SUMMARY写法1
新标准大学英语综合教程1summary(有中文翻译)
1.This author introduces his life in university. As a fresher, the writer has many problems about life and study. His tutor is unfriendly and uncaring. The library’s rules are too strict. The writer joins many clubs and make friends to solve these problems.作者介绍了他在大学的生活。
作为一个新人，他在学习和生活上有很多困难。
他的导师不友善不关心。
图书馆规则很严格。
作者加了很多社团和朋友来解决这些问题。
2. The writer tells his newly life in New York. He did many full time jobs while he is taking classes. He was faced with many problem. He felt inferior to his classmates because of his low diploma and his Irish accent. He did not know how to take notes in the class. He was puzzled by what the professor said and afraid to ask questions in the class.作者介绍了他在纽约的生活。
他在上课时仍然要做很多全职工作。
他面对很多困难。
他感觉比他的同学低等因为他的低学位和爱尔兰口音。
他为教授讲的东西感到困惑和害怕问同学问题。
1、It was the first time that I had oyster. Before I had it, I thought itwas difficult to eat. And I even missed mother’s cook.But my father encouraged me to swallow it because he thought it was delicious. In order to get his love and respect, I ate it and that was the last time.我第一次吃生蚝。
summary公式
summary公式好的，以下是为您生成的文章：在咱们学习的漫长旅程中，各种公式那可是像繁星一样多。
今儿咱就来唠唠这“summary 公式”。
先从数学这门课说起，什么是 summary 公式呢？比如说，计算长方形面积的公式，长乘以宽，这就是个简单又实用的 summary 公式。
一提到长方形，脑子里立马就能蹦出这个公式来，算出面积那是分分钟的事儿。
我记得有一次，我去朋友家玩，看到他正为一道数学题抓耳挠腮。
那是个求梯形面积的题，可把他难住了。
我一看，这不是用梯形面积的 summary 公式就能解决嘛，（上底 + 下底）×高 ÷ 2 。
我给他一讲，他恍然大悟，直拍大腿说：“哎呀，这么简单的公式我咋就没想到呢！”从那以后，他对这些 summary 公式可重视多了。
再说说物理，像欧姆定律U = IR ，这也是个典型的summary 公式。
电流、电压、电阻之间的关系，一个公式就给概括得明明白白。
有次物理实验课上，我们要研究电路中的电流和电阻的关系，大家都手忙脚乱地摆弄着器材，记录数据。
我就靠着这个 summary 公式，很快就分析出了实验结果，心里那叫一个美。
化学里也有不少 summary 公式呢，比如物质的量的计算，n = m /M 。
记得有一回化学考试，有一道关于物质的量计算的大题，好多同学都栽了跟头，可我因为把这个公式记得牢牢的，轻松就解出了答案，成绩出来的时候，可把我给高兴坏了。
语文也有类似的“summary 公式”哦。
比如写作文，总分总的结构就是一种“summary 公式”。
开头点明主题，中间详细论述，结尾总结升华。
有一次写，我按照这个结构来，开头就说“我的梦想是成为一名科学家”，中间讲了为啥有这个梦想，以及为实现梦想做的努力，结尾再来一句“我相信，只要坚持不懈，我的梦想一定能实现”。
老师给了高分，还在全班面前表扬了我。
英语里的语法规则也可以看成是 summary 公式。
像一般现在时的构成，主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数加 s / es ）。
英语作文summary
英语作文summaryTitle: Summary。
Summary。
A summary is a concise and brief overview of the main points and key ideas of a piece of writing, such as an article, a book, or a research paper. It provides a condensed version of the original text, allowing readers to quickly grasp the essential information without having to read the entire document.In order to create an effective summary, it is important to carefully read the original text and identify the main points, arguments, and supporting details. The summary should capture the essence of the original work while omitting unnecessary details and examples. It should be written in the writer's own words and maintain the original author's tone and style.There are several key elements that should be included in a well-written summary. First, it should accurately represent the main ideas and arguments presented in the original text. This may involve rephrasing and condensing the information to make it more concise and easier to understand. Second, the summary should be organized in a logical manner, with the most important points presented first. This helps the reader to quickly grasp the main ideas without having to wade through unnecessary details. Finally, the summary should be written in clear and coherent language, with proper grammar and punctuation.It is important to note that a summary is not the same as a personal response or critique of the original text. While the writer may include their own thoughts and opinions, the primary focus should be on accurately representing the content of the original work.In conclusion, a summary is a valuable tool for quickly conveying the main points and key ideas of a piece of writing. By carefully selecting and condensing the most important information, a well-written summary can providereaders with a clear and concise overview of the original text.。
新标准大学英语综合教程1第二版一到六单元summary
1.1 作者是一名大一新生，他讲述了自己刚进入大学的头几天的生活。
由于对环境的不熟悉，他遇到了很多问题：他时常感到孤独，感觉自己不如别人聪明，对食堂的饭菜没有胃口，并且不知道该如何去做笔记，如何洗衣服。
此外，她觉得她的宿舍非常小，家庭教师也不太友好，图书馆的规定太严格了。
为了解决这些问题，她加入了很多社团，去结交更多的朋友。
最后，她与妈妈通过电话交谈，并得到了很多建议与安慰。
The author, a fresher, describes her first days in college. Due to the environment are not familiar with, she met a lot of problems: she often feel lonely, feel clever than others, for the canteen meals no appetite, and don't know how to take notes, how to wash the clothes. In addition, she felt that her dormitory was very small and that the tutor was not very friendly, and the library rules were too strict. In order to solve these problems, she joined many associations to make more friends. In the end, she spoke to her mother by telephone and got a lot of advice and comfort.1.2 作者不是一个高中生，而且有一份全职工作。
他在大学课堂上感到很自卑，因为他没有高中文凭，并且自己有爱尔兰口音。
SUMMARY_课件1
Write an introductory paragraph that begins with a frame, including an in-text citation of the source and the author as well as a reporting verb to introduce the main idea. In his/her article "___________________,” _____________________ (title, first letter capitalized) (author/lecturer's last name) argues/claims/reports/contends/maintains/states that ____________________________.(main idea /argument; S + V + C) Example: In his article "Michael Dell turns the PC world inside out," Andrew E. Serwer (1997) describes how Michael Dell founded Dell Computers and claims that Dell’s lowcost, direct-sales strategy and high quality standards account for Dell’s enormous success.
6. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased. • In this case put "quotation marks" around the phrase. • Use direct quotations of key words, phrases, or sentences. Quote the text directly for a few key ideas; paraphrase the other important ideas (that is, express the ideas in your own words.)
【上海高考概要写作】summary writing1(有解析)
Exercise 1With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to £ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of £ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only £197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.参考范文：This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)分析过程：一、试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。
2021一模阅读Summary专项归纳 (1)
1宝山区IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Have you ever been involved in animal rescue? This is what happened to Winter the dolphin. Winter was found off the coast of Florida in December of 2005. She was just a few months old, alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body.The doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail. He tail flukes were too damaged and had to be removed so Winter could live.The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds, but she would never be able to swim normally without a tail. Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was able to swim, but not very well. Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body in a side-to-side motion like a shark. But doctors at the aquarium were worried that unconventional moment would hurt her spine.Kevin Carroll heard Winter's story and for thought, he would could help. He is a specialist who designs and provides prostheses for people. If he could help people, why not help a dolphin? He started working with Winter and came up with a solution for the new fluke and tail sectionKevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit winter's body and protect her skin. Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve. Now winter can swim like other dolphins. And she is a great inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries.71.It is about an inspiring rescuing a dolphin Winter found trapped in ropes by a fisherman. Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but her damaged tail was removed. Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial tail for her, helping her swim normally again.(51words)2 崇明区IV. Summary WritingTake Care of Your Spine (脊柱)The spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerves that sends electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain. Therefore, it’s important to take care of it.Maintaining your good posture is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when you’re asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Having a comfortable bed is also very important as sleeping in a position that isn’t comfortable can leave your back feeling sore the next day.Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Staying still for too long---even if your posture is good---can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, it’s important to get up and stretch periodically. Stretches can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better positions. Strength exercise with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also by strengthening themuscles around your spine. However, don’t overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles around your spine.Your diet also affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, B vitamins help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement(补充物). Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones, but it’s also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.IV. Summary Writing（共10分）Central to health, your spine needs your good care. First, keep a good posture, including standing or sitting straight and sleeping on your side in a comfortable bed. Second, avoid keeping a same posture for long and take proper exercise to relax and strengthen spine muscles. Third, have a diet with enough vitamins for healthy bones and nerves. (58 words)3普陀区Ⅳ. Summary Writing.Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.All Must Have DegreesIn a classroom in Seoul a group of teenagers sit over their desks in total silence. Study begins at eight in the morning and ends at half past four in the afternoon. And some even go back home at midnight. Like thousands of South Koreans, they are preparing for the important exam, which will largely determine whether they go to a good univer sity or not. Degrees have become useful. Seventy percent of students who graduate from the country’s secondary schools now go straight to universities.Many more countries have seen a big rise in the share of young people with degrees, but South Korea is an extreme case. As technological reforms require workers to do many difficult and demanding jobs that they would not have done before, there seems to be reasonable to insist that more workers receive a good education than before. And a degree is an obvious way for bright youngsters From poor families to prove their abilities. People tend to earn more if they have degrees.Employers do not have to pay for higher education and they are increasingly able to demand degrees to screen out the least motivated or capable. A recent study by Joseph Fuller and Manjari Romaan of Harvard Business School shows that companies routinely require applicants to have degrees, even though only a minority of those already working in the role have them.The Economist’s analysis fo und that between 1970 and 2015, the proportion of 256 workers aged 25-64 with at least a bachelor’s degree increased. Some of them are highly intellectually demanding jobs, such as aviation engineers. Others are non-graduate jobs such as waiting tables. Sixteen percent of waiters now have degrees, because probably in most cases they could not find jobs and live poorly. Today, having a degree is usually an entry requirement.IV. Summary Writing中文要点提炼：（6个中写出3个，其中两个略有展开）在韩国学位尤其显得重要，原因如下：1.技术变革对工人要求很高；雇主对学位有要求；拥有学位成了入门级的要求；2.学位是出身贫困家庭年轻人证明自身能力的一个途径。
新概念第三册summary writing lesson 1-20
新概念第三册summary writingSummaryThe reports received by London Zoo that a puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London were similar in nature. A woman picking blackberries saw it first, but the puma moved from placeto place,leaving a trail of dead deer and small animals. Paw prints and puma fur were found as well. ‘Cat-like noises’were heard atnight and the animal was seen up a tree. Now experts were convinced that the animal really was a puma. (79 words)SummaryAt one o'clock in the morning, the church clock striking thehours woke the vicar up as it struck thirteen times. The vicar went into the clock tower, taking a torch with him. He saw BillWilkins, the local grocer there and Bill explained he was tryingto repair the clock but hadn't succeeded because at one o'clockit struck thirteen times. However, the vicar was pleased the bellwas working and offered the grocer a cap of tea. (79words)Archaeologists found clay fragments in an ancient temple.These represented the fifteen statues of goddesses which had oncebeen painted. The body of one statue was found among remains from the fifteenth century B.C. while its head was found among remainsfrom the fifth century B.C. When thefragments were reconstructed, they turned out to be a goddesswhich stood three feet high. Her hands rested on her hips and shewas wearing a full-length skirt. Her identity is unknown. (80words)SummaryWhen he got married, Alfred Bloggs told his wife he worked forthe Corporation. Though he dressed in a smart black suit every morning, he changed into overalls at work and spent the day workingas a dustman. Then he took a shower and changed back into his suitat night. This lasted for two years and his fellow dustmen kepthis secret. His wife will never learn the truth because her husbandwill be an office worker in future. (80 words )SummaryThough the journalist immediately set out to get the factsafter receiving instructions from his editor, he did not send themat once. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, so he sentthree faxes, finally threatening to fire the journalist. When thelast fax was unanswered, the article was published in its original form. The journalist sent the editor a fax a week later explaininghe had been imprisoned after counting the steps and measuring the height of the wall. (80 words)SummaryA large car entered an arcade near Piccadilly and stoppedoutside a jeweller's. Two thieves got out and smashed the shop window. The owner of the shop was upstairs at the time, so he threw furniture at thethieves hitting one of them with a heavy statue.The raid lasted only three minutes and the thieves drove away. Running after them, the owner threw ashtrays and vases, but the thieves got away, stealing thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.(79 words)SummaryJohn Butlin runs a successful furniture business and after avery good day, he put his wallet containing ￡3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and his fianc6e, Jane, went horse-riding, after which Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven only to find to their dismay that the money had been destroyed. John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains to theMutilated Ladies department who identified the remains and returned the money. (79 words)SummaryThe St. Bernard's Pass is visited by thousands of people in summer, who cross the Pass in cars. Because there are so many people about, the dogs are kept in a special enclosure. As the temperature in winter falls to -30°, there are few visitors, sothe monks prefer this season. The dogs are also free to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of young skiers regularly visitthe monastery in winter, during Christmas and Easter when they are warmly welcomed.(80 words )SummaryThe New York Animal Medical Centre recently made a study of132 cats. All these cats had one thing in common: they hadfallen off high buildings, yet only eight had died from shock or injuries. One cat,Sabrina, had fallen 32 storeys but onlysuffered from a broken tooth. When falling at speeds up to 60 miles per hour, cats stretch out their legs which increases their air－resistance and reduces the shock of impact on hitting the ground.(79 words)SummaryThe Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the NorthAtlantic when an iceberg was spotted by a lookout. After the alarm was given, the ship turned sharply and sailed alongside it. Suddenly, a faint noise was heard from b elow, so the captain went down to investigate, only to find that five of the sixteen compartments had been flooded. On hearing the order to abandon ship, people jumped overboard, but 1,500 drowned because there were not enough lifeboats. (79 words)SummaryThough the writer had nothing to declare, the Customs Officer made him unlock his case. Searching the case carefully, the Officer found a small bottle, which he thought was perfume. The writer told the Customs Officer that it was hair gel, which he had made himself. As the Officer did not believe this, thewriter encouraged him to try it. The unpleasant smellconvinced him the writer was telling the truth, so he let himpass through Customs. (7 words)SummaryAs the two men's boat was damaged, they were taking it to Miami when on the way it began to sink. After loading a rubber dinghy with food, matches and beer, the two men rowed a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There they collected rainwater in the dinghy and caught fish and lobster with a spear gun. For five days, they‘ate like kings’ until they were rescued by a passing tanker. (80 words)SummaryMrs. Richards had dressed up as a ghost and was just going intothe dining room when there was a knock on the door. Thinking it was the baker, she hid in the storeroom under the stairs. She heard footsteps in the hall and then the man from the Electricity Board opened the storeroom door. Though she said ‘It's only me’, hegot a bad fright. When she walked towards him, he fled, slamming the front door behind him. (79 words )SummaryAfter Sir John Hawkwood settled near Florence six hundred years ago, he hired soldiers to the princes of city-states in time s of war. In times of peace he threatened to destroy a city-state unlessprotection money was paid. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. Sir John was eighty when he died and the Florentines not only gave him a state funeral but had a picture painted of him, dedicated to his memory. (79 words)SummaryGeorge was going to the sweet shop when he lost fifty pencedown a drain. After removing his jacket, he put his arm throughthe drain cover. He couldn't find his money and couldn't get hisarm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter. She failed to free him, but two firemen succeeded with a special type of grease. The sweet shop owner presented George with a large box of chocolates. (80 words )SummaryGeorge was going to the sweet shop when he lost fifty pencedown a drain. After removing his jacket, he put his arm throughthe drain cover. He couldn't find his money and couldn't get hisarm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter. She failed to free him, but two firemen succeeded with a special type of grease. The sweet shop owner presented George with a large box of chocolates. (80 words )SummaryWhen Dimitri came home, Mary told him that her white lamb had been stolen. On learning that his neighbour, Aleko, had acquireda lamb, Dimitri went to Aleko's house and accused him of stealing it. When Aleko showed his lamb, Dimitri saw it was black, so he apologized. After staying in Aleko's house for a while because ithad begun to rain, Dimitri got a surprise outside when he foundthe lamb was almost white. It had been dyed black! (80 words)SummaryThe Verrazano Bridge, which joins Brooklyn to Staten Island,has a span of 4,260 feet. Its two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on platforms made of steel and concrete, extending over 100 feet under the sea and rising nearly 700 feet above the surface of the water. The bridge is suspended from four huge cables, each of which contains 26,108 lengths of wire. Itis not only very strong, but simple and elegant as well. (80words)SummaryOn entering the art gallery, the writer saw a notice whichforbade people to touch the exhibits because they were dangerous. The exhibition consisted of pieces of moving sculpture.Against a wall, the writer saw long thin wires attached to metal spheres which attracted and repelled each other. In the centre of the hall weretall structures containing coloured lights which went on and off. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off. (79 words)SummaryMrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter three days after hercat's disappearance.The writer of the letter demaded ￡1,000 for the return of the cat,and warned she would never see him again if she went to the police.She had to put the money in a cardboard box and leave it outside her door. After drawing ￡1,000 from her band,she acted on the kidnapper's instructions.The money disappeared the following morning,and Rastus returned at seveno'clock that evening. (80 words)SummaryBleriot and Latham arrived in Calais on July 21st, 1909. Thoughit looked as if there would be a race on July 25th, Latham didn't take part, because he didn't get up early enough. After making ashort test flight,Bleriot crossed the Channel in thirty-seven minutes. A policeman greeted him when he arrived in tham got within half a mile of Dover the following week, having to landon the sea a second time because his engine failed. (80 words)When the two men quarrelled, they settled the argument by a fight. This took place at Stilton. It lasted an hour and Humphries won. When they met again, Mendoza lost again, but in their third match in 1790,Mendoza finally beat Humphries to become Champion of England. He founded a successful boxing Academy and earned a lot of money, but was so extravagant he was always in debt. He was finally sent to prison and died in poverty in 1836. (80 words)。
新课标大英三Summary【范本模板】
大学英语3 第二版summaryU1 Active reading(1）In the fall of our final year， our mood changed。
The relaxed atmosp here had disappeared， and the peer group pressure to work hard was stro ng. Meanwhile, at the back of everyone's mind was what we would do ne xt after graduation. As for me， I wanted to travel, and I wanted to be a writer。
I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father, who wanted me to go to law school, and follow his path through life。
However, he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it b y watching the crabs. The cage was full of crabs。
One of them was tryin g to escape， but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it bac k. In the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent o ther crabs from escaping. By watching crabs, my father told me not to be pulled back by others, and to get to know oneself better.U1 Active reading(2）Life is short。
英语作文summary
英语作文summaryThe movie I watched last night was absolutely mind-blowing. It was a thriller that kept me on the edge of my seat the entire time. The plot was full of unexpectedtwists and turns that left me guessing until the very end. The acting was top-notch, and the special effects were incredibly realistic.The main character was a strong, independent woman who was not afraid to take charge in dangerous situations. She was a refreshing change from the typical damsel in distress that is often portrayed in movies. Her courage and determination were truly inspiring.The movie also had a great soundtrack that added to the overall intensity of the film. The music perfectly complemented the action on screen and added an extra layer of excitement to the viewing experience.One of the most memorable scenes in the movie was ahigh-speed car chase through the city streets. The cinematography was breathtaking, and the adrenaline-pumping sequence had me on the edge of my seat. It was a heart-pounding moment that I won't soon forget.Overall, I would highly recommend this movie to anyone who enjoys a good thriller. It had everything a great film should have suspense, action, and a strong lead character.I can't wait to watch it again.。
SUMMARY1
0.1 mol% C 4H9 SiCl3 regioselectivity (87:13) OMe PPh2
C 4H9
+ MOP (0.002 mol%) HSiCl3 (1.2 eq)
MOP
M.C. White, Chem 153
Overview -287-
Week of November 11, 2002
Note: at the TS of olefin insertion, both σM-H to π*C=C back-donation and πC=C to σ* M-H donation are necessary for bond exchange.
Morokuma JACS 1988 (110) 3417. Morokuma OM 1997 (16) 1065.
RhH(CO)(PPh3) H2:CO (1:1)
branched: linear (11:0) Ligand Effects? Hayashi's observed hydrosilylation regioselectivities with aliphatic terminal olefins cannot be rationalized using our models (Hydrosilylation, pg. 189).
+ H RhIII (MeO)3P H (MeO)3P G = 12.0 kcal/mol RhIII (MeO)3P RhIII + +
+
+
+
RhIII (MeO)3P (MeO)3P
RhIII (MeO)3P
RhIII
英文summary
The Summary of Black Beauty“Always be good, so people will love you. Always work hard and do your best.”Black Beauty tells the story of the horse's own long and varied life. At the age of 2, Black Beauty witnessed the death of his parents .And at the age of 4, Black Beauty was old enough to be used. Then he was sent to Birtwick Park and named of Black Beauty by Mrs. Gordon. In there he grew strong .However, soon, Black Beauty and and one of his new friends Ginger were sold to Earlshall Park because of the Gorgons had to move.As a result, Black Beauty was sold as a job horse for one failure above his power.He was arranged by a smart customer to be sold to a gentleman and then to a kind cab driver called Jerry, which made Black Beauty happy to bear the hard work of pulling a cab every day. But once when Jerry was ill, he was sold working as a cab horse again .By that time ,Beauty was too old and too weak. At last, Mr. Thorouhgood helped him and took him on his farm. It was Black Beauty’ last home.The Summary of Treasure IslandThe story is told in the first person by Jim Hawkins, whose mother kept the Admiral Benbow Inn, and who shared in the adventures from start to finish. An old sea dog comes to this peaceful inn one day, apparently intending to finish his life there. He hires Jim to keep a watch out for other sailors, but despite all precautions, he is hunted out and served with the black spot that means death. Jim and his mother barely escape death when Blind Pew, Black Dog, and other pirates descend on the inn in search of the sea dog’s papers. Jim snatches up a packet of papers to square the sailor’s debt, when they were forced to retreat from the inn. The packet contains a map showing the location of the pirate Flint’s buried treasure, which Jim, Doc tor Livesey, and Squire Trelawney determine to find. Fitting out a ship, they hire hands and set out on their adventure. Unfortunately, their crew includes one-legged Long John Silver, a pirate also in search of the treasure, and a number of his confederates. Jim, hidden in an apple barrel, overhears the plans of the crew to mutiny, and he warns his comrades. The battle between the pirates and Jim’s party is an exciting and bloody one, taking place both on the island and aboard ship. Jim escapes from the ship, discovers the marooned sailor, Ben Gunn, who has already found and cached the treasure, and finally the victors get safely aboard the ship with the treasure .The Summary of Rip Van WinkleThe story is about a man named Rip Van Winkle, who lived in a little Dutch town . Everyone in the town was very fond of him while his wife would get angry at him for being lazy and not tending to the farm. One day he decided that he had one option to get away from his wife and the farm, which was to hunt squirrels in the woods.He spent all day looking for squirrels, but couldn't find any. So he lied on the grass and after awhile he noticed it was getting dark, so he started back. As he did this, he heard someone calling his name and then he saw a ghost appear carrying a keg of liquor on his back. So they both went together down the woods until they came to this opening where they saw these weird dressed people playing 9 pin. And at last they drunk the liquor until he passed out on the ground. The next mourning he woke up and went back in town and found nothing was familiar around the village because it had been gone 20 years .The Summary of Robinson CrusoeIt is a stoy about a youth , named Robinson Crusoe ,who brokes his parents’ expection that being a lawyer and by his own hands becomes a successful bussines man in Brazil. However ,on one of his trade voyage A terrible shipwreck occurs and Robinson is the only survivor. He manages to make it to the shore of an island.Robinson remains on the island for twenty-seven years. In that time, he recreates his English life, building homes, necessities, learning how to cook, raise goats and crops.About 15 years later ,he sees a footprint, and later observes cannibalistic savages eating prisoners. They don't live on the island; some years later they return. Using his guns, Crusoe scares them away and saves a young savage whom he names Friday. For some years the two live happily. Then,after a few years, a exploring boat of Portuguese men comes ashore . Crusoe makes an agreement with the captain. Friday and he are finally taken to England. And Robinson returns to the English countryside and settles there, marrying and having three children. When his wife dies, he once more goes to the sea.。
chapter summary 1
Chapter 2 Summary (cont.)
Logistics systems can be viewed or approached in several different ways for analysis purposes, including materials management versus physical distribution, cost centers, nodes versus links, and channels. All four approaches are viable for different purposes. Logistics systems are frequently analyzed from a systems approach, which emphasizes total cost and tradeoffs when changes are proposed. Either a short- or long-run perspective can be used. The cost of logistics systems can be affected by a number of major factors, including competition in the market, the spatial relationship of nodes, and product characteristics.(自学，自己看书）
Chapter Summary(p72)
Logistics has developed as an important area or function of business since World War II. It has gone through several phases of development in achieving its present status. Logistics is a critical part of supply chain management. The coordination and, perhaps, integration of the logistics systems of all the organizations in a supply chain are necessary requirements for successful management of the supply chain. Logistics has a number of different definitions because of the broadbased interest in its activities and the recognition of its importance. The definition developed by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals is the primary definition used in this text. Logistics is an area of management that has four subdisciplines: business, military, service, and event.
英语如何写summary (1)
Writing skill
7.使用最短的连接词。 比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though， 不能使用at the same time, in the first place, on the other hand等较长的连接词。 通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
Writing skill
8.文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写 中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白 简化，比如：
Writing skill
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: ”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard硬纸板or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta面团cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: ”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises掩盖the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle微妙 的than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” (136words)
新标准大学英语1-Summary
Unit 11.The writer describes the first few days of university life in the diary with a casual , informal style full of humor and exaggeration. As a fresher, the writer has many problems: feeling lonely and lost, not having a good appetite for the food in the dining hall, feeling not as intelligent and knowledgeable as others; not knowing how to take notes and how to wash clothes. Besides, her dormitory looks very small. The tutor seems unfriendly and uncaring. The library rules are too strict. The writer tries to solve the problems: joining many clubs and societies to make more friends, talking to Mum on the phone to get some comfort and advice.2. The writer of the text newly arrived in New York as an immigrant. He worked full time with a variety of manual jobs while taking courses at the university. He was faced with many problems. He felt inferior (自卑) to his classmates because he didn’t have a high school diploma and he had a strong Irish accent. He didn’t know how to take notes in the class. He was puzzled by what the professor said about the Pilgrims and dared not ask questions in the class. Being lonely and insecure, he was dreaming of a good-looking girl who was impressed by whathe had read and what he would fall in love with him.Unit 21. was the first time that I had oyster. Before I had it, I thought it was disgusted to eat. And I even missed mother’s cook and fish and fries. But my father encouraged me to swallow it, which he thought was delicious. In order to earned his love and respect, I did, and that was the last time I had oyster.2.is passage tells us the history of chocolates and the progress of making cocoa beans into chocolates. It also tells us the reason we like chocolate so much and according to experiment, which proves that genetic trait makes us prefer to eat things with a sweet taste. But we just like chocolate not other sweet things. Although there are about 300 different chemicals in chocolate, we really don’t know how all of these affect us.Unit 31. “Thinking for oneself” means considering facts and making decisions for oneself, instead of depending on someone else’s judgment or doing as they are told. Every step of real progress in our society has come from it, yet thinking for ourselves isstill a radical act. In most circles, especially in places that shape our lives, thinking for ourselves is regarded with suspicion, and even seen as dangerous. Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much less trained to do it. I was once forced by my advanced algebra mentor to write down the sum of a number that does not exist. Even though scared by such a humiliating experience, I gradually examined and valued the concept of developing our own thinking which has at least been introduced into my academic life. Thinking for oneself is associated with the positive values of being independent, creative and original.2. Activist learners generate new ideas and try things out; Reflectors form their own judgments from listening, observing and reflecting; Theorists resort to logical reasoning and assimilating new information into a rational scheme. Pragmatists prefer testing ideas with practical values to open-ended discussions. This passage tells us how to improve study skills among these ways, such as lectures and note-taking, earning styles, activist, reflector, theorist, pragmatist, doing research, writing essays.Tips for doing research1. Do not get bogged down in the research2. Break up the process into stages3. Apply a step-by-step approach to reading4. Decide a reading rate and style in accordance with the type of reading material and your purpose in readingTips for writing essays1. Have a plan2. Work out the title3. Finish the first draft4. Make modifications for the sake of readersUnit 41. Mobile phones have been the biggest factor _of change in everyday behavior. An increasing number of subscribers make more calls and take decisions that make an impact on their lifestyle more quickly. At the same time, the world has become smaller due to the wide use of mobile phones. In order to test whether people can live without mobile phones, the researchers ask three people to switch off their mobile phones for three days.2. Even when you speak a language well, there may be culturalissues which cause misunderstanding. It’s not possible to learn everything about other cultures, but you need to be aware of the possibility of differences.Unit 5Until now we still think thinking for yourself is still a radical act. From my experiences, I gradually know how important to think for yourself. Though the teacher’s method is not very good, but at least she introduced the concept into my academic life.Unit 61.This passage tells us the definition and result of shopaholism, and the reasons that some one loves shopping so much, which are shopping appears to be attractive and exciting and shopping can reduce stress. There are also some ways to solve this problem.2.here are some differences between men and women on shopping perceive. If you want to go shopping with your boyfriend, you should ask your boyfriend's advice, make sure you ask him Yes / No questions, don't change your mind, try it on only if youintend to buy it, take the item of clothing to the checkout, don't be unkind when you get home.Unit 71.As far back as I can remember, the large pickle jar sat on the floor beside the dresser in my parents’ bedroom. When Dad got ready for bed, he would empty his pockets and toss his coins into the jar. When the jar was full, the coins were stacked neatly in a small cardboard box and taken to the bank. The money were for my college fund. The years passed, and I finished college and took a job in another town. Once, while visiting my parents, I found the pickle jar was gone. A lump rose in my throat, because the pickle jar had taught me the values of determination, perseverance & faith. The first Christmas after my daughter Jessica was born, I returned with my family. To my amazement , on the floor beside the dresser stood the old pickle jar again. I realized my father was saving for my daughter’s education. The jar shows a continuity of family values for a new generation.2. Venus and Serena Williams are two of the most famous tennis players in the world. They have differences the way any siblingsdo. For instance, Serena is a little bit more outgoing than Venus, a little bit more prepared to take risks store things up inside. But on the other hand, she is more private more likely to store things up inside, whereas Venus is more outspoken, more likely to get things off her chest. What’s more, Serena i s not as 5) humorous as Venus. In spite of so many differences in their characters, they。
泛读教程3summary一
UNIT1 Why read fastMay be the most obvious and practical answer to the question “why read fast?”is to save yourself time and money. However many readers worry that when they read fast they will miss the meaning so they read word by word these readers stick to some false ideas about reading fast .First ,fast readers understand and remember less than slow readers .Second ,only very bright people can read fast. Third, rapid reading is satisfactory for only easy or unimportant material. Fourth, rapid readers cannot relax and enjoy their reading. Fifth, perhaps rapid reading is valuable, but it will take years to retain a slow reader. You will read more effectively and save much more time if you can avoid these false ideas.In increasing your speed, you must not lose sight of the fact that you read different material for different purposes .You should not always read very fast .Remember to change you speed.As far as I concerned, reading is very important to everyone, especially, for our English major students .we must increase our reading speed and read more books to wide our horizons.UNIT3 Single without wordsThe article first introduced “snap judgments ”, opinions which are formed suddenly, seemingly on no sound basis at all ; if taken seriously ,have usually been considered signs of immaturity or lack of sense .Because people assume that “you are what you say you are ,“they do a lot of talking in order to become acquainted with each other. And then the article explained some signals without words .As behavioral sciences develop, however, researchers find that the importance of speech has been overestimated. We communicate a great deal with our bodies .Two of the most “telling”forms of behavior are driving a car and playing games. Like many other forms behavior ,how you dress tells a lot about you and also significant are the ornaments a person wears .Some studies have shown that there is a correlation between a person’s color preferences and his personality .Another indicator of a person’s character is said to be found in his preferences in architecture and furniture .There’s wealth of information there if you know how to “read” it. So perhaps snap judgements are not so unsound after all.Unit6 Vocabulary ChangeThis article show us the methods of vocabulary change .The first method is borrowing. Borrowing is a way of adding new vocabulary items to a large language. The first way of borrowing is the contact between speakers of a language and speakers of another language. Then, another large group of words came into English as a result of contact through invasion, in this case the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.Various kinds of words were borrowed into English. Several points can be made about the Normal Conquest .The kinds of contact speakers have with each other may often be judged from the particular items that are borrowed. Of course ,Latin and Greek have provided English with the richest resource for borrowing more formal learned items .Borrowing are also assimilated to different degress.And the other method of vocabulary change is narrowing and widening .One process involves narrowing the meaning of a word so that the word achieves a more restricted meaning over the course of time .The opposite process is widening of meaning. In this process a word achieves amore general meaning.Unit 8 Women in education, sports and mediaWhile the right of women in the world of politics and work and the position of women in the family are the focus of the American women's movement today, feminist have many other concerns which indicate the widespread effects that the movement has had on contemporary life.Education, sports and media are some special areas of concern.Education:Sex bias, 1 until in the middle of 1970's courses open to only boys or girls 2 more money were spent on sports for boys than girls 3 career advice often encouraged girls to train for "acceptable" occupationsSome segregation eliminated by Title IXInequlity remains,1 context in use 2 realistic advice be unavailable3 complaints on bias be ignoredEnforcement of Title is still a continuing problem.Sports:build physical endurance and coordination skillsSex bias, devotion to activities involved men and boys exclusivelySolutions: Title IX partly excellent great sportswomenResults:media attention increased more money offered more spectators parents' views on coaching girlsMedia:shape role and attitudesStereotype:media controlled by men,women be accessorywomen presented as housewives,sex-objectsThere have been changes,however,as feminists work to overcome this stereotypeing.Recognizing the existence of millions of women working outside the home and are gearing ads toward them. Questions:briefly1.Hard physical work:coal worker,carpenter,oil exploiting2.Social ,school,family ,their views strong competing3.Housewives,weakers,sex-objects,consumers ........yes,these ads really reinforce existing stereotypes.Unit 10 A Cross-Cultural Context: Americans, Germans, and EnglishThe Americans, the Germans, and the Engl ish share significant portions of each other’s cultures, but at many points their cultures clash .Cultural differences usually misunderstood as unskillfulness, ill manner, or lack of interest on the part of the other person.Germans and IntrusionsFirst of all, it is necessary to refer to two basic American patterns which Americans therefore tend to treat as universal. First, there is a commonly accepted, invisible boundary around any two or three people in conversation. In this way, privacy is granted. The second pattern has to dowith the exact point at which a person is experienced as actually having crossed a boundary and entered a room. There are many spatial definitions. None of them is valid in northern Germany. In every instance where the American would consider himself outside he has already entered the German’s territory. So there are some conflicts between these two patterns into focus.The EnglishOne of the basic reasons for this wide difference are that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities. Whereas ,in England it is the social system that determines who you are. In addition to class distinctions, there are differences between the English and ourselves in how space is assigned.Unit 11LibraryThe definition of library and the author described the use of contemporary library, the most common kinds of libraries and many specialized libraries.Classification systems and the catalog of libraries. Most libraries use one of three major classification systems: the Dewey Decimal System, the universal decimal classification and a system developed by the library of congress. Due to these systems , all works can be easily located by readers. library’s own card catalog is only one of the many forms in which catalog and bibliograohic. Large libraries own the national union catalog (NUC)and specialized libraries may own to specialized catalogs. Cataloging and classifying are expensive processes.The history of the libraries. The earliest ancient libraries ,the earliest large Greek library l served as links between libraries in the middle ages were established in monasteries throughout Europe, and in catherals that served as links between the monasteries and universities. The history of library in china experienced many dynasties, such as qin , han ,sui ,song. In Europe , the advent of printing brought down the cost of books and private libraries became more common.The first u.s. public library was opened in Salisbury in 1803.most countries have now established their own national libraries.Two large libraries, one in Beijing and the other in Taipei.The trend of library . the trend of library policy is clearly toward the ideal of making all information available inexpensively and quickly to all people. In addiction ,preservation extends beyond familiar maintenance and responsibilities.Unit 13 The interaction of body and mindThe text is divided into two parts .The first part is the concept of psychosomatic illness and the second part is the reality of psychosomatic illness .Mind and body are not separate ; one affects and is affected by the other .Physical symptoms, which reflect anxiety, may occur over a prolonged period. The symptoms may seem mysterious and threatening, because the patient is unaware of their cause. Almost any symptom can have its origin in emotional stress and the development of bodily symptoms is only one manifestation of anxiety. Sometimes a person subconsciously develops an illness as a way of handling a desperate need. Patients with psychosomatic illness are likely to be neglected and a patient with psychosomatic illness may be confused with a malingerer, one who deliberately pretends illness in order to achieve some secondary gain. Condemnation of patient with psychosomatic illness can persist despite intellectual understanding of theories about its causes.Unit 14Charles Darwin and the evolutionary theoryCharles Darwin (1809-1882), the man whose name is associated with the revolutionary theory of biological evolution, was a son of a prosperous Shropshire physician. Darwin’s only enthusiasms were for hunting and natural history. He was sent to Christ’s College, Cambridge, to prepare for a career in the church. In the years at Cambridge, however, he continued his passion for natural history and collecting. While at Cambridge, Darwin met two great teachers, the biologist john Stevens Henslow and the geologist Adam Sedgwick. They played important roles in his life. Henslow recommended Darwin for the job as unpaid naturalist aboard HMS Beagle. And then he met Robert Fitzroy , the captain of the Beagle and the voyage of the Beagle was the turning point in Darwin’s life. When he returned to England, he came to know Sir Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace. In the following year, Darwin published his own book and the theory of evolution was at last before the public essentially in its modern form.。
怎么写好论文总结(summary)
Q:
写 summary 的程序是什么？有什么要特别注意的地方？
A:
学术文章的总结（summary）是简短版的文字，告诉读者你的重点是什么。
写总结的关键是要找出最重要的重点，其他多余或比较不重要的东西就不要放进去，甚至不需要详细的说明跟范例。
还有，总结应该要尽量用自己的话写。
你可以根据以下步骤有效撰写总结：
要写出好的总结，你必须要先熟读文章，来回看过几遍，然后决定要传达的重点是什么。
将要传达给读者的其他重点记录下来。
总结开头先提及来源出处，比如：
This is a summary of the article XXXX written by XXXX published in XXXX.
接下来用一句话叙述重点，比如：
In this text the author wishes to emphasize the importance of XXXX in calculating the YYYY in animal cells.
然后将其他要传达的重点写出来，记得要用自己的话写。
不要用 I 或 We 来代指作者的想法，要用 the author feels 或 the author points out 这类的用语。
如果你打算直接用文章里面的内容，记得加上引号，不过最好还是尽可能不要直接使用文章的内容。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Summary的写法1一、概括原文（一）阅读1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。
认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2.拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。
尽量简短，精炼。
段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。
有时也会变态的在当中。
3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。
（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。
接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。
3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。
5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“H is courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：“Beauti ful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。
比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。
通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul —it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.7.注意问题（1）避免重复在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在summary中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
（2）不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者（3）概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4（4）不要过多照搬原作者的用词，用句（尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句）。
（5）最后检查一遍，确保文中没有语病，没有语法错误和拼写错误。
二、论文摘要摘要的基本结构和内容因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。
因此，摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、手段等；（3）结果（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息价值。
（一）引言部分1.回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。
This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about…….2.阐明写作或研究目的常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。
另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。
例如：To investigate the mechanism of…….3.介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。
Here we study the…….This article includes a brief review of………（二）方法部分1.介绍研究过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。
We present an analysis of …….2.说明研究或试验方法常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。
We have developed a……model to estimate ……..T his study presents estimates of……..（三）结果部分1.展示研究结果常用词汇有：show, result, present等。
We show this cell death to be dependent upon……Our results suggest that……2.介绍结论常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude等。
By means of a series of examples, we conclude that……（四）讨论部分1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。
The results suggest that……In this study, we describe …….2.阐明论证常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。
3.推荐和建议常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。