美国文学小组论文Writing Technique Analysis of Mark Twain

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美国文学答案(自用版)

Literary terms1. Transcendentalism: 超验主义1. Flourished from about 1836 to 1860. It stood in reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment, and as a revolt against the cultural dominion of England.2. General features(1)Emphasis on the significance of imagination, spirit and individualism, exploring the innermost being of man(2)Opposition against neoclassical conception of formality and order(3)Divinity of man and nature, perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God(4)Goes further into nature to acquire truth and knowledge than Romanticism3. Major figures of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.2. American naturalism：1. Flourished between1880 to 1940. It was a term created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin‟s evolutionary theory and French naturalism played an important role in American naturalism.2. General features:(1)A view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment(2)Scientific accuracy and lots of factual details(3)Extreme objectivity and frankness(4)Tone: ugly side of the society, gloom, hopelessness, despair3. Major figures of naturalism: Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.3.The lost generation:1. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.”2. It refers to the generation after the World War I or the young writers who lived as expatriates in Western Europe for a short time. Most of them caught in the war and cut from the old value.3. They were disillusioned with capitalist ideals and civilization and sense of loss after the world war.4. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s.4.Jazz age:1. It refers to the time in 1930s after the World War I when there was a financial boom.2. It is about life and fate of young men who indulged in stimulus and pleasure3. And disillusionment of American dream.4. Fitzgerald was the literary spokesman for the Jazz age.5.Free verse:1. It is a style of poetry that has irregular rhythms and lines and attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure. Instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.2. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way.3. Whitman's poetry is the most impressive example of free verse. Other major figures of free verse include Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century.6. The iceberg analogy:1. The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by Ernest Hemingway: "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of it being above water.”2. It means that a writer may omit things but the readers will have a feeling of those things as stronglyas though the writer had stated them if the writer is writing truly enough.3. It was well suited to evoke the stoic courage of his characters who face lonely and thankless tasks. 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas1. Poe believes that Poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle”. The best poetic topic is perishing of beauty, or “supernal beauty”.2. Everything that detains human soul must be excluded from the poetry, including moral sense.3. Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, giving emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.2．Whitman's style1. Transcendentalism: optimism, divinity of man and nature, emphasis on individualism and exploring the innermost of being of man.2. Democratic thought: celebration of ideal democratic society and attacks against corruption3. The sprawling lines: extremely long.4. Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.5. Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.6. Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.7. No conventional meter and rhythm8. The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3．Formal features of Dickinson's poetry1. Based on her own experience2. Theme: love, nature, friendship, death and immorality3. Peculiar poetic form: abundant dashes, irregular punctuation and capitalization, faulty grammar, no title, no regular line4. Remarkable for its uncommon variety, original subtlety and unusual richness5. Poetic indirection: e.g. “There is certain slant of light” and “Tell all the truth but tell its slant!”4．The theme and techniques in Eliot's "The W aste Land"Theme：1. Modern spiritual barrenness,2. Despair and depression that followed the WWI3. Sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture4. Shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique： 1. V aried length and rhythm to harmonize with the changing subject matter2. Unrhymed lines,3. Lots of borrowings from different writers5．Analysis of "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington Robinson1. Theme：It seems that Cory‟s life should be a happy and successful one, but his inner world is far more complicated than what he appears to be. It tells us that success may be meaningless to somepeople and cannot reflect the true meaning and value of life and shows the hollowness and loneliness of modern people.2. TechniqueWording: (1)Lively words: “imperially”; “quietly”; “admirably”(2)Simple words: looked at；clean favored；was arrayed；glittered; was human; put a bullet through his head(3)Simple words to show contrast between the cheering life and the tragic ending(4)Ancient words: …clean favored‟、…arrayed‟、…schooled‟to correspond the serious topic Unexpected ending, sharp contrast and mild sarcasm, leaving great room for readers to think about the topicPoetic sounds: Traditional pentameter with a rhyming scheme of“abab, cdcd，elef, ghgh”6. Comment on “Stopping by W oods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert FrostSummary and Theme:The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the obligations and duties yet to be fulfilled before he or she can rest for the night. In this poem, Robert Frost discusses the relation between mortal obligations and the eternal rest.Form:The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables:Features of content:1. Plain in words, but profound in meaning. Simple words with far-reaching meanings2. Since it is full of symbolic constructs, it is thought- provoking, and the readers can get great fun in developing the subtext.Detailed analysis:In the first stanza, the poet leads us to a piece of beautiful woods filled up with snow. As we all know that the woods are usually linked with myth, the unknown world, and the utmost tranquility. We can guess that, in this poem, the poet takes the woods as the eternal life, the bliss, that is to say the Heaven. He is fed up with the routine duties, and wants to rest forever. The woods happens to provide an ideal place.Then it comes to the snowy evening. “It is the darkest evening of the year.” The snow is cold and the evening dark, all of which indicate that the poet is depressed inside. His subconscious wants him to s top, but his “little horse” with the inspiring bells, which is actually a symbol of vitality, urges him to go. In the second stanza, the poet uses “frozen lake” to denote death. Why he transfers the embodiment of death from the beautiful “woods” to the deadly “frozen lake” is because the point of view has changed from the poet to the little horse.In the third stanza, the little horse wonders why the poet stops when he should go on. Only “the easy wind” and “downy flake” answer it with soft sweep. We can imagine the scene: the “downy flake” is so light and gentle that it flies in the soft wind. Thus we can get the idea: the poet‟s answer is as slight and uncertain as the flakes, because he himself doesn‟t know why he stops suddenly in the woods.Toward the end, the poet comes back from the illusion. Though the woods are attractive, he must move on, because he has promise to keep. “The promise” could be an obligation or a goal. One cannotdie before fulfilling one‟s dream. The poet uses “sleep” to represent death, just as we usually do.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by FitzgeraldTheme:It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion. It also shows that will not to a perfect country. Instead, it leads total depravity. The nationals become hypocritical, indifferent, empty, and cruel, day and night indulged in material pursuing.Technique:1. Development of traditional narrative techniques and first-person narrator: The whole novel proceeded with Nick‟s narration.2. Two main clues of the story: The main clue is the imbroglio between Gatsby and the family of Tom, and the minor one is the imbroglio between Tom and the family of Wilson.3. The contrastive techniques endow the novel with artistic glamour and profound connotation.4. Technique of delayed character revelation to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsby‟s approach to lifement on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms"Style:1. News reporting style: direct, concise, life-like dialogues, less ornaments2. Iceberg theory: omit something but the readers will still have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them thanks to the direct and true description.3. The Loss generation: people disillusioned after the world war by old values and insensitivity and hollowness of society4. Hemingway code heroes: (1) physically strong, (2) endowed with certain skills, (3)strong will power(Man can be destroyed, not defeated; Courage=grace under pressure), (4)tested in difficulties Farewell to ArmsThemes:The grim reality of war, the relationship between love and pain, feelings of lossMotifs:Masculinity, games and divertissement, loyalty versus abandonment, illusions and fantasies, alcoholismSymbols: Rain serves in the novel as a potent symbol of the inevitable disintegration of happiness in life. Catherine‟s hair9.Analyze "Dry September" by William Faulkner1. “Dry September” was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner.2. This story touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychological state of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristle with anger.3. The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heat and dryness and to the setting itself.4. From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freud‟s ideas on William Faulkner.。

美国文学SylviaPlath

美国⽂学SylviaPlathS ylvia P la thAdd Your Company SloganLogoLife and career Contents 1Confessional Poetry2Major works3Themes & writing technique4Text analysis 5Early life1932 –born during the Great Depression in the Massachusetts1940 –published her first poem, herfather died of diabetes1947 –showed early promise as an artistCollege years1950 –attended Smith College, editedThe Smith Review , guest editor atMademoiselle magazine1953 –made her first medicallydocumented suicideCareer and marriage1956 –got married with Ted Hughes inLondon1957 –the couple moved to the US, metRobert Lowell,Anne Sexton1960 –their daughter Frieda was born,published her first collection of poetry, The Colossus1962 –Their son Nicholas was born.July 1962–the couple separated after she discovered Ted’s affair with WevillJune 1962–Plath had had a car accident. December 1962–Sylvia went to London alone with two children and lived in a house where William Butler Yeats once lived.1963 –Her only novel, The Bell Jar, was published11 February 1963 , she committed suicide.Sylvia Plath(1932-1963)Ted and SylviaUnited States , 1950spoetry "of the personal"focusing on extreme moments of individual experience, the psyche, and personal trauma, including previously taboo matter such as mental illness, sexuality, and suicide, often set in relation to broader social themes. ?PostmodernismRepresentative PoetsRobert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, JohnBerryman, Anne Sexton, AllenGinsberg, and W. D. Snodgrass. Life StudiesReactions to ConfessionalismIn the 1970s and 1980s, some writersrebelled against ConfessionalismNew Formalism.Another poetry movement thatformed, in part, as a reaction toconfessional poetry included theLanguage poets.Poetry CollectionsThe Colossus and Other Poems (1960) Ariel (1965)Three Women: A Monologue forThree Voices (1968)Crossing the Water (1971)Winter Trees (1971)The Collected Poems (1981)Selected Poems (1985)Collected Prose and NovelsThe Bell Jar: A novel (1963), under thepseudonym "Victoria Lucas"Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963 (1975)Johnny Panic and the Bible ofDreams(1977)The Journals of Sylvia Plath (1982)The Magic Mirror (1989), Plath's SmithCollege senior thesisThe Unabridged Journals of SylviaPlath(2000)Major worksChildren's booksThe Bed Book (1976)The It-Doesn't-Matter-Suit (1996)Collected Children's Stories (UK, 2001)Mrs. Cherry's Kitchen (2001)Sylvia Plath's early poems exhibit what became her typical imagery, using personal and nature-based depictions featuring, for example, the moon, blood, hospitals, fetuses, and skulls.Many of Plath's later poems deal with what one critic calls the "domestic surreal" in which Plath takes every day elements of life and twists the images, giving them an almost nightmarish quality.Writing techniqueFreudian TheoryDeath driveElectra complexPsychoanalysisPlath uses psychoanalysis both as a toolof self-analysis and as a literary device.The result is a highly theatricalpsychodrama in which autobiographyand fiction are closely intertwined.MirrorI am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions. Whatever I see I swallow immediatelyJust as it is, unmisted by love or dislike.I am not cruel, only truthful --The eye of a little god, four-cornered.Most of the time I meditate on the opposite wall. It is pink, with speckles. I have looked at it so long I think it is part of my heart. But it flickers. Faces and darkness separate us over and over.。

Essay Writing Skills 英文论文写作技能

Essay Writing SkillsThis guide is designed to help students to structure their work. Like any written work, essays require careful planning, reading and note taking, appropriate academic style, referencing and structure.An essay is different from a report in that it is generally written as one flowing document that uses paragraphs to separate ideas, without the section headings, underlining, numbering and bullet points that are used in reports. Usually, essays do NOT have diagrams or appendices.Essays have 4 vital sections: Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion and References/Bibliography. The word count applies to three essay sections, NOT including the References or Bibliography.The Introduction paragraph/sectionThis helps set the context for the essay. It introduces the main ideas of the essay and draws the reader into the subject. A good Introduction gets to the heart of the subject and captures（俘获）the interest of the reader, acting as a trailer to what is to follow. It tells readers what to expect by addressing Who, What, When, Where, Why and How? The Introduction outlines the main issues on which you intend to focus and others you just intend to mention. In this way it sets your parameters. It defines any terms or concepts that you need and acknowledges possible issues raised by the question and explains your approach. It could include a comment upon the importance of the topic. It may act as an overview in summarising the issues to show an understanding of the exact question and present the method of research or experiment. It is often about 10% of the length of the essay.An example of a basic Introduction for ‘Discuss the relevance of the marketing mix for a tourism organisation’ might be:The purpose of this essay is to… (repeat the essay task in your own words, i.e. discuss …). The basic marketing mix is known as the 4Ps and is attributed to McCarthy over 40 years ago. It is stilluseful and quoted today. This essay will use examples from P&O Cruises to discuss the relevance of the 4Ps – i.e. product, place, promotion and price. Because a tourism organisation offers an intangible service, the 4Ps apply in a different way to many products.A good Introduction might be:McCarthy’s 4Ps model of the marketing mix (1960) appears to have global recognition and is widely used. However, since the 1980s other academics such as Booms and Bitner (1981) have developed his theory and extended the marketing mix in order for it to apply more effectively to tourism by including other elements such as ‘People’ (as tourism is an intangible, non-standard, perishable product reliant on people delivering the service). This essay will define and discuss various marketing mix models and consider various views for either keeping a simple 4Ps or extending to 5Ps, 7Ps or more, and consider whether all aspects are equally relevant. The relevance of these marketing mixes will be applied to a tourist board, as this faces special challenges.The main body is the place for your evidence!The main section of the work should be organised into paragraphs which present the facts and develop the arguments. The structure will depend upon what you are asked to do, e.g. compare and contrast, analyse, critically evaluate, explain, etc..Address the exact task and focus of the question set. It is this difference that gives work better grades. Never write all you know about a topic!Decide on your main points. Organise these points in appropriate paragraphs to build your work in a series of logical steps to suit the essay’s length, complexity and purpose. P aragraphs group related sentences to develop each main idea, making it easier to follow your points. In each paragraph include PEEEL–P oint, E vidence, E xample, E xplain, L ink.Paragraphs need a key P oint which is often the first sentence. Define your point, clearly and concisely. Then include supporting E vidence, quote definitions, refer to facts, and other people’s theories that relate to the same point. Apply relevant E xamples to clarify. E xplain the relevance to the main point in following sentences. Often paragraphs have four to eight sentences that show your evidence and comments upon it. Make sure paragraphs L ink with preceding or subsequent content and use signposts and linking expressions frequently. Remember to keep linking to the essay title. The final sentence of a paragraph acts as link forward to the information of the next paragraph.So paragraphs share characteristics (UCOD). All the sentences in a paragraph have U nity as they should relate to the same point/ topic. Each paragraph should be C oherent, containing sentences in logical order, with linking words helping to make transitions between sentences. The O rder of information should be clear, whether it is chronological or by order of importance. Paragraphs can be D eveloped by using examples, comparison, contrast, statistics, definitions, analysis or a combination of these, depending on the purpose of writing o r the subject matter. Always check that you define (before you develop) important ideas/ concepts used in your work. Avoid long and rambling sentences and paragraphs. Consider the length of each paragraph and if the points could be more clearly expressed and if separate paragraphs are needed.Write as concisely as possible. Remember KISS; K eep I t S hort and S imple to make your meanings clear. Use Academic Style to check Business School requirements, which generally avoid using slang, informality and persona l pronouns like ‘I’or ‘We’or ‘You’.Use signposting words and phrases (e.g. therefore, however, conversely, again) to help readers follow your work. Phrases such as "The underlying reason" may be used to address thecause/effect and show relationships between concepts, etc. "It is disputable whether" may be used in arguments (i.e. giving and evaluating information). "The first factor to consider” may be used to order or process (showing how something is done).When you provide specific detail/s as evidence, follow Harvard Referencing system. Show how each reference used relates to the exact task and supports your points. You are the detective giving all possible evidence to support the case! State your evidence for all assertions. Avoid generalisations (e.g. All authors consider…), assumptions (e.g. People in Britain are British) and rhetorical questions (e.g. Why does this happen?). Choose your quotes carefully, keeping them brief and explaining the importance and relevance of each. You need to use as much evidence as possible! Quotes need to be within quotation marks and clearly state Author (year: page number). Paraphrased references need Author (year). Copy all reference details into the References/ Bibliography immediately, fully and accurately as this is better than compiling the list later.Refer to all your sources in 2 places:∙in the main body of your work in the abbreviated form∙in the last section, in a detailed list of References/Bibliography.Conclusions – Summarising key points in the last section/paragraphsRestate your focus by emphasising the key points, drawing together the threads of your work. A basic conclusion refers back to the main points, linking them to the exact task to prove that you have addressed it exactly. For example, ‘This essay has looked at the issues of… and found…’DO NOT include any new information/evidence because you are ‘summing up’ (as for a jury!). For this reason, you generally do not include any text citations but you may cross reference. Check your Conclusion refers back to the Introduction. Link them in case the reader was not paying attention! Make sure that your ending does not tail off weakly as a conclusion should be strong!This may be the place for you to form a judgement - your own personal conclusion/personal observations. Sometimes this is the place to make recommendations. Lecturers will advise you what they expect. Ask if you are unsure.References/ BibliographyFollow Harvard Referencing for all referencing and quotations. Referencing is the process of recording details of the secondary sources (books, journal articles, electronic sources etc.). Read the Harvard Referencing for examples of how to reference any sort of material. Check your Harvard Referencing is thorough - that you have included all your sources. Cross-reference points where possible to avoid repetition.Remember References at the back of your essay ONLY contain sources that you have referred to in the text. Bibliographies contain all the sources that you used in your research, e ven if you did not quote or refer to them specifically in your text. Your lecturer will advise you which they require.Finally - Hand in on time to avoid penalty!。

writing techniques

Introductions:Sample 1:I consider China will lose its nick name in the future. As we all know, bicycle is the kind of transport that people attach more significance in exercising and hobby than a traffic tool. With increasingly heavy traffic and pressure more and more people live away from the city. Consequently, I think that China won't be the kingdom of bike anymore.Sample 2:As we know, China was once called "the kingdom of bicycles". But now, China is enchanted with cars. From where I stand, I don't believe China could keep this nickname forever.Sample 3:With the rapid development of economy, Chinese'life have been improving and many families can afford a car. We have to admit that cars become more and more popular, but itdoesn't mean the nickname of China "Kingdom of bicycles"will become history in the future. Sample 4:With the development of science and technology, the living standard enhanced. Cars increase rapidly as well. As people say, China is enchanted with cars, even some people are worried about that the nickname--the kingdom of bicycle will become history in the future. However, I don't think so. I think that the nickname never becomes history and it will reach its peak one day.Conclusion:Sample 1:The change of this nickname is an inevitable consequence of the economic development. Sample 2:In short, according to China's current status, China's nickname "the kingdom of bicycles" will not become history in the future. The usage ofcars is increasing, but bicycles can't replace by cars.Sample 3:There is no denying the fact that it is impossible for anyone not to love cars more than bicycles. But I believe all the advantages of bicycles can be glimpsed and felt. Thus, Chinese nickname "the kingdom of bicycles" can never, ever be taken away.Sample 4:In conclusion, the bicycle will never be obsolete, which accounts for its various attractions including cutting down congestion and lowering pollution, etc. What is worth mentioning is the latest policy that the government decided to prohibit the scooter on the road, which will certainly recreate a better environment for bicycles. Do you think so?举例子（Example/Illustration）：例子可以在文章开头（即所谓hook）举，从而引出论点；Unit 1 Text IIUnit 3 Text IUnit 4 Text I, Text II例子也可以在主体部分举。

writing techniques英语基本写作技巧小结

Writing Techniques: 段落的连贯性：（1）总结、归纳类in a wordto some extent to sum up obviouslyon the whole in shortin a wayto concludeundoubtedlyin my viewin briefas a general rulethereforegenerally speakingin summery（2）比较、对比类on the contrary similarlyon the other hand however otherwisewhereaslike (+n.)equally importantin the same wayneverthelessunlike (+n.)in (sharp) contrast（3）举例、列举类for examplefirst, second, thirdwhat is morefor one thing, for another in addition last but not leastas an illustrationto begin withmoreoverfirst of allfor instancebesidesfurthermore(what is) more importantin the first place, in thesecond place（4）原因、结果类because (of) due tothussince on account ofowing tothereforeasfor this reasonas a result (of)consequentlyhence（5）让步类althoughit is true that…but in spite ofyet even thoughafter alldespitehoweveradmittedlyneverthelessgranted thatstillabove all surely needless to say most important of all(what is) even worse(there is) no doubtof coursein fact（6）强调类anywayparticularlyindeedmore often than notactuallyespecially（7）引言段的开头A proverb says…Just as the saying goes…It is often said that…As we all know,…As is known to all,…It is well known that…A recent survey indica tes/shows…Many people often ask this question, “…”Various views exist as to whether we should…It goes without saying that…Over the years…(主句用现在完成时)When it comes to…,It is generally/universally accepted /recognized /considered that…（8）发展段的开头It can be easily proved that…It is true that…No one can deny that…but the problem is not so simple…We must realize that…Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I believe that…Recent development in…indicates…A brief glance at…reveals that…Another key as pect of…is that…In contrast to…In most cases, however, (we)…As stated above…As mentioned above…Usually,…but…It can be roughly estimated that…On (the) one hand,…(But) on the other hand,…As far as…is (are) concerned,…Furthermore,…/ Moreover,…/ Besides,…In addition,…Despite (these limitations),…/ In spite of…（9）结尾段的开头Consequently…In summary,…All in all,…Based on the above mentioned, it can be concluded that…As a final comment, I should say that…Finally,…Hence,…It seems to me that the only possibility to do(of)...would be...Obviously the result is depend on (4)Thus, this is the very reason why…。

美国文学题 1

第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical , or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学1 As we have seen , theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing . Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2 From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published his famous Poor Richard’s Alman ac , an annual collection of proverbs .3 EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke’s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury’s deism , and George Berkeley’s immaterialism to David Hume’s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to “eternal truth” ,”eternal justice” , and “natural equality” or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost allthe old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) were among the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution , what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学1 In 1828 the election of the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents .2 Wsahington Irvi ng’s Skwtch Book bacame the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .3 Washington Irving was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such eontemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative fo the future .4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism? Although foreign influnences wre strong,American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own.It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else.American romanticism was in essence the e xpression of”a real new experience”and contained”an alien quality”for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alen.Foe instance ,the American national experience of “pioneering “ into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for Ameican writers to draw upon.The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells,and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dicckinson’s “criterion of tone,”for example), and the quaint,picturesque civilization of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors.A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dweling in a fromtier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was ,perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius.And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to thestimulus which American life offered.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William Cullen Bryant’s sketches of the wild west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper’s five Leatherstocking tales with”their majestic descriptions of American’s limitles s forests and broad blue inland lake”—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its palpable manifestations is the fact that American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.It is true that Edgar Allan poe fought vehemently against “the heresy of the didactic”,and writers like John Greenleaf Whittier tried to advocate both beauty and goodness.But the fact remains, nonetheless ,that many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.There seemed to be areas of life which it was better for them to leave alone, taboos of a kind that most of the literary world agreed,however tacit it may have been, on not breaking.Sex and love werem for instance, subjects American authors were particularly careful in approaching.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter talks eloquently about the sin itself ,and Whitman was for a long time misunderstood by his own countrymen because Leaves of Grass contains lines and passages not at all palatable to their “genteel” taste.练习二1.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof_________ movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.2.Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many ofEmerson’s theories, was_________.Define the literary terms listed belowAmerican TranscendentalismKeys: 1. Transcendentalist, 2, H.D ThoreauTerm: American Transcendentalism or “New English Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy of Transcendentalists.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from new-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as the follows.Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. Thirdly, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spi rit or God. Nature was , to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” an d his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence.” Thoreau built and went to live in a small cottage on Walden Pond for a little over two years, and then came back to write about his experience there in his famous book Walden. To later generations, scarred by the horrors of the Civil War, the transcendentalist persuation that humanity was godlike and that evil was non-existent appeared to be an optimistic folly. As a philosophy, Transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. Yet Transcendentalism wasa powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and theideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.练习31．_________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.2. Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly_________stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _________.3. _________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage inpursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Define the literary terms listed belowSymbolismKeys:1.The House of the Seven Gables 2, symbolic The scarlet letter3. Moby-Dick.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol is something that conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter “A” on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanin gs. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Answer the following questions.1.Give a brief analysis of the main characters in The scarlet Letter2.Give a brief analysis of the character Ahab in Moby-Dick.3.What is the theme in Moby-Dick?4.What is Hawthorn’s style?Keys:2, The way in which Hawthorn wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. The load of didacticism is nowhere heavier and the desire to elevate nowhere stronger than it is, perhaps, in this 19th American classic. Reading it, one wonders whether it is a story of love. The answer is yes, but then no, because the love part of the story is long over before the book begins. One wonders whether it is a story if sin. The answer is yes, but then no, for the sinning part is long over before the book opens Modern and contemporary authors would have written pageswhere Hawthorn uttered not a word, What he was predominantly concerned was the moral, emotional, and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general and those complicated in it in particular. In the strong character of Hester Psynne we see the tension between society and solitude which, as Marius Bewley put it, lies near the center of all Hawthorn’s art, The Scarlet Letter is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Hawthorn’s female characters tend to fall into two broad categories. (答案未完)4．Ahab may have been Melville’s portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual. Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. Constantly under his attack is its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. To say that the whole of Moby-Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism is not in fact an exaggeration. Take Emerson’s self-reliance for instance. Ahab is too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. He stands alone on his own one leg among the millions of the peopled earth, For him the only law is his own will. To him the world exists for his sake. His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives may be sacrificed, and nature may have to be vanquished in order that he may do what he will. He never stops to think---and he never bothers about it---that, in asserting his private personality, he denies ruthlessly the humanity and individuality of his fellowmen. Ahab is no Odysseus, and this crew seems to be a ship of fools too much under the captain’s evil spell to exercise their discretion. Between them, they encompass their own undoing. Richard Chase is right when he says that the idea Melville conveys in Moby-Dick is “Death-spiritual, emotional, physical,” which is the p rice of self-reliance when it is pushed to the point of solipsism. Ahab is, to be more exact, a victim of solipsism, his tragedy stemming in the main from extreme individualism, selfish will, a spirit too much withdrawn to itself to warrant salvation, Moby-Dick thus reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy,5. One of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid, and stays away most of the time from his crew, and he hates Moby---Dick which is am embodiment of nature. He is angry because his pride is wounded. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe. Thus his anger assumes the proportions of a cosmicnature. He is bent on avenging himself. He hears of no objection. In his egocentric obsession within “the masoned, walled town of a captain’s exclusiveness,” he loses his sanity and humanity and becomes a devilish creature rushing headlong toward his doom. And he know s it most clearly of all. When D.H Lawrence remarks,”“he {Melville}records also, almost beyond pain or pleasure, the extreme transitions of the isolated, far-driven soul, the soul which is now alone, without any real human contact” he had Ahad topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby-Dick9. A. Hawthorne wrote romance because he thought it the predestined form of American narrative. He presented material on the alienation between fact and fancy. The purpose of a novel, as it developed in 18th century Europe, was to record the actual events of life, to stick to what actually happened, but Hawthorn explained that the purpose of romance was to present the truth of the human heart by the writer’s own choice or cre ation. He wanted to reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan conventions, For Hawthorne, romance, unlike the novel, was not tied to conventional reality. Romance had the freedom to depart from novelistic realism. Hawthorne felt that the literary artist was justified in changing events around if that could better get to the truth of the individual psychology. Psychological truth was more important than actual truth. Hawthorne used atmosphere to help reach the truth of the heart. Often he would use shadow to create effect. He used this because the world of light and shadow was the world of imagination. Therefore, for Hawthorne romance was the meeting place of the actual and the imaginary. In this stories, there is a strong fairytale element, He would use his imagination to change the actual events, but the purpose was to reach psychological truth. Hawthorne mingled the supernatural with the actual and developed analytic, psychological romanticism.B, Hawthorne used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. It is characteristic of Hawthorne. He used masks, veils, shadows, emblems to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity. A black veil stands for the wickedness of man; a marble heart symbolizes an indivi dual’s unpardonable sin; and a garden of poisonous flowers represents hell.C. He wrote stories with narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity, One of the means he adopted is making stories parable in form and symbolic in style.D. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.E. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty. Important questions are never fully resolved. The simple word “or”enjoys high frequency in his stories. Hawthorne gave the reader many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose. To create ambiguity, the author often employed the technique of multiple views.。

Analysis on the Writing Technique of A Rose for Emily

Analysis on the Writing Technique ofA Rose for EmilyAbstract: The language of this novel is very special. The author uses some figure of speech which is rather interesting and amazing. What we should pay more attention is the Writing Technique of this novel, which enables the article more vivid and attractive.Introduction―William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 –July 6, 1962) was an American writer of novels, short stories, poetry and occasional screenplays. The majority of his works are based in his native state of Mississippi. Faulkner is considered one of the most important writers of the Southern literature of the United States, Faulkner is known for an experimental style with meticulous attention to diction and cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent use of "stream of consciousness" in his writing, and wrote often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.‖1. Skillful RhetoricAt the very beginning, the author describes Miss Emily’s house ―only Miss Emily’s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores‖. This description is a personification . ―Stubborn‖ means determined not to change your opinion or attitude. The word is always us ed to describe a person’s character, while the author should use it to Emily’s house. Besides, ―coquettish‖ means a woman who behaves in a way that is intended to attract men. The word is common in women, but the author should use it for Emily’s house. Nat urally, the house is just a common object and has no typical characteristics. However, it is the author that endow Emily’s house with human features. We know everything existing in the world has its own value. The author doesn’t design it accidentally. Aft er we read the whole novel we can realize that MissEmily owns the same character. Virtually, the house symbolizes Miss Emily in some degree. The author presents the protagonist’s figure without being noticed, which is skillful.Secondly, the deputation went to visit Miss Emily, when they saw her, the author describes her in a surprising way. ―She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand ‖. Here the author uses simile twice. The first sentence gives readers a feeling, Miss Emily lakes on energy and very fat which seems unhealthy, even we feel disgusting or frightening. The second sentence is more interesting, the author regards Miss Emily’s eyes as two small pieces of coal. Comparing with her fat and pallid face, her eyes are more obvious. What’s more, the author uses a verb ―press‖. It seems that Miss Emily looks quite unharmonious which is not only interesting but also ridiculous. At the same time, the author is making preparation for the following text.2. Unique Imagination―When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, m aking her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows—sort of tragic and serene‖. This novel is told by a resident living in the village. From the former narration, we know that people don’t like her because of her arrogant. Here they should connect Miss Emily with angels. In our mind, angels are happy and without any sorrow, but they said ―sort of tragic and serene‖. It indicates that people have changed their attitudes a lot; meanwhile they begin to show sympathy for Miss Emily. The author is good at adding some extra feelings subjectively to an irrelevant object, just as the description of Miss Emily’s house. In fact, angels have no tragedy and the house isn’t coquettish. However, when we relate them to Miss Emily,all of these become reasonable.Besides, when Miss Emily went to buy the poison, it is the second time that the author described Miss Emily’s facial condition in detail. ‖She was over thirty then, still a slight woman, though thinner than usual, with cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eye sockets as you imagine a lighthouse keeper’s face ought to look‖. What’s the author’s purpose? Dosethe author just want to tell us what Miss Emily look like? Why not imagine her anything else but a lighthouse keeper. Maybe she was waiting for somebody or something all the time, but it is said that lighthouse keeper’s sight fills with black. Therefore, unfortunately, her expectation was never being met. Here ―cold eyes‖ are good explanations for her disappointment. However, she was still haughty. The author doesn’t describe Emily’s activities inner heart directly but reflecting her inner thought or conditions though a series appearance. We all know that a pers on’s inner thought is too complicated to describe. It’s wise for the author to avoid it. Furthermore, it gives readers enough space to think a lot and will leave them a deep impression.3. Thought-Provoking ImplicationThere is also a very interesting desc ription in her funeral. ―The very old men –some in their brushed Confederate uniforms .‖ Why did the old men wear their Confederate uniforms attend the funeral? It sounds quite strange or even more ridiculous. In fact, Miss Emily represents some brave people who have courage to challenge the feudalism. It is the reason why the author molded her rebel. Under oppress of the society, people all need courage to break the rules. Miss Emily did it. At this point, she was accepted and admired by the people in the town. Therefore, people treated her funeral seriously. In the novel, the author reflects some more essential ideas through the description of people's wearing several times, which bring us not only humor but also attractive .In our mind, rose represents beautiful love. Reading after the novel, we find something ugly, disgusting or disordered rather than favorable. Here the author set symbolization to "rose". It has two different meanings. For the first place, it shows the sympathy for Miss Emily's tragedy; for the second place, it reveals people's admiration to Miss Emily. The thought-Provoking implications of rose are well worth considering.ConclusionAccording to the analysis above we can see clearly that various writing technique makes the novel more wonderful. The article is designed flexibly, sometimes we can hardly find something diffident, and if you read it carefully you can find something unexpected. The novel’s language does unique; even you can fill the author’s skillfulwriting. It is worth studying.ReferencesOxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary 。

AnalysisofthepaintingpoetryofWilliamCarlosWilliams

Analysis of the painting poetry of William Carlos Williams: The Great Figure发布时间：2021-10-28T05:51:56.577Z 来源：《科学与技术》2021年第29卷16期作者：李佳盈[导读] William Carlos Williams is a famous American poet in李佳盈延边大学AbstractWilliam Carlos Williams is a famous American poet in the 20th century and one of the main representatives of Imagist poetry. He was influenced by two other American poets of the same time, Pound and Eliot. Since Williams lived in an era when modern visual art prevailed, he is good at applying painting art to poetry creation and he has his own independent views on literary creation. In his poem The Great Figure, he skillfully uses the light and color in painting to pursue the artistic realm of fusion of poetry and painting. In European countries, more and more poets follow his poetic theory, and there are also many critics in the academia who have discussed his unique style of creation and painting poetry. This paper will start with Williams' poetry theory and discuss the influence of his poetry theory on the image poem The Great Figure. And focus on analyzing the artistic style and language skills shown in his poems due to the influence of his poetry theory.Key words: William Carlos Williams; Pragmatism; Artistic skills; color; ImageryI. IntroductionWilliam Carlos Williams was one of the most famous American poets in the 20th century. He was influenced by Pound and became the main representative of Imagist poetry. Williams was deeply influenced by John Dewey's pragmatic philosophy and aesthetics, keeping in mind his identity as an American poet, resisting Pound and Eliot's European style of poetry, and finally created his own poetry and poetics.The reason why he creates poetry is because he wants to write poetry, want to have a direct dialogue with the world, and want to reveal the essence of things. He disagrees with the literati style of Eliot. He advocated that only the United States is the source of inspiration and material for American poetry creation, and that inspiration and imagination must be rooted in the real world. He also believes that the real world is the foundation of all art. He said that when writing poems, we should use concrete things to express and make artistic ideas through concrete things. He insisted on "No ideas but in things", emphasizing the objective and concise presentation of things themselves. This poem, like other works by the poet, records scenes that are familiar in daily life. The language in the poem is also very simple. The poet reveals the essence of things by describing a series of images.The Great Figure is different from most poems, because it has no special subject matter and language. Williams strives to get rid of British and European traditions, and write poems focusing on tangible things instead of abstract things. Because of his own unique poetics, he successfully rooted his creation in real life. Therefore, I will first discuss the application of Williams' unique poetic theory in his poems, and then analyze the artistic techniques and the images expressed in the poems.II. The author's poetic theory on poetryWilliams was deeply influenced by John Dewey's pragmatism philosophy and aesthetics. He kept in mind his identity as an American poet, opposed Eliot's European style of poetry, and finally developed his own poetic art. There are not only gorgeous colors in his poems, but also the breath of life. Therefore, his story moved the readers, although ordinary, but true and kind. In addition, Williams rejected obscure words and allusions in his poems, and advocated direct contact with the vivid details of daily life, and used ordinary vocabulary to show the real life of the United States in the 20th century. In this way, Williams started from Dewey's pragmatic standpoint and gradually developed and perfected his own pragmatic poetics with American characteristics.In the poem, Williams uses daily things such as "fire truck" and "dark city" as the subject of description. He uses his poems to describe the "ordinary" in real life. It is his ordinary themes and polished language that give his poems the characteristics of modernism. Williams skillfully uses the light and color in painting, pursuing the artistic realm of fusion of poetry and painting. He uses this writing technique to show scenes in daily life, in order to inspire readers' powerful imagination and aesthetic consciousness. This work is also a masterpiece of Williams' Imagist poetry, embodying the characteristics of emphasizing sensory impressions.III. The Artistic style and Language characteristics of poetryWilliams extensively and skillfully used color language in his poems, such as red, white, black, and yellow. He uses painting techniques and various colors to adjust the daily life pictures, so that readers have a strong sense of pictures. In this poem he makes full use of color contrast.The poet describes the common life scenes in modern social cities.The red firetruck and the golden number 5 form a strong color contrast, which gives the poet It left a deep impression. In the poem, the poet uses the black of the rainy night as the entire background. In such an atmosphere, the golden 5 on the firetruck becomes a center. As we know, yellow is a warm color, so the golden number 5 is unstable and full of visual tension in a rainy night like the "black city". Through the contrast of such a set of colors, a combination of light and shadow is created, and an unstable and irregular visual effect is produced.The image is irrational, that is, abnormal reality. Imagery has four characteristics: fantastically, decomposition, uncertainty and indifference. These characteristics are all related to the poet's personal experience of the external world and real life."Golden figure 5", "red firetruck", "dark city", "pedestrian" these images embody the fantastically of the modernist poetic images in Williams' poems. But pedestrians don't care about where the firetruck comes from and where it goes . This is like human thinking about life in modern life. This period of hurried time has no fixed value to people. There is no fixed value and behavioral meaning of things in the world.IV. ConclusionWilliams emphasizes the objectivity and technique of expression, and presents a unique form of poetry with concise language, imagery, and the integration of poetry and painting. Williams also transformed the poetry into a visual form to present it, and vice versa, the visual form enhanced the depth of the poem. Therefore, Williams' unique poetic form not only adds to the style of his personal poetry, but also opens a new situation for American poetry and makes a great contribution to American modern poetry.Reference[1]田川流."充满哲思的色彩论——评李广元的《色彩艺术学》." 山东教育学院学报 .[N].06(2001):107-109. 2001-06-035.[2]蒲度戎,王佳."美国诗人威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯的中国知音——评张跃军的《美国性情——威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯的实用主义诗学》." 湖南广播电视大学学报 .04(2007):58-60. 2007-04-025.[3]胡宇."论威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯诗歌中的绘画情结."[N].黄冈师范学院学报 31.02(2011):61-63. 2011-02-019.[4] 李小洁，王余."诗画同质—解析威廉斯《巨大的数字》和德穆思《我看到了金制的数字5》[A].江西社会科学. (2014):02-0118-06.。

美国文学论文

美国文学论文美国文学是世界上最年轻的文学之一,从其诞生之时起,就因其尖锐的批判性、持续的独创性和精彩的多元性而独树一帜。

下面是店铺为大家整理的美国文学论文，供大家参考。

美国文学论文范文一：Analysis of the main character Ahab in Moby Dick摘要:«白鲸»讲述了饱经风霜的亚哈船长与他的仇敌白鲸之间惊心动魄的故事，亚哈身上体现了令人敬佩的正义品质:百折不挠、英勇无畏、经验丰富，同时还具有令人恐惧的邪恶力量:偏执、自私、专横。

他集正义与邪恶与一身，具有鲜明的双重性。

关键词:正义;邪恶;性格双重性Abstract:«Moby Dick» tells us a thrilling tale between Captain Ahab and his enemy whale called Moby Dick.Ahab's character is amphibious. On one hand,he is indomitable、brave and experienced. On the other hand, he is bigoted, selfish and presuming.Key words: justice; evil; character's amphibiousness«Moby Dick» written by Herman Melville is regarded as the first American prose epic. It's an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc. But it is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting again overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe.The story goes roughly as follows. Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on the most as a reward for anyone who sights thewhale first. The Pequod marked a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually,the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; On the second, it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale. From the story, we can see that captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last. Ahab is Byronic hero, a man with consuming desire to take revenge against the whale which has crippled him. He is brave. Though he knows that it has difficulty in killing whale, he never gives up. He thinks that man can make the world for himself and he tries his best to kill the whale. Although he fails at last, his spiritual is respectable and we should also be indomitable.We know that Ahab's character is amphibious, and we now more focus on the bleak view. As the author is negative, the story is full of tragedy, including the ending.Captain Ahab is a typical Melvillean “isolato”, and a typical Bartleby whose lips are set ever for an “I prefer not to”. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid, and stays away most of the time from his crew. He hates Moby Dick which is an embodiment of nature. He is angry because his pride is wounded. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe. Thus his anger assumes the proportions of a cosmis nature. In his egocentric obsession. He loves his sanity, and humanity and becomes a devilish creature rushing headlong toward his doom.Captain Ahab believed in his own power, he is too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives may be sacrificed,and nature may be sacrificed, and nature may have to be vanquished in order that he may do what he wills. Ahab is ,to be more exact, a victim of solipsism, His tragedy stemming in the main from extreme individualism, selfish will, a spirit too much withdrawn to itself to warrant salvation.In conclusion, we should observe the two sides of the Captain's character. We need be brave and confident. We have to remind that man is in society, and we can't live without society. We should respect the nature.美国文学论文范文二：The review about the Literature of RomanticismⅠ. BackgroundFrom the early 1800s to the civil war，American was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war. In the first half of the nineteenth century the proportion of Americans who labored on farms declined as increasing members left the land to work in urban businesses and factories. New York became American’s largest city, supplanting Boston and Philadelphia as the economic and cultural capital of the nation. Though the first half of the century the pursuit of simplicity, utility, and perfection remained an American characteristic.In the years preceding the Civil War relatively few volumes of imaginative literature were published in the United States. Most book were almanacs, schoolbooks, self-help manuals, or workson religion, medicine, or the law. Fewer than a dozen volumes of poetry were published annually. Fiction was a prime component of ladies’ magazines. Novels were increasingly popular, especially historical romances written by Europeans, most notably by “the monarch and master of modern fiction,” Sir Walter Scott. But as the century progressed, native American writers won increasing national and international fame. Washington Irving’s Sketch Book (1819-1820)became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Ⅱ. The definition of RomanticismRomanticism is a movement prevailing the 19th century in Western World in literature. art music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neo-classicism. It was marked and is always marked by a story reaction .It returned to nature and plain humanity for material. It brought about a renewed interest in medieval literature. It was also marked by sympathy for poor people and thus a deep understanding toward common people. It was a movement expression of indivdual orignality and different poets realized their variety.A dream of golden age is established against stern realities .Imagination is the key point.Ⅲ. The Characteristic s of the Romantic LiteratureThe main trends of thought of the literature of romanticism is Romanticism, Transcendentation, Anti-slavery. Transcendentation as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism canbe seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles;a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic.Ⅳ. Main writer and masterpieceⅰ.Washington Irving(1783-1851)He was the Father of American Imaginative Literature; the Father of American Short Stories. He was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.The apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote. He was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality. He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure. In 1819-1820 ,his Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. The most story of his Sketch Book is The Legend of Sleep Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. He introduced the familiar essay to America. His best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions. In 1819, A History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.Bracebridge Hall followed in 1822;then he first went to Germany in pursuit of an interest in German romanticism, which flavored the Tales of Traveller(1824), in Paris he with John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy Charles the Second or The Merry Monarch. A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(1828); A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada(1829); Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus(1831) ; a famous volume of stories and sketches—The Alhambra(1832) and Legends of the Conquest of Spain (1835) and so on.ⅱ. James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)He was the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. In 1821,The Spy was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War .Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. The Pilot is the best of his many sea romances(1824). He wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy in 1839. His frontier stories Leather Stocking T ales including five novels: The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prairie. Allan Nevins calls these five novels the nearest approach yet to an American epic. with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American. And the Textbooks works is The Last of The Mohicans.ⅲ.Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)Poe was born in Boston. He was the Father of Modern Short Stories; the Father of Detective Story; and the Father of Psychoanalytic Critism. He was the jingle man. He won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the Southern Literary Messenger in 1833. He showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction. And he also issued The Fall of the House of Usher. In 1840, His first collection of short stories Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. The Raven was published as the title poem of a collection in 1845. In Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers. The most famous works were To Helen; The Rav en; Annabel Lee; The Fall of the House of Usher. ⅳ. Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)He was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement. He believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance. He admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas. Like many original minds, he was often several jumps ahead of what his followers thought was his position or philosophy. He was one of the most influential American thinkers, yet he had no elaborate, formal system of thought and he never attempted to create one. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance. In 1836,he issued the first book Nature , which met with a mild reception. However , two speeches in the next two years, The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address ,made him famous. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous Essays. Among his most important works are Representative Men (1850)and English Traits (1856).His Poem appeared in 1847. In his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hover, his poetry has received high praise.His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques. His prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable. One of his great statements was in The American Scholar. That title is now carried by one of the finest magazines in American. Oliver Wendell Holmes called the speech “our intellectua l Declaration of Independence”. He is the world ’s eye. He is the world’s heart.ⅴ. Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)He was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories. Walden, the superb book came out of his two-year’s reside nce at Walden Pond. He explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living. In 1849, From his experience in jail came his famous essay” Civil Disobedience”, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government. His famous book is Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For.ⅵ. Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)The House of the Seven Gables deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history. Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition. His famous book is The Scarlet Letter.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic s tories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them. His ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories. It was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American. To Hawthorne and Melville, however, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life. His stories also have The Blithedale Romance(1852); splendid stories called Mosses from an Old Manse(1846); The Marble Faun(1860)ⅶ. Herman Melville(1819-1891)Moby Dick, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century. In 1846, Typee became known as the “man who lived among cannibals”. The book was basically factual but was no dou bt elaborated somewhat and built up from Melville’s reading as well as his experience. Equally successful was a sequel, Omoo(1847),about his adventures on Tahiti and other island. Later Melville based Bedburn(1849) on his first voyage to England, and White-Jacket(1850) on his brief career in the navy. He drew upon his naval experience again for Billy Budd(1891).He has two other philosophical novels Mardi, Pierre. two celebrated short novels Benito Cereno and Billy Budd. The story uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Ahab’s ship was like a world inminiature with characters from all walks of life.ⅷ. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807-1882)Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, on February 27,1807 and died on March 24,1882 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the most beloved American poet of his time. His main books are Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled Voices of the Night(1838); Hyperion” the prose romance(1839) ;Ballads and other Poems(1841); Poems on Slavery(1842); Evangeline(1847); Song of Hiawath(1855); The Courtship of Miles Standish(1858)After his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.Ⅴ.SummaryFrom the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne，Melville and a host of lesser writers. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far， Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philoso phically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.” Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual isdivine and, therefore, self-reliant. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.American romantic literature by western romantic literature influence.19 century, the rapid development of American capitalism, the national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, to get rid of the English literature of bondage, pay attention to the human spirit and the pursuit of freedom to create a fill transcendence, thus the romantic literature began to flourish.Bibliography:1. 王长荣. 《现代美国小说史》.上海：外语教育出版社，1992.2. 邵锦娣，白劲鹏. An Introduction to Literature. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，20013. 隋刚.《美国文学旧作新读》. 北京：外文出版社，1998.。

美国文学论文

美国文学课程学期论文论文题目：（中文）从写作技巧分析《厄舍府的倒塌》（英文）A simple analysis of TheFall of the House of Usherfrom Writing Techniques学生姓名冶延菊学生学号201107050201411学生班级2011--2班学科专业英语学年学期2013--2014学年第二学期指导教师杨华所在学院语言文化学院2014年7月1日摘要作为爱伦坡恐怖小说代表作之一，《厄舍府的倒塌》不仅成功地塑造了典型的“不正常的”人物角色，而且在文章的框架结构、情节安排上有很多巧妙的设计。

文章中有许多对外界环境以及人物心理的细节描写，作者以娴熟的写作技巧将它们融合，并生动地创造了一个充满恐惧的氛围。

读者明知恐怖氛围是“被安排”好的，且其目的性显而易见，但是读者还是被恐惧紧紧包围，这就是爱伦坡所强调的“预期效果”。

关键词：写作技巧；恐怖氛围；预期效果AbstractAs one of the masterpieces of Edgar Allan Poe’s horror fictions, The Fall of the House of Usher in which the author not only successfully creates some typical characters who are usually “abnormal”, but also builds the whole essay through a clever design,especially in frame structure and organization of plots. Based on the skilled writing techniques, the writer make a horrific atmosphere vividly by lots of detail description about the outside environment and characters’psychology. Although it appears that this atmosphere is managed from “deliberate policy”, the readers are still wrapped by a great fear, which is emphasized by Poe---”the expected effect”.Key words:writing technique; horrific atmosphere; “the expected effect”A simple analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher fromWriting TechniquesWe all know, The Fall of the House of Usher is one of the most successful works of Edgar Allan Poe is considered the father of the modern short story. As to this writing, which is also an example of psychoanalytic criticism. And there are something meaningful and interesting worthing our efforts to study and appreciate, so I want to share some my own analysis about this great work with you.First of all, a great peculiarity of the writing is based on a clever structure design. On the one hand, the author does his utmost to create an impressive outside world (or we call it natural environment). And the author not only takes advantage of adjectives and adverbs in order to build a mysterious and scary atmosphere, but also relies on repetition of these key words. For instance, “During the whole of a dull, dark ,and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low the heavens,... within view of the melancholy House of Usher. ”At the beginning of the story, Poe is eager to create a depressive scene for us, and like these adjectives “dull”“dark”“soundless” whose appearance has decided the keynote of the whole article. When you read the first sentence, you can be grasped by the potential scare instantly as if you tended to be out of breath. And with the constant duplication of those main words, the environment is depicted more and more specific, vivid and appealing. All of these preparations provide a perfect setting for the characters’ activities.On the other hand, at the same time, the writer also creates an inner world of the leading character----” I”. When it comes to the inward world, there are also a lot of significant words are used, such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, adverbs, and so on. Especially, the writer is apt to use adjectives and adverbs to describe the subtle changes of the character’s mood, feeling and expression. For example, the writing is started with “...but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit.”“...with an utter depression of soul which I can...”“...above all things startled and even awed me”, and the last reaction of the character is , “From that chamber, and from that mansion, I fled aghast”(Allan Poe, 2005). Throughout the entire story,actually, the reactions of the inner world are always changing with the variation of the outward world. What’s more, with the rapid changes of the outside environment, the changes of the inner world become more and more fierce and shaper, of course, catching our more eyes.Secondly,Allan Poe achieves his purpose of creating fear with the help of muti-pronged approach that is an effective writing technique to get an “the expected effect”. Because Allan Poe proposes that “It is only with the denouement constantly in view that we can give a plot its indispensable air of consequence or causation, by making the incidents, and especially the tone at all points, tend to the development of the intention”(2013: P17), there is nearly no redundant words in his work. In order to quickly bring about a terrific air for readers, the author depicts the environment through visual sense. For instance, in paragraph five, “The discoloration of ages had been great. Minute fungi overspread ... web-work from the eaves”, “No portion of the masonry had fallen... the individual stones”(Allan Poe, 2005). All those descriptions of objects provides the receivers with a visual impact through which can make an impressive picture.paragraph twenty-five to the last paragraph, there are several obvious sounds, like “rustled uneasily”“a light step”“the ordinary commingled noises”“a low and apparently distant, but harsh,protracted, and most unusual screaming or grating sound”, and so on, which is mentioned frequently and always designed in a very silent setting. They are so intensive and vivid that the readers have no time to put together their imagination when they are involved in reading, so the writer tries his best to simplify the process of shaping a “expected effect” air, and he shows every details frequently and even deliberately. However, it is not attractive for Poe to build a perfect atmosphere just through the combination of vision and hearing ,as a result. He also adds the psychological description of the characters. At the beginning of the article, “I know not how it was---but , with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit”, and there follows another strange feeling, “It was the manner in which all this,...and I accordingly obeyed forth with what I still considered a very singular summons”(Allan Poe, 2005). With the time passing by, the fierce degree of the characters’inner motion becomes fiercer and fiercer. What’more, the changes of the characters’psychology tends to be more apparent and intensive,which brings the readers a strong feeling of fear. Even though the readers know that all of those plots are organized on purpose, they still can’t get rid of the great fear when they indulge into the wonderful and constant structure design. That is the reason why Poe’s essays are popular in spite of over a century.From what I have discussed, we can know that Allan Poe can not only create plenty of excellent details and plots, but also can make full use of his deliberate arrangement to his readers’ attention, and give them a feeling of “personally on the scene” . So, when you are caught by the fear, Poe’s “expected effect” has been achieved.References1.Allan Poe,Edgar The Fall of the House of Usher, Beijing: China people's Liberation Army Publishing House, 20052. 陶洁编著，《美国文学选读》（第三版），高等教育出版社，2011.63./p-454954734.html, 20124. /article/164bc968-bcfc-4db7-929d-08c922be3db0.htm, 2011。

红字论文An Analysis of Nathanial Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter

An Analysis of Nathanial Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Name Class NO.Abstract：Loneliness in real life has often been mentioned, which is a social isolation in subjective, it is a personal perception which he thinks he is isolated and lacked of contact with others .it is potential in human feelings .This essay will analyze the four characters’ loneliness in The Scarlet Letter which is written by Nathanial Hawthorne . Nathanial Hawthorne is an extremely famous American writer of fiction. He not only has created a lot of novels, but also has written quantities of classic short stories. Until now, Hawthorne and his works have often been discussed by the Chinese and foreign scholars. The theme of The Scarlet Letter is multiple. It seems that most of scholars has be concerned with such aspects as the original sin, religious belief, individual and society, thoughts of female doctrine and the conflict between the head and the heart. However, very few scholars have ever done a thorough research into the loneliness diathesis of the novel. Actually, Hawthorne began to discuss the loneliness diathesis from the 19th century and he creatively used the symbols to express this theme in his works, especially in The Scarlet Letter ，This essay will analyze four characters’ loneliness and express that the loneliness is potential in human feelings.Key Words: The Scarlet Letter; loneliness; potentialIntroduction:I. A Brief Information about Hawthorne.Hawthorne was born on the fourth of July, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He is considered as the most renowned romance American writer of fiction. His romantic writing is a landmark of the romantic period in American literature. But the innovation of his works has surpassed the limits of romanticism, before his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter had been published; he created a lot of thought-provoking short stories and began to show his brilliant writing talents in American literature. He tried to explore the origin of the sin and the result, revealing the moral value and psychology’s effect to human’s innocence. He has written quantities of classic works, such as The Scarlet Letter, The House of The Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun, besides there is also three stories collections: Twice-Told Tales, Moss from an Old Manse, and The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales. He is the first American writer to define his works asromance. His romantic writing is a landmark of the romantic period in American literature. Besides, Hawthorne is one of the forefathers of symbols.Ⅱ．Causes the Aspects of Loneliness in The Scarlet LetterA. Hawthorne’s Loneliness in His Personal LifeAs the most outstanding Romantic writer in the 19th century, Hawthorne was lonely in his personal life. Hawthorne’s father, who was a well known ship captain died at sea and left his wife. His wife lived with children aged 6 and 4 and an infant of a few month. She withdrew entirely from society and went to a brother for shelter with three children and lived there for the rest lonely life. Hawthorne’s feet were hurt when he was 9 and had to stay at home for tow years. When he was very young, he began a 12 years’ seclusion. He devoted himself to reading and writing with less contact with the family members as well as outside world. He is proud and shy; his shyness is because of his proud. He has strong sense of his advantages, holding an attitude of pride and respect toward his ancestor. He was afraid of communicating with others because of depending on others. From his early works, we can see his loneliness, he created a lot of works with the basic theme of loneliness in such a self-confinement life, in his eyes, on one hand, people are born with loneliness, in some degree, the loneliness is potential for human, people all keep their proud and loneliness for different reasons, on the other hand, the lonely, aliened people appeared in the situation of social alienation. From his family and his friends provided clues to Hawthorne’s life were feelings of gloom and alienation. The Scarlet Letter is the best work to explore Hawthorne’s attitude toward loneliness.B. Social and Cultural Backdrops of the Scarlet LetterFor Hawthorne, the history in that period is a heavy burden. Two generations of his ancestors had been involved in the notorious “witch-drive” movement, in the beginning of the Scarlet Letter, there is a sentence,“ The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized, it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison.”The author reveals the social b ackground of the colonial period in the United States. In the 16th century, British Puritan began to migrate to the colonies in the North America. But unfortunately, when these puritans establish their rules in the colony, they began to persecute their own people, the heroine Hester in the Scarlet Letter is a representative, and she is suppressedto hide the true feelings. "The Scarlet Letter" is created in such a Social and Cultural Backdrops. So in fact; The Scarlet Letter is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan pastConclusionThe Scarlet Letter attained an immediate and lasting success because it addressed spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. The Scarlet Letter represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme. The thorough description of the four leading characters in the novel shows that Hawthorne makes skillful use of symbolism .It is easy for us to find and understand the four leading characters’ loneliness.As we known, People can experience loneliness for many reasons, this article discloses the different kinds of loneliness of Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl, Hester experiences loneliness because she is lacked of love, just as it is said in the definition of loneliness. “Loneliness can occur within marriages or similar close relationships where there is anger, resentment, or wh ere love cannot be given or received and many life events are associated with it”. The source of Hester’s loneliness lied on her marriage. Now let’s see Dimmesdale, after Hester was punished, he nearly withdrew from the society and was involved in her regretful mood, depression, asking for God’ forgiveness. His loneliness is mainly caused by himself, because he was sinned. Chillingworth would like to choose to avenge his rival lonely, once he decided to find his rival and tortured him; he is destined to liv e in loneliness. His marriage and Hester’s abandonment is resulted in his loneliness. Pearl wants attention from the society. The lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence is the main reason of her solitude.So from analyzing their different loneliness, we have an impression that nearly everyone has his own loneliness in the novel, even the author himself express his lonely feelings in The Scarlet Letter, so we can get the conclusion that the loneliness is potential in human feelings.Bibliography[1] Chen Li，Interpretations of loneliness: Thematic Research into The Scarlet Lett er，Journal of East China’s University of Science and Technology 2001, 62(2).[2] Chang Yaoxin，A Survey of American Literature(the second edition). Tianjing: Nan KaiUniversity press, 1996.[3] Hawthorne，Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Beijing: The Commercial press, 1996.[5] Tian wujun，Symbolic meanings of the names in theScarlet Letter by Hawthorne. Foreign literature studies.1999, 83(1).[6] Wu Yong，Analyzing The Theme of The Scarlet Letter and The Wuthering Heights. Journal of Guiyang Teacher’s college, 2001, 65(3).[7] 陈淳，何乃英，.外国文学史纲要[M]. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993.[8] 陈爱民，.20世纪英美文学论稿[M]. 上海：上海师范教育出版社，2002.[9] 甘文平，惊奇的回归—红字中海斯特．白兰的形象解读[J].外国文学研究，2003,(3) .[10] 黄晋凯，李正荣著.西方文学史[M]. 成都：四川人民出版社，2003.。

简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法英语毕业论文

简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法英语毕业论文本科毕业论文简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。

对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。

作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。

本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。

涉密论文按学校规定处理。

有关文学作品分析文章的英语作文

有关文学作品分析文章的英语作文Title: Analysis of Literary WorksLiterature plays a significant role in shaping the cultural, social, and intellectual landscape of a society. It serves as a medium through which authors express their thoughts, emotions, and ideas to their readers, providing them with insights into various aspects of life. Literary works are highly revered for their artistic value, creativity, and ability to capture the essence of the human experience. In this essay, we will explore the importance of analyzing literary works and delve into the process of dissecting and interpreting them.The analysis of literary works involves a deep examination of the text, including its themes, characters, settings, symbols, and narrative techniques. By closely reading and exploring the layers of meaning embedded in a literary work, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and messages. Analyzing literary works allows readers to appreciate the complexity and richness of the text, as well as to uncover hidden meanings, symbols, and metaphors that contribute to the overall significance of the work.One of the key aspects of analyzing literary works is the identification and interpretation of themes. Themes are the central ideas or messages that the author conveys through the text. They provide readers with insights into the underlying issues, values, and beliefs that the author wishes to explore. By examining the themes of a literary work, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the author's perspective and the broader societal or cultural context in which the work is situated.Another important aspect of analyzing literary works is the study of characters. Characters are the driving force of a narrative, and their actions, thoughts, and emotions shape the story and drive its development. By analyzing the characters in a literary work, readers can gain insights into their motivations, personalities, and relationships, as well as the ways in which they contribute to the overall meaning and impact of the text.In addition to themes and characters, analyzing literary works also involves examining the setting, symbols, and narrative techniques employed by the author. The setting of a literary work provides a backdrop against which the story unfolds and influences the mood, tone, and atmosphere of the narrative. Symbols are objects, images, or motifs that carry deeper meaning and significance within the text, adding layers ofcomplexity and depth to the story. Narrative techniques, such as point of view, structure, and style, shape the way in which the story is told and influence the reader's experience of the text.Overall, analyzing literary works is a valuable and enriching process that allows readers to engage deeply with the text, explore its layers of meaning, and appreciate the artistic and intellectual prowess of the author. By delving into the themes, characters, settings, symbols, and narrative techniques of a literary work, readers can uncover the hidden truths, insights, and revelations that lie beneath the surface of the text. Through the analysis of literary works, readers can gain a greater appreciation for the power of literature to illuminate the human experience and enrich our understanding of the world around us.。

On Writing Techniques of Obama’s “A More Perfect Union” (Part I)

On Writing Techniques of Obama’s “A More Perfect Union” (Part I) Obama’s speech “A More Perfect Union”, one of the most successful and significant campaign speeches in American history, succeeds in impressing the audience and persuading them to unite together to build a more perfect America by virtue of superb writing techniques.①The language of the speech is quite figurative and expressive since various rhetoric devices are used skillfully. “The art of rhetoric might be defined as changing other people's minds (opinions, beliefs) by calling attention to similarities between situations the listener understands” (Enriqueta et al 221). Metaphor, antithesis, parallelism, repetition and contrast are the frequent techniques employed in the address. All these rhetorical devices contribute to the attractiveness of the speech. For example, in the sentence “continue the long march of those who came before us, a march for a more just, more equal, more free, more caring, and more prosperous America”(Obama 196), the repeated k ey words “march” and “more” not only draw the attention of the audience, but also reinforce the power of the speech. ②The speech achieves a positive emotional style through touching story-telling. “Much of political discourse is directed toward moving our emotions” (Edlund & Pomona 31). Obama tactfully connects his family stories, which are simple but emotional, with the American spirits and American unity-“it is a story that has seared into my genetic makeup of the idea that this nation is more than the sum of its parts –that out of many, we are truly one” (Obama 197). By making full use of emotional appeals, Obama successfully convinces the audience of his character and credibility and incites their emotions. ③Logical reasoning and strong Americanism makes the speech more persuasive. This speech is well organized by presenting the content in a logical order with facts, evidence, first-hand experience and coherent reasoning. Obama uses reasoning and Americanism for appealing to American audiences' goals, values or beliefs and provide them with direction or a sense of belonging. The statement at the end of the speech “if we walk away now, if we simply retreat into pour respective corners, we will never be able to come together and solve challenges…” (Obama 202) is to unite American people to move towards a better future.In conclusion, all the writing techniques used are contributing to the theme of the speech. The clever use of rhetorical devices, story-telling, strong sense of Americanism and reasoning make the address powerful, persuasive and inspiring.Works CitedBarack Obama. A More Perfect Union.Advanced English I. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2011.Enriqueta Aragones, Itzhak Gliboa, Andrew Postlewaite, David Schmeidler. Rhetoric and Analogies. Research in Economics, 2013.John R. Edlund, Cal Poly Pomona. Ethos, Logos, Pathos: Three Ways to Persuade. Los Angeles. 2006.。

The Analyses of the Writing Techniques in “The Rocking-Horse Winner”

Ying Wang- Midterm EssayThe Analyses of the Writing Techniques in “The Rocking-Horse Winner”A story about a young boy’s chase for luck and love from a middle-class family in a dispassionate world, “The Rocking-Horse Winner” is hailed by some critics as a commentary on money and relationships in a capitalist society, a psychoanalytic exploration of sexuality and the Oedipus complex, or a simple fable of a boy searching for identity and love(Wikipedia).Using a series of writing techniques, including symbolism, irony and repetition, D.H. Lawrence, clearly and actively tells a great short story that successfully demonstrates the theme that a material life can destroy human civilization.The use of symbolism is one of the author’s out-standing techniques in the fiction. Lawrence would always like to use symbolism in his fiction writing to express aesthetic images and deepen the theme rather than using direct and logical methods (Zhang 49). He is familiar in using natural and real circumstances, such as woods, flowers, horses and tombs,to show the emotional fluctuations and a complex internal world (Wikipedia). In this story, the Rocking-Horse is undoubtedly the most important metaphor which symbolizes people’s endless appetites. As an expensive Christmas gift, the horse illustrates the parents’ vanity of buying things that is beyond their payment capacity. The advent of the horse implies the par ents’ desires while it turns be Paul’s tool for helping and satisfying his mother. Having big, wide and glassy-bright eyes, the Rocking-Horse indicates the future luck for the boy. However, in the end, comparing with the winner horse in horse-racing, the Rocking-Horse was shabby with uncanny eyes. The rocking-horse finally turned out to be a failure, or a symbolism of Paul’s self-destruction.The boy fell down from the Rocking-Horse and died after his mother’s denial of his luck.In short, this shinning Rocking-Horse symbolizes a dreaming bubble of modern society that material possessions for getting luck and fortunes should be continuously chased. However, that will never be satisfied as the appetite will never stop.Irony is another significant technique. “The Rocking-Horse Winner” begins with a series of contradictory sentences. The characters lived in a beautiful house with a boy and two girls and they were not poor family. It is easy to imagine that this must be a happy family with a good atmosphere and full of love. But, ironically, this is a family full of indifference, greedy for money and vanity.A notable part of irony in “The Rocking-Horse Winner” is the description of eyes and mouths to reveal people’s lie and the truth behind. The beautiful words coming from their mouths can never be trusted. At the beginning, people thought Paul’s mother was a good mother and people believed they were living in a happy family. However, the eyes were like a channel or a microscope; only the people themselves knew exactly the truth of their life. Although pretended to be a good mother, Paul’s mother actually was not that kind of person at all.Another example of irony is that Paul’s big, hot and blue eyes represent beauty, but ugly things are viewed via this pair of eyes. The examples included when he first decided to utilize the horse to find luck, when his uncle first found the value of money from Paul, and when Paul pay for his mother using the money from horse-racing. All the narrations of eyes are bright and full of hopes, which are definitely a good sign. However, all the hopeful words from his eyes ironically showpeople’s apathy, and their endless purposes for taking advantages of this innocent boy to achieve their selfish money worship. What Paul urgently wanted wasto ride this Rocking-Horse and to get his luck. Ironically, he sacrificed his own life and tried best to shake his wooden horse, but he could never go any further as it is fixed. He found his way by sending an anonymous letter and providing what he could,wishing to satisfy his mother, but hecould not possibly arouse his mother’s love and her identification with him even in the end. He earned bundlesand the family got more beautiful and luxury goods, but the sound of “need money” turned out to be loud er. The more he provided, the more the house and all the people inside wanted.As a whole, irony helps Lawrence sympathetically reveal modern people’s worship of money and uncover the collapse of the spiritual world when people are driven by money and materials.Another technique Lawrence used is repetition of words. Especially when the author creates a setting or introduces a character, words are repeated to add emphasis on people’s characters and the surrounding situation.A good example of this is the repetition of one sentence: “There must be more money”(D.H. Lawrence 851). The opening page tells us that this sound is full of the house, this sound is whispering in children’s dail y lives, and this sound is everywhere. The echoing helps create an urgent and tensional atmosphere from the beginningand demonstrate how eagerly the boy wants to change the situation. Along with the plot, this repeated statement occurred repeatedly and even louder when his mother got the first five thousand and purchased a lot. We can hear the sound of meanness and desperationin this repetition. The sound represents the mother’s expanding appetite and appeal for material goods and the boy’s innocence and hopeless desire for love.Also, the use of repetition works well for this story when Lawrence intentionally changes the meanings for same contexts (Ortega). The meaning of the words changes and the meaning of each cha racter’s a ttitude also changes, especially in the dialogue when Paul is discussing luck with his mother. They mention “luck”, “lucky” or “unlucky” in almost every se ntence, with the meaning changing along with the changing of characters. The repetition causes confusion for both the reader and Paul, making us consider what exactly luck is, and leaving a question for the readers like the mother: is the luck you are chasing really what you want?Undoubtedly, this technique helps build the theme in function. By repeating the same words again and again, the words are emphasized and the real meaning lying beneath the words can be revealed.As a conclusion, with high-quality writing techniques and strong social responsibility, Lawrence successfully completed a series of fiction in his later life to skillfully analyze and sneer at the foolishness, destruction and meanness in modern society (Zhang 50). “The Rocking-Horse Winner” is defini tely a typical piece of D.H. Lawrence’s work. This story is short in length and simple in words. However, the ignorance of modern society and the degenerating humanity is clearly demonstrated by the use of very skillful techniques, including the uses of symbolism, irony and repetition.Works Cited1.“D.H. Lawrence”. Wikipedia:The Free Encyclopedia. 24 February 2012</wiki/D._H._Lawrence>2.Yan Zhang. “The Rocking-Horse Winner: the narrative techniques”. Fiction Commentary.March, 2009:49-51. Print.3.Lindsey Ortega. “D.H. Lawrence: The Rocking-Ho rse Winner”. Close Reading. September29, 2008.</2009/09/dh-lawrence-rocking-horse-winner.html>。

四川大学范文-Romanticism+in+mark+twain(070611)

本科生毕业论文（设计）题目The Romantic Elements in Mark Twain’sChildren Novels学院外国语学院专业英语专业学生姓名陈丹学号 0341052050 年级 2003级指导教师高红教务处制表二ΟΟ 年月日马克吐温儿童小说中的浪漫主义成分（英语专业）学生陈丹指导老师高红不论是美国文学史还是世界文学史上,马克吐温都享有很高的声誉。

由于他自己出生贫苦，深知生活在底层社会的人们的苦难，他的作品，大部分都是如实的体现当时的社会现状。

马克吐温被视为现实主义的杰出代表。

他的作品也都充满了马克吐温式的幽默。

迄今为止，关于马克吐温的研究数不胜数，主要都集中探讨他的幽默和现实主义思想。

但是，他的作品并不仅仅都是“现实”的。

很少有人注意到他作品中揉和的浪漫主义成分。

本篇论文旨在通过分析分析马克吐温的两部作品——汤姆索亚历险记和哈克贝利芬历险记，来探讨马克吐温作品中的浪漫主义成分，并从一个全新的视角对其进行诠释。

总的说来这篇论文可分为两大部分。

第一部分讨论了两本书的主题，第二部分讨论了其文体风格。

两本书所要表现的一个重要主题就是对“善”的渴望，体现在文中主人公对自然的向往及对美德的追寻。

文体方面，本篇论文主要从其充满想象的描述进行分析。

关键词：马克吐温；浪漫主义；现实主义；自然；想象ABSTRACTMark Twain enjoys high reputation in American literature history and the world literature history. Since he himself came from the low class and most of his stories are about the life he is rather familiar with, he is regarded as a remarkable representative of American realistic literature. Meanwhile, His works are full of Mark Twain’s humor.Until now, a lot of studies on Mark Twain are either in his humorous style or his realistic ideology. However, his works are not purely realistic. Yet, few people studies the some romantic elements blended in them.This thesis aims to analysis the romanticism in Mark Twain and to interpret him in a new angel through his two children books-the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Generally, it can be divided into three parts. In the first part, it gives a definition on realism and romanticism. In the second part, the author probes romanticism from the view of the theme of these two books and the third from the style. The main theme of the novels is the yearning for goodness which is indicated from the pursuit for nature and the searching for virtue. As for the style, the analysis lies into the imaginative description and the romantic arrangement of the plot.Key words: Mark Twain; Romanticism; Realism; Nature; ImaginationContents Introduction (1)Part One: Definitions of Realism and Romanticism (3)Part Two: Desire for Nature (4)1.1 Tom-Spokesman for Human Nature (5)1.2 Huck-Son of Nature (6)1.3 Mississippi-Nature Itself (8)Part Three: Moralization Significance-Achievement of Virtue (9)Part Four: Romanticism in Technique-Abundant Imaginations (11)Conclusion (13)Bibliography (15)Acknowledgements (16)IntroductionMark Twain was a great writer in end of 19th century. His genuine and indulgence brought him high reputation among the Americans and even the world. He is regarded as one of the three true American writers by many scholars because his works truly reflect the typical American people’s life; the characters and their spirit have become a symbol of an independent nation. William Dean Howells praised Twain as ‘the Lincoln of American literature.”(Mark Dawidziad, 1996: 6) H.L.Mencken regarded him as the true father of American national literature, the first genuinely American artist with royal blood. (Mark Dawidziad, 1996: 6) William Faulkner said, “Mark Twain was the first true American writer, and all of us since are his heirs, we descended from him.”(Chang Yaoxin,1997:191) Bernard Devoto, literary critic and Twain scholar, agreed, “he (Mark Twain) wrote books that have in them something eternally true to the core of his nation’s life”. (Bernard Devoto, 1932: 3) He called Mark Twain the greatest of all American writers, not just of western American writer.Mark Twain, pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was brought up in the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River, which was the setback of his most novels. He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school and educated himself. In order to make his own living, Mark Twain successively worked as a printer's devil, a tramp printer, a silver miner, a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River, and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California. Colorful life experiences provided him plenty materials for his writing later. On May 1st, in 1852, his first work, "The Dandy Frightening the Squatter" appeared in The Carpet Bag, a weekly humor magazine in Boston. Since then, he wrote his way up into the ranks of great American writers. His boy book the Adventures of Tom Sawyer"lays claim to being America's most popular. And later its sister novel the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was regarded as the masterpiece of Mark Twain.In the studies on Mark Twain either from China or abroad, most of them focus on the realistic elements. Plenty of researches are about his humorist and localism, butthe fact that there are also romantic elements in Mark Twain’s works is always neglected. This thesis will mainly analyze the romantic colors in Mark Twain’s realistic novel from the theme and character.In order to reveal the romantic elements in Mark Twain, this thesis mainly focuses on the above two representative stories-the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Tom was never a good boy, he fought with other boys, told lies to his aunt, escapes from schools…One day, Mischievous Tom, and his friends Becky and Huck, happened to see a murder by a bad Indian Joe. Repressing his terror, he successfully attested in the court for innocent Potter and exploded the real murder. Later after a serious adventures Tom and his friends helped a window out of the trip of Joe and finally get Joe’s hidden property in a cave where they had been lost before. And Joe dramatically died partly out of their adventures.In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, outcast white boy of about the age of thirteen called Huckleberry Finn helped the black slave to escape from slavery. the story attached great important on the relation how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.Part One: Definitions of Realism and Romanticism These two novels above are classified as “Realism” in American literature. What is “Realism”? Realism is regarded as a literature movement against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. T he original definition of realism by Sir P. Harvey (source) was "a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life (especially when they are gloomy)." It stressed "sincerity" as opposed to the "liberty" proclaimed by the romantics; it insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, an accumulation of the details of material fact, an avoidance of poetic diction, idealization, exaggeration, melodrama, etc. (net.1) William Dean Howells, who was a typical representative of the new school, felt that he must write what he observed and knew. “He…can only write of what his fleshly eyes have seen,” Henry James says of him. (1987: 117) In Engles eyes, realism, besides the actual details, also requires the true typical environment and typical characters. (Net.2) Therefore, a lot of the realistic writers who were living in a society with great changes and violent conflicts focused on the miserable lives of the people or the suffering from loneliness and loss in their inner heart out of the overthrow of the conventional concepts. Thus accidents, grave illness, serious family problems and violence are frequently appeared in those realistic books. In addition to their selection of subject matter, generally, they also differ in the choice of characters. Characters of realism always come from the actual life, many from the low class. Realistic writers always expressed their concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. (常耀信，2003:117) However, as a literature school after romanticism, some realistic stories also combine the romantic elements. Distinguishing features of romanticism are embodied in them. Either active romanticist who were conservative and reflected the idealized life of the Middle Ages or passive romanticists who expressed the aspiration of the labour classes and set themselves against the bourgeois society and ruling class with an intensive love for liberty, they all revealed aspiration and ideals in sharp contrast to the common sordid daily life under capitalism. Their writings are their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, with the active romanticists;symbolic pictures represent a vague ideal of some future society. (Net.3) Romantic writers are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime aspect of a natural scene. They read in nature some mysterious force. (罗经国，2005：4). As human beings were part of nature, they believed every human being is worth being praised. The Romantic Movement is characterized by a humanitarian idealism. They had a version of the ultimate freedom of human spirits. ( 罗经国，2005：5) Except these general features, American Romanticism had the features of their own. Under the influence of American Puritanism, it tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers. Many of the writings intended to edify more than they entertained. The ideals of individualism and political equality and the dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American. (常耀信，2003：42-43) Thus we can see, in one word, realism and romanticism are of great differences —in theme, realism is much more like the copy of real life. It stressed much importance on truth; romanticism focused on nature and idealism and in American also its moralization and pursuit for equality. In techniques, realistic writings try to avoid poetic diction, idealization and exaggeration; romantic writings are always filled with imaginations.Part Two: Desire for NatureAlthough the subject matter of these two novels came from the real life, Mark Twain’s concern about the people from low class are based on the philosophy that these people will have the chance to be happy if they have realistic expectations, if they can tell the bad and good in the real society. And indeed, to some degree, it is never possible to cut off romanticism with real life. Blinskiin holds that Romanticism should display idealism based on real life with abundant imagination and fervency. (1999：47). And for Hawthorne the field of romance is a world of balance or reconciliation-what he describes in “The Custom-House” in Scarlet Letter as “a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land, where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other” .(1980:7) In his two books, Mark Twain broke away from this pessimism andchose brightness and hope in life through these children, what’s more, many places are likely to contain some excitement, romance, and optimism. Real materials are just to serve the romantic theme- the desire to live according the law of nature and the constant pursuit for nature.1.1 Tom-Spokesman for Human NatureEveryone who has read the Adventures of Tom Sawyer would be impressed by this mischievous and naughty boy. Tom, if judged by our social standards and evaluation system, absolutely is not a good boy, worse more, even a bad boy. He plays hooky from school, cheats to collect Sunday school tickets, fights with other children, lies to his aunt, pursuits the little girl Becky to be his girl friend, and tricks someone to brush the fence for him. Although he is almost challenging all the concepts built by the adults especially in the education system or trying to get rid of them, yet Mark Twain obviously hold a rather positive attitude toward him. Under his pen, Tom has become “the national icon”. (Louis J. Budd, 2001:1) On the other hand, c hildren who have been well civilized are not approved like Sid who is sly, sneaky and who is the “good” boy in adults’ eyes. There was strong conflict between these two boys as for Sid he likes to sneak on Tom and gets Tom into trouble; while for Tom, Sid is among those whom he loathed because he often plays pranks on others with a malicious and mean intention that “He was not the model boy of the village. He knew the model boy well enough-and loathed him.” And this kind of conflict comes more intensive in the middle through the description of a boy who almost becomes an idiot after reciting three thousand Bible verses without stopping:…a boy of German parentage had won four or five(tickets). He once recited three thousand verses without stopping; but the strain upon his mental faculties was too great, and he was little better than an idiot from that day forth – a grievous misfortune for the school, for on great occasions before company, the superintendent had always made his boy come out and spread himself. (Mark Twain, 1992: 22) The model boys stand for civilization and the other for the natural human as he had never been successfully “educated” by the morality system and all those shown inhim is just com e from his natural values of his own. The contempt from this “bad, vulgar child” to the rigid social concepts is just spontaneous expression of his heart. It is easy to see whose side the author was taking.We can better understand this natural spirit embodied in this book from the experience of Mark Twain himself which set the model for Tom. When Mark Twain was a schoolboy:…the rules of conduct that first day interested little Sam. He wondered how nearly he could come to breaking them and escape...” And he got a lesson from his teacher, Mrs. Horr. He told his mother at noon that he did not care for education; that he did not wish to be a great man, his desire was to be an Indian and scalp such persons as Mrs. Horr. (Justin Kaplan, 1966: 50) And once in a moment of inspiration Sam wrote: Cross by name and cross by nature/Cross jumped over an Irish potato. He instigated his friend John to write the fine couplet on the blackboard at dinnertime, and soon later John had to pay handsomely for his publishing venture. (袁春艳，2003：15)We can see clearly the rebellious and disobedient personality is very much like that of Tom. And this was all set on the basis of the philosophy to live naturally as the desire “to be an Indian and scalp such persons as Mrs. Horr”. Maybe it is also one of the reasons why people so strongly loved Tom-he holds the nature they have lost but admired. Despite all the conventions, living as his own master, Tom’s ideal life is to live following his inner heart desire.1.2 Huck-Son of NatureIn the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the pursuit for nature is even better revealed than in the former one. If Tom is a spokesman for human nature in the civilized world, Huck is the son of nature. Besides the wish to live according the law of nature, he even strongly desire to live isolated from the civilized world. As an outcast by the civilized world, h e have left the rich home of the widow for his simple and free life, without care, like a “wild animal”. He is cultured and educated by the nature which provides him true sense of humanity. At the very beginning of this novel,Huck has already made his stand clear, he said:The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would civilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn’t stand it no longer, I lit out. I got into my old nags, and my sugar hogshead again, and was free and satisfied. . . she put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn’t do nothing but sweat, and feel all cramped up. Well, then, the old thing commenced again. The widow rung a bell for supper. In fact, she rung a bell for everything. (Mark Twain, 1979: 11)Here, we can see that Huck was so impatient for this kind of life which represents the civilized society. He is rather reluctant to be seized by the civilized society. What he want is to be in rags and comfortable, to get back to the nature, and most important, to be free and this kind of freedom always seduces him continue to be a runaway. This freedom enables people the right to do what you want to do without being controlled or restricted by anyone. However, in Huck’s society, it is only a good wish during the capitalization when people are more often to be engaged in the pursuit for material wealth on the price of this freedom. It was the people’s right to live according to human nature rather than being rigidly controlled by those religious doctrines, and Huck had never stopped struggles for this right. He wants to live freely like a real human being.When in nature, Huck is totally in a great different mode compared to the life in the widow’s house. When he reached the Jackson’ Island:…I laid there in the grass and the cool shade thinking about things, and feeling rested and ruther comfortable and satisfied. I could see the sun out at one or two holes, but mostly it was big trees all about, and gloomy in there amongst them. There was freckled places on the ground where the light sifted down through the leaves, and the freckled places swapped about a little, showing there was a little breeze up there. A couple of squirrels set on a limb and jabbered at me very friendly. (Mark Twain, 1979: 44)So compared to Tom, Huck’s pursuit for nature is much further-not only forhuman original nature, but also for the big natural environment to live in. His escape from the widow Douglas, and actually is the escape from civilization. His change of attitudes toward Jim indicates his beginning of true natural growth by going to the adventurous life itself. That’s why he is the son of nature.1.3 Mississippi-Nature ItselfIn these two books, Mississippi river is set as the large background for the life of these two boys. They live by it and enjoy it. Especially, in Huck, stories are developed following the floating experiences of Huck and Jim. It is the place where Huck completes his metamorphosis. The civilized world is full of evil criminals and crooks, only the River, only nature holds the ability to wash off the social prejudice and social discrimination and led him to the final truth as the natural River is still, pure, and safe which keeps the violence and evils away of the “civilization” in people’s mind.“We lit the pipes, and dangled our legs in the water and talked all kinds of things. We was always made, day and night, whenever the mosquitoes would let us” “Sometimes we’d have that whole river all to ourselves for the longest time.” Sometimes they used to lay on their backs and look up at the stars sparking in the sly, they discussed about whether they was made on only just happened: Jim said they was made, but Huck said they happened because he judged it would have took too long to make so many---there is beautiful and comfortable life on the River! (Mark Twain, 1992:71)Mississippi, the nature itself, has become a symbol of quietness and freedom which Huck strongly struggle for. It is in the direct silent competition with civilization. As darkness and evil exist in the civilization, comfort and mercy lies in the nature, through the whole story, the nature has always won over civilization. This is revealed at the end of the book that Finn decides to escape again. As Marcus Cunliffe pointed out, “but at the end, Huck must get away from civilization if is to save himself.” (Howe, Lawrence, 1986) Huck has to leave the civilized world and for natural ideal life. And he himself has also realized this: “but I reckon I got to light out for theterritory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she is going to adopt me and sivilized me and I can’t stand it. I been there before.”(Mark Twain,1979:283) After all of these experiences, nature successfully helps Huck to become spiritually mature. He realized the eternal peace in nature. Since then, he has got a clear picture about what his ideal life is.Here,Mark Twain had successfully created the “neutral territory” Hawthorn referred to-Mississippi, the nature.Part three: Moralization Significance-Achievement of VirtueAs we have mentioned before that out of the influence of Puritanism, American romanticism is tended to moralize, either to build the right morality in people or teach them to change the unsatisfying reality. Therefore, romantic works often attach great importance to the goodness, and beauty to stimulate people to pursuit spirit purity. Although Mark Twain’s works are classified into Realism, these two books mainly deal with the searching processes for truth, goodness, and beauty of Tom and Huck. This enriches them with romantic elements when he describes the real life with his imagination of what life should be. Yearning for goodness goes through the whole stories. Although there are some description of darkness in the adult word in these books, but the main themes the books want to offer are much more beyond.In these two books, both boys have never stopped the pursuit for virtue and search for true even without their awareness. In the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, there is a good example. It is the search for goodness in his nature that leads him to the right place. When Potter is stigmatized, out of the fear, Tom does not dare to tell the truth. To speak out or not to? Tom has a difficult choice to do. To attest means potential threatening from the real murder; action on the contrary means self-reproach for a whole life. Tom’s consciousness has experienced a series tortures. When Potter is taken to the graveyard, “Tom shivered from head to heel; for his eye fell upon the stolid face of Injun Joe”(Mark Twain, 1979:79) “Tom’s fearful secret and gnawing conscience disturbed his sleep for as much as a week after this”(Mark Twain, 1979:80). when Potter is really prisoned, his guilt grows stronger, thus “every day or two, during this time of sorrow, Tom watched his opportunity and went to the littlegrated jail window and smuggled such small comforts through to the ‘murder’ as he could get hold of”(Mark Twain, 1979: 81). However, at last, Tom successfully stands in the court and attested for Joe: “The strain upon pent emotion reached its climax when the boy said:’-and as the doctor fetched the board around and Muff Potter fell, Injue Joe jumped with the knife and-’” (Mark Twain, 1979: 150) He bravely chooses justice. In spite of the difficulties Tom has in making the decision, Mark Twain tries to tell the readers that it is much more important to hold moral qualities than to keep short-time “security”-which is not really secure.This pursuit for virtue is much more obvious in Huck. Even the son of nature who loves all the people does not avoid failing to treat Jim as a normal human being in the big frame of “civilization”. At first, Huck thinks it is rather wrong to help a black slave to escape: “conscience says to me, ‘what had poor Miss Watson done to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say one single word? What did that poor old woman do to you that you could treat her so mean? (Mark Twain, 1979:92) And then Huck hears Jim’s thought to buy his wife and his two children, “It most froze me to hear such talk. He wouldn’t ever dare to talk such talk in his life before…It was according to the old saying, ‘Give a nigger an inch and he’ll take an ell.’ Thinks I, this is what comes of my not thiniking.” He decides to “Let up on me-it ain’t too late yet-I’ll paddle ashore at the first light and tell.”(Mark Twain, 1979:93) Actually this is the first struggle in his consciousness between “distorted social value” and “natural virtue”. In the “civilized” world, Huck is influenced by the traditional concepts that slaves are never normal people, even he loves them, he still think it is guilty to free them. However after a lot of experiences, Huck’s spirit gradually grows up. When determined firmly to “steal Jim out of slavery”, he said to himself: “All right, then, I’ll go to hell”. (Mark Twain, 1979: 210) This is the second conscience struggle of him. Although he still thinks it wrong, but there are some changes in him. This time, he appeals to God and Hell for help, that we can see Huck has already got rid of the limitation of the distorted social value system. He is much more apt to leave natural virtue to judge this action now. And at last, Huck agreed with Tom’s opinion that : “They hain’t no right to shut him up!...he’s as free asany cretur that walks this earth!”(Mark Twain, 1979: 279) Huck successfully finishes his psychological development and moral education. His natural instincts, sweet innocence finally helps him to achieve the virtue which has gone beyond his time. And the triumph in the last indicates the hope in real life.Part four: Romanticism in Technique-Abundant ImaginationsBesides the theme, the writing technique of the two novels mentioned above is also embodied with romantic factors. As romantic writers are likely to use exaggeration in order to achieve strong effect that. “Bold imagination, offbeat plot, bright and lively characters, mythology-colored sentiment and ordinary daily vision…” (蒋风，1998：182) are part of the characteristics of romanticism. This will inevitably embody in the two books as children are more curious and apt to create a life in their imagination or dreams. Therefore, there are a lot of imaginative descriptions either to reveal the psychological activity of these boys or just to create an ideal world in their mind. The following is a description when Joe is in jail: When he got upon his feet at last and moved feebly down town, a melancholy change had come over everything and every creature. There had been a ‘revival,’ and everybody had ‘got religion’ not only the adults, but even the boys and girls…And that night there came on a terrific storm, with driving rain, awful claps of thunder and blinding sheets of lightning. He covered his head with the bedclothes and waited in a horror of suspense for his doom; for he had not the shadow of a doubt that all this hubbub was about him. He believed he had taxed the forbearance of the powers above to the extremity of endurance and that this was the result. (Mark Twain, 1979:144)This paragraph is full of imaginations of Tom. It clearly shows Tom’s guilty feelings. Such kind of unique psychological description does great help to depict characters and to deepen the manifestation of the themes.In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, there are more imaginative things existing. Huck regards the death of a spider as a prediction for something bad; Under the leadership of Tom, those boys start a bang because in their imagination it equals ahero thing; Huck creates various ways which only a child is able to make out such as to use the blood of a pig to cover his trace when he chooses to escape from his father; Huck pretends to be a girl in the purpose of gathering information that if anyone is searching for Jim; on the way on Mississippi, Huck is never bored about the mysterious supernatural matters…Although these things seem ridiculous to us, but the imaginative ideal world in the children’s mind is serious. It is interesting and fascinating. In these two books, Mark Twain is moving readers with the help of imagination. It is the power and bridge of children’s souls. From those beautiful fictional places in their mind, children’s emotions get fully released in the series of happenings, just as Jackson’s Island in Huck’s mind: “Jackson’s Island is good enough for me; I know that island pretty well, and nobody ever comes there…Jackson’s Island’s the place.”(Mark Twain, 1979:42) Besides, their imaginations also further help to develop these stories. Only through these imaginations, we can see the natural innocence of these boys. So it shows that in order to show the natures of children well, it is inevitable to take the romantic techniques such as imagination which fills in the gap of the children’s curiosities. We can not overlook it in Mark Twain.。

英文诗歌技巧分析作文

英文诗歌技巧分析作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The art of writing poetry is a delicate craft that requires a keen sense of observation and a deep understanding of language. It is a form of expression that allows the poet to convey their emotions, thoughts, and experiences in a unique and creative way. In this essay, I will analyze some of the key techniques used in English poetry and discuss their significance.One of the most important techniques in poetry is the use of imagery. Imagery refers to the use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental pictures in the reader's mind. It helps to engage the reader's senses and make the poem more impactful. For example, a poet may use words like "crimson sunset" or "fragrant flowers" to paint a vivid picture and evoke certain emotions in the reader.Another technique commonly used in poetry is metaphor. Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things without using the words "like" or "as". It allows the poetto convey complex ideas or emotions in a concise and powerful way. For instance, a poet may describe a broken heart as "a shattered mirror reflecting pain" or adifficult decision as "a fork in the road".Rhyme and rhythm are also important elements in poetry. Rhyme refers to the repetition of similar sounds at the end of lines, while rhythm refers to the pattern of stressedand unstressed syllables in a poem. They help to create a musical quality and enhance the overall flow of the poem. For example, a poet may use a rhyming scheme like AABB or ABAB to give the poem a sense of structure and cohesion.Another technique that poets often employ is repetition. Repetition involves the use of certain words, phrases, or sounds multiple times in a poem. It can create emphasis, reinforce a particular theme or idea, or evoke certain emotions in the reader. For instance, a poet may repeat the word "nevermore" in Edgar Allan Poe's famous poem "The Raven" to create a haunting and melancholic effect.Lastly, the use of symbolism is another importanttechnique in poetry. Symbolism involves the use of objects, characters, or situations to represent abstract ideas or qualities. It adds depth and layers of meaning to the poem and allows the reader to interpret it in different ways. For example, a poet may use a rose to symbolize love or a dove to symbolize peace.In conclusion, the art of writing poetry is a complex and nuanced craft that involves the use of various techniques. From imagery and metaphor to rhyme and rhythm, each technique serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall impact of the poem. By understanding and analyzing these techniques, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the beauty and power of English poetry.。

高中英语教学论文美国文学总结归纳

高中英语教学论文美国文学总结归纳The first lecture1.A general look at the American literaturePhases of the history of American literature:1) Colonial America ---- the 17th century from the settlement of North America in the early seventeenth century through the end of it.2) Reason and revolution ---- the 18th century3) Romanticism ---- the first half of the nineteenth century, till the Civil War (1861-1865)4) Realism ---- from the civil war till the early period of 19th century (1861—1918)5) Modernism ---- from 1918-19456) Contemporary literature ---- starting with 19452.Historical introduction of the literature of Colonial America1) Indians were migrants form eastern Siberia and might belong to the Mongoloid peoples. They traveled into the New World more than 20,000 years ago.2) About A.D. 1000, Norsemen from northern Europe happened on American, but their contact did not exert a tremendous influence in the world at that time. In 1492, the date of the discovery of America, Columbus sailed here.3) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in May 14, 1607.4) In 1620, Mayflower with 102 passengers sailed to Massachusetts. They were the first group of puritans5) A large number of the settlers themselves left home in the first years of the 17th century in earnest quest of an ideal of their own. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution ---- and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. When they arrived and saw the virgin forests, the virgin land, and the vast expanse of wilderness that stretched miles around before them, they became aware that God must have sent them there for a definite purpose to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.3.Puritan thoughts1) American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature It has become so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.2) They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.3) The Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should.Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. And this went to the making of American literature.4. The first American writer -- John Smith (1580-1631)1) LifeHe was England adventurer and one of the chief founders ofthe first permanent settlement in North America, the colony of Jamestown.In 1604, he came to know a group of people who were ready to go to northern America to establish colonies there after returning to England from Russia. They landed on May 14, 1607, and soon he became the leader of the newly-established colony, and one year later he became the governor.He was once captured by Indians, whose chief was Powhatan (波瓦坦), but was rescued by the famous Indian princess, Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief. And this story becomes a legend.2) WritingsA True Relation of Such Occurances and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony( in 1608) (《殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚开拓以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country( in 1612) (《弗吉尼亚地图: 一个乡村的描述》)General History of Virginia(1624) (《弗吉尼亚通史》)His writings about America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. And his narratives reveal the early settlers’ vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.The second lecture1. Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionPeople are industrious, natural resources are rich and economy developed. Fast developing economy will influence politics. Economy asked for political rights.English ruling class made huge profits out of American colonies. Laboring people suffered. Even the merchants and manufacturers did suffer because buying and selling were monopolized. South slave-owners were dissatisfied with the British as the price of tobacco and cotton they produced was fixed.1764, Sugar Act. 1765, Stamp Act. T o levy tax on everything.Clashes were unavoidable. In April, 1775, some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord, small towns 30 miles from Boston, to disarm the militiamen. The first shot.In 1783, colonies won independence.In 1787, the Constitution passed.2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1) LifeBorn in 1760 into a poor candle-maker’s family –―poor and obscure‖. He had little education but he was a voracious reader.When still very young, he apprenticed to his older half-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood.At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune and set himself up as an independent printer and publisher.As a scientist. His many inventions, besides the lightning rod, included the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press and even a strange musical instrument called ―armonica.‖ He contributed to the theories of electricity and first applied the terms ―positive‖ and ―negative‖ to electrical charges.As a statesman. He was the only American to sigh the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.2) Bourgeois EnlightenmentThe spiritual life in the colonies during this period was to a great degree molded by the bourgeois Enlightenment –a movement supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism. The representatives of the Enlightenment set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.American Enlightenment dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The writers of the Enlightenment injected an invigorating vein into the English language in Americans as they aimed at clarity and precision of their writings.3) WritingsPoor Richard’s Almanac (《格言历书》《穷理查德的警句》) The Autobiography (《自传》)4)Poor Richard’s AlmanacHe kept writing it for almost a quarter of a century. Apart from poems and essays, he managed to put in a good many axioms and commonsense witticisms which became, very quickly, household words and mottoes of the most practical kind.―Lost time is never found again.‖―A penny saved is a penny earned.‖―God help them that help themselves.‖―Early to bed, and earl y to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.‖Those and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused.5) The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinA fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame froma state of poverty into which he was born, a faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.A Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement, and a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent. Franklin told himself and his fellowmen that for that century moderation and temperance were among the best virtues of man.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.The third lectureThe Literature of Romanticism1. Historical introduction1) Political reviewGeorge WashingtonThomas Jefferson (1800-1808)During the two administrations of Jefferson, the relations between U. S. and Britain were becoming worse.The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Jefferson had to take some actions, but he had to try to avoid war as he knew the U.S. was ill-prepared.MadisonIn1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain, and the war broke out. The war lasted for three years and ended in another American victory over the British.This war has one important result –the strengthening ofnational unity and patriotism. And it was only after this that the United States was able to effect the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.James Monroe (1816-1824)In 1823, President Monroe announced his foreign policy which has come to be known as the Monroe Doctrine. The main idea of the doctrine was that European nations should not establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere; European nations should not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the New World; and the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations.2)Territorial expansionIn 1780s, the American government passed some laws to encourage people to move to the frontier region between the Mississippi and the Ohio rivers.May 2, 1803, the acquisition of Louisiana (New Orleans)1845, annexed Texas1846, the Oregon territory settlement between Britain and the U.S.1846, war on Mexico. The states of California, New Mexico and Arizona became part of the United States.3) Economic changesIn the south, slavery was the foundation of the economic system. After 1812, cotton played a critical role in the developing market economy of the entire nation. Consequently, slaves, who worked in the cotton field, became rooted in the South.In the North, commerce and industry were the main character for its economy. Some northerner expected to get the blacks from the south.4) The Civil WarFebruary 4, 1861, representatives from the seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama. And they organized the Confederate States of America. Also a constitution was passed.On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office.In April 1861, the Confederates took Fort Sumter in the South Carolina and the Civil War began. The War lasted for 4 years from 1861 to 1865.The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government. It swept away the last obstacle to the development of U.S. capitalism.5) In this period we see a rising America fast burgeoning intoa political, economic, and culturalindependence it had never known before.2. Romanticism: Romantics share certain general characteristic: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societiesa source of corruption.3. Characteristics of American romanticism1) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England and Europe, proved to be a decisive influence without which the upsurge of American romanticism would hardly have been possible. Sir Walter Scott, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Byron, Robert Burns and many other English and European masters of poetry and prose all made a stimulating impact on the different departmen ts of the country’s literature.2) Although foreign influences were strong, American Romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features ofits own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from factors that were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism wa s in essence the expression of ―a real new experience‖ and contained ―an alien quality‖ for the simple reason that ―the spirit of the place‖ was radically new and alien.3) Then there is American Puritanism as cultural heritage to consider. American moral values were essentially Puritan. Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan; the Puritan atmosphere of the nation predominantly conditioned social life and cultural taste. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brother. Many American writings intended to edify more than they entertained. Sex and love, for instance, were subjects American authors were particularly careful in approaching.The fourth lectureWashington Irving (1783-1859)1. LifeGently born and well-educated, the youngest of eleven children of a prosperous New York merchant, he began a genteel reading for the law at sixteen, but preferred a literary Bohemianism. At nineteen he published in his brother’s newspaper his ―Jonathan Oldstyle, a satire of New York life". By the age of twenty-three, when he was admitted to the New York bar, he had roamed the Hudson valley and been a literary vagabond in England, Holland, France, and Italy, reading and studying what pleased him.From 1826 to 1829 he was in Spain on diplomatic business. And he served as secretary of the American legation in Londonfrom 1829 to 1831. In 1832 he was on the way back to United States. In 1836, he made his home at Sunnyside, near Tarrytown. From 1842 to 1845 he served as minister to Spain, then settled at Sunnyside. He died in 1859.2. Two important phases of his writing career1) From the first book in 1809 to 1832.The first period was predominantly ―English,‖ in which he was drawn to the ruins and relics of Europe and writing, most of the time, about subjects either English or European. He seemed to be endowed with a love for the antique that amounted to an obsession. He found value in the past and in the tradition of the Old World. America, being young, didn’t have what Europe had to offer for a man of imagination.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809) (《纽约外史》)Sketch Book (1819-1820) (《见闻札记》)Bracebridge Hall (1820) (《布雷斯布里奇田庄》)Tales of a Traveler (1824) (《旅行者的故事》)Charles the Second, or The Merry Monarch (《查尔斯二世》, 或《快乐君主》)A History of the Life and Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1828) (《哥伦布生平及航海史》)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) (《格林纳达征服史》)Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus (1831) (《哥伦布同伴的生平及航海》) Alhambra (1832) (《阿尔罕伯拉》)2) Stretching over the remaining years of his life from 1832-1859.Back in America, Irving found a whole new spirit ofnationalism in American feeling and art and letters and awoke to the fact that there was beauty in America.A Tour on the Prairies (1835) (《草原游记》)Astoria (1836) (《阿斯托里亚》)The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837) (《伯纳维尔船长历险记》)Life of Oliver Goldsmith (1840) (《奥利弗·戈尔德史密斯传》) Life of George Washington (published 1855-1859) (《华盛顿传》)3. Features of his writing1) Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible; he wrote to amuse and entertain.2) He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere, the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of plot.3) The finished and musical language has been the critical attention for a long time.4. Irving’s contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one.He was first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure. In The Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Americans took this as a sign that American literature was emerging as an independent entity.To say that he was father of American literature is not much exaggeration. The short story genre in American literature p robably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book.5. Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle, ―one of those happy mortals, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment.‖The story reveals, to some extent, the conservative attitude of its author. Rip goes to sleep before the War of Independence and wakes up after it. The change that has occurred in the twenty years he slept is to him not always for the better. The story might be taken as an illustration of Irving’s argument that change –revolution –upset the natural order of things, and of the fact that Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.6. The Legend of Sleep HollowIchabod Crane, a memorable character with the mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-assertiveness, and cowardice.Brom Bones, his rival in love, a Huck Fine –type of country bumpkin, rough, vigorous, boisterous but inwardly very good, a frontier type put out there to shift for himself, headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love.KatrinaThe fifth lectureEdgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)1. LifePoe's parents, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie become later insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of histeachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron.Temporarily reconciled, Allan secured Poe's release from the army and his appointment to West Point but refused to provide financial support. After 6 months Poe apparently contrived to be dismissed from West Point for disobedience of orders. His fellow cadets, however, contributed the funds for the publication of Poems by Edgar A. Poe ... Second Edition (1831), actually a third edition. This volume contained the famous To Helen and Israfel, poems that show the restraint and thecalculated musical effects of language that were to characterize his poetry.Poe next took up residence in Baltimore with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. In 1832 the Philadelphia Saturday Courier published five of his stories -- all comic or satiric -- and in 1833, MS. Found in a Bottle won a $50 prize given by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor.Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835, and he became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger and in1836, he married Virginia.Poe published fiction, notably his most horrifying tale, Berenice in the Messenger, but most of his contributions were serious, analytical, and critical reviews that earned him respect as a critic. His contributions undoubtedly increased the magazine's circulation, but they offended its owner, who also took exception to Poe's drinking. The January 1837 issue of the Messenger announced Poe's withdrawal as editor but also included the first installment of his long prose tale, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, five of his reviews, and two of his poems. This was to be the paradoxical pattern for Poe's career: success as an artist and editor but failure to satisfy his employers and to secure a livelihood.First in New York City (1837), then in Philadelphia (1838-44), and again in New York (1844-49), Poe sought to establish himself as a force in literary journalism, but with only moderate success.In 1842, Virginia bust a blood vessel and remained a virtual invalid until her death from tuberculosis five years later. After the death of his wife, Poe began to lose his struggle with drinking and drugs. He had several romances, including an affair with the poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who said: "His proud reserve, his profound melancholy, his unworldliness - may we not say his unearthliness of nature - made his character one very difficult of comprehension to the casual observer." Though Virginia's death, Poe continued to write and lecture. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond, lectured, and was accepted anew by the fiancee he had lost in 1826. After his return north he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street. In a brief obituary the Baltimore Clipper reported that Poe had died of "congestion of the brain."2. WritingsA dozen poems and seventy short stories.Poe’s literary output is small, but it is immensely interesting and influential as a literary inheritance. Tamerlane and Other Poems(1827) (《帖木尔》)Poems by Edgar A. Poe ... Second Edition(1831)Ms. Found in a bottle (in 1833) (《瓶中的房德小姐》)The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (in 1838)Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque (in 1839) (《怪诞奇异故事集》)The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) (which is sometimes considered the first detective story.)3. Unfavorable criticism on PoeFor a long time after Poe’s death Poe remained probably the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.As a critic Poe was perceptive, but the fact that he wrote some scathing criticisms on the works of such distinguished New England literary celebrities as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow incurred the wrath of quite a few of his contemporaries .And his executor, Rufus Griswold, spared no pains, after his death, to sully his reputation. He painted him as a Bohemian, depraved, and demonic, a villain with no virtue at all.Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable.Henry James made the ruthless statement that ―an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development.‖And Whitman, who was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875, had mixed feelings about him: he did admit Poe’s genius, but itwas ―its narrow range and unhealthy, lurid quality‖ that most impressed him.4.Poe’s poemsHis poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity.The poems, he says, should be short, readable at one sitting. Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.The RavenIn this poem, one of the most famous American poems ever, Poe uses several symbols to take the poem to a higher level.The most obvious symbol is, of course, the raven itself. When Poe had decided to use a refrainthat repeated the word "nevermore," he found that it would be most effective if he used a non-reasoning creature to utter the word. It would make little sense to use a human, since the human could reason to answer the questions. In "The Raven" it is important that the answers to the questions are already known, to illustrate the self-torture to which the narrator exposes himself. This way of interpreting signs that do not bear a real meaning, is "one of the most profound impulses of human nature." Poe also considered a parrot as the bird instead of the raven; however, because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem.Another obvious symbol is the bust of Pallas. Why did the raven decide to perch on the goddess of wisdom? One reason could be, because it would lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom, and was not just repeating its only "stock and store," and to signify the scholarship of the narrator. Another reason for using "Pallas" in the poem was, according toPoe himself, simply because of the "sonorousness of the word, Pallas, itself."A less obvious symbol, might be the use of "midnight" in the first verse, and "December" in the second verse. Both midnight and December symbolize an end of something, and also the anticipation of something new, a change, to happen. The midnight in December might very well be New Year’s eve, a date most of us connect with change. This also seems that the last night of the year had arrived. Kenneth Silverman connected the use of December with the death of Edgar’s mother, who died in that month; whether this is true or not is, however, not significant to its meaning in the poem.The chamber, in which the narrator is positioned, is used to signify the loneliness of the man, and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished, and reminds the narrator of his lost love, which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside is used to even more signify the isolation of this man, to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night.The phrase "from out my heart," Poe claims, is used, in combination with the answer "Nevermore," to let the narrator realize that he should not try to seek a moral in what has been previously narrated.To Helen5.Poe’s short storiesIn his theory of novel, he says novel should take stress to reveal people's inside world, especially the morbid or dark side of human nature that has been often ignored.The Fall of the House of UsherRoderick Usher, the brotherThe sister, MadelineRoderick’s school friend, the narratorThe narrator is a boyhood friend of Roderick Usher. He has not seen Roderick since they were children; however, because of an urgent letter that he receives from Roderick which requested his aid, the nameless narrator decides to make the long journey.Roderick and Madeline Usher are the sole, remaining members of the long, time-honored Usher race. When Madeline supposedly "dies" and is placed in her coffin, the narrator notices "a striking similitude between brother and sister...." It is at this point that Roderick informs his friend that he and the Lady Madeline had been twins, and that "sympathies of a scarcely intelligible nature had always existed between them." Due to limited medical knowledge or to suit his purposes here, Poe treats Madeline and Roderick as if they were identical twins (two parts of one personality) instead of fraternal twins. He implies that Roderick and Madeline are so close that they can sense what is happening to each other. This becomes an important aspect in the unity of effect of this particular story.The sixth lectureNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1. LifeNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy in seventeenth-century New England. One of them was a colonial magistrate notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers, and another, John Hathorne, Hawthorne’s gr andfather, was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692. Young Hawthorne was intensely aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, and this awareness led to。

英语毕业论文简析马克吐温在汤姆索亚历险记中使用的写作手法 (1)

路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索- 百度文库XX学院本科毕业论文（2008级）姓名：学号：院系：双语学院专业：英语（英日方向）指导教师：二〇一一年六月An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法姓名：学号：院系：双语学院专业：英语（英日方向）指导教师：吉林华桥外国语学院Jilin HuaQiao Foreign Languages InstituteContentI. Introduction (1)Ⅱ. Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (1)2.1 Mark Twain’s Life Experience (1)2.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (2)Ⅲ. Writing Techniques Reflected in the Work (4)3.1 Humor (4)3.2 Satire (5)3.3 Colloquial Language (6)3.3.1 Local Color (7)3.3.2 Vernacular Language (7)3.4 Figures of Speech (8)3.4.1 Exaggeration (8)3.4.2 Metaphor (9)3.4.3 Transferred epithet (10)3.4.4 Metonymy (10)ⅣConclusion (11)Bibliography (12)AbstractMark Twain, a mastermind of humor and satire, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humor had great impact on the following men of letters. He produced the world famous juvenile work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer which reflected his own life experience. He produced countless successful works loved by people form different countries. Until today, his works are still read by people all over the world. The thesis presents some of the writing features which contributed to his success such as humor, satire colloquial language and various figures of speech and some of the illustrations from the work.The thesis consists of four parts. The first part of the body tells the life experience of Mark Twain and his famous work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. The part following, which is also the theme that is discussed in the thesis, is a detailed analysis to some of the writing techniques such as humor, satire which Mark Twain applied in his work. This part specifically states how he created a vivid and expressive image to his readers with the application of the writing techniques and what kind of effects he achieved through this by some of the examples from Twain’s work. The last part is a conclusion of the achievements and brilliance Mark Twain have got. Mark Twain depicts the real world around him with vivid and animated words which shows his true feelings to the world.Key Words: Mark Twain; Tom Sawyer; writing techniques摘要美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克·土温,被看作一位世界文学巨匠。

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Writing Technique Analysis of Mark Twain's Running for GovernorAbstract: Running for Governor is one of Mark Twain's famous short stories of politics. Like other political stories, in Running for Governor, Mark Twain criticize the filth and hypocrisy of American political circles. This essay will analyse how the author achieve hie goal from the point of writing techniquesKeywords: Mark Twain, Running for Governor, first person, hyperbole, humor and satireRunning for Governor is a famous short story written by Mark Twain. It tells "my" experience of running for governor of New York state. "I", as a decent man, for the reason of election contest, was defamed to a perjurer, a thief, a ghoul, a Wine maniac, a fraud and a corruptionist. At last "I" quit the election. This story reveals the hypocrisy of American democracy and the filth of American political circles. This essay is gonging to analyse how the author reveal the hypocrisy and give his criticism from the point of writing techniques.I.Writing in first personMark Twain writes in first person in Running for Governing characterizing himself as the protagonist. The application of first person writing method makes the depiction of the protagonist vivid and also the novel quite convincing. It is like Mark Twain had really gone through the whole thing. The outstanding advantage is that the mental activities and the flow of change of emotions can be arranged in a clear and minute way. At first, when Mark Twain was nominated for Governor of the great state of New York, he was "exalting his advantage and joying in it in secret". But before long he was charged with perjury, something he hadn't done at all. The charge turned him crazed and helpless. However situation of him went from bad to worse. Some other deliberately malicious charges coming out from nowhere were declared against him one following another. Apart from being apprehensive, he finally surrendered and then withdrew from the candidacy in bitterness of spirit. During the process of reading, the reader tends to feel the same feelings as what Mark Twain was going through. This way of writing removes the gap between the author and reader, enabling the reader to believe what described is real.What's more, Mark Twain reveals the essence of American so called "liberty" and "freedom" through the experience of "himself" and tells the truth of American election. By this way what was meant to deliver is the darkness of American political circles and the corruption of the capitalist election system in the 19th century.II.Application of HyperboleThis works used hyperbole to satirize. It based on real life, exaggerated and underlined some characters to highlight the essential features. Hyperbole in this novel can be understood in two aspects.First, the hyperbole of “Charges”. After “I” ran for the campaign, the Bourgeois’ newspaper accused me many groundless charges, not match with the counts, even ridiculous and surreal. How could someone ran for the campaign with the charges of a thief and a body-snatcher? At the same time, the voters would not believe that a candidate had nine little toddling children, "of all shades of color and degrees of raggedness". If we examine it in the reality, the description was unbelievable. However, the author exaggerated the point of Bourgeois making up rumors and slandering, making readers feel real.Besides, slandering the rival’s father of hang for highway robbery couldn’t be the reason that the protagonist is a body-snatcher. This is a kind of ridiculous hyperbole. The newspaper bribed by Bourgeois made up of many “charges” in order to discredit the oppon ents. The hyperbole expressed the hypocrisy of Bourgeois.Second, the hyperbole in mind. When the r ival slandering , “I”reacted strongly. The overstate language described “my” thought at that time. “I thought I shoul d burst with amazement!” “I got to picking up papers apprehensively –much as one would lift a desired blanket which he had some idea there might have a rattlesnake under it.” With these words, the rival used everything to get to the purpose, which caused great consequences to me. The campaign transferred to personal attack and political persecution.Therefore, the more the hyperbole catches the essential and typical characters, the more it matched the reality. Hyperbole reveals the truth, and provokes thinking. These effects of hyperbole are well-exerted in this story.III. Humor and satireIn the story Running for Governor, Mark Twain use a lot of humor and satire to reveal the truth of democratic election: slandering and cheating. From the novel we can see the stunning combination of humor and satire: humor implies satire and satire contains humor. As Mark Twain said, the humor is not just kidding, but the solemn criticism to social evils.In the first part of the novel, the grandmother said in the letter “You have never done one single thing in all your life to be ashamed of—not one. Look at the newspapers—look at them and comprehend what sort of characters Messrs. Smith and Blank are, and then see if you are willing to lower yourself to their level and enter a public canvass with them.”The word “ashamed” is a pun. It not only points to “I”, but reveals the so- called democracy and freedom in Electoral System. This paragraph also indicates the end of the story: “I” as an honest man have to withdraw from the competition.As the election going on, the opponents political frame-up comes to the top. “I” becomes the father of nine children innocently. “And at last, as a due and fitting climax to the shameless persecution that party rancor (ill feeling) had inflicted upon me, nine little toddling children, of all shades of color and degrees of raggedness, were taught to rush onto the platform at a public meeting, and clasp me around the legs and call me PA!”The author use the humorous situation to satirize the opponents who want to slander “I” unscruputously.We can notice there are many remarks in the novel. One of them is “After this, this journal customarily spoke of me as, "Twain, the Montana Thief.", which is a humorous expression. With the expression ,the author wants to satire detractor’s repeating the lies.All techniques serve the theme. Though Mark Twain applies a lot of writing techniques, these techniques are not focus, the theme is. We can clearly grasp the theme of criticism of American democracy through Twain's skilled application of different writing techniques.Group Members:Chen Qu Zhang PingLi Jing Yin ChenLiu Yanxi Gao Sisi 20084474Wu Lin 20084475 Peng Hua 20084477。