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食品放心工程消费者满意度评价方案

附件2：食品放心工程消费者满意度评价方案一、调查对象和抽样调查对象为16-65岁的消费者。

调查对象为农民工的，必须在本地有连续6个月以上（含6个月）工作经历，而且同一工地或集体宿舍只能调查一人。

调查采用分层随机抽样、问卷访问的方法。

各地样本抽取要做到“条、块”分布均匀。

“条”是指：调查对象的年龄、文化程度、职业或身份等的分布情况与当地分布情况基本一致。

“块”是指：选取调查对象的区域要分散，避免在同一单位选取过多同一身份的调查样本。

为此，抽取样本时必须严格按照如下要求：（一）城镇样本的选取方法1、每个县、区（市）随机选取不少于5个乡镇，并将样本平均分配至各乡镇；2、从每个乡镇中随机选取1～2个居委会参加调查，并将样本平均分配至各居委会。

（二）农村样本的选取方法每个县、区（市）选择一个能代表本地农村平均水平的乡（镇），调查走访50个农村家庭，每个家庭随即调查一位年满16-65岁的家庭成员二、调查规模和样本分布每个地区抽样比例以城镇人口万分之六为基础，保证各地区的基本统计。

三、食品放心工程消费者满意度评价调查问卷□一、您是否知道本地实施了食品放心工程、食品安全专项整治工作？（单选题）1.知道2.不知道□二、您对本地食品安全监管工作的评价是：（单选题）1.满意2.一般3.不满意□三、您对本地食品市场的感觉是：（单选题）1.放心2.一般3.不放心□四、本地食品安全监管部门对受理的投诉、举报、咨询、提建议的处理情况如何？（单选题）1.比较好2.一般3.不好4.不了解□五、“某市发生一起餐厅集体食物中毒事件后得到及时有效地处理。

此事若发生在您所居住的城市，您认为有关部门处理效果会怎样？”1.满意2.一般3.不满意六、请您对本市的以下食品的放心情况进行评价：…请在选项对应的方框内画√‟七、您对某类食品评价为“一般”或“不放心”说明您对该食品有所担心。

请分别说出您具体担心那个环节有问题。

…请在选项对应的方框内画√‟□八、与城市食品市场相比，您认为农村的食品市场状况如何？1.比城市要好2.和城市差不多3.比城市要要差4.不了解□九、目前，农村食品安全仍存在问题。

无卤阻燃

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2. Commit appropriate resources to meet project timeline
• Participate in Electrical and Material WG efforts to define technology envelope and test metrologies • Provide materials, components, test vehicles, and assist with modeling/design/assembly/test/failure analysis as needed
FR 4

ECE R100 第1次修订

E/ECE/324 Rev.2/Add.99/Amend.1 E/ECE/TRANS/505 Regulation No. 100 page 2
The title of the Regulation, amend to read: “UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, FUNCTIONAL SAFETY AND HYDROGEN EMISSION” Paragraph 4.1., amend to read: “4.1. If the vehicle submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation meets the requirements of paragraph 5 below and annexes 3, 4, 5 and 7 to this Regulation, approval of this vehicle type shall be granted.”
E/ECE/324 Rev.2/Add.99/Amend.1 E/ECE/TRANS/505 Regulation No. 100 page 3
5.3.3.
During a normal charge procedure in the conditions given in annex 7, hydrogen emissions must be below 125 g during 5 h, or below 25 x t2 g during t2 (in h). During a charge carried out by an on-board charger presenting a failure (conditions given in annex 7), hydrogen emissions must be below 42 g. Furthermore the on-board charger must limit this possible failure to 30 minutes. All the operations linked to the battery charging are controlled automatically, included the stop for charging. It shall not be possible to take a manual control of the charging phases. Normal operations of connection and disconnection to the mains or power cuts must not affect the control system of the charging phases. Important charging failures must be permanently signalled to the driver. An important failure is a failure that can lead to a disfunctioning of the on-board charger during charging later on. The manufacturer has to indicate in the owner's manual, the conformity of the vehicle to these requirements. The approval granted to a vehicle type relative to hydrogen emissions can be extended to different vehicle types belonging to the same family, in accordance with the definition of the family given in annex 7, appendix 2.”

GTR No 1

ECE/TRANS/180/Add.11 April 2005GLOBAL REGISTRYCreated on 18 November 2004, pursuant to Article 6 of the AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHING OF GLOBAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS FOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES(ECE/TRANS/132 and Corr.1)Done at Geneva on 25 June 1998AddendumGlobal technical regulation No. 1DOOR LOCKS AND DOOR RETENTION COMPONENTS(Established in the Global Registry on 18 November 2004)UNITED NATIONSECE/TRANS/180/Add.1page 3TABLE OF CONTENTSA. STATEMENT OF TECHNICAL RATIONALE AND JUSTIFICATION (4)B. TEXT OF REGULATION (17)1. SCOPE AND PURPOSE (17)2. APPLICATION (17)3. DEFINITIONS (17)REQUIREMENTS (19)4. GENERALREQUIREMENTS (19)5. PERFORMANCECONDITIONS (23)6. TESTPROCEDURE (23)7. TESTANNEXESAnnex 1 Latch Test for Load Test One, Two, and Three Force Applications (25)Annex 2 Inertial Test Procedures (31)Annex 3 Hinge Test Procedure (39)Annex 4 Sliding Side Door, Full Door Test (44)Annex 5 Vehicle Category Definitions (48)* * *ECE/TRANS/180/Add.1page 4A. Statement of Technical Rationale and JustificationI. IntroductionCurrent regulations were designed to test for door openings in vehicles that were built in the 1960s. Aside from changes made to United States of America and Canadian requirements in the early to mid-1990s to address rear door openings, no significant changes have been made to any of the current regulations. While existing regulations governing door openings have proven largely effective, door openings continue to present a risk of serious injury or death to vehicle occupants, particularly when an occupant is unbelted.The precise size of the safety problem posed by inadvertent door openings is difficult to quantify because very few jurisdictions gather the type of crash data needed to evaluate the problem. This task is further compounded by the effect of occupant belt use on injury risk. Notwithstanding the difficulty in quantifying the overall benefit associated with the establishment of a global technical regulation internationally, the types of changes to door retention components needed to upgrade existing regulations and standards appear to be quite small. Additionally, vehicle manufacturers and the ultimate consumers of motor vehicles can expect to achieve further cost savings through the formal harmonization of differing sets of regulations and standards that already largely replicate each other.Research conducted by the United States of America indicates that there are approximately 42,000 door openings in crashes in the United States of America per year. 1/ While this number corresponds to less than one per cent of the roughly six million crashes that occur in that country each year, the majority of those crashes do not occur at speeds where a door opening is likely. Rather, door failures appear to be most common in moderate- to high-speed crashes. 2/ Structural failures of the latch and striker are the leading cause of door openings. The United States of America’s evaluation of its data indicates that about two-thirds (64.5 per cent) of door openings involve damage to the latch or striker, either alone or in combination with damage to one or more hinges. The next most likely causes of a door opening are the failure of the vehicle structure holding the door in place or the door itself. In 8.37 per cent of the evaluated cases, the door support, e.g., B-pillar or C-pillar, was damaged; while in 9.68 per cent of the evaluated cases, the door structure caused the door to open without damaging the actual door retention components. Only rarely did a door open with no damage to the door whatsoever (2.15 per cent). 1/ At the request of the Working Party on Passive Safety, the United States of America provided data on the magnitude of the door ejections and door openings based on 1994-99 National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) and Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS) annual estimates. No data from other jurisdictions were presented.2/ In the United States of America the average change of velocity (delta V) for crashes where a door opens is approximately 30.5 km/h; the average delta V for crashes where there is no failure of the door retention system is approximately 21 km/h.ECE/TRANS/180/Add.15pageThe type of crash also has an impact on the likely type of door failure. The primary source offailure in side impact crashes was damage to the latch/striker assembly, while damage to the doorsupports was a distant secondary source. In rollover crashes, non-structural failures, i.e., thosewhere there is no damage to the door, are more common.In 1991, the United States of America conducted an engineering analysis of door latch systems incases involving vehicle side door openings to determine the loading conditions and failure modesof door latch systems in crashes. 3/ This analysis revealed the following four distinct failuremodes:Structural FailuresStructural failures are characterized as physical damage to the latch, striker, or hinges. Othertypes of structural failures include broken attachment hardware or separation of a latch, striker, orhinge from its support structure.Detent Lever-Fork Bolt Misalignment (Bypass) FailuresDetent lever-fork bolt misalignment (bypass) failures may occur when the striker is subjected tolongitudinal forces in conjunction with lateral forces. These forces cause the fork bolt to moveand become misaligned with the detent lever, causing the latch to open. These forces mosttypically occur in frontal and oblique frontal impacts.Linkage Actuation FailuresLinkage actuation failures are caused by forces being transmitted to the door’s linkage system(i.e., the connection between the door handle and the door latch) due to vehicle deformationduring a crash. It may be possible to observe some bowing of the door after a linkage actuationfailure.Inertial Force FailuresInertial force failures are latch openings due to acceleration of latch system components relative toeach other, which produce sufficient inertial force to activate the latch. Often, there is no visibledamage to the latch or striker system. Inertial loading typically occurs in rollover crashes or whena portion of the vehicle other than the door is impacted at a high speed.These four failure modes can be categorized as either structural failures or actuation failures.Structural failures usually leave clear evidence of the component failure and result in aninoperable door retention system. Actuation failures consist of latch by-pass, linkage actuation,and inertial force failures. Often a door opening caused by an actuation failure will not leave anyreadily visible evidence that the crash caused the door to open and will not affect the retentionsystem’s subsequent ability to open and close correctly. Thus, many of the failures associatedwith a latch by-pass, linkage actuation, or inertial force failure will be represented by the 2.15 percent of crashes where no damage to the door was observed.3/ Door Latch Integrity Study: Engineering Analysis and NASS Case Review,December, 1991, Docket No. NHTSA-1998-3705.ECE/TRANS/180/Add.1page 6According to the United States of America statistics, less than one per cent of occupants who sustain serious and fatal injuries in tow-away crashes are ejected through doors. Yet, despite the relatively rare occurrence of door ejections in crashes, the risk of serious or fatal injury is high when ejection does occur. Door ejections are the second leading source of ejections in all crashes in the United States of America. They are particularly likely in rollover crashes. Door ejections constitute 19 per cent (1,668) of all ejection fatalities and 22 per cent (1,976) of all ejection serious injuries in the United States of America each year. Of the approximately 42,000 door openings in the United States of America each year, side door openings constitute approximately 90 per cent (1,501) of all door ejection fatalities and 93 per cent (1,838) of the serious injuries.The rate of ejections through doors is heavily dependent on belt use. 94 per cent of serious injuries and fatalities attributable to ejections through doors in the United States of America involve unbelted occupants. While the risk of ejection will likely vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, based on differing rates of belt use, the incidence of door openings should be relatively constant among various jurisdictions given the similarity in door designs and the lack of occupant behaviour patterns as a factor in door failures.BackgroundII. ProceduralDuring the one-hundred-and-twenty-sixth session of WP.29 of March 2002, the Executive Committee (AC.3) of the 1998 Global Agreement (1998 Agreement) adopted a Programme of Work, which includes the development of a global technical regulation (gtr) to address inadvertent door opening in crashes. The Executive Committee also charged the Working Party on Passive Safety (GRSP) to form an informal working group to discuss and evaluate relevant issues concerning requirements for door locks and door retention components to make recommendations regarding a potential gtr.The informal working group was established in September 2002. The United States of America volunteered to lead the group’s efforts and develop a document detailing the recommended requirements for the gtr. The United States of America presented a formal proposal to the Executive Committee of the 1998 Agreement, which was adopted in June 2003 (TRANS/WP.29/2003/49). The GRSP developed the door locks and door retention gtr. At its May 2004 session, the GRSP concluded its work and agreed to recommend the establishment of this gtr to the Executive Committee.III. Existing Regulations, Directives, and International Voluntary StandardsThere are several existing regulations, directives, and standards that pertain to door locks and door retention components. All share similarities. The Canadian and US regulations are very similar to each other and the Japanese and UNECE regulations are very similar to each other. The European Union Directive is an exact alternative of the UNECE regulation requirements. The Australian regulation has commonalities to both of the above-mentioned pairs. A preliminary analysis has been made to identify the differences in the application, requirements, and test procedures of the North American and UNECE Regulations (TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2001/1 and TRANS/WP.29/2003/49). There are no apparent conflicts between the gtr and other existing international regulations or standards. However, the gtr does incorporate aspects of the existing regulations, directives and standards that are not common to all existing requirements. Given theECE/TRANS/180/Add.17pagegenerally minor variability in the door retention designs among these jurisdictions that currentlyregulate door design, it is not expected that the additional requirements imposed by the gtr arelikely to drive major, costly changes to existing door retention designs.IV. Discussion of Issues Addressed by the gtrThe proposed gtr provides that certain door retention components on any door leading directlyinto an occupant compartment, i.e., a compartment containing one or more seatingaccommodations, must comply with the requirements of the gtr. Tractor trailers are excludedbecause they do not meet this criterion. Likewise, doors leading into cargo compartments that areseparated by a barrier would not be regulated since an individual could not access the occupantcompartment through those doors. The gtr excludes folding doors, roll-up doors, detachabledoors, and doors that provide emergency egress, as these types of doors would require entirelynew test procedures and are not in such common use as to justify the development of newrequirements and test procedures. Thus, for certain vehicle designs, some, but not all doors wouldbe regulated by the gtr.During the development of the gtr, all issues were thoroughly discussed. The followingdiscussions reflect the evaluation of the issues that lead to the final recommendations.(a) ApplicabilityThe application of the requirements of this gtr refers, to the extent possible, to the revised vehicleclassification and definitions that the Working Party on General Safety (GRSG) Common TaskInformal Group has prepared. Difficulties were encountered in determining which vehicles wouldbe covered. Currently, UNECE Regulations only apply to M1 vehicles (passenger vehicles withup to 9 seats in total) and N1 vehicles (goods vehicles weighing up to 3,500 kg gross vehiclemass). It was posited that it would be difficult to apply full door tests, such as the proposedinertial load, to large trucks and specialized vehicles. With the decision not to propose theinclusion of two full door tests, discussed in greater detail below, these concerns were largelyresolved. Likewise, the retention of a calculation for meeting the inertial load requirements wouldallow a jurisdiction to avoid applying a full-door inertial load test for doors on heavier vehicles.To address concerns about the applicability of door retention requirements to heavier vehicles, itwas proposed that the gtr only apply to passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and vans andthat other vehicles be excluded initially, then added in the future after further evaluation ofvarious door designs. The argument in favour of a more inclusive gtr focuses attention on thecurrent United States of America, Canadian, Japanese, and Australian requirements that alreadyapply to all vehicles other than buses (M2 and M3 vehicles) and that the applicability of existingrequirements to commercial trucks has not proven problematic for vehicle manufacturers. Thisargument supports the exclusion of specific door types rather than entire classes of vehicles.ECE/TRANS/180/Add.1page 8Heavy trucks in the United States of America have been subject to that country’s door retention requirements since 1972. The United States of America requirement was extended to trucks because researchers from a major United States of America university determined in a study published in 1969 that the rate of door ejection from truck doors was approximately twice that from doors on passenger cars that met the door retention requirements. The authors of the study concluded that at 40.3 per cent, the level of door failure in the truck fleet was approximately four times the failure rate of regulated passenger cars and roughly equivalent to the rate of failure in passenger cars manufactured before 1956. They also concluded that insufficient door retention was a problem across vehicle weight classifications, with pick-up trucks, medium-weight trucks and tractor trailers all exhibiting a door failure rate in excess of 33 per cent.To accommodate both positions, the gtr will apply to all vehicles except buses, with exceptions for specific door designs. The gtr incorporates the definitions of Category 1-1 vehicles and Category 2 vehicles developed in draft Special Resolution 1 (S.R. 1) concerning common definitions and procedures to be used in global technical regulations, which will be submitted as an informal document at the one-hundred-and-thirty-fourth WP.29 session and with an expected adoption at the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth WP.29 session. If a jurisdiction determines that its domestic regulatory scheme is such that full applicability is inappropriate, it may limit domestic regulation to vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of 3,500 kg or less. The jurisdiction could also decide to phase-in the door retention requirements for heavier vehicles, delay implementation for a few years, or even to impose only some of the gtr requirements to these heavier vehicles. For example, it is unlikely that a jurisdiction would want to require heavier truck doors to meet the dynamic inertial test rather than the calculation. On the other hand, the longitudinal and transverse load requirements have been applicable to heavy trucks in the United States of America and Canada for over thirty years without imposing any hardship on vehicle manufacturers.(b) DefinitionsDefinitions, used in this gtr, are defined in section B, paragraph 3. of this regulation, with the exception of those related to the applicability. Definitions that relate to the applicability are drawn from a draft version of S.R. 1 and are listed in Annex 5.(c) General RequirementsGRSP agreed to recommend that the gtr should specify requirements for side and back doors, door retention components and door locks. The United States of America, Canadian, and Australian regulations have provisions for back doors and door locks, the UNECE Regulations do not. Currently, UNECE Regulations require that the sliding door systems be tested in a fully latched position and an intermediate latched position. If there is no intermediate position, when unlatched, the door must move into an apparent open position. The United States of America and Canadian regulations have no latching system requirements for the sliding doors. The Working Party decided that it was appropriate to regulate the sliding side door latching system, but recognized that the existing UNECE requirement to determine whether a sliding side door was unlatched was too subjective. Accordingly, the gtr specifies a door closure warning system that activates when the sliding side door is not latched and there is no intermediate/secondary latching position.ECE/TRANS/180/Add.19pageThe inclusion of a requirement in the gtr that side doors remain shut during vehicle dynamic crashtests, as well as a requirement that at least one door per row be operable following a crash test,was considered. Existing UNECE Regulations with dynamic crash test components alreadyrequire all doors to stay closed during the test and at least one door per seat row to be operableafterwards. It is believed that it is unnecessary to repeat this requirement in the gtr and itsinclusion would make the certification process under this regulation very difficult. However,recognizing the value of such a requirement, non-UNECE countries have agreed to considerincluding a similar requirement in their domestic regulations. This will result in a harmonizedrequirement outside of the context of the gtr.Force levels identified in the current component static tests for latches and hinges have beenharmonized to eliminate variations due to rounding of unit conversions.(d) Performance Requirements(i) Hinged Doors IssuesCurrently, UNECE Regulation No. 11 has similar hinged door requirements to the NorthAmerican regulations, although UNECE Regulation No. 11 does not distinguish between cargoand non-cargo door latches. The Working Party agreed to recommend that cargo doors (i.e.,double doors) meet the same requirements as hinged doors if they provide access to the occupantseating compartment. Additionally, the term "cargo door" has been eliminated to clarify thatdoors that do not lead into an occupant compartment with one or more seat positions are notregulated by the gtr.(ii) Load TestsBoth regulations require load tests of the hinge systems in the longitudinal and transversedirections. These tests remain, but have been reworded such that the loads are applied based onthe alignment of the hinge system and not the alignment of the vehicle. A load test in the verticaldirection was evaluated and ultimately rejected except for back doors. Since a large number ofdoor openings occur during vehicle rollovers, it was suggested that perhaps a load test in thevertical direction would help reduce these types of openings. However, it was ultimatelydetermined that the addition of a load test conducted in a direction orthogonal to the existing testscould not be justified at the present time. Those countries concerned about protecting againstrollover crash door openings may determine that such a test would be useful outside the context ofthe gtr.ECE/TRANS/180/Add.1page 10(iii) Inertial TestA dynamic inertial test requirement was added to the gtr, as an option to the inertial calculation. There are provisions for this type of testing in both the UNECE and North American regulations, but there is no specified test procedure. A test procedure was developed based on the testing currently conducted for the UNECE requirement and validated by the United States of America and Canada. In addition to the longitudinal and transverse tests, tests in the vertical direction were considered. Conducting the inertial test in the vertical direction is feasible, but it is much more difficult to conduct than the tests in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Since the most common failure mode demonstrated in the inertial tests conducted by Canada was in the direction of door opening, it was determined that a test in the vertical direction appeared to be beneficial only for back door designs, which commonly open in the vertical direction. However, those countries concerned about protecting against rollover crash door openings may determine that such a test would be useful outside the context of the gtr.(iv) New Combination Component TestThe United States of America developed a new combination test procedure for hinged side doors that is representative of the combination of longitudinal compressive and lateral tensile forces that occur in real-world latch failures. Currently, no regulation, directive, or international voluntary standard has such a requirement, although it is possible that a test developed by one vehicle manufacturer may be suitable for substitution once it has been fully evaluated and a benefits correlation has been conducted.Examples of the types of crashes in which forces addressed by the combination test could occur are crashes in which either the front or the rear of the vehicle is impacted (including in an offset mode). The proposed combination test procedure was a static bench test capable of evaluating the strength of the latching systems and designed to detect fork bolt detent bypass failures. No other test procedure within the gtr simulates these types of latch failure conditions.In the combination test, the latch is mounted on a flat steel plate that moves horizontally and the striker is mounted on a vertically moving ram device. During the test, the latch and striker, while in their primary coupled position, are simultaneously moved such that lateral tension (i.e., force applied perpendicularly to the coupled latch and striker) and longitudinal compressive forces (i.e., force applied against the latch toward the striker) are applied at their interface.The required forces for the primary position of the hinged side door latching systems would be simultaneous forces of 16,000 N longitudinal compressive force and 6,650 N lateral tensile force. The longitudinal force application device is moved at a rate of one centimeter per minute until the longitudinal force is achieved.There is widespread support for a test that addresses the door failure modes represented by this test. However, in some vehicles, the test setup is such that the striker cannot interface with the faceplate of the latch, rendering the test meaningless. While it is possible to modify the striker portion of the latch system so that the test can be conducted, there is strong concern regarding the adoption of this type of procedure and its potential for enforceability questions.The adoption of the combination test into the gtr is not supported at this time due to the technical difficulties in conducting the test. Instead, the Working Party delegates and representatives will continue to review work on the modification of the United States of America-based procedure, or the development of a new procedure, to capture the benefits associated with a test addressing door failures due to simultaneous compressive longitudinal and tensile lateral loading of latch systems in real world crashes. Any acceptable procedure developed could then be added to the gtr as an amendment.(v) Door HingesBoth the UNECE and North American regulations have the same load testing requirements for door hinges. The current side door requirements for hinges, which are based on SAE Recommended Practice J934, Vehicle Passenger Door Hinge Systems, appear to test adequately the strength and design of door hinges. The United States of America’s comprehensive analysis of its data and possible failure modes has not revealed problems with door hinges. Accordingly, these requirements have been included in the gtr. The current UNECE requirements only allow for the hinges to be mounted on the forward edge in the direction of travel. This requirement was based on the safety concern of a possible inadvertent opening while the vehicle is in motion. This requirement, as stated, was found to be design restrictive and the safety concerns were resolved by developing text to regulate the design and not prohibit it.(vi) Hinged Side Door System Tests (Full Door Tests)A new series of test procedures was designed to simulate real world door openings in crashes. These tests consist of door-in-frame quasi-static (full door) tests in both longitudinal and lateral directions, independent from the door system.The lateral full door test is designed to simulate latch failures in crashes that produce outwards forces on the door (i.e., through occupant loading or inertial loading) such as side crashes that result in vehicle spin and rollover. The longitudinal full door test is designed to simulate a collision in which the side of the vehicle is stretched, leading to the possibility that the striker could be torn from its mated latch (i.e., far side door in side impacts, and front and rear offset crashes on the opposite side door).The inclusion of the full door tests in the gtr was not supported because the tests raise concerns about unduly restricting door designs, developing a repeatable and enforceable test procedure, and addressing door openings under real world conditions. Because of the current UNECE requirement for both the component tests and a door closure requirement in dynamic tests, there is some question as to whether a full door test provides any additional value. In an analysis of the proposed tests using its FARS and NASS databases, the United States of America was unable to correlate the proposed tests with a reduction on door openings in real world crashes at a level that was statistically significant.The contemplated test procedures were evaluated and concerns were expressed that the new procedure will end up being unduly design restrictive, given the limitations of the test frame. For example, it may be that multiple test frames would be required to ensure an appropriate "fit" between the door and the test frame. This is because placement of the test load relative to the latch mechanism may be sufficiently different to produce significantly different results, andbecause door specific holes must be drilled into the test frame. Additionally, the test frame may not adequately address new latch designs that may be mounted in non-traditional locations. Likewise, the procedure does not allow manufacturers the benefit of non-latch attachments that are primarily used for side impact purposes but also may have a positive effect on door closure. Concerns were voiced that conducting the proposed tests on a test frame rather than on the full vehicle is impractical because not all loads can be applied to a closed door. However, it may be possible to cut the door frame and attach it to the test fixture, although such an approach may not fully replicate the actual door-in-frame as installed in the vehicle since cutting the door frame may change its characteristics. Such an approach may address the fit between the latch and striker, as well as the physical characteristics of the door and the doorframe. Accordingly, it was finally agreed not to include these proposals.(vii) Side Sliding Doors IssuesThe requirements and test procedures in both UNECE Regulation No. 11 and the North American standards for the track and slide combinations of side sliding doors are included in the gtr. The latch/striker system requirements of UNECE Regulation No. 11 are also included. However, neither regulation has a detailed full vehicle sliding door test procedure that simulates real world door openings in crashes.Simply testing the strength of the latch fails to fully account for the design of a sliding door. The current regulations for hinged doors adequately address door retention components because they test both the latch system and the hinge system. Since a sliding door has no hinges, only the latch is evaluated. The lack of a test for retention components other than the latch is an obvious weakness in the existing standards. Yet evaluating these components through a bench test would be impossible. The retention components simply are not amenable to a component test. The full-door test overcomes the lack of a component test similar to the hinge test for other doors by evaluating all retention components while the door interfaces with the doorframe.The procedure involves a full vehicle test in which a sliding door is tested by applying force against the two edges of the door. The test setup is initiated by placing two loading plates against the interior of the door. The loading plates are placed adjacent to the latch/striker system located at the door edge. If the door edge has two latch/striker systems, the loading plate is placed between the two systems. If a door edge does not have a latch/striker system, the loading plate is placed at a point midway along the length of the door edge. An outward lateral force of 18,000 N total is then applied to the loading plates, placing force against the two door edges. A test failure would be indicated by a 100 mm separation of the interior of door from the exterior of the vehicle’s doorframe at any point or either force application device reaching a total displacement of 300 mm. The gtr requires that there be no more than 100 mm of separation, even if the latch system does not fail, because, unlike hinged doors, the configuration of sliding doors allows for separation of the door from the frame without the latch system failing. The 100 mm limit is based on a commonly used measurement for maximum allowable open space in the United States of America and Canada for school bus opening requirements.The sliding door test procedure specifies that the test be conducted with force application devices that, when installed as part of the test setup, are each capable of reaching a total displacement of at least 300 mm after placement of the loading plates against the interior of the door. Under the test,。

中国名人老照片

林黛
原名程月如。在香港萊頓書院及新亞書院肄業。1950年入長城影片公司。1952年轉入永華影業公司，因主演根據沈從文小說《邊城》改編的影片《翠翠》而成名。後主演歌舞片《千嬌百媚》和文藝片《不了情》，蟬聯第八屆、第九屆亞洲影展最佳女主角獎，並獲第十三屆亞洲影展特別紀念獎，入美國哥倫比亞大學戲劇系為榮譽生。後下嫁龍承勳，誕下一子，事業愛情兩得意……
梅娘
現代女作家，1920年生於符拉迪沃斯托克，長於長春一個仕宦大家庭。本名孫嘉瑞，另有敏子、孫敏子、柳青娘、青娘、落霞等筆名，早年喪母，梅娘諧「沒娘」之音。 1942年北帄的馬德增書店和上海的宇宙風書店聯合發起「讀者最喜愛的女作家」評選活動，梅娘與張愛玲雙雙奪魁，從此有「南玲北梅」之譽。
1900年八國聯軍攻陷北京時，居北京石頭胡同為妓，曾與部分德國軍官有過接觸，也曾改換男裝到皇家園林西苑（今中南海）遊玩。 1903年在北京因涉嫌虐待帅妓致死而入獄，解返蘇州後出獄再至上海。
賽金花（中年）
鄭蘋如（王佳芝原型）中日混血。為上海名媛，當年上海第一大畫報「良友畫報」曾將其作為封面女郎。
上海淪陷後，秘密加入中統，利用其得天獨厚的條件，混跡於日偽人員當中，獲取情報。後參與暗殺日偽特務頭子丁默村，而暴露身份，被捕，一口咬定為情所困，雇兇殺人，成為當年上海灘重大花邊新聞之一。
1940年2月，被秘密處決於滬西中山路旁的一片荒地，連中3槍，時年23歲。
小鳳以
她曾是名動公卿的名妓，曾幫助共和名將蔡鍔將軍逃離袁世凱的囚禁，更因為與蔡鍔的那段至死不渝的愛情而被人傳頌，上世紀八十年代，這段愛情被拍成名叫《知音》的電影。
老照片
關露
上海灘最有名的三個女作家之一，另外兩個是丁玲與張愛玲。翻譯過高爾基的《海燕》、《鄧肯自傳》等許多日後廣為人知的優秀作品，面對日寇的侵略，她大聲疾呼：「寧為祖國戰鬥死，不做民族未亡人！」這樣的愛國詩詞曾經為她贏得了「民族之妻」的稱號。在接受單線聯繫打入日偽76號魔窟臥底後，背負了43 年漢奸的駡名，在帄反後帶著一生的疲憊和自由的靈魂仰藥自盡。

民国名人老照片（三）北洋总理肖像照

民国名人老照片（三）北洋总理肖像照作者：臧伟强来源：《收藏/拍卖》 2014年第4期文、图：臧伟强民国肇造，各种力量相继登上历史舞台，你方唱罢我登场。

除了总统的更迭，北洋内阁总理的变换频繁，也是历史风云变动的反映。

一张张老照片收藏的背后，诉说的是既精彩又无奈的岁月旧事。

“民国第一内阁”国务总理1912 年3 月，按《临时约法》的规定，北京临时政府临时大总统袁世凯推荐唐绍仪（1862 － 1938，广东珠海人）为首任国务总理人选，并组织第一届内阁。

唐绍仪为袁世凯多年契友，曾任前清奉天巡抚、邮传部尚书，但他在以清廷全权代表身份进行南北合议时，却与谈判对手伍廷芳等南方革命党往还融洽，组阁前又由蔡元培、黄兴介绍加入了同盟会，因而，本属袁系的唐绍仪也博得南方党人的认可。

1912 年4 月1 日，北京政府首届内阁成立。

阁员中，除唐绍仪之外，蔡元培、王宠惠、宋教仁、陈其美（王正廷代理），均为同盟会籍，属南派；赵秉钧、段祺瑞、刘冠雄，为袁世凯亲信，属北派，至于熊希龄、陆徵祥（前期在国外，后期归国）、施肇基，虽非袁的嫡系，但也暂归北派。

国务会议上，北派力主“总统制”，南派力争“责任内阁制”，反对总统全权制的唐绍仪自恃与总统有旧谊，便对诸多事务擅自做主。

5 月，唐绍仪经袁世凯、孙中山同意，直接向利率优惠的比利时华比银行借款一百万英镑。

此举招致“四国银行团”对北京政府的不满，袁世凯则将责任推向唐绍仪，舆论、议员更是百般斥责这位“亡国总理”。

面向袁的漠然态度，懊丧至极的唐绍仪只好亲往四国驻北京公使馆赔礼道歉。

此刻，他已洞悉袁对自己的不信任。

因执意表达国务总理的权力，唐绍仪遂招致袁世凯忌恨。

于是，袁授意内务总长赵秉钧、陆军总长段祺瑞、海军总长刘冠雄对唐予以抵制。

据张国淦所撰《辛亥以后的袁世凯》，赵秉钧从未出席过国务会议，刘冠雄则经常缺席，有关公务他们直接向袁汇报；军界要事，则完全由袁与段祺瑞、王士珍商定；至于外事活动，外交次长蔡廷干按袁的旨意行事，总理唐绍仪、总长陆徵祥更是往往不知。

写日语论文需要的日语网站

写日语论文需要的日语网站リンク集国文学研究の総合的サイト菊池真一研究室http://www.konan-wu.ac.jp/~kikuchi/index.html電子化テキストの一覧やリンク集など、国文学関係のさまざまな情報が満載。

ぜひ一度見るべきサイト。

国文学研究資料館http://www.nijl.ac.jp/以下のようなデータベースが用意されている。

日本古典文学作品データベース国書基本データベースマイクロ資料目録国文学論文目録日本文学テキスト関係サイト日本文学等テキストファイルhttp://www.konan-wu.ac.jp/~kikuchi/link/linkd.html 電子化されたテキストファイルのリンク集。

電子化テキストのリストhttp//jcmac5.jc.meisei-u.ac.jp/etext-i.htm上記サイトと似ているが、有料のテキストも掲載したリスト。

青空文庫http://www.aozora.gr.jp/近代・現代文学作品をデジタル化してある。

ボランティアによって入力している。

漢籍関係サイト網路資源/links/漢籍関係サイトへの出発サイト中国古典籍データベースhttp://hyena.human.niigata-u.ac.jp/files/textdb/cndbhome.html 中国古典籍の電子化テキストのリスト。

中国（含台湾）のサイトが多いから、文字コードを自分のパソコンに入れておく必要がある。

歴史学関係サイト東大史料編纂所http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index-j.htmlいろいろなデータベースが構築され、公開されつつある。

中世の公家日記の索引はなかなか役立つ。

図書館関係サイトＷebcat http://webcat.nii.ac.jp/雑誌・書籍の書誌情報と所蔵図書館を調べることができる。

卒業論文を書く時にこれほどありがたいサイトは少ない。

中国照相馆历史变迁

中国照相馆历史变迁为中国照相位于北京最繁华的王府井大街上，中国照相馆的玻璃橱窗恐怕是最受人关注的橱窗之一。

橱窗里摆放着3张28寸大小的标准照，从左往右依次是刘少奇、毛泽东和周恩来，都用金色的相框镶嵌。

据照相馆的董事长孙秀珍回忆，几年前店里装修，她安排将这3张照片暂时收起来，以免落上尘土。

没想到第二天就有外国记者打电话来问：“中国是不是出了什么大事？”这个插曲让中国照相馆的新老员工惊讶不已。

他们并没想过，一块普通课桌大小的橱窗，竟会成为见证中国社会变迁的风向标。

他们同样不会想到，摄影师傅们透过镜头所看到、所拍下的一幕幕，会将转瞬即逝的历史瞬间记录在照片上，翻开，一幅一幅，把许多已经快被忘记的故事勾活了。

在这间照相馆的拍照间里，他们努力拍出大人物们最完美的形象，然后精雕细琢，摆进照相馆外面的玻璃橱窗。

也难怪外国记者会大惊小怪，在过去的很多年里，橱窗里的照片每次更换，多半说明有什么历史事件又发生了。

我们可是根正苗红单从表面上看，和附近充斥着国际奢侈品牌的东方新天地，以及拥有百年历史的五星级酒店北京饭店相比，这座小楼显得有点寒酸。

入口处既没有身穿制服的服务人员，也没有巨幅的广告海报，甚至连个红地毯都没有铺。

尽管如此，这丝毫不影响无数名流走进这家照相馆。

他们中，既有政界人物，如朱德、林彪、华国锋，甚至联合国前任秘书长安南；也有科学文化精英，如林巧稚、茅以升、周光召和马寅初等；甚至还有娱乐明星，如李连杰、郭兰英、孙国庆、董文华，以及不远万里来到北京的好莱坞巨星施瓦辛格。

这只是一长串名单中的很小一部分。

“过去你所能够想象的，基本上所有名人都来过。

”一位工作人员不无自豪地说。

他们来到这里，只是为了照张相片。

出人意料的是，这里并没有华丽的背景，通常只是一块绿色或者红色的天鹅绒幕布，也没有高昂的化妆品，有时候就一把塑料梳子和一瓶不知名品牌的发胶。

吸引他们的，只是那块名叫“中国照相”的中华老字号招牌。

如今，常有路人驻足在招牌下面评论说：“看到没，这里专门给国家领导人照相的”；或者猜测说：“这儿怎么也得是个局级单位吧！”每每听到这样的“谣言”，中国照相馆的工会主席高里奇总会偷着乐。

【每天老照片】--6376--一组名人的罕见合影：图二是创业初期的马云，图五是郭德纲和姜昆

【每天老照片】--6376--一组名人的罕见合影：图二是创业初期的马云，图五是郭德纲和姜昆1922年列宁和斯大林的合影。

此时的列宁健康状况已经很不好了，因为1818年他被刺杀，三颗子弹打进了他的身体，其中一颗子弹距离脊柱只有一厘米。

1922年5月，列宁出现了中风，右侧部分瘫痪，12月份再次出现中风，他将权力交给了斯大林。

马云和海博翻译社的公司成员的珍贵合影。

1994年，马云在杭州创办了海博翻译社，开始了创业之路，当年翻译社就实现了收支平衡。

期间，马云认识了美国外教比尔·阿霍，通过比尔马云第一次接触到了互联网。

不久马云就创立了中国第一家互联网公司：中国黄页，因此马云也称比尔为他的创业引路人。

升任陆海空军副司令的张学良与蒋介石合影。

1930年，阎锡山、冯玉祥、李宗仁等与蒋介石发动中原大战，意图夺权挑战蒋介石的南京国民政府，此时手握东北军的张学良成为了双方争取的对象。

1930年9月18日，张学良发出拥护中央、呼吁和平的“巧电”，支持蒋介石，随后阎锡山、冯玉祥下野。

中原大战后，张学良成了最大的赢家，不仅获得了巨额军费，还被任命为中华民国陆海空军副司令，成为了一人之下万人之上的显赫人物。

张莉、欧阳奋强、陈晓旭三人的珍贵合影，三人分别扮演1987版《红楼梦》中的薛宝钗、贾宝玉和林黛玉。

这部戏中陈晓旭对林黛玉的形象演绎的入木三分，3年的剧组生活让陈晓旭受到了中国古典文化的熏陶，这也对她的个人气质甚至对她日后的生活都产生了很大的影响。

18岁的郭德纲参加相声大赛时与评委唐杰忠、姜昆的合影。

当时郭德纲和“师兄”徐永刚搭档，代表天津市红桥区文化馆参加了全国青年相声演员邀请赛，并拿到了三等奖。

当时文化馆的馆长杨志刚就是郭德纲的师傅，不过后来两人分道扬镳了。

1991年两位科技界大佬乔布斯和比尔盖茨的珍贵合影。

当时乔布斯已经被苹果公司的董事会踢出了公司，他花了1000万美元收购了Lucasfilm旗下位于加利福尼亚州Emeryville的电脑动画效果工作室，并成立独立公司皮克斯动画工作室，在1995年推出了全球首部动画电影《玩具总动员》，这使得他声名大振，重新从低谷期站了起来。

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前厅与客房实训指导书

前厅与客房实训指导书沈阳职业技术学院商贸旅游系旅游与酒店管理管理教研室2006年12月一、适用专业、实训学时酒店管理专业的学生，实训1周（30学时）二、实训目标1、熟练掌握前厅与客房服务的基本知识。

2、培养学生对前厅与客房服务理论知识的运用。

3、巩固和提高学生的前厅客房服务技能。

4、满足学生的就业需要，提高学生的业务能力。

5、提高学生动手能力，为就业打下良好基础。

三、实训内容1.前厅接待服务2.客房做床服务四、实训设备和材料1.前厅入住登记表2.床及床上用品五、实训步骤将学生分成四组，以组为单位，进行下列实训活动（一）前厅接待Registration procedure●Greet the guest, ask their name.●Check the arrival list. If the guest is on the list continue with their registration. If they are not,check room availability and then proceed to register them.●Registration steps:1.Give the guest the reg. card.2.Ask them to complete the card.3.Ask the guest small inviting questions such as “did you have good journey, can I book you awake up call in the morning, and would you like a morning newspaper.”4.Take the reg. card from the guest, check to ensure all information has been completed,especially their signature.5.Reconfirm their method of payment. In the hotel industry we should take full prepayment ortheir credit card imprint at this stage.6.Allocate a room number using the availability chart7.Issue the key card and key, explain the purpose of the key card which is a kind of form ofidentification when staying in the hotel and all staff should ask for the key when charging items to a guest folio or even when the guest comes to front desk and asks for their key. The key card include such information facilities, services, open hours in the hotel or timetables,price8.Answer any remaining questions the guest might have.9.Give directions to the guest’s room, offer to have their luggage delivered to their room.10.Wish the guest a pleasant stay.（二）客房做床1.撤床2.带入干净的布草3.整理护床垫4.铺第一层床单5.铺第二层床单6.铺毛毯7.铺第三层床单8.装枕心，放枕头六、实训基本要求一、前厅接待服务要求：1、熟悉客人入住的工作程序。

通过外国网站查询利用中国历史老照片研究

通过外国网站查询利用中国历史老照片研究作者：石华来源：《档案管理》2016年第05期摘要：互联网上有大量的与中国相关的老照片。

本文介绍如何在某一外国网站上查找到想找的老照片，从而可以进行国际间档案复制、征集工作。

老照片来源可分为政府、行业机构站点信息（一般以 net 、com、 gov、ac等为域名）和学校图书馆提供的信息资源（一般以 edu、ac等为域名）。

在查询之前，先需要了解中国地名人名英文旧译，在查询到照片后，需要对其著录信息进行简单翻译整理，以便国内人员查询利用。

关键词：历史老照片；档案；互联网1844年，中国第一次遭遇摄影术，自那以后，许多在中国工作和生活过的外国人，如旅行家、传教士、商人、外交官、冒险家、军人、记者各色人等都拍摄过大量照片，当他们离开中国时，也把这些照片带了出去。

原先这些照片可能只在西方媒体中小范围传播，国内档案界知道并加以利用的很少。

现在由于互联网及国内档案人员英文水平的提高，可以很方便查询到这些照片，从而填补国内这段历史档案的空白。

本文介绍如何在某一外国网站上查找到想找的老照片，进而可以进行国际间档案复制、征集工作。

1 历史老照片对于档案部门的重要意义1.1 历史老照片的定义、类别及现状。

本文中探讨的历史老照片基本以上以中华人民共和国的成立为限，也就是1949年之前的照片。

这些照片基本可以分为两大类：第一类是从摄影术传入中国开始到民国建立之前的晚清照片。

1844年到1911年之间拍摄印制的照片是中国第一批老照片。

由于摄影技术条件的限制，这其间拍摄的作品主要是人的肖像，风景、民俗较少。

早期很多是玻璃湿版所印蛋白照片，一般经过手工上色。

虽清晰度不高，但因为这批照片存量少，因此成为国内和国际收藏人士首先追逐的珍品。

第二类是从民国建立到中华人民共和国成立之间的作品。

从1912年到1949年期间，由于技术的发展，摄影题材丰富了，摄影者也更加深入生活，存世照片总体数量增大，整体价值要低于晚清作品。

Master-Trader

Contents Introduction: (4)Philosophy: (5)Trading strategies – an overview: (6)Introduction to direct access trading: (8)The US stock markets: (9)Bids and offers: (10)NASDAQ and level 2: (12)The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): (14)NYSE stocks in the level 2 window: (15)NYSE stocks on “Island”: (16)The basics of Nasdaq order routing: (16)Short selling: (18)Basic rules for using technical analysis: (19)Market and sector analysis: (20)Types of charts: (22)Development of trends: (24)Moving averages: (26)Volume: (28)Breakouts: (29)The pivot setup: (31)Continuation patterns: (32)Moving average crossovers (36)Basic swing trading setups: (38)Flags and pennants: (40)Triangles: (42)The cup and handle: (44)Candlestick indicators: (45)Price resistance: (49)What makes stock prices move? (50)Price/Volume studies: (51)Momentum trading: (53)Gainers and dumpers: (54)Liquidity: (57)Spotting the “ax” on level 2: (59)Gaps and premarket trading: (60)Unusual prices: (63)Nasdaq order routing systems: (65)The Island ECN (ISLD): (67)Archipelago (ARCA): (68)Small order execution system (SOES): (69)Selectnet (SNET): (70)Instinet (INCA): (71)Trade Management: (72)Learning plan: (73)Paper trading: (75)Choosing brokers: (76)Commissions (77)Technical requirements/computer setup: (79)Graphics and multi monitor setup: (80)A typical trading day and pre market preparation: (83)Keys to success - psychological aspects: (88)Disclaimer: (95)Introduction:This book is designed to introduce you to the exciting world of active trading. Active trading means to actively participate in everyday price movements of the financial markets. Active trading enables you to actively manage risks and to participate from both rising and falling prices. The trades I am describing in this book can be from as short as a few seconds to as long as a few days. Many of the strategies can be applied to various timeframes. The difference between active traders and investors is that active traders trade the actual price movement versus investors who make their decisions based on the anticipation of future price movements. I tried to make this book as complete as possible. However, you will find as many strategies as traders. As you gain more experience you will realize that most strategies are based on the same basic principles and that there is really no holy grail out there.I have been trading and coaching for many years now. The need to be independent certainly was the biggest reason for me to enter the world of trading. In what other job do you have the freedom to work from anywhere in the world where you have access to the Internet? I started with investing but always felt that there has to be more to the stock market. That’s when I started watching quotes in real time and realized how big the profit potential must be if I could just cut out a small piece of the everyday movements. There are many obstacles to conquer though in order to get to a consistent success. A solid strategy, a neutral state of mind and rigid risk management are only some of the key traits needed to be successful.Whether you are planning to trade full time or just part time, this book will give you very valuable insight into the whole business. Even if you are just planning to invest you should read this book and take some of the basics of technical analysis into consideration when making your next decisions.Philosophy:Personally I don’t think trading needs to be complicated. Keeping it simple is the way to success. I have seen that with all of the worlds leading traders. They only use a few basic strategies in combination with simple tools and indicators.That does not mean trading is simple. There is great room for failure when it comes to staying neutral and to discipline.You don’t need to know everything. The key is to find a few solid strategies that work for YOU and master them. My goal is to help you on this search.I believe the most effective way to become successful as a trader is to learn directly from a pro who as already made his mistakes and been thru the struggle one faces when starting out.In my career as a coach I met many traders that were confused by all the tools they were given. Basically they had all the knowledge they needed, but no one told them how to apply itto real trading. This is why I started one-on-one coaching.For more information on coaching please see.Trading strategies – an overview:There are as many different trading strategies as there are traders. Generally they can be distinguished though by the time frame in which they take place. I suggest that every trader experiments with different strategies and then decide for himself what he is most comfortable with.A)Longer term strategies (from a day trader perspective)Investing: Investors buy shares of a certain company because they believe in its long-term growth perspective. They have little interest in most of the daily price movements and are looking to hold their shares for several years.Swingtrading:Swingtrading means to hold stocks anywhere from one to five days and sometimes more. Swingtraders try to take advantage of certain “key” situations in a stock price’s movement. Such a situation would be a buy after a pullback into solid support during a longer term uptrend. Swingtrading belongs to one of the easier to implement strategies and is excellent for people with small accounts.Overnight trading:B)Short term strategiesMomentum trading: A momentum trade usually lasts anywhere from 30 seconds to about 1 hour. Momentum trading is based on strong price movements and counter price movements often caused by news.Breakout trading: breakouts (breakdowns) do occur in any time frame.Popular charts for breakout traders are 5 minute and 15 minute charts. The holding period is anywhere from a few seconds (breakout scalp) up to the end of the day.Breakout trading means to buy stock after it has broken out above a certain price. Vice versa for shorts.Pullback trading: Pullback trading is the opposite of breakout trading. Pullback traders are looking for stock prices to pull back a significant enough amount (usually into support) in order for them to justify an entry (vice versa for shorts). Personally I am more of a breakout trader since I like the confirmation of the stock prices’ movement that I get thru the breakout; although pullback trading often has the smaller stops though. The holding period is usually a few seconds up to an hour.Scalping:Scalping describes “ultra short term” trading. Scalpers try to take advantage of very small price movements and sell their shares immediately when they have a big enough profit or the stock isn’t moving in their direction or goes against them.Cutting the spread: Cutting the spread can be seen as a scalping variety. Cutting the spread means to take advantage of the spread (the price difference between the bid and the ask price). It means to buy a stock on the bid side and to sell it immediately afterwards on the ask side for a small profit. Since the decimalization of the markets this type of trading has certainly become much more difficult because spreads have gotten much smaller, however I still see traders implementing this strategy pretty successfully.Please note that the strategies presented in this book are by no means the “holy grail”. Trading setups have to be monitored and adjusted continuously. I did try to cover all the major strategies though in order to give you a sound insight into how traders work.Introduction to direct access trading:Direct access trading has revolutionized trading in the late 90’s. Many traders are still not aware of the tremendous advantages it offers, especially for the active trader. Imagine being able to place an order with the push of one button and to get executed instantly. This is what direct access trading is all about.The traditional way to route orders was to call your broker, who would then send your order to his person on the exchange floor or to the market maker to actually execute your order. After that is done the whole process reverses in order confirm what happened with your order. If you are lucky this process will only take a few minutes, but in many cases it takes much longer. For some time now people have used online trading, which in most cases is not much different to the traditional way, with the exception that your order gets sent electronically to your broker who then processes it.With the introduction of direct access trading order execution has improved dramatically. You are now able to route your order directly to the exchange without any middlemen involved. Access to the market that was formerly only available to institutions is now available to everyone. You can decide which way your order is going to be routed and you can change or cancel it at any time in an instant.On your level 2 screen you can see all the competing bids and offers for any stock listed at the Nasdaq. Every market maker and every ECN is displayed in the level 2 window and you can directly trade with them. Think about how fast your voice travels over the phone? This is the speed you can use for routing your orders. It works solely electronically and there are no middleman involved.There are different order routes integrated into every direct access trading platform, which allow you to send orders to the various market participants.The US stock markets:The NASDAQ is a computerized exchange without an actual trading floor. Orders are executed thru a complex computer system. You will find 2 types of market participants on the NASDAQ, Market Makers (MM) and electronic communication networks (ECN’s). There are various different Market makers as well as ECN’s which all interact thru computer systems.The NYSE is a centralized exchange where shares are traded on an actual exchange floor. Every stock traded on the NYSE has it’s own “specialist” who is responsible for maintain-ing a fair and orderly market in that particular stock.On the NYSE only the specialist has insight into the order book, which holds all the orders for the stock he is responsible for. Let’s assume you are trying to buy XYZ for $15 but the best seller wants at least $15.25 for XYZ. In this case your order will be placed in the specialist’s order book on the bid side and will be executed once a seller is willing to sell you shares for your limit price. The information in the order book can be very valu-able since big buy or sell orders are points of support/resis-tance.Bids and offers:The 2 main forces in the markets are supply (bid) and demand (offer/ask). It is basically a very simple concept. But many new traders are irritated by itThere are two ways to trade stocks based on bids and offers: Passive:Passive buyingPassive buying means that you are trying to buy a stock at a price that is lower than the current best ask price. Therefore your order cannot be executed immediately (since you are not agreeing to the seller’s price) and gets displayed on the bid side of the level 2.Passive buying means to place a bid and to wait for a seller to sell you his stocks.Passive sellingWhen selling passively you are trying to sell a stock at a higher price than the current bid price. Your order won’t be executed immediately and gets displayed on level 2.Passive selling means to place an offer (ask) and to wait for a buyer to buy shares from you.There is no way to ensure that your order gets executed when trading passively, since there might be no one willing to agree to your price.Active:Active buyingActive buying means to buy shares from an existing seller who has an offer in the market. You are agreeing to someone else’s price offer.Active sellingActive selling means to sell shares to an existing buyer who has a bid in the market.When trading actively you are most likely to get your order filled immediately, unless someone else steps in front of you.Remember that you can only get filled for as many shares as the counter-part is willing to trade. Therefore you might get partial fills.NASDAQ and level 2:Level 2 is a quote screen that displays all the competing bids and offers. These bids and offers come from big institu-tions and banks as well as individual traders displaying their orders thru ECN’s. There are over 400 registered market partici-pants who are able to place bids and offers in every single stock listed on the NASDAQ. Level 2 trading literally revolutionized the markets. The NASDAQ stock exchange was the first to introduce level 2. Meanwhile there are a few international ex-changes following.Here is a look at a level 2 window that also has order entry implemented:The upper part of the window gives you some basic information about the stock, i.e. the current price, the highest price of the day, the low of the day and the total volume traded.The next part of the window is used for order entry:Here is the part with the actual level 2 quote information:The left column displays all the buy orders:The higher the price that people are willing to pay for the stock, the higher the entry in the left column. The price on top is called the “best bid”. Each different color displays another price level. There is no other meaning to these colors.The right column displays all of the sell orders:The lower the price that people are willing to sell their stocks for, the higher the entry in the right column. The price on top is called the “best ask.”The prices on top of the two columns are the best prices available at the moment. They are referred to as the “inside market.” These prices will be the ones you can find in regular level 1 quotations.Let’s take a little closer look at the ask side of our level 2 window:The first column (MMID) gives you information about the market participant. The second column (ask) tells you what price the participant is willing to sell the stock for. The third column dis-plays the size at which he or she is willing to sell. You have to multiply the number by 100, so 10 would mean that there are 1000 shares for sale. In the screen above, RSSF for example, is trying to sell 1000 shares at a price of $62.The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE):Every stock listed on the NYSE has it’s own specialist. He is responsible for maintaining a fair and orderly market in that particular stock. If you send your order to the NYSE via a direct access trading platform it will be send (via SuperDOT) directly to the specialist’s order book for execution. The special-ist is the only one who has access to the order book. Orders are executed strictly on a first come first serve basis.It is the specialist’s responsibility to maintain a fair and orderly market. One example of this would be a situation where there is a huge sell order coming into the market but there are almost no buyers - without the specialist’s help the stock price would dump irrationally. It is his responsibility to buy the stock in this situation and to keep the stock at a “fair” level. The specialist is therefore always the buyer of last resort.Every order on the NYSE has the chance to receive price improvement. For example if you are trying to buy XYZ for $100 and someone is entering a sell order with a limit of $99 you would end up buying the stock for $99.5.Since the NYSE is not fully computerized you will notice a differ-ence in the speed of execution versus Nasdaq orders. This applies to the cancellation of orders as well. Even though it is slower I usually never wait longer than a few seconds for my order to get executed; only if there a buyers/sellers at my price limit of course.NYSE stocks in the level 2 window:If you place an NYSE symbol into a level 2 box you might be confused since there is more than just the NYSE displayed. This is because most of the stocks listed on the NYSE are also traded on various regional exchanges. Even though the quotes you see are in a level 2 box they are all level 1 quota-tions since they only display the inside market (best bid and ask).Here is an example:I highlighted the NYSE quotes in this example. The NYSE quotes are almost always the most important since the major market participants use the NYSE for executions. Other market participants here include “BOST” (Boston stock exchange) or “PHIL” Philadelphia stock exchange.NYSE stocks on “Island”:Many of the ma j or NYSE and AMEX stocks are no longer only traded on the traditional exchanges. They are now being traded thru ECN’s as well, with Island “ISLD” being the most important. The basics of Nasdaq order routing:Placing trades on the Nasdaq is a little more complicated than doing so on the NYSE. There are different order routes available. Those are Selectnet, SOES (small order execution system) and ECN’s (electronic communication networks).Selectnet can be seen as the center of the Nasdaq market even though it is only the second choice at best for most active traders. Access to Selectnet allows you to send your order to every available market participant. It is also possible to place bid and offers via Selectnet.SOES was implemented as a system for non-professional traders and allows them to execute their orders against market makers. SOES only sends the order out to market makers, not ECN’s. It’s mandatory for market makers to fill orders sent to them thru SOES.ECN’s are electronic networks that allow traders to execute orders against other ECN’s as well as to place their own bids and offers. Trading thru ECN’s is the fastest order way available since there are no middlemen involved and the ECN’s computers are usually very very fast. My ECN orders usually get filled immediately if I am agreeing to someone else’s bid or offer.Order routing can get pretty complex since there are different rules and limitations for each route. Luckily there are intelligent order systems out there, which take a variety of order systems into account and do the work for you, making order routing pretty easy for the most part.I will explain order entry in more detail later in this book.Short selling:Short selling allows you to make money on a falling stock price.When selling short, you sell a stock that you don’t own (you borrow it from your broker) and try to buy it back (covering)for a lower price. For example you sell 100 shares of XYZ short for a price of $10 per share. This will ad $1000 to your account. No, the money does not actually get credited to your account since you are only borrowing from you broker. If you buy those 100 shares back for $9 per share that will mean you have to pay $900 for that transaction, leaving you with a $100 gain. When you are shorting a stock, your potential risk is unlimited since a stock can go up more than 100% but sink not more than 100%. Therefore I would stay away especially from small stocks (they often rise dramatically in price) when shorting!Short selling rulesShort selling is a little more complicated than regular buying because the short selling rule (up tick rule) prohibits you from selling into an already falling stock price and therefore making an entry more difficult. In order to short a stock the current bid and ask prices must be on an up tick, meaning they must be higher than the previous price. Your order entry software will automatically prevent you from violating this rule. You will usually find an arrow in the upper part of your level 2 window that tells you if the stock is on an up tick. Even if the stock is not on an up tick you will always be able to short it on the ask side. When there is a lot of selling pressure though, chances of getting a fill on the ask are slim.Furthermore the stock you are aiming to short has to be available for borrowing from your broker. Your broker will hold a list of stocks you can almost always borrow and has a short lookup tool. I have had very good experiences with the availability of stocks for shorting.Basic rules for using technical analysis:Multiple timeframesMost traders use technical analysis as their primary tool to find potential trades and to determine entry/exit points. Only momentum traders and scalpers might only look at the stock movement or the supply and demand they can see on the level 2 screen.When using technical analysis it is very important to get the bigger picture of the stock’s price movement. That’s why you should always have a look at multiple timeframes of charts before making a trade. Imagine a stock is looking ready to go up on the 5 min chart but is running into strong resistance on the daily chart. You don’t want to get caught buying it here but rather wait for it to break that resistance before entering a long position.I always try to look at least one intraday chart as well as the daily chart. Previous days highs and lows are always points that are every important. Other timeframes that I like to look at are 5min and 15min charts.The perfect setup shows the same “picture” on multiple time frames. Here is an example of a stock that is breaking down on the intraday chart as well as on the daily chart:Please see next page.Market and sector analysisThe overall market is most likely to determine how strong the stocks you are watching might move. Make sure to not trade against the overall market and know what to expect every day. I use the same tools and patterns for market analy-sis that I use for stock analysis. The most important thing for me to look at is the previous day’s range. The previous day’s low will serve as support to the downside and the high will serve as resistance to the upside. Besides analyzing the overall market you should also know what the individual sectors are doing to further increase your success rate. A good top down approach would be too look at the overall market first, then to determine what the general direction is most likely going to be and to look for sectors that reflect that direction the best, and finally filter out stocks out of that particular sector that provide interesting set-ups.Indicator analysisBesides the price patterns described in this book there are vari-ous technical indicators that you can use in conjunction with them. The simplest technical indicators are moving averages. Others include stochastic, money flow, rate of change etc. Gen-erally speaking, the more indicators that confirm your setup, the better. I only use moving averages and stochastic for my trad-ing. Technical indicators go along with everything described in this book; they should be seen as additional tools. However, some trades might only use certain indicators and make trades based on them. I will not describe all the technical indicators in detail since it would be too much to fit in here and most likely just be confusing. I would rather refer to the link section on my website for further reading on technical indicators.Setup pricesA setup price is a predetermined price where you are looking to enter a position. Make sure that setup prices get broken significantly before you enter your position. For example if I am looking at a buy above $50, I would wait for the stock to break that price by approximately 5 cents. This varies though, and depends a lot on the stock I am trading. The important thing is that there are trades being made ABOVE the setup price in order for the setup to be valid.Also make sure, that the stock actually trades above the setup price. This can be problem with low volume stocks where the inside market (best bid and ask) changes without any trades taking place.Types of charts:The most common way to display charts is the line chart fol-lowed by the bar chart. In the bar chart the vertical line marks the high and low, the left horizontal line marks the opening price and the right horizontal line marks the closing price. If you selected a 5 min chart, that means that each bar reflects the price movement of only 5 minutes. In a daily chart each bar/ candle displays one entire days movement.The type of chart used most by active traders is the candle-stick chart. This type of chart has been in use for over 100 years and has its origin in Japan. It is also referred to as a Japanese candlestick chart. The color of the candlestick itself tells us if there was an up - or downtrend in that par-ticular timeframe and makes reading them very easy. There are also numerous indicator based on the shape of the candlestick itself. I will talk about the most common ones later.The following candlesticks are open candlesticks, meaning that their opening price was lower than the closing price and therefore reflect an overall uptrend in the timeframe you selected. The color used here for an open candlestick is green; sometimes people will use white instead.If the opening price was higher than the closing price you get a closed candlestick that reflects a downtrend. The colors used are usually black or red.The vertical line on the top of the candlestick is always the high, no matter what color the candlestick has. The line on the bottom always marks the low. These lines are also called shadows (upper/lower) or tail. There might be no shadows at all if the opening price marks the high and the closing price the low or vice versa. The colored part is always referred to as “the body” of the candlestick.Development of trends:There are 3 trends a stock can move in:a) Uptrendb) Sideways trendc) Downward trenda) An uptrend is a series of price advances followed by price declines that don’t violate the prior low (higher highs and higher lows).In an uptrend the prior low serves as support and the last high serves as resistance. The best trade during an uptrend is of course a long trade.At some point after a rise in price the stock will be “tired” and has to “relax” a little to gain strength to make a move again. This is when a sideways trend (consolidation) develops.b) In a sideways trend highs and lows are approximately on the same level. The highs mark resistance and the lows serve as support.After a long sideways trend stocks often reverse the prior direc-tion and fall in to a downtrend (in case the prior trend was up).c) A downtrend is a series of price declines followed by price advances that don’t violate the prior highs (lower highs and lower lows). The prior high serves as resistance to the upside and the prior low serves as support to the downside. On the next page you will see a chart displaying all the trends.Trend lines and trend channels:Trend lines and trend channels are a very important part in technical analysis since they define the trend itself and show you important areas of support and resistance. I use them mostly for the longer-term analysis based on daily charts.In an uptrend a line is drawn below the “major” lows of the trend. The uptrending line shows you relevant support. The opposite is done in a downtrend; you draw a line above the “major” highs of the trend. As with many things in technical analysis it is much easier to see what I am talking about by looking at an example:Trend channels occur in stable trends when you can draw a second (parallel) trend line in addition to the one we talked about before. This time we will also draw a line above the highs of the up trend and vice versa for down trends. By drawing this line we have established a trend channel that not only shows us support, but also shows the most likely range the stock will be trading in, thus us very nice entry points at support (refer-ring to the core swing trading buy setup) and profit targets at resistance.Moving averages:Moving averages are probably the most widely followed and therefore most significant indicators. And yet, they are very simple to use.Moving averages have multiple functions. They serve as im-portant areas of support and resistance and give trade signals if a stocks’ price is crossing above or below them. If a stock trades above the moving average line it serves as support to the downside, if it trades below it will serve as resistance to the upside. An example would be the 200MA, which is often used by fund managers. A stock that is trading above its 200 day moving average is generally a good long position, as long as it holds that moving average.。

随机过程

部分描述
– 均值函数 – 相关函数、协相关函数 – （均方函数、方差函数）
本章的要求
掌握对随机现象从统计角度建立数学模型的基本思想熟练掌握三种基本随机对象的概念及其描述技能要求
– – – – 根据基本事件的概率计算其他事件的概率熟练运用全概率和Bayes公式熟练掌握五种概率函数间的关系和性质熟练掌握各种矩的计算
– 均值向量 – 相关矩阵，协相关矩阵 – 相关矩、协相关矩、相关系数
关于“随机过程”
一类随机变量的集合时间离散：可数无穷维的随机向量时间连续：不可数无穷维随机向量所以：随机过程在本质上是随机变量概念的推广和扩展，“维数”具备了时间上的意义
随机过程的描述
完全描述
– 概率函数族（五种）
关于“概率集函数”
该集函数的原像是事件，原像对应的像（数）是该事件的概率满足三条公理和一些基本性质是一种先验的定义通常只在基本事件集合上给出，其他事件上的定义根据可列可加性准则给出
条件概率和事件间的关系
条件概率独立性全概率公式 Bayes公式
概率空间和随机对象的关系
本章的作用
是全书内容的基础要熟练掌握
The End
关于“样本空间”
随机系统所有输出样本点的集合分为可数和不可数
– 可数样本空间可以用自然数集合或者其子集表示 – 不可数样本空间可以用实数集合或者其子集表示，也可以用欧氏空间来表示
关于“事件”
是观察者关心的一类样本点的集合，这些样本点具有某类特征，因而称为事件为了逻辑上相容性，规定所有事件的集合满足Borel三公理 Borel 基于同一个样本空间可以构造多个Borel 事件集
《随机过程》随机过程》第2章小结

岁月遗珍——民国名人老照片（二）北洋政府历任元首肖像照

北洋政府（时称北京政府）自1912年3月成立直至1928年12月灭亡，十六年间共产生了一任临时总统，五任总统、一任代总统，一任执政，一任大元帅。

·北京政府第一任大总统袁世凯，1912年3月10日至1913年10月10日任临时大总统，1913年10月10日至1916年6月6日任第一任大总统。

·北京政府第二任大总统黎元洪，1916年6月7日因袁世凯病亡，以副总统继任大总统，至1917年7月1日因张勋复辟退职。

北京政府代总统冯国璋，1917年7月6日以副总统在南京摄行大总统，8月入京秉政。

因受皖系军阀排挤，于1918年10月10日即行退职。

·北京政府第三任大总统徐世昌，1918年9月被安福系推为总统，10月10日就职（南方军政府不承认，称其“伪总统”）。

因受直系军阀排挤，于1922年6月2日通电退职。

·北京政府第四任大总统黎元洪，1922年6月11日入京复任总统，后因直系军阀逼迫，于1923年6月3日退职。

·北京政府第五任大总统曹锟，1923年10月10日通过“贿选”就职，1924年10月23日因直系军阀冯玉祥倒戈吴佩孚，发动“北京政变”，被迫于11月24日解职。

北京临时执政府临时执政（相当于总统）段祺瑞，1924年10月24日受冯玉祥及奉系军阀张作霖拥戴就任，1926年4月20日因未获奉系军阀支持，被迫通电下野。

北京安国军政府大元帅（相当于总统）张作霖，1926年6月18日就职，因南方国民革命军夹攻北京，于1928年6月3日被迫去职。

1928年12月29日，东北全境换下北洋政府五色旗，改挂青天白日旗，全国始告统一，北洋政府历时十六年的统治宣告结束。

文、图：臧伟强岁月遗珍——民国名人老照片（二）北洋政府历任元首肖像照赏鉴APPRECIATION袁世凯亲笔题赠亲信、北京政府大理院院长章宗祥（字仲和）签名照。

袁世凯题赠章宗祥签名照此照，摄于天津福陞照相馆，系袁世凯亲笔题赠亲信章宗祥（字仲和），赠与时间当为1912年8月至1914年2月间（章宗祥北京政府大理院院长任内）。

日语电子刊

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人(ひと)と美容(びよう)
女性(じょせい)が美(うつく)しくなろうとするとき?一番重(いちばんおも)いヒント(ひんと)をくれるのは?最終的(さいしゅうてき)にヒト(ひと)であるという事(こと)。過去(かこ)を素晴(すば)らしく生(い)きた女性(じょせい)や?今(いま)をステキに生(い)きている女性(じょせい)、そういう人(ひと)をもっともっとたくさん知(し)り?たくさん見(み)ることが?実(じつ)は一番女性(いちばんじょせい)をキレイ(きれい)にするのではないかと思(おも)ったのだ。
“是，是是！！是我的疏忽。”
米店的人慌忙取出纸条来用唾沫啪地把洞贴上了。
“给您修好了。”
于是，里边问：
“那么，已经看不见了吧？”
“是的，看不见了。”
“既然那样，不在家。”
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日本風情
「それは、～～からである。」「と言うのは～～からです。」
例：なぜかと言うと、自然の中で育てば生命について自然に学ぶことができるからです。
陈述反对意见的句型确实是……,但是,实际上…………。
「確かに～～かもしれない。しかし～～。実際に～～。」
「確かに～～だろう。しかし～～。実際に～～」
前几天，我们游览了我家附近久违了的公园。这是一次不用付钱的放松。不过，这种悠闲与放松的心情或许孩子们才能领会。所以，我们不能使用“赐”这样的语言，那是工作和义务。
可以和孩子玩乐的时间一转眼就过去了，留下的是使人更想多多地享受此种快乐……等等找了许多借口，今后，我会“赐”家人更多的空闲。
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2006-2007学年度下学期4月份月考(历史)试卷

一、选择题（每题2分，共60分）1．封建时代，一直存在国有土地所有制形式，下列哪种土地属于此类型（）A.君主的土地B.农民的土地C.地主的土地D.由国家政权直接掌握的土地2.下列反映秦汉时期已经出现的租佃关系的是（）A.为用户阡陌封疆B.耕豪民之田，见税十五C.不抑兼并D.上米贸银，别以中下者抵租3.假如你生活在明中后期，作生意赚了很多钱，之后你会首先考虑把这钱用于（）A.广置田地B.放高利贷C.兴办手工作坊D.娶妻纳妾4.下列明清时期经济现象中，符合当时世界历史潮流的是（）A.玉米、甘薯等农作物传入我国并得以推广B.制瓷等手工业技术均有很大进步C.苏州丝织业“小户听大户呼织”“计日受值”D.废除了汉唐以来的人头税5.没有涉及关税问题的条约是（）A.《南京条约》B. 《望厦条约》C.《天津条约》D.《北京条约》6.19世纪70年代，中国社会并存的经济成分有（）①自然经济②民族工业③洋务企业④外国资本主义企业A.①②③B.①②④C.②③④D.①②③④7.古诗中“百千家似围棋局，十二街如种菜畦”所描绘的城市是（）A.咸阳B.长安C.开封D.洛阳8.中国第一部故事影片是（）A.《难夫难妻》B.《定军山》C.《歌女红牡丹》D.《马路天使》9.中国铁路史上的里程碑是（）A.京张铁路B.紫光阁铁路C.京广铁路D.包兰铁路10.中国新式水运业的诞生标志是（）A.福建船政局B.轮船招商局C.民生轮船公司D.怡和公司11.关于勃列日涅夫改革的叙述，正确的是（）A.带有很大的盲目性，造成混乱B.修补性改革，没有改变积存的弊端，后期趋于保守，改革陷于停滞C.改革陷于困境，国内局势逐渐失控，导致苏联解体D.压抑了地方和企业的积极性，阻碍了苏联经济的进一步发展12.关于重农抑商的表述不正确的是（）A.重农抑商思想形成于商周时期B.是封建自然经济的反映C.在封建社会前期，值得肯定D.中唐以来，实行官商分利政策13.罗斯福推行新政的根本目的是（）A.从根本上消除资本主义经济危机 B.为美国夺取势力范围和争夺世界霸权C.缓和阶级矛盾，改善人民的生活D.维护资本主义制度，巩固资产阶级统治14.西班牙殖民扩张的主要特点是（）A.凭武力建立据点，垄断欧亚贸易B.掠夺金银，建立农业大庄园C.建立股份公司，发展银行信贷D.对外贸易往往与海盗掠夺分不开15.凯恩斯所说的“政府必须……成为看得见的手”其中“看得见的手”是指（）A.政府干预经济和社会生活B.资本主义的市场经济C.资本主义的供给和需求关系D.自由放任和自由竞争16.春秋时期，公田大量被抛荒，私田开垦速度明显加快的直接原因是（）A.大量公田被抛荒，私田增加B.铁器牛耕的使用推动了生产力的发展C.各国推行税制改革D.贵族之间争田现象严重17.“天下之盛，扬为首”唐朝后期扬州成为全国最繁华的工商业城市，经济地位超过长安和洛阳，表明（）A.中国经济重心开始南移B.扬州地理位置优越C.扬州已经出现资本主义萌芽D.南北经济趋向平衡18.近期中央电视台将开拍一部有关我国古代农民起义的电视剧，工作人员准备了大量的棉衣棉裤给演员穿，这部电视剧最早反映哪个朝代的史实（）A.汉朝B.隋唐时期C.秦朝D.明朝后期19.新航路开辟后，世界贸易中心转移到（）A.地中海沿岸B.大西洋沿岸C.太平洋沿岸D.印度洋沿岸20.二战后，资本主义国家建立了完备的福利制度，其特点有（）①覆盖面广②高收入阶层受惠多③低收入阶层大量受惠④彻底解决了贫富不均问题A.①②B.①③C.③④D.②④21.1920年，苏俄农民种流传着这样的说法：“土地属于我们的，面包却属于你们；水属于我们，鱼却属于你们；森林属于我们，木材却属于你们。

06级教师所任学科业务考试(地理综合卷)

06级教师所任学科业务考试（地理综合卷）本试卷满分150分，考试时间90分钟。

第I 卷(选择题共70分)一、选择题(共70分)(一)单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

读某日西半球光照示意图（图1），AB 为晨昏线，回答1～3题： 1．若该日A 点正午太阳高度为45°，则该地纬度为A ．66.5°NB ．70°NC ．67.5°ND ．65°N 2．下列四个城市中，与其它三个城市日期不同的是 A ．惠灵顿 B ．伦敦 C ．北京 D ．纽约3．在未来半个月内，下列现象不可能出现的是 A ．太阳直射点先北移然后南移B ．悉尼夜长和昼长之差达一年中最大值C ．雅加达正午太阳高度先变大再变小D ．北极圈上出现极昼现象读经纬网图（图2），完成4～6题： 4．p2与p3 两地的判断A ．p2 在东半球，p3在西半球B ．p2 与p3日期相差一天C ．p2与p3两地在雨季吹的风向相同D ．p2的昼长与p3的夜长相等5．p1与p2 两地的判断A ．p1 与p2附近产生气候差异的主要原因是大气环流B ．p1地区宜发展技术指向型工业，p2附近地区宜发展廉价劳动力指向型工业C ．p1与p2附近地区农业景观相同D ．p1与p2附近海区洋流成因相同，性质相同6．有一艘船于2003年12月24日上午17点钟（p1所在地区时）由p1附近港口出发，于2004年1月25日17点（p4所在地区时）到达p4附近海域，下列说法正确的是 A ．沿途海区盐度值先变高再变低B ．船上旗杆正午的影长先变长，然后再变短C ．船在航行途中能接受到太阳的直射D ．船的航行时间是整32天7．巴黎市区高级住宅区集中在城市西部，低级住宅区集中在城市东部，造成这种现象的主要原因是A ．地形B ．塞纳河的流向C ．风向D ．地质基础 8．读图3，从山峰向下望，将不能看见的点是 A ．A 点 B ．B 点C ．C 点D ．D 点读图4，回答9～11题。

中国名人旧照片分析

老照片关露上海滩最有名的三个女作家之一，另外两个是丁玲与张爱玲。

翻译过高尔基的《海燕》、《邓肯自传》等许多日后广为人知的优秀作品，面对日寇的侵略，她大声疾呼：“宁为祖国战斗死，不做民族未亡人！”这样的爱国诗词曾经为她赢得了“民族之妻”的称号。

在接受单线联系打入日伪76号魔窟卧底后，背负了43年汉奸的骂名，在平反后带着一生的疲惫和自由的灵魂仰药自尽。

•陆小曼近代女画家，江苏武进人。

1915年就读法国圣心学堂,她18岁就精通英文和法文。

陆小曼继续她是个画家，师从刘海栗、陈半丁、贺天健等名家，父亲陆定原是财政部的赋税司司长，1920年和王庚结婚,1925年离婚.1926年与徐志摩结婚,同年参加了中国女子书画会，1941年在上海开个人画展。

林黛原名程月如。

在香港莱顿书院及新亚书院肄业。

1950年入长城影片公司。

1952年转入永华影业公司，因主演根据沈从文小说《边城》改编的影片《翠翠》而成名。

后主演歌舞片《千娇百媚》和文艺片《不了情》，蝉联第八届、第九届亚洲影展最佳女主角奖，并获第十三届亚洲影展特别纪念奖，入美国哥伦比亚大学戏剧系为荣誉生。

后下嫁龙承勋，诞下一子，事业爱情两得意……可惜最终是开煤气及仰药自杀，返魂无术，终年29岁。

林黛死讯传出后，震惊全球华人社会，出殡之日，万人空巷，令人叹息。

林黛照片继续江青文化大革命期间，林彪、江青反革命集团的首要分子。

原名李云鹤。

1934年在上海被国民党政府逮捕，获释后以蓝苹为艺名做过电影演员。

后恢复党籍，改名江青。

1938年与毛泽东结婚。

煽动打倒一切的极“左”思潮，进行篡夺党和国家最高权力的阴谋活动，造成10年之久的全国大动乱。

1991年5月14日自杀身亡。

秦怡金焰第七届中国十大女杰，女演员。

原名秦德和。

上海人。

1938年上海中华职业学校肄业后去武汉参加抗日宣传活动。

当时与白杨、舒绣文、张瑞芳一起被称为抗战大后方重庆影剧舞台上的“四大名旦”。

金焰号金德麟，朝鲜人，1910年4月8日生于韩国首尔。

中华自上古、夏商周、春秋战国、秦朝至清代历朝皇帝画像图文资料列表大全

中华自上古、夏商周、春秋战国、秦朝至清代历朝皇帝画像图文资料列表大全：姜氏族谱记载伏羲氏画像伏羲画像伏羲、尧、大禹、商汤（上古第1任皇帝，在位时间：公元前8000年-公元前7500年）伏羲，华夏民族人文先始、三皇之一，亦是福佑社稷之正神，同时也是我国文献记载最早的创世神。

风姓，又名宓羲、庖牺、包牺、伏戏，亦称牺皇、皇羲、史记中称伏牺，后与太昊合并，在后世被朝廷官方称...三皇五帝分别是谁雷泽华胥伏羲氏制九针（上古第2任皇帝，在位时间：公元前3220年-公元前3080年）神农（Shennong），一说即炎帝，踞今5500年至6000年前生于姜水之岸（今宝鸡市境内），远古传说中的太阳神。

神农，又称神农氏，汉族神话人物，有文字记载的出现时代在战国以后。

被...最早的药物学著作炎帝的故事炎帝后人（上古第3任皇帝，在位时间：公元前2717-公元前2599年）黄帝（公元前2717年-公元前2599年）：古华夏部落联盟首领，中国远古时代华夏民族的共主。

被尊为中华“人文初祖”。

据说他是少典与附宝之子，本姓公孙，后改姬姓，故称姬轩辕。

居轩辕之丘，...四大僵尸始祖之嬴勾黄帝陵简介黄帝轩辕（上古第4任皇帝，在位时间：约公元前2598年—约公元前2525年）少昊，己姓（一说嬴姓），三皇五帝之一，汉族神话中的五方上帝之一，又称白帝，又作少皞、少皓、少颢，史称金天氏、穷桑、云阳氏或朱宣。

少昊是远古时代华夏部落联盟首领，同时也是早期东夷族的首领...少昊诞生的神话故事少昊诞生以鸟作官的少昊夏禹王（夏朝第1任皇帝，在位时间：公元前2070年-公元前2025年）禹，姓姒，名文命（也有禹便是名的说法），字（高）密。

史称大禹、帝禹，为夏后氏首领、夏朝开国君王。

禹是黄帝的玄孙、颛顼的孙子（但也有说法认为禹应为颛顼六世孙）。

其父名鲧，被帝尧封于崇，为...大禹出生地禹的父亲是谁大禹三过家门而不入（夏朝第2任皇帝，在位时间：约公元前1978年-约公元前1965年）姒启也称夏启、帝启、夏后启、夏王启，他是禹的儿子，夏朝的第二任君王，前1978年―前1963年在位。