaying cemetery. On their deep sides they are three, four and even fivestories high; on their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. Not a fifth of高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料them are perpendicular . They lean this way and that, hanging on to their bases precariously . And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematouspatches of paint peeping through the streaks.color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. Was it necessary to adopt that shocking color? No morethan it was necessary to set all of the houses on end. Red brick, even in a steel town,ages with some dignity. Let it e downright black, and it is still sightly , especiallyif its trimmings are of white stone, with soot in the depthsand the high spots washedby the rain. But in Westmoreland they prefer that uremic yellow, and so they have themost loathsome towns and villages ever seen by mortal eye.have seen, I believe, all of the most unlovely towns of the world; they are all to be found in the United States. I have seen the mill towns of posing New Englandand the desert towns of Utah, Arizona and Texas. I am familiar with the back streets ofNewark, Brooklyn and Chicago, and have made scientific explorations to Camden, N.J. and Newport News, Va. Safe in a Pullman , I have whirled through the g1oomy,Godforsaken villages of Iowa and Kansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets ofGeorgia. I have been to Bridgeport, Conn., and to Los Angeles. But nowhere on thisearth, at home or abroad, have I seen anything to pare to the villages that huddlealoha the line of the Pennsylvania from the Pittsburgh yards to Greensburg. They are高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料parable in color, and they are parable in design. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius , promisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, inretrospect ,e almost diabolical .One cannot imagine mere human beingsconcocting such dreadful things, and one can scarcely imagine human beings bearinglife in them.brutes, with no love of beauty in them? Then why didn't these foreigners set up similarabominations in the countries that they came from? You will, in fact, find nothing ofthe sort in Europe--save perhaps in the more putrid parts of England. There isscarcely an ugly village on the whole Continent. The peasants, however poor,somehow manage to make themselves graceful and charming habitations, even inSpain. But in the American village and small town the pull isalways toward ugliness,and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness borderingupon passion. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved suchmasterpieces of horror.libido for the ugly, as on other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful.It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home ofthe lower middle class to mere inadvertence , or to the obscene humor of themanufacturers. Such ghastly designs, it must be obvious, give a genuine delight to a高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料certain type of mind. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure andunintelligible demands. The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as mon as the taste for dogmatic theology and the poetry of Edgar A Guest.8 Thus I suspect (though confessedly without knowing) thatthe vast majority ofthe honest folk of Westmoreland county, and especially the 100% Americans amongthem, actually admire the houses they live in, and are proud of them. For the samemoney they could get vastly better ones, but they prefer what they have got. Certainlythere was no pressure upon the Veterans of Foreign Wars to choose the dreadfuledifice that bears their banner, for there are plenty of vacant buildings along thetrackside, and some of them are appreciably better. They might, in- deed, have builta better one of their own. But they chose that clapboarded horror with their eyes open,and having chosen it, they let it mellow into its present shocking depravity. They like it as it is: beside it, the Parthenon would no doubt offend them. In precisely the sameway the authors of the rat-trap stadium that I have mentioned made a deliberatechoice: After painfully designing and erecting it, they madeit perfect in their own sight by putting a pletely impossible penthouse painted a staring yellow, on top of it. The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.But they like it.ugliness for its own sake, the lust to make the world intolerable. Its habitat is theUnited States. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料truth. The etiology of this madness deserves a great deal more study than it has got.There must be causes behind it; it arises and flourishes in obedience to biological laws,and not as a mere act of God. What, precisely, are the terms of those laws? And why do they run stronger in America than elsewhere? Let some honest Privat Dozent in pathological sociology apply himself to the problem.(from Reading for Rhetoric by Caroline Shrodes,Clifford A, Josephson, James R. Wilson )高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料NOTES1. the Veterans of Foreign Wars: generally abbreviated to VFW, an organization created by the merger in 1914 of three societies of United States overseas veterans that were founded after the Spanish-American War of 1899. With its membership vastly increased after World War Ⅰand World WarⅡ, the organization became a major national veterans' society.2. Guest: Edgar Albert Guest (1881--1959), English-born newspaper poet, whose daily poem in the Detroit Free Press was widely syndicated and extremely popular with the people he called 'folks' for its homely, saccharine morality3. Parthenon: a beautiful doric temple built in honor of the virgin (Parthenos) goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens around 5th century B. C.4. Presbysterian: a form of church government by presbyters developed by John Calvin and other reformers during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and used with variations by Reformed and Presbyterian churches throughout the world. According to Calvin's theory of church government, the church is a munity or body in which Christ only is head and members are equal under him. All who hold office do so by election of thepeople whose representatives they are.Mencken assumes that Presbyterians are puritanical, sombrefaced people who never smile or laugh. Hence people are shocked by the unexpected and incongruous sight of a Presbyterian grinning.高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料Aims1.To know the author, Henry L. Mencken2.To learn the writing technique of description3.To appreciate the language featuresTeaching Contents1. Henry Louis Mencken2. Description3. Detailed study of the text4. Organizational pattern5. Language features6. ExercisesTime allocation1. Background information (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. Exercises (15 min)高级英语第二册第七课学习辅导资料词汇(Vocabulary)libido (n.) : psychic energy generally；specifically，a basic form of psychic energy，prising the positive。

2003年9月大学英语六级真题及答案

2003年9月大学英语六级真题及答案

B) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s C) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut. D) She would like to make an appointment for the man. 6. A) The woman doesn't want Io cook a meal. B) The woman wants to have a picnic. C) The woman has a poor memory.
☺☞ 英语老师不想告诉你的网站☜
学习爱上问学堂——中国领先的教育 B2C 平台。
C) The Asian elephant is less popular with tourists. D) The Asian elephant produces ivory of a better quality. 15. A) From the captured or tamed elephants. B) From the British wildlife protection group. C) From elephant hunters in Thailand and Burma. D) From tourists visiting the Thai-Burmese border. 16. A) Their taming for circuses and zoos. B) The destruction of their natural homes. C) Man's lack of knowledge about their behavior. D) The greater vulnerability to extinction than other species. Passage Three Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard. 17. A) They had lost their jobs as a result of the Industrial Revolution. B) They had been suffering from political and religious oppression. C) They wanted to flee from the widespread famine in Northern Europe. D) They wanted to make a fortune there by starting their own businesses. 18. A) They might lose control of their members because of the increase in immigration. B) Their members might find it difficult to get along with the newcomers. C) The working condition of their members might deteriorate. D) Their members might lose their jobs to the newcomers. 19. A) To impose restrictions on further immigration. B) To improve the working conditions of immigrants. C) To set a minimum wage level for new immigrants. D) To put requirements on languages for newcomers. 20. A) They were looked down upon by European immigrants. B) They had a hard time seeking equal job opportunities. C) They worked very hard to earn a decent living. D) They strongly opposed continued immigration. Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been

口译笔记常用符号及缩略语-new

口译笔记常用符号及缩略语-new
∪
因形状看起来像酒杯，表示值得庆祝的“协议”、“协定”、“条约”或“合同”（agreement, accord, treaty, contract）。因此，“双边协议”、“三边协议”或者“多边协议”就可以分别在∪里面加上2、3或者m（多）。
$
表示“金钱”、“财富”（money, wealth）
∞
交流、交换、关系、相互的（communication, relationship, relation, partnership, interrelation, communicate, exchange, interchange, interact, each other）
˚
表示“人”（person, people），因为它看起来像个人头。一般不单独用，而是用在单词、符号或者字母的右上角，比如“中国人”可以写成“中˚”，“美国人”（US˚），“政客/政治家”（政˚），“老师”（T˚或者教˚）
因为看起来像圆形的会议桌，所以常用来表示“会议、开会、讨论或谈判”等，或者会议性的机构。
口译笔记常用符号及缩略语
1.常用符号
（1）数学符号
数学符号
可代替的意思
+
加上、和、另外、除此之外（plus, and, inadditionto）
－
减去、缺乏/少（minus, lack,in short of/ in shortage of,etc）
×
错误、不、坏的（wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative,not,etc.）
加在动词下表示“过去的动作”、“……过”或“……了”；加在表示时间的数字下面表示“过去……年/月天（last, past）”
∧

17年英语专八真题附上minilecture和改错的题目较完整

17年英语专八真题附上minilecture和改错的题目较完整

17年英语专八真题附上minilecture和改错的题目较完整QUESTION BOOKLET试卷用后随即销毁。

严禁保留、出版或复印。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2021)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 150 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTURE[25 MIN]In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete thegap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interviews. At the end of each interview, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interviews and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now, listen to the first interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on thefirst interview.1. A. Comprehensive. B. Disheartening. C. Encouraging. D. Optimistic.2. A. 200. B. 70. C. 10. D. 500.13. A. Lack of international funding.B. Inadequate training of medical personnel.C. Ineffectiveness of treatment efforts.D. Insufficient operational efforts on the ground.4. A. They can start education programs for local people.B. They can open up more treatment units.C. They can provide proper treatment to patients.D. They can become professional.5. A. Provision of medical facilities.B. Assessment from international agencies.C. Ebola outpacing operational efforts.D. Effective treatment of Ebola.Now, listen to the second interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on the second interview.6. A. Interpreting the changes from different sources.B. Analyzing changes from the Internet for customers.C. Using media information to inspire new ideas.D. Creating things from changes in behavior, media, etc.7. A. Knowing previous success stories.B. Being brave and willing to take a risk.C. Being sensitive to business data.D. Being aware of what is interesting.8. A. Having people take a risk.B. Aiming at a consumer leek.C. Using messages to do things.D. Focusing on data-based ideas.9. A. Looking for opportunities.B. Considering a starting point.C. Establishing the focal point.D. Examining the future carefully.210. A. A media agency.B. An Internet company.C. A venture capital firm.D. A behavioral study center.PART II READING COMPREHENSION[45 MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1) It?s 7 pm on a balmy Saturday night in June, and I have just ordered my first beer in I Cervejaria, a restaurant in Zambujeira do Mar, one of the prettiest villages on Portugal?s south-west coast. The place is empty, butthis doesn?t surprise me at all. I have spent two weeks in this area, driving along empty roads, playing with my son on empty beaches, and staying in B&Bs where we are the only guests.(2) No doubt the restaurant, run by two brothers for the past 28 years, is buzzing in July and August, when Portuguese holidaymakers descend on the Alentejo coast. But for the other 10 months of the year, the trickle of diners who come to feast on fantastically fresh seafood reflects the general pace of life in the Alentejo: sleepy, bordering on comatose.(3) One of the poorest, least-developed, least-populated regions inwestern Europe, the Alentejo has been dubbed both the Provence and the Tuscany of Portugal. Neither is accurate. Its scenery is not as pretty and, apart from in the capital Evora, its food isn?t as sophisticated. The charms of this land of wheat fields, cork oak forests, wildflower meadows and tiny white-washed villages, are more subtle than in France or Italy?s poster regions.(4) To travel here is to step back in time 40 or 50 years. Life rollsalong at a treacly pace; there?s an unnerving stillness to the landscape. But that stillness ends abruptly at the Atlantic Ocean, where there is drama in spades. Protected by the South West Alentejo and Costa Vicentina national park, the 100 km of coastline from Porto Covo in the Alentejo to Burgau in the Algarve is the most stunning in Europe. And yet few people seem to know about it. Walkers come to admire the views from the Fisherman?s Way, surfers to ride the best waves in Europe, but day after day we had spectacular beaches to ourselves.3(5) The lack of awareness is partly a matter of accessibility (these beaches are a good two hours? drive from either Faro or Lisbon airports) and partly to do with a lack of beachside accommodation. There are some gorgeous, independent guesthouses in this area, but they are hidden in valleys or at the end of dirt tracks.(6) Our base was a beautiful 600-acre estate of uncultivated land coveredin rock-rose, eucalyptus and wild flowers 13km inland from Zambujeira. Ourone-bedroom home, Azenha, was once home to the miller who tended the now-restored watermill next to it. A kilometre away from the main house, pool and restaurant, it is gloriously isolated.(7) Stepping out of the house in the morning to greet our neighbours �C wild horses on one side, donkeys on the other �C with nothing but birdsong filling the air, I felt a sense of adventure you normally only get with wild camping.(8) “When people first arrive, they feel a little anxio us wondering what they are going to do the whole time,” Sarah Gredley, the English owner of estate, told me. “But it doesn?t usually take them long to realise that the whole point of being here is to slow down, to enjoy nature.”(9) We followed her advice, walking down to the stream in search of terrapins and otters, or through clusters of cork oak trees. On some days, we tramped uphill to the windmill, now a romantic house for two, for panoramic views across the estate and beyond.(10) When we ventured out, we were always drawn back to the coast �C the gentle sands and shallow bay of Farol beach. At the end of the day, we would head, sandy-footed, to the nearest restaurant, knowing that at every one there would be a cabinet full of fresh seafood to choose from �C bass, salmon, lobster, prawns, crabs, goose barnacles, clams … We never ate the same thing twice.(11) A kilometre or so from I Cervejaria, on Zambujeira?s idyllic natural harbour is O Sacas, originally built to feed the fishermen but now popular with everyone. After scarfing platefuls of seafood on the terrace, we wandered down to the harbour where two fishermen, in wetsuits, were setting out by boat across the clear turquoise water to collect goose barnacles. Other than them, the place was deserted �C just another empty beauty spot where I wondered for the hundredth time that week how this pristine stretch of coast has remained so undiscovered.11. The first part of Para. 4 refers to the fact that ______.A. life there is quiet and slowB. the place is little knownC. the place is least populatedD. there are stunning views412. “The lack of awareness” in Para. 5 refers to ______.A. different holidaying preferencesB. difficulty of finding accommodationC. little knowledge of the beauty of the beachD. long distance from the airports13. The author uses “gloriously” in Para. 6 to ______.A. describe the scenery outside the houseB. show appreciation of the surroundingsC. contrast greenery with isolationD. praise the region?s unique feature14. The sentence “We never ate the same thing twice” in Para. 10reflects the ______ of theseafood there. A. freshness B. delicacy C. taste D. variety15. Which of the following themes is repeated in both Paras. 1 and 11?A. Publicity.B. Landscape.C. Seafood.D. Accommodation.PASSAGE TWO(1) I can still remember the faces when I suggested a method of dealing with what most teachers of English considered one of their pet horrors, extended reading. The room was full of tired teachers, and many were quite cynical about the offer to work together to create a new and dynamic approach to the place of stories in the classroom.(2) They had seen promises come and go and mere words weren't going to convince them, which was a shame as it was mere words that we were principally dealing with. Most teachers were unimpressed by the extended reading challenge from the Ministry, and their lack of5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Lecture 1-8(中英句子)

Lecture 1-8(中英句子)

Lecture One 定语从句[原句]Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.[译文]各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。

[原句]Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.[译文]各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。

一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the W est End.[译文]伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。

2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.[译文]伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。

3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.[译文]美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。

Lecture 7

Lecture 7

Lecture 7任务：1．翻译完上周的练习，并将答案入库，上交双语译文。

2．翻译包含非译元素的句子3．翻译练习2 （40 min）,上交双语译文。

4．交换批改翻译包含非译元素的句子这一章，学习翻译包含非译元素（Placeable）的句子。

非译元素为翻译文本以外的无需翻译的文本或固定元素（Variables）。

1.启动Workbench和word,Workbench中打开前面章节用过的翻译记忆库，Word中打开前面用过的SDL TRADOS 2007 AND MAC USERS.rtf文档。

2.在SDL TRADOS 2007 AND MAC USERS.rtf中将光标置于TRADOS 6 & 6.5&7 can work with virtually many language combination that is also supported by Microsoft Windows.句段，单击“打开/获取“。

元素。

4.识别为非译元素的部分可用“获取非译元素（Get Placeable）”按钮将其插入于译文框中。

要插入第一个非译元素，将光标移至插入点，按“取当前非译元素“按钮,蓝色下划线中的非译元素就插入到译文框中了。

插入第二个非译元素，按“取下一非译元素”。

6.完成译文后，按“保存/关闭“按钮进入下一句段。

7.在下一个打开的句段，尽管与前一句中的数字不同，但还是识别为完全匹配。

如果句段中仅有非译元素不相同时，Workbench可以自动替换句中不同的数字。

warning:在半角的英文数字后直接跟着非译元素的情况，如果中间没有空格，不能自动替换。

8.如果句段是模糊匹配的情况，不能自动替换非译元素。

按“保存/关闭并打开获取下一句段”按钮进入下一句段。

下一句段识别为模糊匹配，因此不能自动替换非译元素。

完成译文后，单击“保存/关闭”。

9.要识别非译元素，在Workbench的“File”菜单“Setup” 中选择“Substitutions”标签页。

Lecture7

Lecture7

logo
Yu Ren
Mathematical Economics: Lecture 7
Chapter 12: Limits and Open Sets
Sequence in R m
Definition: {xi }, xi ∈ R m Euclidean metric in R m : d(xi , xj ) = ||xi − xj || = (xi1 − xj1 )2 + · · · + (xim − xjm )2
logo
Yu Ren
Mathematical Economics: Lecture 7
Chapter 12: Limits and Open Sets
Sequences of Real Numbers
Subsequence: {yj } is a subsequence of {xi } if ∃ an infinite increasing set of natural number {nj } s.t. y1 = xn1 , y2 = xn2 ,y3 = xn3 , for example {1, −1, 1, −1, · · · } has two subsequences: {1, 1, · · · } {−1, −1, · · · } and so on.
logo
Yu Ren
Mathematical Economics: Lecture 7
Chapter 12: Limits and Open Sets
Sequences of Real Numbers
Properties of Limits Theorem 12.1: A sequence can have at most one limit Theorem 12.2 If xn → x and yn → y, then xn + yn → x + y Theorem 12.3 If xn → x and yn → y, then xn × yn → xy

人教版英语选修7 Unit 5知识点总结

人教版英语选修7 Unit 5知识点总结

选修7 Unit 5重点单词1. board vt.上（船；飞机等）2. lecture n.&vi.演讲；讲课3. qualification n.资格；证明4. preparation n.准备；预备5. recommend vt.推荐；建议6. comfort n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰7. substitute n.代替者；代用品vt.用……代替……8. academic adj.学校的；学院的；学术的9. requirement n.需要；需求；规定10. tutor n.家庭教师；导师；助教11. numb adj.麻木的；失去知觉的12. acknowledge vt. 承认；确认；答谢13. occupy vt.占有；占领；占据14. hopefully adv.抱有希望地15. enterprise n.事业；计划（尤指困难的）；事业心；（办）企业16. succeed vi.成功vt.接替；继任17. comment n.意见；批评；评论vt.评论；发表意见18. agent n.代理人；经纪人19. parallel adj.平行的；相同的；类似的20. abundant adj.丰富的；充裕的21. govern vi.&vt.统治；支配；管理22. destination n.目的地重点短语23. adjust to 适应；调节24. fit in相适应；相融合25. as far as one is concerned 就……而言26. settle in （迁入新居；更换工作后）安顿下来27. be occupied with/in忙于某事；从事某事28. keep it up保持优秀成绩；继续干下去29. get/be used to 对……适应；习惯30. feel at home感觉自在；无拘束31. get lost 迷路。

专业英语八级模拟试卷651(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级模拟试卷651(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级模拟试卷651(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.听力原文：Good Writing What is good writing? Different cultures using different languages may come up with very different answers to the question. Indeed, even different individuals may have different standards, tastes and expectations. However, as far as English is concerned, a set of basic characteristics, which are believed to be present in all good writing, have been promoted by educators in English-speaking countries. (1) They are; unity, coherence, emphasis, development and clarity. While these good old values are still relevant, today’s discussion of good writing focuses on a different set of concepts. I’ll define good writing using different terms; good writing is good thinking; good writing involves thoughtful revision; good writing is directed toward an audience; good writing achieves a clear purpose; good writing expresses ideas clearly. Firstly, good writing is good thinking. Good thinking leads to good writing, and muddy thinking can only result in muddy writing. As simple as that. Writing is a thinking process; it is not making a big deal out of nothing. (2) Good writing should be substantive, really having things to say. Not only having things to say, but also having insightful things to say about the topic. This concept is particularly important for you non-native speakers of English. You may tend to be overly concerned with being correct in grammar, spelling and mechanics. While good writing is expected to be free from grammatical and other errors, it is worth repeating here that (3) good writing is not good grammar or vice versa. At the advanced level, you should be much more concerned with higher and more important issues of writing in English. If you were excited at all by a piece of writing, most likely, it was for one or a combination of the following reasons; 1) because (4) it enlightens you or sheds light on the subject: 2) because you have felt something similar but in a rather vague and superficial way; 3) because (5) you have felt exactly the same. but have never been able to express yourself in such an effective and elegant manner. Secondly, good writing involves thoughtful revision. Although there are geniuses who are such inspired writers that they can produce great writings at the spur of the moment without having to revise as much as one word,such geniuses are few and far between. For the overwhelming majority of writers, good writing is ninety-nine percent hard work and one percent inspiration. Experienced writers subject their writings to numerous revisions before feeling satisfied. Lu Xun.the greatest modern Chinese writer, for example, talks about pacing pensively in the study for days searching for the right word. Thirdly, good writing is directed toward an audience. Notice the use of the word “ audience” here: it usually refers to viewers and listeners, but now its reference has expanded to include readers, too, particularly in discussions of writing. You should remember that what is appropriate for one kind of audience may not be appropriate for another. (7-2) The intended audience determines your choice of words, your sentence length and patterns, the overall tone, the details that would be included in your writing, etc. Fourthly, (8) good writing achieves a clear purpose. Good writing must achieve your intended purpose. If you want to write about how to make Jiaozi, your reader, after reading your writing, should get everything he or she needs to know about how to make Jiaozi, from the necessary ingredients to step by step instructions. If your purpose is to convey the sublime and soul-awakening beauty of the morning sun bursting out of the horizon in the misty Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province, you should describe it in such a way that your readers should be able to visualize the scenery. If you want to propose that China adopt a legal drinking age, you should make it clear to the People’s Congress why such a law is necessary, what it should be, how to implement such a law, and so forth. Last but not least, good writing expresses ideas clearly.(9) Good writing reflects good thinking, and good thinking needs to be put in precise, concise, and lucid prose. An important task for revision is to trim all the deadwood, pruning all the redundancies, wordiness, and confusing and misleading ambiguities.(10) For non-native speakers, to express yourself clearly often involves making your writing more idiomatic, reducing the level of negative interference of your native language and to bring your writing closer to English-speaking readers. Only when you can write clearly can you begin to think of developing a distinctive style. What kind of style you should develop or use depends on your temperament, your needs, and such controlling factors as the subject you are writing about, the audience you are writing to, and the purpose you want to achieve. One style may be appropriate for certain occasions but totally inappropriate for others. You would feel totally out of place if you go to a casual gathering of old friends dressed in expensive suit and tie, unless you want to appear snobbish and showy. How about going to a concert performed by the Vienna Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra in the elegant Grand Capital Arts Center in loosely fit T-shirt and jeans? So far, we have discussed five characteristics of good writing. In later lectures, you will learn in greater detail about how to write to different audiences to achieve specific purposes in clear and effective styles.Good WritingEducators in English-speaking countries have developed a set of basic characteristics of good English writing—unity, (1)______, emphasis, development and clarity.Here, a different set of concepts are introduced: 1. Good writing is good thinking:—It should be (2)______.having something insightfulto say about the topic. —It is not simply (3)______.—It may1) enlighten you or(4)______the subject; 2) make you feel something similar; 3) make you feel exactly(5)______.2. Good writing Involves thoughtful (6)______:—It is the result of 99% of hard work and 1 % ofinspiration.3. Good writing is directed toward an audience; —The audience determines1) diction and sentence structure; 2) the sentence length and patterns; 3) the overall (7)______; 4) details that should be included.4. Good writing achieves a clear (8)______:5. Good writing expresses ideas clearly:—It reflects good thinking, which should be put into precise, (9) ______, and lucid articles.—For non-native speakers of English, clear expre—ssion involves being (10)______.1．正确答案：coherence解析：根据句(1)可知，学者们认为一篇好的写作应具备的一系列基本特征是：unity，coherence，emphasis，development and clarity，故答案为coherence。

专升本英语(山东)模拟试题及答案解析(1)

专升本英语(山东)模拟试题及答案解析(1)

专升本英语（山东）模拟试题及答案解析（1）(1/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第1题Our main concern is to______the living standard of the people.A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.arouse下一题(2/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第2题Think over our proposal and let me know whether you agree ______it.A.forB.inC.withD.at上一题下一题(3/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第3题It is a fact______most deaths from lung cancer are caused by smoking.A.thatB.howC.whatD.which上一题下一题(4/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第4题The manager´ s reply______that he was not really interested in the project.A.offeredB.showedC.advisedD.described(5/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第5题She didn´ t tell the reason______she was absent from the important lecture.A.whatB.whichC.howD.why上一题下一题(6/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第6题Food, clothing and shelter are the______needs for all of us.A.carefulB.attractiveC.strangeD.basic上一题下一题(7/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第7题I feel it is my responsibility______you of our decision.rmB.to informrmingrmed上一题下一题(8/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第8题As a matter of fact, they would rather leave for Beijing than______in Shanghai.A.stayB.stayingC.stayedD.to stay(9/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第9题I broke a dish while washing up this morning. Of course, I did not______.A.love toB.need toC.mean toD.want to上一题下一题(10/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第10题______is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan.A.WhatB.ThisC.ThatD.As上一题下一题(11/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第11题We didn t finish the work in time. You______us since you were there.A.might helpB.should helpC.could have helpedD.must have helped上一题下一题(12/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第12题Mr. Jones, ______life was once very hard, is now very successful in his business.A.of himB.hisC.whoseD.by whom(13/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第13题I decide to leave the company next month, where I______for exactly three years.A.workB.is workingC.will be workingD.will have worked上一题下一题(14/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第14题Can you______the difference______the two phrases?A.tell: betweenB.speak: fromC.say: ofD.talk: between上一题下一题(15/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第15题Since Dick was busy, he rarely had time to go to the cinema: ______.A.Jane did tooB.Jane didn´t as wellC.so did JaneD.nor did Jane上一题下一题(16/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第16题The May Day Holiday ______ over, we must now get down to work.A.beB.beingC.to have beenD.to be(17/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第17题The______salary of the staff is about $50.ualB.averageC.equalmon上一题下一题(18/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第18题Many people have applied for the______position.A.emptyB.bareC.vacantD.blank上一题下一题(19/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第19题As I am sure Jenny is very honest, I______that she stole the money.A.guessB.believeC.suspectD.doubt上一题下一题(20/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第20题The number of members in the club______to two hundred.A.were limitedB.limitsC.was limitedD.limited(21/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第21题To learn Chinese cooking, you should practice______.A.so much you canB.so much as you canC.much as you canD.as much as you can上一题下一题(22/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第22题Our department has a large collection of books, ______are in English.A.many of whichB.many of themC.many onesD.their many上一题下一题(23/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第23题______, the professor is still trying to learn a new language.A.However he is oldB.Old as he isC.He is as oldD.As old is he上一题下一题(24/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第24题You have spent your money in so free and unrestrained a way. I think you´ll have to ______your expenses more or less.A.cut offB.cut downC.cut outD.cut across上一题下一题(25/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第25题I must tell you how______a letter from you.A.pleased I was to receiveB.pleased I was to receivingC.was I pleased to receiveD.pleased I was receiving上一题下一题(26/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第26题Without his wartime experience, Hemingway______ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.A.didn´t writeB.hadn´ t writtenC.wouldn´ t writeD.wouldn´ t have written上一题下一题(27/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第27题Will all those______the proposal raise their hands?A.in relation toB.in contrast toC.in excess ofD.in favor of上一题下一题(28/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第28题It was during his stay in the countryside______he began to learn English.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what上一题下一题(29/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第29题Michael´ s new house looks like a palace, compared______his old one.A.ofB.withC.forD.in上一题下一题(30/30)Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.第30题Computer technology makes it______for people to work from home.A.harmfulB.seriousC.possibleD.difficult上一题下一题(31~34/共20题)Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. To preserve food, the growth of bacteria(细菌)must be controlled. Water, warmth, and food are all needed for bacteria to become strong and healthy. Some kinds of bacteria need air, but other kinds grow only when air is absent. Extremes of temperature, either hot or cold, can kill bacteria. Before electric ice-boxes were invented, freezing and cooling were limited by the cold climate. In warmer regions, food was cooled by putting it in the shade, in cold water from the well, or in pits(坑)in the ground. (71) Cooking will usually kill bacteria if the temperature is high enough and the high temperature lasts long enough. Certain methods of cooking remove water, and this aids in preserving food. Drying is the oldest and most common method of preserving food. Food can be dried by the sun, by heat or by combination of the two. Salt was used by many hunting people. When people began to eat vegetables, salt became a needed part of their life. Salt helps to preserve food because it slows or stops bacteria to grow. Other chemicals besides salt are used in preserving food. Some people oppose the use of chemicals in food. They say that these chemicals may harm people if the chemicals can harm bacteria.第31题How can we preserve food according to the first paragraph?A.By controlling the temperature.B.By putting food in a refrigerator.C.By controlling the growth of bacteria.D.By putting food in a place without air.第32题Cooking is an effective way in preserving food because______.A.all cooking methods remove waterB.cooking can make the food become dryC.the light in cooking can kill bacteriaD.cooking can kill bacteria第33题Why are many people against the use of chemicals to preserve food?A.Because chemicals are not necessary for preserving food.B.Because a small quantity of bacteria in food is good for the body.C.Because those chemicals that kill bacteria may not be good for people.D.Because there are other better ways to preserve food.第34题What is the passage mainly about?A.Ways of preserving food.B.The bacteria in our food.C.The importance of preserving food.D.Ways of cooking food.上一题下一题(35~38/共20题)Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.5. (72) To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor(努力)to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction— the firm and the customer—and each must be satisfied before trade occurs.(73) Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985 , when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration(恢复)of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside new. King Customerruled!第35题The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ______.A.the practice of turning goods into moneyB.making goods available for purchaseC.the customer-centered approachD.a form of persuasive salesmanship第36题According to the passage, " to move as much of these goods as possible"(Para. 1)means ______ .A.to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB.to transport goods as efficiently as possibleC.to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD.to redesign these goods for large-scale production第37题What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C.Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.D.Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.第38题In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on______.A.its main characteristicB.its social impactC.its possible consequenceD.its theoretical basis上一题下一题(39~42/共20题)Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.9. Believe it or not, optical illusion(错觉)can cut highway crashes(撞毁). Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion.(74) Bent stripes, called chevrons(人字形), painted on the roads make drivers think that they are faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down. Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan´s success. Starting next year, the Foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes. Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal(致命)traffic accidents, according to the Foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the Foundation will carry its tests in areas where speed-related hazards(危险)are the greatest—curves(弯), exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars(水平障碍物)painted across roads can initially(最初)cut the average speed of drivers in half.(75) However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars. Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are,but also make a lane(车道)appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.第39题The passage mainly discusses______.A.a new way of highway speed controlB.a new pattern for painting highwaysC.a new way of training driversD.a new type of optical illusion第40题The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former______.A.can keep drivers awakeB.can cut road accidents in halfC.will look more attractiveD.will have a longer effect on drivers第41题The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to______.A.try out the Japanese method in certain areasB.change the road signs across the countryC.replace straight, horizontal bars with chevronsD.repeat the Japanese road patterns第42题What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A.They are suitable only on broad roads.B.They are falling out of use in the United States.C.They are ignored in a long period of time.D.They cannot be used successfully to traffic circles.上一题下一题(43~46/共20题)Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.13. A. No other buyers have bid higher than this price.B. It was a higher price than we offered to other suppliers.C. This offer is based on an expanding market and it is competitive.D. We shall welcome a chance to renew our friendly relationship.第43题很高兴能有机会来恢复我们的友好关系。

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Typical STI trench tilt: 70o ~ 85o
D. Shamiryan, SSE (2009)
Key requirements for bulk fin shape (process perspective): Isolation trench refilling High aspect-ratio fin patterning
10-9
L =20nm, W =9nm
g
Fin
10-10
10-11 -0.7 -0.6
10/16/2013
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2
Gate Voltage (V)
-0.1 0.0
Nuo Xu
Even with the finite steepness of retrograde well doping (~15nm/dec in Si), it is still preferred to insert the doping peak around the fin base, causing some level of performance degradation in the fin.
Key requirements for bulk fin shape (device performance/reliability
perspective): Good electrostatic control Low corner electric field, to prevent TDDB or BTI
w/ Retrograde Well Doping w/o Retrograde Well Doping
Normalized Current (A/um)
10-3
10-4
I
10-5
ds
w/o Retrograde Well w/ Retrograde Well
10-6
10-7
•
10-8
I sub P-FinFET
Bulk FinFET
SOI FinFET (w/o BOX)
• Retrograde-well doping required as punch through-stop (PTS) layer.
• HALO is also often adopted. • Tapered fin shape due to STI process.
8
Fin Sidewall Damage Removal by H2 Annealing
Mobility Improvement by H2 Annealing
Equivalent Gate Input Noise
H2 annealing causes Si atoms remigration at fin sidewall surfaces provides smaller surface roughness and lower Dit. reduces shape corners to mitigate “corner effect”.
Y.-K. Choi, IEDM (2002)
• Spacer lithography technique provides more uniform fin width than the conventional lithography, due to σlitho > σCVD
10/16/2013
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
4
Fin Patterning
Spacer Lithography a.k.a. Sidewall Image Transfer (SIT) or Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP)
1. Deposit & pattern sacrificial layer 3. Etch back mask layer to form “spacers”
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
A. Hokazono, VLSI-T(2008) & IEDM(2009)
14
Fin Shape Variations in Bulk FinFETs
Rectangular shape
Trapezoidal shape (Intel’s Tri-Gate)
“Hybrid”-shape
Chipworks, 2012
• Extra lithography steps required to etch the unused fins.
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
5
Benefit on Multiple Device Pitch
• By using spacer lithography technique, multiple fin pitches can be implemented using a single lithography step.
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
3
Bulk FinFET Process Flow
• Fin heights are defined by the punchthrough stopping (PTS) layer position.
A. Yagishita (Toshiba), SOI Short Course (2009)
latchup effect.
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
13
Steep Retrograde Well Doping in Bulk FinFET
10/16/2013
H. Bu (IBM), SOI Workshop (2011)
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
Source: Synopsys & Intel
Lecture 7
• Thin-Body MOSFET’s Process I
– SOI vs. Bulk FinFETs – Fin Patterning Techniques – High-κ/Metal Gate Technologies
Reading: multiple research articles (reference list at the end of this lecture)
• TEM picture shows more abrupt fin/oxide interface after NBE → Lower Dit
• Higher fin mobility w/ NBE
K. Endo, TED (2006)
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
10
SOI vs. Bulk FinFET: Isolation
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
15
Impacts of Fin Shape on Electrostatics
assuming same top fin width:
A. Arsenov’s group, GSS Website (2012)
T. Hook (IBM), FDSOI Workshop (2013)
SOI vs. Bulk FinFET: Overall Structure
Bulk FinFET
SOI FinFET (w/o BOX)
T. Hook (IBM), FDSOI Workshop (2013)
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
2
SOI FinFET Process Flow
W HK
Gate First / MIPS
Si
(Metal-Inserted-
Poly-Si Gate)
HK
Poly-Si
Process Flow
MG
Poly-Si
MG W
High- First
Si
Gate Last / RMG (Replaced Metal Gate)
Poly-Si
HK
Si
High- Last
• 2n lines after nth lithography ! A. Yagishita (Toshiba), SOI Short Course (2009)
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
6
Benefit on Fin Edge Roughness
Y.-K. Choi, IEDM (2002)
• No doping process needed to avoid PT.
• Rectangular fin shape.
T. Hook (IBM), FDSOI Workshop (2013)
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
11
Impacts of Retrograde Well Doping
10/16/2013
Nuo Xu
EE 290D, Fall 2013
16
Impacts of Fin Shape on Current
Charge concentration across a FinFET X-section as increasing gate voltage
A. Arsenov’s group, GSS Website (2012) Considering Quantum Mechanical + Strain Effect
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