Lesson 12 新闻文本、旅游文本、科技文本的翻译
(完整版)高级英语第一册(修订本)第12课Lesson12TheLoons原文和翻译
The LoonsMargarel Laurence1、Just below Manawaka, where the Wachakwa River ran brown and noisy over the pebbles , the scrub oak and grey-green willow and chokecherry bushes grew in a dense thicket . In a clearing at the centre of the thicket stood the Tonnerre family's shack. The basis at this dwelling was a small square cabin made of poplar poles and chinked with mud, which had been built by Jules Tonnerre some fifty years before, when he came back from Batoche with a bullet in his thigh, the year that Riel was hung and the voices of the Metis entered their long silence. Jules had only intended to stay the winter in the Wachakwa Valley, but the family was still there in the thirties, when I was a child. As the Tonnerres had increased, their settlement had been added to, until the clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car types, ramshackle chicken coops , tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans.2、The Tonnerres were French half breeds, and among themselves they spoke a patois that was neither Cree nor French. Their English was broken and full of obscenities. They did not belong among the Cree of the Galloping Mountain reservation, further north, and they did not belong among theScots-Irish and Ukrainians of Manawaka, either. They were, as my Grandmother MacLeod would have put it, neither flesh, fowl, nor good salt herring . When their men were not working at odd jobs or as section hands onthe C.P. R. they lived on relief. In the summers, one of the Tonnerre youngsters, with a face that seemed totally unfamiliar with laughter, would knock at the doors of the town's brick houses and offer for sale a lard -pail full of bruised wild strawberries, and if he got as much as a quarter he would grab the coin and run before the customer had time to change her mind. Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get mixed up in a Saturday-night brawl , and would hit out at whoever was nearest or howl drunkenly among the offended shoppers on Main Street, and then the Mountie would put them for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House, and the next morning they would be quiet again.3、Piquette Tonnerre, the daughter of Lazarus, was in my class at school. She was older than I, but she had failed several grades, perhaps because her attendance had always been sporadic and her interest in schoolwork negligible . Part of the reason she had missed a lot of school was that she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and had once spent many months in hospital. I knew this because my father was the doctor who had looked after her. Her sickness was almost the only thing I knew about her, however. Otherwise, she existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence, with her hoarse voice and her clumsy limping walk and her grimy cotton dresses that were always miles too long. I was neither friendly nor unfriendly towards her. She dwelt and moved somewhere within my scope of vision, but I did not actually notice her very much until that peculiar summer when I was eleven.4、"I don't know what to do about that kid." my father said at dinner one evening. "Piquette Tonnerre, I mean. The damn bone's flared up again. I've had her in hospital for quite a while now, and it's under control all right, but I hate like the dickens to send her home again."5、"Couldn't you explain to her mother that she has to rest a lot?" my mother said.6、"The mother's not there" my father replied. "She took off a few years back. Can't say I blame her. Piquette cooks for them, and she says Lazarus would never do anything for himself as long as she's there. Anyway, I don't think she'd take much care of herself, once she got back. She's only thirteen, after all. Beth, I was thinking—What about taking her up to Diamond Lake with us this summer?A couple of months rest would give that bone a much better chance."7、My mother looked stunned.8、"But Ewen -- what about Roddie and Vanessa?"9、"She's not contagious ," my father said. "And it would be company for Vanessa."10、"Oh dear," my mother said in distress, "I'll bet anything she has nits in her hair."11、"For Pete's sake," my father said crossly, "do you think Matron would let her stay in the hospital for all this time like that? Don't be silly, Beth. "12、Grandmother MacLeod, her delicately featured face as rigid as a cameo , now brought her mauve -veined hands together as though she were about to begin prayer.13、"Ewen, if that half breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, I'm not going," she announced. "I'll go to Morag's for the summer."14、I had trouble in stifling my urge to laugh, for my mother brightened visibly and quickly tried to hide it. If it came to a choice between Grandmother MacLeod and Piquette, Piquette would win hands down, nits or not.15、"It might be quite nice for you, at that," she mused. "You haven't seen Morag for over a year, and you might enjoy being in the city for a while. Well, Ewen dear, you do what you think best. If you think it would do Piquette some good, then we' II be glad to have her, as long as she behaves herself."16、So it happened that several weeks later, when we all piled into my father's old Nash, surrounded by suitcases and boxes of provisions and toys for my ten-month-old brother, Piquette was with us and Grandmother MacLeod, miraculously, was not. My father would only be staying at the cottage for a couple of weeks, for he had to get back to his practice, but the rest of us would stay at Diamond Lake until the end of August.17、Our cottage was not named, as many were, "Dew Drop Inn" or "Bide-a-Wee," or "Bonnie Doon”. The sign on the roadway bore in austere letters only our name, MacLeod. It was not a large cottage, but it was on the lakefront. You could look out the windows and see, through the filigree of the spruce trees, the water glistening greenly as the sun caught it. All around the cottage were ferns, and sharp-branched raspberrybushes, and moss that had grown over fallen tree trunks, If you looked carefully among the weeds and grass, you could find wild strawberry plants which were in white flower now and in another month would bear fruit, the fragrant globes hanging like miniaturescarlet lanterns on the thin hairy stems. The two grey squirrels were still there, gossiping at us from the tall spruce beside the cottage, and by the end of the summer they would again be tame enough to take pieces of crust from my hands. The broad mooseantlers that hung above the back door were a little more bleached and fissured after the winter, but otherwise everything was the same. I raced joyfully around my kingdom, greeting all the places I had not seen for a year. My brother, Roderick, who had not been born when we were here last summer, sat on the car rug in the sunshine and examined a brown spruce cone, meticulously turning it round and round in his small and curious hands. My mother and father toted the luggage from car to cottage, exclaiming over how well the place had wintered, no broken windows, thank goodness, no apparent damage from storm felled branches or snow.18、Only after I had finished looking around did I notice Piquette. She was sitting on the swing her lame leg held stiffly out, and her other foot scuffing the ground as she swung slowly back and forth. Her long hair hung black and straight around her shoulders, and her broad coarse-featured face bore no expression -- it was blank, as though she no longer dwelt within her own skull, as though she had gone elsewhere.I approached her very hesitantly.19、"Want to come and play?"20、Piquette looked at me with a sudden flash of scorn.21、"I ain't a kid," she said.22、Wounded, I stamped angrily away, swearing I would not speak to her for the rest of the summer. In the days that followed, however, Piquette began to interest me, and l began to want to interest her. My reasons did not appear bizarre to me. Unlikely as it may seem, I had only just realised that the Tonnerre family, whom I had always heard Called half breeds, were actually Indians, or as near as made no difference. My acquaintance with Indians was not expensive. I did not remember ever having seen a real Indian, and my new awareness that Piquette sprang from the people of Big Bear and Poundmaker, of Tecumseh, of the Iroquois who had eaten Father Brébeuf's heart--all this gave her an instant attraction in my eyes. I was devoted reader of Pauline Johnson at this age, and sometimes would orate aloud and in an exalted voice, West Wind, blow fromyour prairie nest, Blow from the mountains, blow from the west--and so on. It seemed to me that Piquette must be in some way a daughter of the forest, a kind of junior prophetess of the wilds, who might impart to me, if I took the right approach, some of the secrets which she undoubtedly knew --where the whippoorwill made her nest, how the coyote reared her young, or whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha.23、I set about gaining Piquette's trust. She was not allowed to go swimming, with her bad leg, but I managed to lure her down to the beach-- or rather, she came because there was nothing else to do. The water was always icy, for the lake was fed by springs, but I swam like a dog, thrashing my arms and legs around at such speed and with such an output of energy that I never grew cold. Finally, when I had enough, I came out and sat beside Piquette on the sand. When she saw me approaching, her hands squashed flat the sand castle she had been building, and she looked at me sullenly, without speaking.24、"Do you like this place?" I asked, after a while, intending to lead on from there into the question of forest lore .25、Piquette shrugged. "It's okay. Good as anywhere."26、"I love it, "1 said. "We come here every summer."27、"So what?" Her voice was distant, and I glanced at her uncertainly, wondering what I could have said wrong.28、"Do you want to come for a walk?" I asked her. "We wouldn't need to go far. If you walk just around the point there, you come to a bay where great big reeds grow in the water, and all kinds of fish hang around there. Want to? Come on."29、She shook her head.30、"Your dad said I ain't supposed to do no more walking than I got to." I tried another line.31、"I bet you know a lot about the woods and all that, eh?" I began respectfully.32、Piquette looked at me from her large dark unsmiling eyes.33、"I don't know what in hell you're talkin' about," she replied. "You nuts or somethin'? If you mean where my old man, and me, and all them live, you better shut up, by Jesus, you hear?"34、I was startled and my feelings were hurt, but I had a kind of dogged perseverance. I ignored her rebuff.35、"You know something, Piquette? There's loons here, on this lake. You can see their nests just up the shore there, behind those logs. At night, you can hear them even from the cottage, but it's better to listen from the beach. My dad says we should listen and try to remember how they sound, because in a fewyears when more cottages are built at Diamond Lake and more people come in, the loons will go away."36、Piquette was picking up stones and snail shells and then dropping them again.37、"Who gives a good goddamn?" she said.38、It became increasingly obvious that, as an Indian, Piquette was a dead loss. That evening I went out by myself, scrambling through the bushes that overhung the steep path, my feet slipping on the fallen spruce needles that covered the ground. When I reached the shore, I walked along the firm damp sand to the small pier that my father had built, and sat down there. I heard someone else crashing through the undergrowth and the bracken, and for a moment I thought Piquette had changed her mind, but it turned out to be my father. He sat beside me on the pier and we waited, without speaking.38、At night the lake was like black glass with a streak of amber which was the path of the moon. All around, the spruce trees grew tall and close-set, branches blackly sharp against the sky, which was lightened by a cold flickering of stars. Then the loons began their calling. They rose like phantom birds from the nests on the shore, and flew out onto the dark still surface of the water.40、No one can ever describe that ululating sound, the crying of the loons, and no one who has heard it can ever forget it. Plaintive , and yet with a qualityof chilling mockery , those voices belonged to a world separated by aeon from our neat world of summer cottages and the lighted lamps of home.41、"They must have sounded just like that," my father remarked, "before any person ever set foot here." Then he laughed. "You could say the same, of course, about sparrows or chipmunk, but somehow it only strikes you that way with the loons."42、"I know," I said.43、Neither of us suspected that this would be the last time we would ever sit here together on the shore, listening. We stayed for perhaps half an hour, and then we went back to the cottage. My mother was reading beside the fireplace. Piquette was looking at the burning birch log, and not doing anything.44、"You should have come along," I said, although in fact I was glad she had not.45、"Not me", Piquette said. "You wouldn’ catch me walkin' way down there jus' for a bunch of squawkin' birds."46、Piquette and I remained ill at ease with one another. felt I had somehow failed my father, but I did not know what was the matter, nor why she Would not or could not respond when I suggested exploring the woods or Playing house. I thought it was probably her slow and difficult walking that held her back. Shestayed most of the time in the cottage with my mother, helping her with the dishes or with Roddie, but hardly ever talking. Then the Duncans arrived at their cottage, and I spent my days with Mavis, who was my best friend. I could not reach Piquette at all, and I soon lost interest in trying. But all that summer she remained as both a reproach and a mystery to me.47、That winter my father died of pneumonia, after less than a week's illness. For some time I saw nothing around me, being completely immersed in my own pain and my mother's. When I looked outward once more, I scarcely noticed that Piquette Tonnerre was no longer at school. I do not remember seeing her at all until four years later, one Saturday night when Mavis and I were having Cokes in the Regal Café. The jukebox was booming like tuneful thunder, and beside it, leaning lightly on its chrome and its rainbow glass, was a girl.48、Piquette must have been seventeen then, although she looked about twenty. I stared at her, astounded that anyone could have changed so much. Her face, so stolidand expressionless before, was animated now with a gaiety that was almost violent. She laughed and talked very loudly with the boys around her. Her lipstick was bright carmine, and her hair was cut Short and frizzily permed . She had not been pretty as a child, and she was not pretty now, for her features were still heavy and blunt. But her dark and slightly slanted eyes were beautiful, and her skin-tight skirt and orange sweater displayed to enviable advantage a soft and slender body.49、She saw me, and walked over. She teetered a little, but it was not due to her once-tubercular leg, for her limp was almost gone.50、"Hi, Vanessa," Her voice still had the same hoarseness . "Long time no see, eh?"51、"Hi," I said "Where've you been keeping yourself, Piquette?"52、"Oh, I been around," she said. "I been away almost two years now. Been all over the place--Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon. Jesus, what I could tell you! I come back this summer, but I ain't stayin'. You kids go in to the dance?"53、"No," I said abruptly, for this was a sore point with me. I was fifteen, and thought I was old enough to go to the Saturday-night dances at the Flamingo. My mother, however, thought otherwise.54、"Y'oughta come," Piquette said. "I never miss one. It's just about the on'y thing in this jerkwater55、town that's any fun. Boy, you couldn' catch me stayin' here. I don' givea shit about this place. It stinks."56、She sat down beside me, and I caught the harsh over-sweetness of her perfume.57、"Listen, you wanna know something, Vanessa?" she confided , her voice only slightly blurred. "Your dad was the only person in Manawaka that ever done anything good to me."58、I nodded speechlessly. I was certain she was speaking the truth. I knewa little more than I had that summer at Diamond Lake, but I could not reach her now any more than I had then, I was ashamed, ashamed of my own timidity, the frightened tendency to look the other way. Yet I felt no real warmth towards her-- I only felt that I ought to, because of that distant summer and because my father had hoped she would be company for me, or perhaps that I would be for her, but it had not happened that way. At this moment, meeting her again, I had to admit that she repelled and embarrassed me, and I could not help despising the self-pity in her voice. I wished she would go away. I did not want to see her did not know what to say to her. It seemed that we had nothing to say to one another.59、"I'll tell you something else," Piquette went on. "All the old bitches an' biddies in this town will sure be surprised. I'm gettin' married this fall -- my boy friend, he's an English fella, works in the stockyards in the city there, a very tall guy, got blond wavy hair. Gee, is he ever handsome. Got this real Hiroshima name. Alvin Gerald Cummings--some handle, eh? They call him Al."60、For the merest instant, then I saw her. I really did see her, for the first and only time in all the years we had both lived in the same town. Her defiantface, momentarily, became unguarded and unmasked, and in her eyes there was a terrifying hope.61、"Gee, Piquette --" I burst out awkwardly, "that's swell. That's really wonderful. Congratulations—good luck--I hope you'll be happy--"62、As l mouthed the conventional phrases, I could only guess how great her need must have been, that she had been forced to seek the very things she so bitterly rejected.63、When I was eighteen, I left Manawaka and went away to college. At the end of my first year, I came back home for the summer. I spent the first few days in talking non-stop with my mother, as we exchanged all the news that somehow had not found its way into letters-- what had happened in my life and what had happened here in Manawaka while I was away. My mother searched her memory for events that concerned people I knew.64、"Did I ever write you about Piquette Tonnerre, Vanessa?" she asked one morning.65、"No, I don't think so," I replied. "Last I heard of her, she was going to marry some guy in the city. Is she still there?"66、My mother looked Hiroshima , and it was a moment before she spoke, as though she did not know how to express what she had to tell and wished she did not need to try.67、"She's dead," she said at last. Then, as I stared at her, "Oh, Vanessa, when it happened, I couldn't help thinking of her as she was that summer--so sullen and gauche and badly dressed. I couldn't help wondering if we could have done something more at that time--but what could we do? She used to be around in the cottage there with me all day, and honestly it was all I could do to get a word out of her. She didn't even talk to your father very much, althoughI think she liked him in her way."68、"What happened?" I asked.69、"Either her husband left her, or she left him," my mother said. "I don't know which. Anyway, she came back here with two youngsters, both only babies--they must have been born very close together. She kept house, I guess, for Lazarus and her brothers, down in the valley there, in the old Tonnerre place.I used to see her on the street sometimes, but she never spoke to me. She'd put on an awful lot of weight, and she looked a mess, to tell you the truth, a real slattern , dressed any old how. She was up in court a couple of times--drunk and disorderly, of course. One Saturday night last winter, during the coldest weather, Piquette was alone in the shack with the children. The Tonnerres made home brew all the time, so I've heard, and Lazarus said later she'd beendrinking most of the day when he and the boys went out that evening. They had an old woodstove there--you know the kind, with exposed pipes. The shack caught fire. Piquette didn't get out, and neither did the children."70、I did not say anything. As so often with Piquette, there did not seem to be anything to say. There was a kind of silence around the image in my mind of the fire and the snow, and I wished I could put from my memory the look thatI had seen once in Piquette's eyes.71、I went up to Diamond Lake for a few days that summer, with Mavis and her family. The MacLeod cottage had been sold after my father's death, and I did not even go to look at it, not wanting to witness my long-ago kingdom possessed now by strangers. But one evening I went clown to the shore by myself.72、The small pier which my father had built was gone, and in its place there was a large and solid pier built by the government, for Galloping Mountain was now a national park, and Diamond Lake had been re-named Lake Wapakata, for it was felt that an Indian name would have a greater appeal to tourists. The one store had become several dozen, and the settlement had all the attributes of a flourishing resort--hotels, a dance-hall, cafes with neon signs, the penetrating odoursof potato chips and hot dogs.73、I sat on the government pier and looked out across the water. At night the lake at least was the same as it had always been, darkly shining and bearing within its black glass the streak of amber that was the path of the moon. There was no wind that evening, and everything was quiet all around me. It seemed too quiet, and then I realized that the loons were no longer here. I listened for some time, to make sure, but never once did I hear that long-drawn call, half mocking and half plaintive, spearing through the stillness across the lake.74、I did not know what had happened to the birds. Perhaps they had gone away to some far place of belonging. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not.75、I remembered how Piquette had scorned to come along, when my father and I sat there and listened to the lake birds. It seemed to me now that in some unconscious and totally unrecognized way, Piquette might have been the only one, after all, who had heard the crying of the loons.第十二课潜水鸟玛格丽特劳伦斯马纳瓦卡山下有一条小河，叫瓦恰科瓦河，浑浊的河水沿着布满鹅卵石的河床哗哗地流淌着，河边谷地上长着无数的矮橡树、灰绿色柳树和野樱桃树，形成一片茂密的丛林。
冀教英语下册Unit 2 Lesson 12 A Blog about the Silk Road
Play a game
Read the words as quickly as possible
Presentation Read the passage and pay attention to the key points.
Li Ming had a good time on his trip to the Silk Road. He wants to write about his trip. 玩得开心
B:I … A:What did you eat there? B:…
Let's do it
1 Which pictures does Li Ming NOT mention？Listen to the passage and tick.
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听力材料：Here are some photos from my trip! We went to Xi’an. Look! We are in the Bell Tower. We also went to Beijing. Here is a picture from the Great Wall. It was so fun!
b. in a new way意为 “以一种新方式”。 in表示“用；通过”。 He solved the problrm in another way. 他用另一种方式解决了这个问题。
Language points
5 Does anyone have any suggestions? 有人有什么建议吗？
作动词
experience v.& n. 体验；经历；经验
作“经验”讲时，是不可数名词，而作为“经历”讲时是
可数名词。例句：
从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译共3篇
从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译共3篇从功能派翻译理论视角看旅游文本英译1近年来，随着全球化和旅游业的发展，旅游文本的翻译成为一项非常重要的任务。
而如何翻译旅游文本，尤其是如何传达旅游文本所蕴含的文化信息，一直是翻译界的难题。
功能派翻译理论提供了一种研究文本功能与翻译目的之间联系的理论框架，从此理论角度来看旅游文本的英译，既有助于深入理解旅游文本及其翻译策略，也可以为实践翻译提供一定的启示。
旅游文本是指介绍某个特定地点的景点、文化、风俗和特产的书面材料。
旅游文本不仅仅是文字，更是一个文化和情感的表达和交流方式。
将旅游文本译成另一种语言，不仅要考虑语言层面的问题，还要考虑文化差异和目的群体的不同需求。
功能派翻译理论认为，在翻译文本时，需要将原文的功能转化为目标文本所需的功能。
因此，在翻译旅游文本时，需要同时考虑原文的功能和翻译目的。
一方面，旅游文本需要传递很多特定的文化信息。
例如，介绍某个景点时，需要解释它的历史背景、建筑风格和地方特色等等。
旅游文本还需要传递作者对该景点的态度和感受。
在翻译旅游文本时，需要通过选择恰当的翻译策略和用词，确保译文能够传达原文所蕴含的文化信息。
另一方面，旅游文本的翻译也需要考虑目标受众的需求。
旅游文本的读者通常都是外国人或者说非本地人。
因此，在翻译旅游文本时，翻译者需要了解目标受众所处的文化背景和旅游目的，确保译文的可读性和可理解性。
在实际翻译过程中，功能派翻译理论提供了一些可行的翻译策略。
例如，在解释某个特定文化现象时，可以采用比喻或对比的方法。
翻译者还可以通过逐字逐句和逐个篇章的阅读文本，并对一些关键词汇和句式进行注释和解释，以确保译文的准确性和完整性。
另外，翻译者还可以在译文中加入一些注释或说明，以便读者更好地理解译文。
综上所述，从功能派翻译理论的视角来看，旅游文本的英译是一个非常复杂的任务。
在翻译旅游文本时，翻译者需要了解原文的功能，同时考虑目标受众的需求，并采用恰当的翻译策略，以确保译文能够传达原文所蕴含的文化信息，同时保证译文的准确性和可读性。
旅游文本英译赏析
- 246-校园英语 / 翻译研究旅游文本英译赏析华北理工大学/郑璇【摘要】21世纪以来，越来越多的国外游客来到中国参观游览，旅游景点介绍的英译显得尤为重要。
本文旨在语域理论指导下，通过对文本功能的分析，实现文本概念功能，人际功能，语篇功能对等，吸引更多游客来华参观。
【关键词】旅游翻译 功能对等 系统功能语言学一、引言旅游翻译是一个老生常谈的话题，正是因为很多学者都探讨过此类问题，才能彰显其重要性。
在市场经济时代，成功的旅游翻译效带来巨大的经济效益，吸引来自世界各地的游客参观游览。
在翻译的过程中，如果只是简单的意义传递，可能会使旅游文本的功能效应和社会效应有所损益，因此本文旨在运用系统功能语言学语域相关理论指导旅游翻译，以期实现旅游文本功能对等。
二、旅游文本简介1.旅游文本的特点。
旅游文本包括旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游广告、旅游宣传标语、演出节目单、菜单、宾馆指示牌、各类通知、路标、地名等等。
因此所涉及的词汇量大、知识面宽、文化面广、措辞讲究、风格人性、具有可读性和亲和力，以及功能多样化。
2.英汉旅游文本对比。
一般而言，英语旅游文体大多风格简约，结构严谨而不复杂，行文用字简洁明了，“表达直观通俗，注重信息的准确性和语言的实用性，最忌啰嗦堆砌”，多数情况下，景物描写往往用客观的具象罗列来传达实实在在的景物之美，为求忠实再现自然，让读者有一个明确具体的印象。
而汉语讲究音韵和谐、形式对称，用词空泛含蓄，具有强烈的主观色彩。
汉语旅游文本常大量使用修饰语形容词、华丽之词。
根据汉语的审美习惯，多用修辞语可以加强气势，突出强调某种思想感情或增强节奏感，这些修饰语的使用在汉语文化中能够取得好的信息效果和实际效果。
三、旅游翻译实例1.语场与旅游翻译。
“语场”指的是实际发生的事，或者说是指语言发生的环境，包括谈话的话题。
在旅游翻译中，应首先考虑旅游文本的语场。
“在旅游文本翻译中，语场的错位主要表现在译者对源语信息的取舍策略的不合适性”。
非文学翻译基础知识
一、导论（一）翻译是什么？翻译过程即语言编码和解码的过程。
原文作者将讯息符号化，以符号的形式（文字或图形等）呈现给理解者（读者或译者）这个过程就是编码；而理解者把符号形式转换成讯息的过程就是解码。
翻译好坏的评判标准在于：译文能否把原文所包含的讯息全部解析出来并呈现给读者。
（二）翻译的分类1.语内翻译：同一种语言间不同语言变体之间的转换过程。
（古文—现代文）2.语际翻译：是指两种语言之间的翻译。
3.符际翻译：非语言符号系统与语言符号之间的转换过程。
（读取标识）二、翻译工具（一）计算机辅助翻译工具机器翻译、翻译记忆、术语库、语料库、百科全书、在线词典、搜索引擎、专业资料等（二）网络在线/辅助翻译依托于强大的网络，在线翻译的翻译速度更快、新词和生僻词收录量更大，并且可以实现多语种互译，唯一的缺点是翻译质量不高。
三、广告翻译思考题旅游文体翻译和广告文体翻译有何不同？思考题：新闻与广告在文体特征上有什么区别？（一）广告文体含义广告类文本是一种典型的实用文体，重功能轻意义，重目的轻形式。
（二）书面广告构成形式一则完整的书面广告通常由四个部分构成：标题、正文、口号、插图。
但是由于广告种类不同，文体特点不尽相同，语言形式不尽相同。
因此构成形式并非都采用完整形式。
（三）文体特点遵循AIDA原则，即ATTENTION引起注意→INTEREST激发兴趣→DESIRE刺激需求→ACTION采取行动。
主要有三大特征：（1）主题突出，针对性强广告必须要根据市场需求和针对相应的消费者群体，突出商品别具一格的特性和优势。
（2）语言表达新颖别致只有别致的语言才会吸引消费者的注意力，激发兴趣，使之过目不忘，印象深刻。
（3）语言富有感染力广告必须运用各种修辞手段，融入情感因素，引起人们的共鸣，产生感染力，拉近与消费者的距离，达到推销商品的目的。
（四）英语广告的文体特点（1）用词简单、创新拼写（2）经常使用缩略语和复合词（3）书面语与口语平分天下（4）经常使用动词、褒义形容词（5）句法上多用简单句、少用否定句（6）多用并列句、祈使句（7）多用主动语态、疑问句（8）多用现在时态（9）经常巧妙地使用各种修辞手段（五）中文广告的文体特点（1）用词简洁，多用四字结构词语（2）经常使用动词、褒义形容词（3）经常套用诗词，偏爱对偶和押韵等（4）书面语与口语并存（5）句法上多用散句、少用复合句（6）多用并列句、省略句和祈使句（7）经常巧妙地使用各种修辞手段（六）广告文体的翻译原则翻译广告时，首先充分理解广告的语义，然后依照广告的功用，借鉴汉语广告文体特征构建新的汉语文本。
Lesson 12 新闻文本、旅游文本、科技文本的翻译
II
Translation of Tourist Materials l
旅游景点介绍
传递信息： 如：芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。因洞口过去 生长芦草用以做笛而得名。它始发现于唐代， 1959年以来被开辟为旅游胜地。 Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin. It derives its name from the reeds at its entrance, which were once used to make flutes. The cave was first discovered in the Tang Dynasty. Since 1959, it has been turned into a tourist attraction.
2 多用被动结构
No convincing signs of plant or animal life have been detected by instruments soft landed on Mars. 在火星上软着陆的一起目前还没探测到任 何令人信服的动植物生命迹象。
The most widely recognized species are the common and the bottle-nosed dolphins; both are widely distributed in warm and temperate seas. 最广为人知的是普通海豚和宽吻海豚， 他们都分布在温暖的海域。
注意术语的译法
新华社 Xinhua News Agency 全国人民代表大会 National People’s Congress 最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court 中华全国总工会 All-China Federation of Trade Unions
外研社《英语初级听力》第12课课文翻译
Lesson TwelveSection one:A）DialoguesDialogue 1:--Do you think you could stop whistling? 你觉得你能停止吹口哨吗？I’m trying to write an essay.我正想写一篇文章。
--Oh,I’m sorry. I thought you were in the other room.哦，我很抱歉，我以为你在另一个房间里。
Dialogue 2：--Is it alright if I leave my rucksack on the back seat? 我把背包放在后座上行吗?--Yes of course. Go ahead. 是的，当然可以。
放吧。
--And would you mind if I took off my shoes? 你介意我脱下我的鞋子吗?My feet are killing me.我的两只脚真要我的命。
--Well, I’d rather you didn’t. 额，我希望你不要做。
It’s rather a hot day. 这是相当热的一天。
Dialogue 3:--Hello,Charles, I haven’t seen you all day. 你好,查尔斯,我一整天都没见到你。
What have you been doing? 你在做什么?--Actually I’ve been working on my first novel. 其实，我一直在写我的第一部小说。
--Oh,yes. How far have you got with it?哦，好吧。
你小说进展如何?--Well, I thought of a good title, 嗯,我想到了一个好题目,and I made a list of characters,我做了一个角色列表，and I’ve designed the front cover.并且我已经设计好了封面。
高级汉英翻译-样章
在符号世界里，译者作为个体的人，是一种符号动物。虽然人们经历的符 号活动不同，对符号的认知与解释能力也不相同，但在汉英笔译这一符号活动 中，我们会不同程度地遭遇一些障碍，只有不停地跨越这些障碍，我们的翻译 能力才会不断提高。
3.1 跨越理解的障碍
论及学习翻译的问题时，常听人说英译汉是理解的问题，汉译英是表达的 问题。其实不然。汉译英中出现的表达问题常常源于理解有误。有时，人们对 愈熟悉的言语或现象，愈容易掉以轻心，愈容易理解错。 例如： “雨雪时候的星辰”是冰心早年的一篇抒情散文。由于“雨”和 “雪”是我们非常熟悉的自然现象，天气预报中常出现“雨” “雪” “雨夹 、 、 雪”等字样或符号，我们一不小心就会将“雨雪时候”理解为“下雨和下雪的 时候” 。但这里， “雨”是动词，书面语，读yù,“雨雪”意为“下雪” 所以， 。 张培基先生译为“Stars on a Snowy Night” 。 又如，对英语词义的理解也容易失误。朱光潜曾提到：在中国一般学生 “ 心里，也许 pride 只是骄傲，envy 只是嫉妒，在汉语中的附加意义都是贬义， 但 pride 还有自豪，envy 还有欣羡，在英语中都是褒义。satisfactory 的‘满’ 并不一定是‘意’ ，通常只应译为‘圆满’。 ”（朱光潜，1984：452） 文本中的蒙学经典也常易被译者误解。例如：
附录 Appendixes
附录一 主要参考文献 Main References 附录二 参考译文 Reference Translations 附录三 国际翻译网站 International Websites Concerning Translation 附录四 距离策略——解决翻译问题的新贴士 Distancing Strategies—New Problem-Solving Tips for Translation
人教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课文翻译
⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课⽂翻译 翻译是指引，⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB的课⽂该怎么翻译呢?接下来是店铺⼩编为⼤家带来的关于⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂的翻译，希望会给⼤家带来帮助。
⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译：2a 部分翻译 Have you ever played jokes on others, especially on April Fool's Day? Have you ever been fooled by others? Tell your story to your partner. 你曾经捉弄过别⼈吗，特别是在这天?你曾经被别⼈捉弄过吗?向你的同伴讲述你的。
⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译：2b 部分翻译 Read the passage quickly.Then match each paragraph with the main idea. 。
然后把每⼀段和中⼼意思搭配起来。
Paragraph 1 The most famous trick played 第⼀段最著名的恶作剧 Paragraph 2 Examples of funny stories that happened on April Fool's Day 第⼆段发⽣在愚⼈节的有趣的故事的例⼦ Paragraph 3 An introduction to April Fool's Day 第三段愚⼈节的介绍 Paragraph 4 A sad story that happened on April Fool's Day 第四段发⽣在愚⼈节的⼀个伤⼼的故事 USING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE 运⽤背景知识 Carefully reading the first sentence in each paragraph can activate your own knowledge of the topic and help you guess what the whole text is about. 认真阅读每⼀段的第⼀句可以激活你⾃⼰对于这⼀话题的知识，并且帮助你猜测整篇⽂章的内容。
新英汉翻译课件教程_____Chapter_12_新闻文体的翻译
12. 2 新闻文体的翻译 (Translation of Journalistic Writing)
新闻按地域分有：国际新闻、国内新闻、本地 新闻。按内容分有：科技新闻、政治新闻、财经 新闻、法律新闻、军事新闻、文教新闻、体育新 闻、娱乐新闻、卫生新闻等。按事件发生的状态 分有：突发性新闻、持续性新闻、周期性新闻。 按事件发生与报道的时间差距分有：事件性新闻 和非事件性新闻。按新闻事实的意义分有：典型 新闻、综合新闻、系列新闻。按传播渠道和信息 载体分有：文字新闻、图片新闻、音像新闻等。 就新闻报道的体裁和形式而言，可分为消息报道、 快讯、调查报告、特写、社论、评论等。
【译】美分析人士未发现本·拉登拥有核武器的证 据
• 5. Pioneer colleges face axe 【译】一些实验学院面临砍削
• 6. Private eyes seek legal recognition • 【译】私人侦探寻求法律认可
• 7. Plane hits Milan skyscraper, terror ruled out
• 【译】世界关注中东和平谈判 • 2. Education brings a better tomorrow • 【译】教育改变未来生活
• 3. Husband and wife team unlocks new gene secrets
【译】夫妻联手解开新的基因奥秘
• 4. U.S. analysts find no sign Bin Laden had nuclear arms
护 • 7. 布什称反恐战争远未结束 • 8. 美好时代，艰难岁月
12. 2. 3 新闻报道的翻译
Unit12 课文翻译
In the rich world the idea of progress has become impoverished. Through complacency and bitter experience, the scope of progress has narrowed. The popular view is that, although technology and GDP advance, morals and society are treading water or, depending on your choice of newspaper, sinking back into decadence and barbarism. On the left of politics these days, “progress”comes with a pair of ironic quotation marks attached; on the right, “progressive”is a term of abuse. 在一个富裕的世界，关于进步的观念则变得贫困。
现状引起的自满和经历带来的痛苦都使得进步的视野越变越狭窄。
取决于你爱看哪种立场的报纸，流行的看法是：尽管科技和GDP 发展了，道德与社会却停滞不前，甚至可说是，正在向颓废和野蛮沉沦。
在当今政治的左翼，“进步”这两个字必定带有讽刺性的引号；而对于政治的右翼，“进步人士”也是一个被滥用的术语。
It was not always like that. There has long been a tension between seeking perfection in life or in the afterlife. Optimists in the Enlightenment and the 19th century came to believe that the mass of humanity could one day lead happy and worthy lives here on Earth. Like Madach’s Adam, they were bursting with ideas for how the world might become a better place.情况也并非一直都是这样糟糕。
unit12课文翻译Microsoft文档
unit12课文翻译Microsoft文档The Story of Florence Nightingale弗劳伦斯.南丁格尔的故事Florence Nightingale was born in Italy on 12 May 1820 and was named Florence after her birthplace. Florence and her sister were educated by their father and private teachers. She excelled in her studies. When she grew up , she decided to become a nurse. This decision greatly upset her family, because at that time nurses in England were looked down upon by people. But she was determined, and began caring for the sick in hospitals.弗劳伦斯.南丁格尔于1820年5月12日出生在意大利，并以他的出生地命名。
其父亲和私人教师教弗劳伦斯.南丁格尔和她的妹妹学习。
她学业优秀。
长大后，她决定做一名护士，这个决定令她的家人很不安。
因为在当时的英国，护士这个职业被别人看不起。
但是，她已下定决心,并开始在医院护理病患。
In 1854 ,England was fighting a war with Russia in Turkey .At the front many British soldiers were wounded or sick. The wounded soldiers lay on the hard floors of a dirty army hospital. In the evening, the tried to sleep, but rats ran over their bodies. The conditions for them were terrible.1854年，英国与俄国在土耳其交战，很多英国士兵在前线受伤或患病，伤兵们躺在肮脏的军队医院里坚硬的地板上。
unit12-14课后翻译+课文
Unit 12:The world is marching towards a new era---the era of the knowledge economy. The development of advanced technology and rapid industrialization will be key factors in determining a country’s future success. Chinese media often focus on the nation’s level of technological advancement, arousing unusually widespread interest. But there is a gap between the media’s ideological emphasis and reality. The transition from an industrial and manufacturing economy to an advanced technological economy or knowledge economy poses many difficulties.世界正迈向一个新的时代—知识经济时代。
高新科技的研究开发及其快速产业化，将是每一个国家决胜未来的关键因素。
中国媒体经常关注国内科技发展的水平，高科技这一主题已引起了中国人的极大兴趣，但思想上的重视到实际行动之间还有一些距离。
怎样实现从商业，制造业经济向高科技经济或知识经济转型，在具体操作上还存在一些困难。
unit 14:There were various signs indicating that more and more parents and teachers were concerned about the standardized tests in high schools in every state. Some people thought the tests contributed to the improvement of teaching quality while a substantial part of them were skeptical and even held a critical attitude. A teacher of mathematics from California said, "Every day we have to teach for exams with no time to consider how to develop students' interests and how to enhance their creativity.' Many parents complained that the real learning in schools was shoved aside in order to boost the test scores and the children had been changed into test machines with endless simulated tests. The students felt more strongly that they were unfairly treated and, weighed down by everyday tests, they even didn't have time for physical exercises. The standardized tests have led to more and more backlashes in every state. According to The New York Times'report, some of the parents and teachers in Chicago will form a coalition to boycott the standardized test this year.种种迹象表明，越来越多的家长和教师对各州中学的标准化考试感到关注。
第3章旅游文本翻译
➢ 西方老式哲学在主观与客观旳物象关系上，主张“客主分离”，更多 旳强调摹仿和再现，在描绘外界自然美时，总是“站在自然之外”去 欣赏自然之美
➢ 所以汉语语言体现经常人文色彩浓郁，物我一体，具有一种超越现实、 虚实不定旳朦胧、变形之美，一景一物，皆有灵性，主观色彩浓厚
只见海港环抱于半圆 形小山丛中，煞是好 看，朦朦胧胧，一片 银灰，宛若仙境。 ...。这北极地域景 色之美，同老式旳圣 诞贺卡适成对照，它 浓淡交融，光影柔和， 清雅绝俗。
LOGO
2. 英汉旅游文体特色及其风格差别
For me this landscape was always a magical prospect, the austere countryside stretching away with the sharp definition of an 18thcentury aquatint across hill and woodland to Mt. Battie outlined against the horizon
➢ 翻译目旳论这以为，翻译时一种交际行为，翻译行为所要到达旳 目旳决定整个翻译行为旳过程，即”目旳决定手段“（the translation purpose justifies the translation process… “the end justifies the means” --- Nord, 2023)
诱导型
LOGO
1. “呼唤型”功能文本--- 旅游翻译
➢ “目旳论“（Skopostheory）是德国功能派学者费米尔和诺德等提 出来旳，它形成了功能翻译理论旳主流
Unit12单元课文翻译
Unit 12Life Is Full of the Unexpected生活中充满意外In May 2001, I found a job in New York at the World Trade Center. On September 11,在2001年五月，我在纽约世贸中心找到一份工作。
在九月十一日2001, I arrived at my building at around 8:30 . I was about to go up when I decided to get a我到达我的办公楼大约在上午的八点半。
我正要上楼时我决定先去买一杯coffee first. I went to my favorite coffee place even though it was two blocks east from my咖啡。
我去了我最喜欢的咖啡店，即使从东面出发，那里离我的办公室有两个街区。
office. As I was waiting in line with other office workers, I heard a loud sound. Before I could当我和其他的办公室工作人员一起排队等候时，我听到一声巨响。
在我可以join the others outside to see what was going on, the first plane had already hit my office加入其他人到外面看发生什么事。
第一架飞机已经撞上我的办公building. We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building. I felt大楼我们难以置信的凝视着黑色的烟从燃烧着的大楼上升起。
我感到幸运，lucky to be alive.运为自己还活着。
Almost 10 years later, I woke up at 10:00 . on February 2 1,2011 and realized that my将近年后，我在2011年二月21日早上十点钟醒来。
汉译英第22讲新闻文本的翻译
N. Y. Officials Want More DNA Samples
纽约市官员需要更多DNA 样本
US, DPRK resume talks on nuke issue 美国和朝鲜民主主义共和国恢复核武器问题
的会谈 Australia‟s GDP growth outlook improves 澳大利亚国内生产总值稳定增长 Record SAR admissions to mainland universities 香港学生北上升学人数倍增
二、英文标题的语法特点 (Grammatical Features)
广泛使用现在时， 兼用其他
时态 广泛使用非谓语动词(Nonfinite Verbs) 从句法结构上讲，省略是标题 的最大特点
Journalistic Present Tense ( 新闻现在时）
French Culture Is In The Doldrums 法国文化颓然不振 Husband And Wife Team Unlocks New Gene
广泛使用非谓语动词(Non-finite Verbs)
Five Ways To Be Romantic 浪漫五法 New Efforts To Learn About Planet Mars 探测火星
的新举措 Helping the Homeless to Help Themselves 帮助无 家可归者自强自立 Looking Back to Look Ahead 回首往昔 展望未来 Film Star Clint Eastwood Honored in Gala Tribute 影星克林特伊斯特伍德受庆典嘉奖 Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire 房
奈达功能对等理论在中国的接受
奈达功能对等理论在中国的接受作者：梁戈先蕾任朝迎来源：《现代语文(语言研究)》2016年第10期摘要：奈达的功能对等理论在翻译界产生了重要影响，随着该理论传入中国，奈达功能对等理论的影响日益显现，几十年来一直是中国翻译界讨论的焦点，众多学者对奈达的功能对等理论进行了深入的研究和讨论。
学者们从多方面、多角度对奈达功能对等理论进行了探讨，并且运用该理论对多个文本如科技文本、商务文本、广告文本、法律文本、外宣文本、新闻文本等进行了分析，并验证了奈达功能对等理论的优越性，还详细解释了奈达功能对等理论具有优势的原因等。
本文选取2000年到2015年期间中国学者发表的学术论文、期刊论文、研究综述等，通过分析和总结来揭示奈达功能对等理论在中国的接受情况以及对中国翻译界的影响。
关键词：奈达功能对等翻译中国接受一、引言奈达是美国著名的翻译家、翻译理论家和语言学家。
1943年他毕业于密歇根大学并获得语言学博士学位，毕业后长期在美国圣经学会从事有关主持翻译的工作。
他的学术焦点在于《圣经》的翻译，经过长时间的研究，他通过对《圣经》的翻译实践总结出了自己的翻译理论，还出版了几部影响世界的翻译著作，如：1964年出版的《翻译科学探索》，1969年出版的《翻译理论与实践》，1986年出版的《从一种语言到另一种语言》。
在这些著作中诞生了许多著名的翻译理论，如：动态对等、功能对等、翻译的四步式（分析、转换、重构和验证）。
他还提出了“核心句”的重要概念，指各种语言在核心结构上的一致性大于在表层结构上的一致性。
在诸多理论中最负盛名的就是他的功能对等理论，该理论对世界翻译界产生了巨大的影响，在翻译界中占据了非常重要的一席之地。
在中国，奈达的翻译理论，尤其是功能对等翻译理论，在当代西方翻译理论中介绍得最早、最多，影响也最大。
三十余年来，奈达及其翻译理论在中国一直是翻译界的热门话题。
中国翻译界的众多学者对奈达功能对等理论进行了深入的研究，同中国的翻译现状进行了有效结合。
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I Translation of News
新闻文体主要是 新闻报导（news story, news report） 评论（comments） comments 特写（features）
词汇特点
1. 常用词汇有特定的新闻色彩 nadir 两国关系的最低点 2. 使用“小词”（midget words） back（支持）, ban（禁止） 3. 大量使用缩略语 WB（world bank世界银行）, ASP（American selling price美国销售价） biz （business商业） 4. 临时造词 Euromart（European market 欧洲市场）
新闻标题的翻译
尽量与原文一样简短，要注重译文能象 原文一样传神达意 Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire “房屋起火五伤四亡”； Soccer kicks off with Violence "足球开赛脚踢拳打".
标题中的省略
Largest Chinese trade delegation to visit US in Nov. Deposits, loans rising in 2 Workmen Injured in Electrical Accident
科技文本的特点
1. 人称： This paper，firstly，analyzes the language function of tourism English， and then analyzes the language characteristics of tourism English． 第三人称以示客观
On one of those sober and rather melancholy days in the later part of autumn when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together and throw a gloom over the decline of the year… ----Washington Irving Westminster Abbey 译文：时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨 的阴影和黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起，不可分割。 岁将暮兮、终日昏暗… ----夏济安 译
Translation of Scientific materials
专业词汇
Matrix 脉石 浮雕片 矩阵变换电路 主句，独立句 子宫 Power 权力 幂 功率 电力
非专业词汇
Science is a servant of mankind. 科学造福于人类。 在治疗过程中，医生必须能抓住精神病人的心 理特点。 During the therapy, the doctor has to be able to understand the psychological characteristics of the mental patient.
名词化结构
旧的冰块盐度很低，大约只有1/1000， 甚至更少。 Old ice has very low salinity, on the order of I part per thousand or less.
非谓语动词
彩排之后，还要花时间再开一个会，在 会上，参加节目制作的人员也许会提出 最后的修改意见。 Following the rehearsal, there is time for one more meeting, when people involved in producing the program may suggest final changes.
由长安东去的人，都在这里送别，故有“都人 送客到此，折柳赠别”的风气，留下了“年年 柳色，灞陵伤别”、“杨柳含烟灞岸春，年年 攀折为行人”等千古绝唱，而为历代文人骚客 所乐道。 All those leaving Chang’an eastward– going would say goodbye here hence the prevailing custom is “People from the capital, seeing the gust off, will pick a willow-sprig to say farewell here. And here.” with it handed down the ages-old chants: “Willow-trees turn green every year; yet people feel sad parting at Baling” and “Willows on the dyke of Ba River are in verdure every spring with sprigs cut for travelers as farewell bidding.”
增加美感
西湖如镜面，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风 光绮丽。 The West lake is like a mirror， embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.
吸引读者
这些山峰，连同山上绿竹翠柳，岸边的 村民农舍，时而化入水中，时而化入天 际，真是“果然佳胜在兴坪”。 These hills and the green bamboo and willows and farming houses merge with their reflections in the river and lead visitors to a dreamy world.
语言总体风格
大众性 趣味性 节俭性
语法特点
标题或是正文都常常采用现在时代替过 去时。 较多使用扩展的简单句 前置修饰语高度浓缩 a hand grenade and machine gun attack
翻译时注意：
汉语多采用过去时态 采用切断、拆译、倒译、插入和重组等方法 例：But one White House aide said the Administration had all but abandoned hope of resuming the political talks in Jerusalem which were suspended when Sadat withdrew his delegation three weeks ago. 译文：但有一名白宫助理人员说，政府几乎已 放弃了在耶路撒冷恢复政治谈判的希望。这次 谈判是两个星期前由于萨达特撤出谈判代表团 而宣告中断的。
2. 长句与短句
蚯蚓对制造优良的表层土壤所起的作用是其他 任何动物都比不上的。据估计，五万条蚯蚓一 年内能在以英亩的土地上制造大约十八吨优良 土壤。 No other animal is so useful in building up good topsoil as earthworms. It is estimated that in one year fifty thousand earthworms carry about 18 tons of fine soil to the surface of an acre of land.
2 多用被动结构
No convincing signs of plant or animal life have been detected by instruments soft landed on Mars. 在火星上软着陆的一起目前还没探测到任 何令人信服的动植物生命迹象。
The most widely recognized species are the common and the bottle-nosed dolphins; both are widely distributed in warm and temperate seas. 最广为人知的是普通海豚和宽吻海豚， 他们都分布在温暖的海域。
老字号 An old and famous shop/enterprise 华表 Ornamental column/cloud pillar 甲骨文 Inscriptions on oracle bones 红包 Red envelope containing money as a gift 京剧票友 Peking Opera fan
II
Translation of Tourist Materials l
旅游景点介绍
传递信息： 如：芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。因洞口过去 生长芦草用以做笛而得名。它始发现于唐代， 1959年以来被开辟为旅游胜地。 Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin. It derives its name from the reeds at its entrance, which were once used to make flutes. The cave was first discovered in the Tang Dynasty. Since 1959, it has been turned into a tourist attraction.
注意术语的译法
新华社 Xinhua News Agency 全国人民代表大会 National People’s Congress 最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court 中华全国总工会 All-China Federation of Trade Unions