神经系统(解剖)—英语复习整理
神经系统(英文版)课件
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 中枢神经系统 脑 brain 脊髓 spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 周围神经系统 脑神经 cranial nerves 脊神经 spinal nerves 内脏神经 autonomic nervous system
内脏神经 autonomic nervous system 分布于心肌、平滑肌和 腺体，不受主观意识控 制，又称自主神经或植 物神经。又分为交感神 经sympathetic nerve 和付交感神经
parasympathetic
nerve
fundamental tissue of the nervous system:
Nissl bodies尼氏体
神经元纤 维 neurofibril
Nissl body Neurofibrils
树突棘 dendrite spine contacted by different types of synaptic terminals
types of neurons(1)： morphologic types of neurons: classed by the configuration of their processes as unipolar, bipolar,or multipolar
the nervous tissue is made up of two classes of cells, the neurons and neurologia.
神经元
1.构造structure of neuቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱons：
胞体cell body
轴突axon 树突dendrites (Fig1:
人体解剖学：神经系统总论
神经元的标记 ---神经示踪
Layer 3
Upper 5 Lower 5
Size=12-13μm
Size=18-19μm
Unipolar
Soma
Байду номын сангаас
Bipolar Multipolar
Axon hillock Axon collaterals
Oligodendroglial cells
Axon
Myelin sheath
小脑的表面形态
Anterior lobe前叶 Posterior lobe后叶
Superior aspect of vermis Culmen Primary fissure 原裂
Declive
Superior view
Horizontal fissure 水平裂
Cingulate gyrus 扣带回
众所周知，在二十世纪神经科学领域的研究发生 了重大事件；即神经元学说的建立和发展，以及神 经示踪剂的发现及运用。前者归功于Golgi发明了 一种显色神经元的银染色方法。此技术的出现，从 而更正了神经组织是由胞浆相互通联的“合体细胞” 所组成的错误概念，并由此证实其是由多种边界清 楚、胞浆相互隔离的单个细胞所组成。Cajal随即 借助Golgi的银染色方法对中枢神经系统的组织结 构进行了全面和系统的研究，由此奠定了中枢神经 系统组织学基础。鉴于Golgi和Cajal的重大贡献， 于1906授予他们诺贝尔生理学奖。
Nervous System
神经系统的划分
The organization of nervous system 大脑 Cerebrum
Nervous system
神经 系统
Central
系统解剖 英文版 神经系统 脊髓.Spinal cord
★ Basic Terminology in Nervous System
In the CNS White matter 白质 collection of 白质: nerve fibers, white color during fresh condition Medulla 髓质 a central core 髓质: of white matter beneath the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum Fasciculus ( tract ) 纤维束: 纤维束 a bundle of nerve fibers which have the same origin, termination, pathway and function
Spinal Cord 脊髓
Zhaoxi Ding Department of Human Anatomy Medical School, Shandong University dingzhaoxi@
Position of Spinal Cord
★Position： ：
Lies in the upper 2/3 of the vertebral canal Continuous above with medulla oblongata at level of foramen magnum Ends below at the lower border of L1 in adult or at level of L3 at birth About 40~45cm in length Weights about 30 g.
Vertebral levels (spines) = C1 ~ C4 －1 = C4 ~ T3 －2 = T3 ~ T6 －3 = T6 ~ T9 = T10 ~ T12 = L1
(完整word)解剖名词中英对照(神经系统部分)
Anterior funiculus
灰质前连合
Anterior gray commissure
前角
Anterior horn
前正中裂
Anterior median fissure
脊髓小脑前束
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
脊髓丘脑前束
Anterior spinothalamic tract
脑
Brain (或encephalon)
延髓脑桥沟
Bulbopontine sulcus
小脑中央核
Central nuclei of cerebellum
小脑皮质
Cerebellar cortex
小脑半球
Cerebellar hemispheres
小脑核
Cerebellar nuclei
小脑
Cerebellum
神经纤维
Nerve fibers
神经系统
Nervous system
神经原纤维
Neurofibril
神经胶质
Neuroglia
神经元
Neuron
尼氏体
Nissl body
神经核
Nucleus
假单极神经元
Pseudounipolar neuron
反射弧
Reflex arc
施万细胞
Schwann cell
动眼神经副核
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve
听结节
Acoustic tubercle
前叶
Anterior lobe
脊髓小脑前束
Anterior sebellum
中枢神经系统解剖(英文版)
Microtubule
Rough granular Endoplasmic reticulum
dendrite
Smooth granular Endoplasmic reticulum
Myelin sheath
Lipofuscin脂褐cell
Nervous system
and supported by a special variety of connective
tissue known as neuroglia.（神经胶质）
The neuron（神经元）
The neuron are independent structural unit of the nervous system and are functional specialized for reception, integration（整合）, and transmission of coded information（编码）.
Nervous system
Introduction
The elements of the nervous system
The nervous system composed of nervous tissue
that consists of billions of nerve cells (neurons)
Brain Cranial nerves Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Nervous system as a whole
Nervous system
Introduction
The nervous system possesses(拥有) particular importance in all organs and systems of human body. It modulates（调整）the different cells, tissues and organs, to complete certain activities or response（反射）
医学神经系统英语词汇
医学神经系统英语词汇医学神经系统英语词汇汇总神经系统是机体内对生理功能活动的调节起主导作用的系统，主要由神经组织组成，分为中枢神经系统和周围神经系统两大部分。
中枢神经系统又包括脑和脊髓，周围神经系统包括脑神经和脊神经。
以下是yjbys店铺整理的医学神经系统英语词汇汇总，希望对大家有所帮助。
Nervous System 神经系统[ˈnə:vəs ˈsɪstəm]peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统[pəˈrɪfərəl ˈnə:vəs ˈsɪstəm]neuron 神经元[ˈnʊrɑ:n]neuroglia 神经胶质[njʊ'rɒglɪr]nucleus 神经核[ˈnu:kliəs]tract 神经束[trækt]ganglion 神经节['ɡæŋɡlɪrn]nerve 中枢[nɜ:rv]spinal nerves 脊神经[ˈspaɪnəl nɜ:vs]cervical plexus 颈丛[ˈsɚvɪkəl ˈplɛksəs]phrenic nerve 膈神经[ˈfrɛnɪk nɚv]brachial plexus 臂丛[ˈbrekiəl ˈplɛksəs] longthoracic nerve 胸长神经[lɔŋθəˈræsɪk nɚv] thoracodorsal nerve 胸背神经axillary nerve 腋神经[ˈæksəˌlɛri nɚv] musculocutaneous nerve 肌皮神经[mʌskjʊloʊkʌ'teɪnɪrs nɚv] median nerve 正中神经[ˈmidiən nɚv]ulnar nerve 尺神经['ʌlnə nɚv]radial nerve 桡神经[ˈrediəl nɚv]thoracic nerves 胸神经[θəˈræsɪk nɚv]intercostal nerve 肋间神经[ˌɪntɚˈkɑstəl nɚv]lumbar plexus 腰丛[ˈlʌmbɚˈplɛksəs] lumbosacral trunk 腰骶干['lʌmboʊseɪkrəl trʌŋk]femoral nerve 股神经[ˈfɛmərəl nɚv]obturator nerve 闭孔神经[ˈɑbtəˌretɚ nɚv]sacral plexus 骶丛[ˈsekrəl ˈplɛksəs]sciatic nerve 坐骨神经[saɪˈætɪk nɚv]tibial nerve 胫神经['tɪbɪrl nɚv]common peroneal nerve 腓总神经[ˈkɑmən ˌpɛrəˈniəl nɚv] superficial peroneal nerve 腓浅神经[ˌsupɚˈfɪʃəl ˌpɛrəˈniəl nɚv] deepp eroneal nerve 腓深神经cranial nerves 脑神经[ˈkreniəl nɚv]olfactory nerve 嗅神经[ɑlˈfæktəri nɚv]optic nerve 视神经[ˈɑptɪk nɚv]oculomotor nerve 动眼神经[ˌɑkjəloˈmotɚ nɚv]。
解剖学英语词汇翻译(1)-英语行业-专业词汇-
解剖学英语词汇翻译（1）-英语行业-专业词汇- 解剖学英语词汇翻译，1，更多英语行业-专业词汇-请点击这里获得autonomic nervous system 植物性神经系统，自主神经系internal capsule 内囊?kidney 肾脏lingual n. 舌神经sacral plexus 骶丛sympathetic 交感的brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干brain 脑heartlumbar vertebra 腰椎?lung 肺?occipital lobe 枕叶patella 髌骨penis 阴茎peritoneum 腹膜reticular formation 网状结构sclera 巩膜stomach 胃superior colliculus 上丘thoracic vertebra 胸椎tibia 胫骨articular capsule 关节囊Blood vessel systemcarpus 腕骨?external ear 外耳?facial n. 面神经?hip bone 髋骨?inguinal ligament 腹股沟韧带? lateral ventricle 侧脑室? locus ceruleus 蓝斑?lymph node 淋巴结lymphatic system 淋巴系? nervous system 神经系统nucleus ambiguous 疑核orbita 眶pelvis 骨盆pons 脑桥spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束sternum 胸骨submandibular gland 下颌下腺substantia nigra 黑质anatomy 解剖学duodenum 十二指肠internal carotid a. 颈内动脉?intervertebral disc 椎间盘levator ani m. 肛提肌nucleus proprius cornu posterior 后角固有核occipital bone 枕骨palate 腭postcentral gyrus 中央后回pubic symphysis 耻骨联合pyramidal tract 锥体束sensory neuron 感觉神经元telencephalon 端脑aorta 主动脉biceps brachii m. 肱二头肌capillary 毛细血管?cardiac apex 心尖?frontal bone 额骨?ganglion 神经节interatrial septum 房间隔?lymphatic trunk 淋巴干?pleura 胸膜pubis 耻骨red nucleus 红核small intestine 小肠cartilage 软骨?dura mater 硬膜iliopsoas m.motor neuron 运动神经元pia mater 软脑膜posterior funiculus 后索talocrural (ankle) joint 距骨小腿(踝)关节thoracic duct 胸导管tibial n. 胫神经atrioventricular bundle 房室束atrium 心房axillary a. 腋动脉本文章由天长颐生园收集整理。
医学英语词汇神经系统
医学英语词汇神经系统The Neuroscience Vocabulary in Medical English.The vocabulary of neuroscience, a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the nervous system, is vast and diverse, encompassing terms related to anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and beyond. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, is responsible for coordinating and controlling all activities of the body. Understanding the terminology of neuroscience is crucial for medical professionals, researchers, and students alike, as it allows them to communicate effectively about the complexities of the human nervous system.Anatomical Terms:Cerebral Cortex: The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions like thinking, sensation, and movement.Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutritional support.Cranial Nerves: The twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain through the skull and innervate various parts of the head and neck.Spinal Cord: The long, tubular structure within the vertebral column that carries messages between the brain and the body.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and cranial nerves, connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.Physiological Terms:Neurotransmission: The process by which nerve cells communicate with each other through the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.Synapse: The junction between two nerve cells where neurotransmission occurs.Action Potential: The rapid change in electrical charge that occurs within a nerve cell when it is stimulated, resulting in the transmission of a nerve impulse.Reflex: An involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus, mediated by the nervous system.Pathological Terms:Neuropathy: Any disease or disorder affecting the nerves, resulting in pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.Stroke: A sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, causing brain cell death and potentially leading to long-term disability.Epilepsy: A chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.Dementia: A general term for a set of symptoms including memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with thinking and reasoning, often caused by diseases affecting the brain.Pharmacological Terms:Neurotransmitter: Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate with each other. Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.Neurotransmitter Receptor: Proteins on the surface of nerve cells that bind to neurotransmitters, triggering a response within the cell.Neuropharmacology: The study of how drugs affect the nervous system, particularly their interactions with neurotransmitters and receptors.Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent or treat epileptic seizures by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain.Imaging Modalities:Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A noninvasive imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and other body structures.Computed Tomography (CT): An X-ray imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images of the brain and other body parts, often used in emergency settings to rule out strokes or other acute neurological conditions.Positron Emission Tomography (PET): A type of imaging that measures the activity of specific brain areas by detecting the emission of positrons, radioactive particles released during certain biochemical processes.The neuroscience vocabulary is not only vast but also constantly evolving as research in this field continues to expand. Keeping up with the latest terminology and concepts is essential for anyone working in the field of neuroscience, whether they are clinicians, researchers, or students.。
解剖名词中英对照(神经系统部分)
Facial colliculus Fastigial nucleus Flocculonodular lobe Flocculus Forebrain Fourth ventricle Genu of facial nerve Gigantocellular reticular nucleus Globose nucleus Glomerulus Gracile nucleus Gracile tubercle Hindbrain Horizontal fissure Hypoglossal nucleus Hypoglossal triangle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Inferior colliculus Inferior medullary velum Inferior olivary nucleus Inferior salivatory nucleus Inferior vestibular nucleus Internal arcuate fibers Interpeduncular fossa Interposed nuclei Lateral apertures of fourth ventricle Lateral reticular nucleus Lateral vestibular nucleus Locus ceruleus Medial eminence Medial lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Medial vestibular nucleus Median aperture of fourth ventricle Median sulcus Medulla oblongata mesencephalic aqueduct Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve Mesencephalon Metencephalon Midbrain Middle cerebellar peduncle Molecular layer
医学系统解剖学考试英语单词
Aabdominal aorta腹主动脉abducent nerve展神经accesory nerve副神经adductor canal收肌管adipose capsule脂肪囊angle of mandible下颌角ankle joint踝关节ansa cervicalis颈袢anterior cervical triangle颈前三角anterior white commissure白质前连合aorta主动脉aortic isthmus主动脉峡appendicular artery阑尾动脉arachnoid mater蛛网膜arches of foot足弓arcuate line弓状线arterial ligament动脉韧带articulation关节ascending aorta升主动脉atlas寰椎atrioventricular bundle房室束atrioventricular node房室结atrioventricular oriface房室口auditory ossicles听小骨auditory tube咽鼓管auricle of heart心耳axillary artery腋动脉axillary fossa腋窝axillary sheath腋鞘axis枢椎azygos vein奇静脉Bbare area of liver肝裸区basilic vein贵要静脉biceps brachii肱二头肌bone骨bone marrow骨髓brachial artery肱动脉brachial plexus臂丛brachiocephalic trunk头臂干brain脑brain stem脑干broad ligament of uterus子宫阔韧带bronchus支气管Ccapsule of prostate前列腺囊cardiac apex心尖cardiac atrium心房cardiac plexus心丛cardiac ventricle心室carotid sheath颈动脉鞘carotid triangle颈动脉三角carpal bones腕骨carpal canal腕管carvenous sinus海绵窦cauda equina马尾caudate nucleus尾状核cecum盲肠celiac plexus腹腔丛celiac trunk腹腔干central canal中央管central sulcus中央沟cephalic vein头静脉cerebellum小脑cerebral cortex大脑皮质cerebral dura mater硬脑膜cerebral falx大脑镰cerebral peduncle大脑脚cerebrospinal fluid脑脊液cervical enlargement颈膨大cervical fascia颈筋膜cervical plexus颈丛cervical sympathetic trunk颈交感干cervical vertebrae颈椎chorda tympani鼓索choroid脉络膜choroid plexus脉络丛ciliary body睫状体circumflex branch旋支clavicle锁骨clavipectoral fascia锁胸筋膜coccyx尾骨cochlea耳蜗colon结肠common bile duct胆总管common carotid artery颈总动脉common peroneal nerve腓总神经compact bone骨密质conus medullaris脊髓圆锥confluence of sinuses窦汇conjoined tendon联合腱coronary artery冠状动脉coronary sinus冠状窦cornea角膜corpus callosum胼胝体corpus striatum纹状体cortex皮质corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束costal pleura肋胸膜costomediastinal recess肋纵膈隐窝cranial nerve脑神经cribriform fascia筛筋膜cubital fossa肘窝cuneate nucleus楔束核cupula of pleura胸膜顶cystic artery胆囊动脉cystic duct胆囊管Ddeep cubital lymph nodes肘深淋巴结deep inguinal ring腹股沟深环deltoid三角肌diaphragm膈diencephalo间脑digestive system消化系统dorsal thalamus背侧丘脑ductus deferens输精管duodenojejunal flexure十二指肠空肠曲duodenum十二指肠Eelbow joint肘关节endothoracic fascia胸内筋膜epididymis附睾esophageal hiatus食管裂孔esophagus 食管ethmoid bone筛骨external acoustic meatus外耳道external carotid artery颈外动脉external jugular vein颈外静脉extrapyramidal system锥体外系eyelids眼睑Ffacial artery面动脉facial nerve面神经fasciculus cuneatu楔束fasciculus gracilis薄束femoral artery股动脉femoral canal股管femoral nerve股神经femoral triangle股三角femur股骨fibula腓骨filum terminale终丝flexor retinaculum屈肌支持带frontal bone额骨frontal sinus额窦fontanelle囟foramen magnum of the occipital bone枕骨大孔fourth ventricle第四脑室Ggalea aponeurotica帽状腱膜gallbladder胆囊ganglion神经节gastrocolic ligament胃结肠韧带gastroepiploic artery胃网膜动脉glial cell胶质细胞glossorpharyngeal nerve舌咽神经gluteus maximus臀大肌gracile nucleus薄束核gray matter灰质great saphenous vein大隐静脉greater omentum大网膜greater splanchnic nerve内脏大神经greater supraclavicular fossa锁骨上大窝Hhepatic duct肝管hepatic pedicle肝蒂hepatic portal vein肝门静脉hepatoduodenal ligament肝十二指肠韧带hepatopancreatic ampulla肝胰壶腹hilum of lung肺门hip bone髋骨hip joint髋关节humeromuscular tunnel肱骨肌管humerus肱骨hypoglossal nerve舌下神经hypophysial fossa垂体窝hypophysis脑垂体hypothalamus下后脑Iileum回肠ilium髂骨iliohypogastric nerve髂腹下神经ilioinguinal nerve髂腹股沟神经inferior epigastric artery腹壁下动脉inferior olivary nucleus下橄榄核inferior sagital sinus下矢状窦infraorbital nerve眶下神经inguinal canal腹股沟管inguinal ligament腹股沟韧带inguinal lymph nodes腹股沟淋巴结inguinal triangle (Hesselbach三角)腹股沟三角interatrial septum房间隔intercostal artery肋间动脉intercostal lymph nodes肋间淋巴结intercostal nerve肋间神经intercostal space肋间隙internal capsule内囊internal iliac artery髂内动脉internal thoracic artery胸廓内动脉interventricular branch室间支interventricular foramen室间孔iris虹膜ischiorectal fossa坐骨直肠窝ischium坐骨Jjejunum空肠Kkidney肾knee joint膝关节Llabyrinth迷路lacrimal gland泪腺lacuna musculorum肌腔隙lacuna vasorum血管腔隙lacunar ligament腔隙(隐窝)韧带large intestine大肠laryngeal prominence喉结larynx喉lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体lateral lemniscus外侧丘系lateral thoracic artery胸外侧动脉lateral ventricle侧脑室lens晶状体lesser omentum小网膜levator ani肛提肌lienal artery脾动脉lienorenal ligament脾肾韧带ligament韧带linea alba白线liver肝long bone长骨lumbar vertebrae腰椎lumbocostal triangle腰肋三角lumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大lung肺lymph nodes淋巴结lymphatic vessel淋巴管Mmalleolar canal踝管mamma乳房mandible下颌骨maxilla上颌骨maxillary sinus上颌窦medial geniculate body内侧膝状体medial lemniscus内侧丘系median cubital vein肘正中静脉median nerve正中神经mediastinum纵隔medulla髓质medulla oblongata延髓mental nerve颏神经mesencephalic aqueduct中脑水管mesentery肠系膜metacarpal bones掌骨midbrain中脑middle mediastinum中纵隔middle meningeal artery脑膜中动脉midpalmar space掌中间隙mitral valve二尖瓣muscle肌musculocutaneous nerve肌皮神经Nnasal cavity鼻腔nerve system神经系统neural pathway神经通路neurohypophysis神经垂体nose鼻nucleus神经核nucleus of solitary tract孤束核nucleus proprius后角固有核Ooblique sinus of pericardium心包斜窦obliquus externus abdominis腹外斜肌obturator nerve闭孔神经occipital bone枕骨occipital triangle枕三角oculomotor nerve动眼神经olfactory nerve嗅神经omental bursa网膜囊omental foramen网膜孔optic disc视神经盘optic nerve视神经oral cavity口腔orbit眶ovarian artery卵巢动脉ovary卵巢Ppalmar aponeurosis掌腱膜pancreas胰papillary muscle乳头肌paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦parasternal lymph nodes胸骨旁淋巴结parathyroid gland甲状旁腺parietal bone顶骨parietal pleura壁胸膜parotid gland腮腺patella ligament髌韧带pectoralis major胸大肌pelvic plexus盆丛penis阴茎pericardial cavity心包腔pericardium心包perineal central tendon会阴中心腱perineum会阴periosteum骨膜peritoneal cavity腹膜腔peritoneum腹膜phalanges of fingers指骨pharynx咽phrenic nerve膈神经pia mate软膜pineal body松果体plearal recess胸膜隐窝pleua胸膜pleural cavity胸膜腔pons脑桥popliteal fossa腘窝posterior horn后角posterior humeral circumflex artery旋肱后动脉posterior intercostal arteries肋间后动脉postganglionic neuron节后神经元precentral gyrus中央前回preganglionic neuron节前神经元pronator teres旋前园肌prostate前列腺pterion翼点pterygopalatine ganglion翼腭神经节pubis耻骨pudendal canal (Alcock管)阴部管pulmonary artery肺动脉pulmonary ligament肺韧带pulp space指髓间隙pupil瞳孔pyramidal decussation锥体交叉pyramidal system锥体系Qquadriceps femori s股四头肌quadrilateral foramen四边孔Rradial artery桡动脉radial nerve桡神经radius桡骨radix of mesentery肠系膜根rectouterine pouch直肠子宫陷凹rectum直肠recurrent laryngeal nerve喉返神经red nucleus红核renal calices肾盏renal fascia肾筋膜renal pedicle肾蒂renal pelvis肾盂respiratory organs呼吸器reticular formation网状结构retina视网膜retroperitoneal space腹膜后隙retropharyngeal lymph nodes咽后淋巴结retropubic space耻骨后隙retrorectal space直肠后隙rhomboid fossa菱形窝ribs肋Ssacrum骶骨salivary glands唾液腺saphenous hiatus隐静脉裂孔scapula肩胛骨sciatic nerve坐骨神经sclera巩膜scrotum阴囊semicircular ducts半规管seminal vesicle精囊腺serratus anterior前锯肌sheath of rectus abdominis腹直肌鞘short gastric artery胃短动脉shoulder joint肩关节sigmoid arteries乙状结肠动脉sigmoid colon乙状结肠sinuatrial node窦房结sinuses of dura mater硬脑膜窦skull颅small intestine小肠spermatic cord精索sphenoid bone蝶骨sphenoidal sinus蝶窦sphincter ani externus肛门外括约肌spinal cord脊髓spinal nerves脊神经spinothalamic tract脊髓丘脑束spleen脾spongy bone骨松质sternal angle胸骨角sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌sternum胸骨stomach 胃subarachnoid space蛛网膜下隙subclavian artery锁骨下动脉submandibular lymph nodes下颌下淋巴结substantia gelationsa胶状质substantia nigra黑质superficial inguinal ring腹股沟浅环superficial palmar arch掌浅弓superficial perineal space会阴浅隙superficial temporal artery颞浅动脉superior cervical ganglion颈上神经节superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm盆膈上筋膜superior laryngeal nerve喉上神经superior lumbar triangle腰上三角superior mediastinum上纵隔superior mesenteric vein肠系膜上静脉superior sagital sinus上矢状窦superior thyroid artery甲状腺上动脉superior vena cava上腔静脉supraorbital nerve眶上神经suprarenal gland肾上腺suspensory ligament of duodenum十二指肠悬韧带suture缝sympathetic trunk交感干synapse突触Ttarsal bones跗骨teeth牙telencephalon端脑temporal bone颞骨temporal fascia颞筋膜tendinous sheaths of finger指腱鞘tendon腱tentorium of cerebellum小脑幕testicle睾丸testicular artery睾丸动脉testicular vein睾丸静脉thenar space鱼际间隙third ventricle第三脑室thoracic cage胸廓thoracic cavity胸腔thoracic duct胸导管thoracic vertebrae胸椎thoracolumbar fascia胸腰筋膜thymus胸腺thyroid gland甲状腺tibia胫骨tibial nerve胫神经tongue舌trachea气管transverse colon横结构transverse fascia腹横筋膜transverse sinus of pericardium心包横窦trapezius斜方肌triangle of ductus arteriosus动脉导管三角triceps brachii肱三头肌tricuspid valve三尖瓣trigeminal ganglion三叉神经节trigeminal nerve三叉神经trilateral foramen三边孔trochlear nerve滑车神经tympanic cavity鼓室tympanic membrane鼓膜Uulna尺骨ulnar nerve尺神经ureter输尿管urethra尿道urinary bladder膀胱urogenital diaphragm尿生殖膈uterine artery子宫动脉uterine tube输卵管uterus子宫Vvagina阴道vagus nerve迷走神经vermiform appendix阑尾vena caval foramen腔静脉孔vertebrae椎骨vertebral artery椎动脉vertebral canal椎管vertebral column脊柱vertebral foramen椎孔vestibule前庭vestibulocochlear nerve前庭蜗神经visceral pleura脏胸膜visual organ视器Wwhite matter白质wrist joint腕关节Xxiphoid process剑突。
解剖名词中英对照(神经系统部分)
正中沟
Median sulcus
延髓
Medulla oblongata
中脑水管
mesencephalic aqueduct
三叉神经中脑核
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
中脑
Mesencephalon
脊髓小脑
Spinocerebellum
脊髓丘脑束
Spinothalamic tract
髓纹
Strae medullares
黑质
Substantia nigra
界沟
Sulcus limitans
小脑上脚
Superior cerebellar peduncle
上丘
Superior colliculus
上髓帆
骶副交感核
Sacral parasympathetic nucleus
脊髓
Spinal cord
胶状质
Substantia gelatinosa
顶盖脊髓束
Tectospinal tract
前庭脊髓束
Vestibulospinal tract
脑
展神经核
Abducent nucleus
副神经核
Accessory nucleus
感觉神经元
Sensory neuron
躯体神经
Somatic nerve
突触
Synapse
突触间隙
Synapse cleft
终扣
Terminal bouton
内脏神经
Visceral nerve
白质
神经内科常用英语
神经内科常用英语摘要神经内科是一门研究神经系统结构、功能和疾病的医学专业，涉及到大脑、脊髓、周围神经和肌肉等部位。
神经内科医生需要掌握一定的英语知识，以便与国际同行交流，阅读最新的文献，参与国际会议，以及与外国患者沟通。
本文旨在介绍神经内科常用的英语词汇、短语和句型，包括以下几个方面：神经系统的解剖结构和功能神经系统的检查方法和仪器神经系统的常见疾病和诊断神经系统的治疗方法和药物神经内科医生与患者的对话示例神经系统的解剖结构和功能神经系统（nervous system）是机体内对生理功能活动的调节起主导作用的系统，主要由神经组织组成，分为中枢神经系统（central nervous system, CNS）和周围神经系统（peripheral nervous system, PNS）两大部分。
中枢神经系统又包括脑（brain）和脊髓（spinal cord），是神经活动的中枢和指挥部。
脑又分为大脑（cerebrum），小脑（cerebellum）和脑干（brainstem）。
大脑是最高级的神经中枢，负责思维、记忆、情感、意识、语言等高级功能。
小脑是协调运动和维持平衡的重要结构。
脑干连接大脑和脊髓，控制呼吸、心跳、血压等基本生命活动。
周围神经系统包括颅神经（cranial nerves）和脊神经（spinal nerves），是中枢神经系统与身体其他部分的联系纽带。
颅神经共有12对，主要分布在头颈部，传递视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉等特殊感觉，以及面部表情、咀嚼、吞咽等运动。
脊神经共有31对，从脊髓出发，分布在胸、腹、盆腔和四肢等部位，传递皮肤、肌肉、关节等一般感觉，以及四肢和躯干等运动。
下表列出了一些常见的神经系统解剖结构及其英文名称和缩写：中文英文缩写神经元neuron轴突axon树突dendrite突触synapse神经胶质细胞glial cell胼胝体corpus callosum CC大脑半球cerebral hemisphere额叶frontal lobe FL顶叶parietal lobe PL颞叶temporal lobe TL枕叶occipital lobe OL岛叶insular lobe IL皮质cortex基底神经节basal ganglia BG海马hippocampus中文英文缩写杏仁核amygdala丘脑thalamus下丘脑hypothalamus HT脑桥pons延髓medulla oblongata MO脑膜meninges脑室ventricle脊髓spinal cord SC颅神经cranial nerve CN脊神经spinal nerve SN神经系统的检查方法和仪器神经系统的检查方法主要分为两类：一类是神经功能检查（neurological examination），即通过观察和测试患者的神经系统各个方面的表现，来评估其神经功能的正常与否。
人体解剖学英文单词（系解）
人体解剖学英语单词运动系统(1) anatomy解剖学locomotor system运动系统skeleton骨骼joint关节ligament韧带(2) vertebrae椎骨sacrum骶骨sternal angle胸骨角rib肋thorax胸廓(3) skull颅facial bones面颅骨cranial bones脑颅骨frontal bone额骨temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节(4) scapula肩胛骨humerus 肱骨shoulder joint肩关节elbow joint肘关节radiocarpal joint桡腕关节(5) hip bone髋关节femur股骨tibia胫骨fibula腓骨knee joint膝关节(6) muscle肌tendon肌腱sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌trapezius 斜方肌pectoralis major胸大肌(7) diaphragm膈rectus abdominis腹直肌deltoid三角肌gluteus maximus臀大肌quadriceps femoris股四头肌消化系统(1) alimentary system消化系统oral cavity口腔tongue舌pharynx咽esophagus食管(2) stomach胃small intestine小肠rectum直肠liver肝pancreas胰呼吸系统respiratory system 呼吸系统larynx喉pharynx咽bronchus支气管trachea 气管lung 肺泌尿系统urinary system 泌尿系统kidney 肾ureter 输尿管urinary bladder 膀胱urethra 尿道生殖系统genital system 生殖系统testis 睾丸prostate 前列腺ovary 卵巢uterus子宫脉管系统(1) cardiovascular system心血管系统atrium房ventricle 心室mitral valve 僧帽瓣coronary artery冠状动脉(2) pulmonary a. 肺动脉aorta 主动脉common carotid a.颈总动脉celiac trunk 腹腔支common iliac a.髂总动脉(3) superior vena cava 上腔静脉hepatic portal v. 颞极lymphatic system 淋巴系统thoracic duct 胸导管spleen 脾视器cornea 角膜iris 虹膜retina 视网膜lens 晶状体conjunctiva 结膜vestibulocochlear organ 前庭蜗器auricle 耳廓external acoustic meatus 外耳道tympanic cavity 鼓室labyrinth 迷路神经系统(1) nucleus 神经核ganglion 神经节olfactory nerve 嗅神经optic nerve 视神经oculomotor nerve 动眼神经(2) trochlear nerve 滑车神经trigeminal nerve 三叉神经abducent nerve 展神经vagus nerve 迷走神经hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经(3) phrenic n. 膈神经brachial plexus 臂丛sciatic n. 坐骨神经sympathetic trunk 交感干parasympathetic n. 副交感神经脊髓spinal cord 脊髓conus medullaris 脊髓圆锥cervical enlargement 颈膨大lumbosacral enlargement 腰骶膨大cauda equine 马尾脑干(1) brain stem 脑干medulla oblongata 延髓pons 脑桥midbrain 中脑rhomboid fossa 菱形窝(2) nucleus ambiguus 疑核solitary tract 孤束nucleus gracilis 薄束核medial lemniscus 内侧丘系substantia nigra 黑痣间脑、小脑cerebellum 小脑diencephalon 间脑thalamus 丘脑hypothalamus 下丘脑lateral geniculate body 外侧膝状体端脑telencephalon 端脑cerebral hemisphere 小脑半球insula 岛叶corpus striatum 纹状体internal capsule 内囊传导路pyramidal system 锥体系corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束optic radiation视辐射corticonuclear tract 皮质核束spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束脑脊膜、脑血管、脑脊液dura mater硬膜arachnoid mater蛛网膜pia mater软膜cavernous sinus海绵窦cerebral spinal fluid脑脊液。
人体解剖英语词汇大全探索人体奥秘
人体解剖英语词汇大全探索人体奥秘人体是一个复杂而神奇的机器，了解人体的结构和功能对我们理解人类生命的奥秘至关重要。
而学习人体解剖的过程中，掌握相关的英语词汇更能帮助我们在国际交流和研究中更加顺利地进行。
本文将为大家提供一个涵盖人体解剖英语词汇的大全，同时展开关于人体解剖的一些基础知识。
一、骨骼系统（Skeletal System）1. 骨骼（skeleton）- 人体支撑结构的框架，包括骨头和关节。
2. 骨头（bone）- 由骨骼组成的坚硬结构，提供支持和保护内脏。
3. 关节（joint）- 两个或多个骨头相连的地方，使得骨骼可以运动。
4. 骨骼肌（skeletal muscle）- 与骨骼相连的肌肉组织，帮助控制骨骼运动。
二、肌肉系统（Muscular System）1. 肌肉（muscle）- 由肌纤维组成的组织，能够收缩和放松，控制人体的运动。
2. 平滑肌（smooth muscle）- 水平纹理的肌纤维构成的肌肉，存在于内脏和血管等部位。
3. 心肌（cardiac muscle）- 心脏中特有的肌肉组织，具有自主收缩和导电性能。
4. 横纹肌（striated muscle）- 具有横纹纹理的肌肉，包括骨骼肌和心肌。
三、呼吸系统（Respiratory System）1. 呼吸（respiration）- 人体吸入氧气，排出二氧化碳的过程。
2. 气管（trachea）- 连接喉部和支气管的管道。
3. 支气管（bronchus）- 气管分支而成，将空气输送到肺部。
4. 肺（lung）- 呼吸系统的关键器官，用来进行气体交换。
四、循环系统（Circulatory System）1. 心脏（heart）- 位于胸腔中的肌肉器官，泵血循环。
2. 动脉（artery）- 将氧气和营养物质输送到全身组织的血管。
3. 静脉（vein）- 将含有二氧化碳和废物的血液输送回心脏的血管。
4. 血液（blood）- 循环系统中的液体，携带氧气和营养物质。
神经系统（解剖）—英语复习整理
神经系统（解剖）—英语复习整理神经系统（解剖）整理一、名解1.Circle of Willis（Circulus Arteriosus）*Is formed by the posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries.(由前交通动脉、大脑前动脉、颈内动脉末端、后交通动脉和大脑后动脉吻合而成）*Forms an important means of collateral circulation in the event of obstruction. (如若颈内动脉阻塞，则会建立侧支循环）2.Cavernous sinus（海绵窦）*Surrounds the sella turicica and the body of the sphenoid bone.（位于蝶鞍点和蝶骨体周围）*Contains, within the sinus, the internal carotid artery, its periarterial plexus, and the abducent nerve (CN VI)(窦内有颈内动脉、周围动脉从和展神经通过）*Contains, within the lateral wall of the sinus, the oculomotor nerve(CN III), the trochlear nerve(CN IV), the ophthalmic nerve(CN V-1) and the maxillary branches(CN V-2) of the trigeminal nerve(CN V).(窦外侧壁自上而下有动眼神经、滑车神经、眼神经和上颌神经通过）*Receives blood from the superior and the inferior ophthalmic veins of the orbit. (静脉血供与上、下眶的眼静脉吻合）*related disease：cavernous sinus thrombosis and thousand-year-eye(相关疾病：海绵窦血栓与“千年眼”）3.Cranial epidural space（硬膜外间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the bones of the cranial vault. (位于硬脑膜和颅穹隆骨之间的潜在裂隙）*Contains the meningeal arteries and veins(内含脑膜中动脉及其静脉）*Epidural hemorrhage (hematoma)Typically result from the rupture of the middle meningeal artery that lies between the dura mater and the inner table of the skull.(出血：位于颅骨和硬膜之间的脑膜中动脉破裂）4.Subdural space（硬膜下间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid.(位于硬脑膜和蛛网膜之间的潜在裂隙）*Subdural hemorrhage (hematoma)Results from rupture of the superior cerebral veins, the “bridging”veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus.(出血：由于大脑上静脉【进入上矢状窦的桥静脉】破裂引起）5.Subatachnoid space（蛛网膜下隙）*Located between the pia mater and the arachnoid.(位于软脑膜和蛛网膜之间）*Contains CSF.(内含脑脊液）*Subarachnoid hemorrhageDue to rupture of cerebral arteries and veins that cross the subarachnoid space，the circle of Willis.(出血：由于穿过蛛网膜下隙的一些脑动静脉破裂引起，一般是Willis环)6.Cervical enlargement (颈膨大)*From C5-T1(由第5颈节到第1胸节)*The source of brachial plexus(臂丛的来源)7.Lumbosacral enlargement（腰骶膨大）*From L1-S3（由第1腰节到第3骶节）*The source of lumbar plexus and sacral plexus（腰丛和骶丛的来源）8.Conus medullaris（脊髓圆锥）*The tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.（脊髓在腰膨大前的圆锥形的一部分）*Below the S2 or S3（在骶2或3以下）9.Cauda equina（马尾）*The spinal nerve root at the lumbar part, sacral part and tail part.（是腰、骶、尾部的脊神经根）*Is located in the intervertebral foramina.（在椎管里面）*Usually founded from L2-S5.（一般位于腰2到骶5段）10.Brain stem（脑干）*A small part located between the spinal cord and diencephalon.（是位于脊髓和间脑之间的较小部分）*Consist of medulla, pons and midbrain, from inferior to superior part.（自下而上由延髓、脑桥和中脑3部分组成）11.Decussation of pyramid（锥体交叉）*Located at the spinomedullary junction.（位于延髓和脊髓的交界处）*Consists of crossing corticospinal fibers.（由皮质脊髓束的大部分纤维交叉而形成）12.Trapezoid body（斜方体）*Formed by decussating fibers of the ventral cochlear nuclei.（由腹侧的蜗核发出的交叉纤维组成）*Contains the acoustic striae, medial lemnisci, exiting abducent (CN VI) fibers, and aberrant corticobulbar fibers.（包括听纹、内测丘系、传出的展神经纤维和传出的皮质延髓纤维）13.Medial lemniscus（内侧丘系）*Consists of the arcuate fibers from gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. （由薄束核和楔束核发出的弓状纤维组成）*Mediates contralateral posterior column modalities to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.（传导对侧躯干以及上下肢的意识性本体感觉和精细触觉于背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核）14.Decussation of the medial lemniscus（内侧丘系交叉）*Formed by decussating internal arcuate fibers.（由内侧交叉的弓状纤维组成）*Decussating location:Between the midline and inferior olivary nucleus—medulla The ventral edge of tegmentum—ponsThe lateral side of red nucleus—midbrain（交叉位置：在延髓，位于中线和下橄榄核之间；在脑桥，位于被盖腹侧边缘；在中脑，移行于红核的外侧。
神经的英语知识点总结
神经的英语知识点总结The nervous system is a complex and intricate network of cells, tissues, and organs that allow the body to communicate and coordinate its actions. It is responsible for receiving and transmitting information, controlling movement, regulating bodily functions, and mediating the body's response to external and internal stimuli.Structure of the Nervous SystemThe nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).Central Nervous System (CNS)The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the command center of the nervous system and is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information, initiating movements, and regulating bodily functions. The spinal cord serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body and is involved in controlling reflexes.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)The PNS consists of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. It is further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the CNS.- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which have opposing effects on the body's physiological responses.NeuronsNeurons are the functional units of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that are capable of receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical and chemical signals. Neurons have a unique structure that allows them to carry out these functions.- Cell Body: The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's metabolic activities.- Dendrites: Dendrites are short, branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.- Axon: The axon is a long, single extension that carries signals away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Some axons are covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which insulates the axon and facilitates the rapid transmission of signals.- Synapse: The synapse is the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another.Types of NeuronsThere are three main types of neurons, each with specific functions:- Sensory Neurons: Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS. They have specialized receptor cells that detect stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.- Motor Neurons: Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands, initiating movement and regulating bodily functions.- Interneurons: Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS and are involved in processing and integrating information.NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons and other cells. They are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a response. There are many different types of neurotransmitters, each with specific functions and effects on the body.Examples of neurotransmitters include:- Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is involved in the transmission of signals across neuromuscular junctions and is also found in the autonomic nervous system.- Dopamine: Dopamine is associated with motivation, reward, and movement control.- Serotonin: Serotonin is involved in mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety, stress, and neuronal excitability.NeuroplasticityNeuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to adapt and reorganize in response to experience, injury, or disease. It is a fundamental property of the brain and underlies learning, memory, and recovery from brain injuries.Types of NeuroplasticityThere are two main types of neuroplasticity:- Synaptic Plasticity: Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken in response to activity. This process underlies learning and memory formation.- Structural Plasticity: Structural plasticity involves changes in the structure of neurons and their connections, such as the growth of new dendrites or the formation of new synapses. It plays a crucial role in recovery from brain injuries and in the maintenance of brain function.Neuroplasticity and LearningNeuroplasticity is essential for learning and memory formation. When we learn new information or skills, the connections between neurons are strengthened, leading to changes in brain structure and function. This process allows the brain to adapt to new experiences and to store and retrieve information.Neuroplasticity and Brain RepairNeuroplasticity also plays a critical role in the brain's ability to repair and reorganize itself following injury or disease. After a stroke or traumatic brain injury, for example, the brain can undergo structural and functional changes that enable the recovery of lost functions. This process can be enhanced through rehabilitation and targeted therapy.Factors Affecting NeuroplasticitySeveral factors can influence the extent and effectiveness of neuroplasticity, including:- Age: Neuroplasticity is most pronounced in the developing brain but continues throughout life to a certain extent. Younger brains are generally more malleable and responsive to change.- Experience: Experience and environmental enrichment can promote neuroplasticity by stimulating the formation of new connections and the growth of neurons.- Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Hormones and neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating neuroplasticity, influencing the strength and stability of synaptic connections. Disorders Affecting the Nervous SystemThe nervous system can be affected by a wide range of disorders that impair its function and can have far-reaching effects on the body. Some common disorders include:- Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons, leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and loss of muscle function.- Stroke: A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, resulting in damage to brain tissue and loss of function. Strokes can cause paralysis, speech and language difficulties, and cognitive impairments.- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing damage to the myelin sheath and impairing the transmission of signalsbetween neurons. Symptoms of MS can vary widely and may include muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and cognitive deficits.- Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary in severity and may involve loss of consciousness, convulsions, or abnormal sensations.Treatment and Management of Nervous System DisordersThe treatment and management of nervous system disorders depend on the specific condition and its underlying causes. Strategies may include:- Medications: Many nervous system disorders can be managed with medications that target symptoms or underlying disease processes. For example, antiepileptic drugs can help control seizures in epilepsy, while dopamine replacement therapies are used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease.- Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation programs, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, can help individuals regain lost function and improve their quality of life following a neurological injury or illness.- Surgical Interventions: In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to address structural abnormalities or to relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord. Examples include brain surgery for the removal of tumors and spinal fusion surgeries for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.- Lifestyle Modifications: Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management can play a crucial role in supporting overall brain health and reducing the risk of certain neurological disorders.ConclusionThe nervous system is a remarkable and complex system that plays a vital role in every aspect of human functioning. Understanding its structure and function is essential for appreciating the intricate mechanisms that underlie our thoughts, emotions, movements, and bodily functions. By studying the nervous system, we can gain insights into the nature of consciousness, perception, and the fundamental mechanisms that govern our existence. Continued research and advancements in the field of neuroscience hold the promise of improving our understanding of the nervous system and developing new treatments for neurological disorders.。
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神经系统（解剖）整理一、名解1.Circle of Willis（Circulus Arteriosus）*Is formed by the posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries.(由前交通动脉、大脑前动脉、颈内动脉末端、后交通动脉和大脑后动脉吻合而成）*Forms an important means of collateral circulation in the event of obstruction. (如若颈内动脉阻塞，则会建立侧支循环）2.Cavernous sinus（海绵窦）*Surrounds the sella turicica and the body of the sphenoid bone.（位于蝶鞍点和蝶骨体周围）*Contains, within the sinus, the internal carotid artery, its periarterial plexus, and the abducent nerve (CN VI)(窦内有颈内动脉、周围动脉从和展神经通过）*Contains, within the lateral wall of the sinus, the oculomotor nerve(CN III), the trochlear nerve(CN IV), the ophthalmic nerve(CN V-1) and the maxillary branches(CN V-2) of the trigeminal nerve(CN V).(窦外侧壁自上而下有动眼神经、滑车神经、眼神经和上颌神经通过）*Receives blood from the superior and the inferior ophthalmic veins of the orbit. (静脉血供与上、下眶的眼静脉吻合）*related disease：cavernous sinus thrombosis and thousand-year-eye(相关疾病：海绵窦血栓与“千年眼”）3.Cranial epidural space（硬膜外间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the bones of the cranial vault. (位于硬脑膜和颅穹隆骨之间的潜在裂隙）*Contains the meningeal arteries and veins(内含脑膜中动脉及其静脉）*Epidural hemorrhage (hematoma)Typically result from the rupture of the middle meningeal artery that lies between the dura mater and the inner table of the skull.(出血：位于颅骨和硬膜之间的脑膜中动脉破裂）4.Subdural space（硬膜下间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid.(位于硬脑膜和蛛网膜之间的潜在裂隙）*Subdural hemorrhage (hematoma)Results from rupture of the superior cerebral veins, the “bridging”veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus.(出血：由于大脑上静脉【进入上矢状窦的桥静脉】破裂引起）5.Subatachnoid space（蛛网膜下隙）*Located between the pia mater and the arachnoid.(位于软脑膜和蛛网膜之间）*Contains CSF.(内含脑脊液）*Subarachnoid hemorrhageDue to rupture of cerebral arteries and veins that cross the subarachnoid space，the circle of Willis.(出血：由于穿过蛛网膜下隙的一些脑动静脉破裂引起，一般是Willis环)6.Cervical enlargement (颈膨大)*From C5-T1(由第5颈节到第1胸节)*The source of brachial plexus(臂丛的来源)7.Lumbosacral enlargement（腰骶膨大）*From L1-S3（由第1腰节到第3骶节）*The source of lumbar plexus and sacral plexus（腰丛和骶丛的来源）8.Conus medullaris（脊髓圆锥）*The tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.（脊髓在腰膨大前的圆锥形的一部分）*Below the S2 or S3（在骶2或3以下）9.Cauda equina（马尾）*The spinal nerve root at the lumbar part, sacral part and tail part.（是腰、骶、尾部的脊神经根）*Is located in the intervertebral foramina.（在椎管里面）*Usually founded from L2-S5.（一般位于腰2到骶5段）10.Brain stem（脑干）*A small part located between the spinal cord and diencephalon.（是位于脊髓和间脑之间的较小部分）*Consist of medulla, pons and midbrain, from inferior to superior part.（自下而上由延髓、脑桥和中脑3部分组成）11.Decussation of pyramid（锥体交叉）*Located at the spinomedullary junction.（位于延髓和脊髓的交界处）*Consists of crossing corticospinal fibers.（由皮质脊髓束的大部分纤维交叉而形成）12.Trapezoid body（斜方体）*Formed by decussating fibers of the ventral cochlear nuclei.（由腹侧的蜗核发出的交叉纤维组成）*Contains the acoustic striae, medial lemnisci, exiting abducent (CN VI) fibers, and aberrant corticobulbar fibers.（包括听纹、内测丘系、传出的展神经纤维和传出的皮质延髓纤维）13.Medial lemniscus（内侧丘系）*Consists of the arcuate fibers from gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. （由薄束核和楔束核发出的弓状纤维组成）*Mediates contralateral posterior column modalities to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.（传导对侧躯干以及上下肢的意识性本体感觉和精细触觉于背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核）14.Decussation of the medial lemniscus（内侧丘系交叉）*Formed by decussating internal arcuate fibers.（由内侧交叉的弓状纤维组成）*Decussating location:Between the midline and inferior olivary nucleus—medullaThe ventral edge of tegmentum—ponsThe lateral side of red nucleus—midbrain（交叉位置：在延髓，位于中线和下橄榄核之间；在脑桥，位于被盖腹侧边缘；在中脑，移行于红核的外侧。
）*Conveys posterior column modalities to the ventral posterolateral nucleus. （传导后柱的深感觉至腹后外侧核）15.Spinal lemniscus（脊髓丘系）*Contains the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts and the spinotectal tract.（包含脊髓丘脑前束和脊髓丘脑侧束和脊髓顶盖束）*Conveys the sense of pain, temperature and touch from contralateral trunk and the upper and lower limbs.（传导对侧躯干以及上下肢的温觉、痛觉和粗略触觉）16.Pyramids（锥体）*Constitute the base of the medulla.（由延髓的基底部构成）*Contain uncrossed corticospinal fibers.（包括不交叉的皮质脊髓纤维）17.Trigeminal lemniscus（三叉丘系）*Consists of fibers from the pontine trigeminal nucleus and The spinal trigeminal nucleus which cross to the contralateral side.（由三叉神经脑桥核和三叉神经脊束核发出的纤维交叉至对侧而组成）*Conveys the sense of pain, temperature and touch from facial part, teeth, oral cavity and nasal cavity.（传导头面部、牙和口、鼻腔的痛温觉和触觉）18.Tonsil of cerebellum（小脑扁桃体）*The most medial area of the inferior surface of the cerebellum sits just above the foramen magnum.（位于小脑下表面最内侧，枕骨大孔上方）*In the event of an acute rise in intracranial pressure, it is pushed into the foramen magnum, the resulting pressure on the medulla compromises the respiratory center and may result in death.（颅内压增高，可嵌入枕骨大孔，压迫延髓导致呼吸中枢受累，危及生命）19.Cerebrocerebellum（大脑小脑）*Located at the lateral part of hemisphere.（位于半球的外侧部）*Afferent source—the cerebral cortex Efferent site—the motor cortex（主要传入来源：大脑皮质广泛部位；主要传出目标：运动皮质）*Related nuclei—the dentate nucleus（有关小脑核团：齿状核）*Functions: Regulate the beginning, planning and coordinating of fine motor, including the strength, directions and range of motor, which will lead to dyataxia resulting from pathology.（功能：影响大脑对精细运动的起始、计划与协调，包括确定运动的力量、方向以及范围，小脑病变会引起共济失调）20.Pineal body（松果体）*An endocrine glands producing melatonin, which can suppress the gonad and regulate the biological clock.（为内分泌腺，可以产生褪黑激素，具有抑制性腺和调节生物钟的功能）*Located at the epithalamus.（位于上丘脑）21.Basal nuclei（基底核）*Consists of subcortical nuclei（gray matter） within the cerebral hemispheres （位于大脑半球的深面，包藏在皮质下核【即灰质】中）*Connected with the cerebral cortex, brain stem and thalamus.（与大脑皮层、脑干和丘脑相连）*Contains four main components—caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala.（包括四个主要部分：尾状核、壳、苍白球、杏仁体）22.Caudate nucleus（尾状核）*C-shaped, part of the striatum, together with the putamen.（“C“型，与壳共同组成纹状体，是纹状体的一部分）*Can be divided into head, body and tail, 3 parts, surrounding the lentiform nucleus and dorsal thalamus.（分为头、体、尾三部分，围绕豆状核和背侧丘脑）23.Lentiform nucleus（豆状核）*Consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus.（由壳和苍白球组成）*Located at the lateral side of caudate nucleus and dorsal thalamus, the deep site of insula. Triangle-shaped can be found on the horizontal section.（位于尾状核和背侧丘脑的外侧，岛叶的深部，水平切面呈三角形）24.Corpus striatum（纹状体）*Part of the basic nuclei.（基底核的一部分）*Consists of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.（由豆状核和尾状核组成）*Neostriatum—consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which are similarin structure and connections and have a common embryologic origin.（新纹状体由尾状核和壳组成，二者的胚胎起源类似，位于海马旁回沟）*Paleostriatum—consists of the globus pallidus（苍白球较为古老，称旧纹状体）25.Pupillary light reflexes（瞳孔对光反射）*Result when light shined into one eye causes both pupils to constrict.（光照一侧眼的瞳孔，可引起两眼瞳孔缩小的反射，称瞳孔对光反射。