跨文化交际gesture
跨文化交际名词术语解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one largesociety.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect thebehavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
跨文化交际学期论文--中美肢体语言异同的对比
The Comparison of Different Body Languages between American and ChinaWritten by Weng Pei Ji(2010212747)From College of Law,Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsJune 2012Outline1. Introduction2. Classifications of body language2.1 facial expression and eye language2.2 gestures2.3 Postures3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American culture3.1 facial expressions3.2 Sign language3.3 Postures4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American culture4.1 Eye language and facial expressions4. 2 gestures4. 3 Postures5. ConclusionReference摘要：交流不是只有口语，还可以通过肢体语言。
肢体语言也可以表达情感，交流思想和交换信息。
然而，在过去很久时间里，人们只注重口语的重要性而忽略了肢体语言和它的独一性。
本文致力于中美肢体语言的对比，来减少交流中的麻烦，进行更有效的交际。
Abstract : The communication between people can not only through the spoken language, but also through the body language. As spoken language, body language can express feelings, exchange ideas and communicate informations. However, in a long past time, people only pay attention to the importance of the spoken language, and ignore body language and it’s unique cultural connotation. This paper focus on the comparison of different and similar body language between China and American so that people can reduce the communication obstacles and promote efficient communication.Keywords :body language , cultural difference , China , American, communications1. IntroductionBody language is a means to use the body movements or actions to replace or assist the sound, oral language, or other means of communication to communicate with others. A nd through people’s body language we can get some information about their own culture. Psychologists believed that the information delivered by a person’s appearance and actions is much more than t hat of a person’s words.Albert Mebrabian, after a long-time study, concluded that body language can help verbal-express achieve more effective communication. Body language can reveal people’s hidden mind and emotion, Bird Whistell who is the leader in study of body language in the west. He believes that among all means of expressing emotion and attitude, more than sixty percent is finished by facial expression, gestures, postures.2. Classifications of body languagePsychologists believe that body language includes the following aspects:2.1 facial expression and eye languageThe face has been called an ”organ of emotion”. Compare with words, facial expression is a natural way to reveal person’s emotion. The face is the most simple and important broadcaster of emotion. For example , Eye behavior is an important part of facial expression. People often say that eyes are the window of soul, because eyes can give us a lot of real information. We can know whether people like us or not from the way they look at us .And through one’s eyes we can know whether the pay attention to our topics or not.2.2 gesturesEverybody uses their hands to communicate with other people .People can convey ideas, information and message by using the movement and style of hands and fingers. What’s most directly, we use our thumb to praise other and use our middle finger to despise someone. When expressing doubt or helplessness, westerners like to shrug their shoulders and spread out hands, but Chinese people only wave their hands simply.2.3 PosturesPosture can give others many messages. which is a matter of how people sit, stand, walk and move. From people’s posture, we can conclude something.For instance, when we see a person doesn’t stand up and tall, we say the person is not energetic, competent and unconfident. On the other hand, we can conclude that a person is not concentrated in what they are discussing if he standing lazily, and so on.3. Similarities of body language in Chinese and American cultureFirst ,we discuss the similarities of body language in china andAmerica .For instance:3.1 facial expressions(1) Knit one's brows said he is unhappy ,you shouldn’t talk to him too long.(2) Shrugged his nose means he don't like what he see or what you do. Gnash his teeth means he is angry or make up his mind.3.2 Sign language(1) The signal “V” means “victory” .When someone succeed or overcomesome difficulties , someone usually do this gesture.(2) “OK” means “consent”. we often use it to show our positive ideas. And when someone don’t like your idea ,he just shaking his head and say “No”.3.3 Postures(1) When a man meet another man ,they generally shake hands to express their friendly.(2) Waved hands means goodbye,Shrug one’s shoulders means negative, uninteresting. we use it to show that we don’t know when asked by others in our daily life.4. Differences of body language in Chinese and American cultureDon’t understand body languages from different culture will bring about a lot of misunderstanding and conflicts. Therefore, it is of great importance for us to understand the body language in intercultural communication. For instance:4.1 Eye language and facial expressionsAmerican people have an old proverb: Never trust a person who can't look you in the eyes. While the Chinese people in conversation, the two sides are not necessarily time to time to look at each other, some people have also deliberately avoided continued eye contact to show humility, obedience or respect. This may be one of the reasons that the American people in China think Chinese are not warm and friendly; but also explain why the American people like to talk face to face, and the Chinese people tend to have a heart-to-heart talk. It is a habit of American people that the two sides look ateach other while they are talking, but they hate staring, because in their view this is a very rude behavior. American people find that they are as statues of rare animal camel being looked up and down, and the stare at them makes them feel very angry. However, to gaze at people in China, sometimes means only a curiosity and surprise, not rude.4. 2 gesturesThe implication of gestures is diversity, especially in cultural differences. Here we will take some gestures for example.(1) American people with the thumb and index finger to form a circle, means “OK”, but in China the “O”gesture is often used to represent the “zero”.(2) Indicate the number “3”, the Chinese people have thumb and index finger form a circle fingertips phase, the other three fingers stretched open; the American people straight index finger, middle finger and ring finger, little finger to thumb catch.(3) The “V” gesture, In America, it means victory but not the number. In China, sometimes, people think that this gesture means the number “2”.(4) American require a lift, the gesture is thumb-up when facing a coming traffic; in China, facing a vehicle, riders stretch one arm to the side, palm forward, make a “stop” gesture, or holding the right hand or both hands, say hello to the driver.4. 3 Postures(1) In intercultural communication, the presentation of posture also reflects the differences between Chinese and American, such as, according tothe Chinese tradition, the seated person is the dominator, so the young generations always give up their seat to the old. However, in America, it is quite opposite. Western culture emphasizes the “Ladies first”, so it is a courtesy that Ms. seated before the men pulled out a chair obligation to help them, and this is also a cultured, civilized performance.(2) Moreover, in the classroom, the Chinese teacher questions, students usually stand up and answer the questions; in the U.S., students generally sit to answer the United States teachers.(3) American people stood stamping their feet, means impatient; Chinese stomping, shows angry, angry, frustrated, and regret.(4) American people are standing and walking with the posture of athletes and military, standing up tall, swaggering, big strides forward; in the eyes of Americans, Chinese with standard posture of scholars and civilians.5. ConclusionFrom the above, we have studied the differences and similarities of body language used by Chinese and American. We can see that body language cannot be separated from culture. In intercultural communication, we not only pay attention to the verbal language study, but also emphasize the study of body language. Body language is the signal and tool of human communication and human being has the same ancestors, so In order to make a successful intercultural communication, we should know the body language of different cultures.Reference1.张爱琳，（2010），《跨文化交际》，重庆大学出版社；2.陈邦玲,(2004)，非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用，安徽农业大学学报；3.贾玉新，(1997)，跨文化交际学.上海外语教育出版社；4.刘慧，(2008)，身体语言的魅力。
手势语在跨分化交际中的作用
手势语在跨分化交际中的作用【摘要】日常生活中人们进行交际、沟通思想时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。
手势语几乎时时刻刻伴随着语言进行人际交往，起着辅助作用，有时会代替语言甚至超越语言的作用。
【关键词】语言；手势语言；跨文化交际在日常生活中人们进行交际，沟通思想时，除了语言这个交际工具还用手势。
法国心理学家休乐热强调手势语的重要作用：“人们交谈时说话本身的份量只占7%，语调占38%，面部表情和手势占55%，有时说了千言万语，一个手势就可以推翻。
”但是，不同的地区、民族、国家，手势语既有其共性，更有其特殊性。
英国心理学家阿尔奇这样形容：“在一小时的交谈中，芬兰人只用一次手势，意大利人用80次，法国人用120次，墨西哥人用180次”。
从这儿可见手势语的重要性及对手势语言研究的重要性。
一、手势和手势语的定义英语gesture一词源于拉丁语gestus，为gerere的过去分词，原义为负载、运载、行动或进行一种活动。
对手势的性质，学者有各种各样的理解，但他们很少能够阐明。
有的学者明确地将看作只是手和上肢的动作；另外一些学者则将面部表情也包括在内。
有的学者将手势和言语分开（虽然二者有时同时出现）；另外一些学者则认为言语本身就是一种身体动作。
此外，手势还用来指人类和一切能够活动的生物的各种动作和姿势。
基本上手势可以分为两大的分类：生理性的手势（如：挠痒的动作、打哈欠的时候捂、头疼抹额头）它们只是生理的动作而不代表任何意义和语伴手势，语伴手势构成了语言交际的一部分，它与说话者要传递的信息紧密相关。
手势语言是说话人以表达或强调思想、感情等为目的运用手指、手掌、手臂的动作变化表情达意的一种语言。
二、手势语有几个特征（一）手势与语言有密切的关系手势语不但包括“手势”含义动作的意义字而且还包括“语”字，传统上，手势常常被当作独立于语言系统之外的另一个系统，人们认为手势只在交际时用来强调语言系统中的某些意义。
但是现代学者们从交际学、语用学、心理学与认知科学等多角度的研究表明，语言和手势是同一基本符号系统和同一内在过程的两种不同表现形式，它们之间存在着紧密联系：第一，手势主要是一种说者现象。
跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异
跨文化交际视角下的中西方肢体语言差异姓名：XX 学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级：2009级学号：XXXXXX摘要肢体语言(body language)又称身势语言，是表示使用身体运动或动作来代替或辅助声音、口头言语或其他交流方式进行交流的一种方式的一个术语。
其之所以能够被称之为语言,主要在于它的信息通报性。
肢体语言和我们所学习的语言一样，它作为一种特殊的语言也是不可被忽视的文化的一部分。
它之所以具有着不可忽视的作用是因为它能够在学习和运用语言的过程中通过肢体的不同动作把我们想要表达出的话语以及内部实质意义更为深刻鲜明的表现出来，肢体语言能够更好地促进语言的交流，我们都知道，不论是以中国为代表的东方国家还是以欧美为代表的西方国家都有着肢体语言的存在，除了一些世界公认的肢体语言以外，不同的国家肢体语言还有着其不同的语言内涵，了解东西方不同的肢体语言有助于我们更为深入地了解西方文化，更好的增进我们语言的进修。
目录肢体语言的定义，重要性Ⅱ肢体语言的分类A ：表情语言B ：动作语言C : 体态语言Ⅲ影响跨文化交流中肢体语言的因素A：语言习惯B: 风俗习惯C：价值观Ⅳ正确理解中西方肢体语言的区别和运用A:动作一样，意义不同B:意义相同，动作有差异C：只存在于美国文化中的动作D：只存在于中国文化中的动作E：对一些常见的肢体语言的理解关键词：肢体语言、跨文化交际、如何运用正文Ⅰ肢体语言的定义，重要性肢体语言 (body language)也称体态语言，是人类借助和利用自己的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态的变化来表达和传递思想感情的方式。
运用自己的体态来表情达意几乎是人类自身的一种本能，因为它简便、迅捷、直观，在现实生活中的使用极其广泛，而且有时更能无声胜有声地巧妙表达信息并留给对方更大的想象空间。
Ⅱ肢体语言的分类1.面部表情语言（facial expression language）在跨文化交流中，面部表情语言指的是在交流的过程中通过面部的一系列动作，来传达出我们内心的真实想法，不同国家的人民之间存在着语言障碍，但是通过面部的千变万化的表情我们可以相互了解对方的意愿，他的喜、怒、哀、乐，悲、恐、惊。
《跨文化交际》-7-非言语交际
低头 lowered head
Ws Cult'=defeat/uncertainty Asian Cul'=accept hierarchy社会等级/ =intent listening专注听 A lowered head in Western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian culture lowering one’s head may represent accepting one’s place in the hierarchy等级, but it also may be an indication of intent listening.
长发年轻女甩发，拂发：toss hair&flick hair
=implies courting/flirting
A
young woman wearing long hair down to her shoulders usually has a habitual action: suddenly tossing her hair over to her back, together with one hand flicking(拂一下) the hair. If she is a single girl and on some occasion, it implies courting求偶，讨 好 or flirting调情，卖弄风骚.
Nonverbal communication
2. Functions功能 of Nonverbal Communication １） Repeating重复 ２）Complementing补充 ３）Substituting替代 ４）Regulating调节、校正 ５）Contradicting反驳
跨文化非语言交际_手势语（Int...
跨文化非语言交际_手势语（Intercultural nonverbalcommunication _ gestures）- 106 - modern foreign language teaching and research has been paying more and more attention to the cultural transmission of language. That is to say, while imparting language knowledge, it pays attention to the spread of Western cultural knowledge. However, the understanding and mastery of nonverbal communication systems in culture is not enough. Many foreign researchers of language and non language factors in communication were investigated, the most conservative estimate is that in a certain situation, thirty-five percent of the information is transmitted by the language, the remaining sixty-five percent of the information is transmitted by nonverbal means; others think that only seven percent of the emotional information by language. The remaining ninety-three percent depends on non linguistic means to transfer. The two sets of figures confirm that more than half of the information is transmitted by nonverbal means. Nonverbal communication includes body language (BodyLanguange), paralanguage (Paralanguage), guest language (ObjectLanguange) and environmental language (Environmental, Languange). Languange (Sign) is actually the core of body language. It is the most common and important part of nonverbal communication. Body language, like sound language, is also the carrier of culture. It has rich cultural connotations. It can cause misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication. In China, for example, it is customary to use an index finger to indicate that it is neither polite nor respectful in English culture. In his sense of touch the nose, Chinese that is not what meaning it, Americans will be a gesture as a hidden bad idea lies orgestures, or disagree or reject each other's views. In China young friends in the street by the arm, is regarded as the close relationship between friends, but in western countries are likely to be mistaken. If we ignore the cultural differences and influences between nonverbal communication, cultural misunderstandings and cultural conflicts will occur frequently in cross-cultural communication. This article introduces the sign language and its cultural connotations of English speaking countries, and compares them with chinese. First, the meaning of the same, the action is different (1) means that when you are referring to their own, with the index finger or thumb pointing to their chest; Chinese people only use index fingers pointing to their chest or face. (two) count said one of three to six or seven, eight or nine and ten with different Chinese, one is for the index finger, middle finger flexion, ring finger and little finger; the three refers to the index finger and middle finger and ring up, pressed by a thumb finger; six is the one hand fingers outstretched, with the forefinger of the other hand, seven or eight nine, ten, is a stretch, turn the other hand middle finger, ring finger and little finger and thumb plus. Two, the same action, meaning different, (1) fold the middle finger on the index finger, cross up in front of the chest, expressed hope so, hope to succeed, do not fail; the Chinese people use this to mean "ten" this number. (two) the constant rotation of the ring on the finger indicates an emotional strain or uneasiness; in China, if someone does so, others may think he has a "show rich" meaning. (three) the V gesture means "victory" is the palm of the hand. The Chinese use this action to indicate the number "two", but now they also use the word "victory". If the palm of the hand is inward, it is often understood as a disguised or fortified gesture oflifting the middle finger. (four) when greeting someone comes, there are two common actions in English speaking countries: one is the index finger upward, the other is the inner hook. In China, the move seems to be a bit of a sense of decency. The two is to use the palm up or left in the direction of their own way to greet adults, over the children and animals, palms down to move in their own direction. The Chinese are just the opposite, that is, the palm of the hand is down to greet adults, and the palms are upward to greet infants and animals. Therefore, there are misunderstandings between Chinese and English, and we should pay attention to them. (five) in the temple with the index finger draw a circle that XX is crazy of intercultural nonverbal communication gestures -- Wu Ya Ping (Henan Henan University Of Urban Construction, Henan Pingdingshan 467001) Abstract: sign language is very useful in daily communication,Nonverbal communication is an important means of communication. It is very important to understand these knowledge for successful cross-cultural communication. This paper introduces the body language, which is often used by people in English speaking countries, and gives a detailed introduction to its cultural connotations, and compares it with that of chinese. Key words: cross culture; nonverbal communication; sign language; differences between English and Chinese Classification Number: H313 document code: A article number: 1672 - 0520 (2006) 03 - 0106 - 02 -- - 4118: 2005-03-20 Author: Wu Ya Ping (1965 -), female, Henan Pingdingshan, a senior lecturer in Henan Foreign Language Department of Henan University Of Urban Construction, research direction of 04 graduate students, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Institute of foreign languages: English languageteaching and intercultural communication. Twenty-second volume third (2006) Journal of He Xi University, Vol.22, No.3 (2006)- 107 - or too weird; the Chinese move is a bit of a brain. (six) the act of "shooting" when attention is drawn; while the Chinese are bored or amused, or beat rhythmically for rhythmic movements. (seven) hand and hand together to break each other, indicating that the work or task has been completed. The Chinese are anxious and confused. (eight) a woman's little finger is bent, such as a teacup, which is very common. The Chinese think the action is graceful and at least not a negative response. The English speaking people think this action is a little elegant and affectation. It means that I don't want to dirty my hands or touch things. (nine) "OK" this gesture has been familiar to the Chinese people, many people often say "O K" or do "O K" gesture, but do not know its exact meaning, but also do not understand the culture, different meanings are also complex and diverse. OK originated in two versions: one is the O.K. (= Old, Kinderhook) Club from the Martin, Van, Buren, the eighth president of the United states. Kinderhook is the birthplace of B uren. These advocates shouted O.K. that everything was going well. Another said that the first letter from the all correct two English words. Irrespective of the reliability of the source, the implications are clear: smooth, correct, good, recognition, permission, etc.. But culture is different, and the meaning of the gesture "O K" may be different. For example, Chinese is used to express the "zero"; the French said is "zero" or "no"; Japanese said is "money"; some of the Mediterranean countries said the "hole" or "hole"; OK sign in Brazil and Greece and other countries is a nasty foul action.(ten) fingers of both hands clamp, two thumbs rubbing each other, said, very pleased with oneself extremely boring, very nervous, boring or irritability. In China, this is only a subconscious movement, most of which is just a leisurely performance. Three, the action and meaning are basically the same. (1) the index finger with the lips is to make people quiet, do not make a sound or a small sound, and issue a "hiss" sound, which is the same as the Chinese people mean. (two) it means no English speaking countries are used to holding their hands forward, turning their hands a few times, or spreading their hands forward. This is similar to what Chinese people think. (three) thumbs up, four finger fist usually means "good", "on" and certainly, in favor of meaning, this is the same as the China meaning; and thumbs down means "bad", "no", not in favor of the meaning of negation. (four) expressed regret, habit is the right fist to his left chest with the palm of his hand, rubbing or tapping the forehead and nape. (five) say good-bye, hand swing in the head or above the head, fingers relaxed, slightly extended. Four, there is no other, there is no other, in the chest, "ten" is a common habit of English speaking countries, people like to use this method for their blessings, and pray for God to bless or remove misfortune. The method of "ten" is to pinch the five fingers of the right hand in front of the chest, abdomen, left shoulder and right shoulder, but the Chinese do not do so.(two) people in English speaking countries use the thumb, index finger and middle finger together to make writing in the air or on the other hand when they have to pay for the meal in the restaurant. (three) Chinese grabbed the little finger with the thumb and set aside a bit, said upon others, implied meaning. (four) if the thumb is upright, the rest of the four fingershold the meaning of cursing. The use of thumb means that people tend to have a mockery of meaning, the Chinese people do not have this action. (five) people in English speaking countries pull a thumb fist at the side of the oncoming vehicle, asking for a ride. (six) the people of the English speaking countries with his nose with the thumb, and the remaining four fingers open to people who can't stop shaking, this action is very common among the naughty children, is to express contempt, scorn, derision. (seven) in English speaking countries, the index finger is extended out and slightly upward, shaking back and forth, expressing disapproval or warning. The means of language communication, combined with nonverbal means of communication, forms the complete communication system of mankind. They complement each other and are indispensable. People sometimes use language means, sometimes using non linguistic means, and in more occasions, these two methods will also use or alternatively, in order to achieve the expression of rich and delicate feelings, and complex information transfer, extensive communication purpose. Reference: [1]Samovar, L.et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication[M]. Wadsworth.1981 D and: 43.[2]Levine, Adelman, M. Beyond Languange[M]. Prentice-Hall. 1982.[3] Hu Wenzhong. Intercultural Nonverbal Communication [M]. Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 1999., editor Wu Yaping Lin Yingzhen: intercultural nonverbal communication: I ntercultural Nonverbal Communication - sign language Sign LanguangeWU Ya-ping (Pingdingshan Institute of Technology, Pingdingshan Henan, Abstract: This article introduces 467001) some body languanges-sign languanges-used by English countries and their innercultural meanings as well as the differences from Chinese ones.Sign languanges are especially useful inevery day'scommunication. They are the MOS T important ways of nonverbal communication. Understanding the knowledge is of greatsignificiance to a success of cross-cultural communication.Key Words: interculture; nonverbal communication; sign languange; differences between English and Chinese。
跨文化交际中手势语的差异
跨文化交际中手势语的差异题目：跨文化交际中手势语的差异――以“翘拇指” “竖中指” “ V”手势“ 0K”为例摘要非言语行为具有鲜明的文化特征，不同国家、民族对非言语行为的社会规范区别很大，甚至所表示的意义恰好相反。
日常生活中人们进行交谈、沟通时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。
手势语几乎随时随地伴着语言进行交往，起着关键的作用，有时也会代替语言甚至超越语言。
人类的有些手势语具有相同性，但更多的手势语被赋予了文化的内涵，不同的文化背景赋予了不同的交际意义，以、翘大拇指、竖中指、“ V字形“0K”等手势为例解释说明。
AbstractNonv erbal behavior has dist inct cultural characteristics,Differe nt coun tries, eth nic groups are very differe nt from the social norms of non verbal behavior,even the express meaning is On the contrary. When People to talk and com muni cate in daily life,in additi on to the Ian guage of com muni cati on tools there have gestures。
Gesture Ian guage almost any where with the Ian guage of com muni cati on ,plays a key role.Sometimes it can tran sce nd the Ian guage and even take the place of the Ianguage. human gestures have the same nature，bu more sig ns are give n the conno tatio n of culture.differe nt cultural backgro unds give differe nt com muni cative meanin gs,wave、vertical thumb、“ V'Shape as example to expla in.关键词：跨文化交际非言语行为手势语Key words: in tercultural com muni cati on non verbal behavior gesture 手势语(gesture Ianguage )是体态语中最基本也是最重要的一种。
跨文化交际手势PPT
美国 (The U.S.)
黑人儿童避免直视教师的眼睛，因为他们从小就 受家庭的教育，知道听讲话时直视对方是不礼貌 的。 白人儿童听人讲话时一定要直视对方的眼睛，一 是表示在聚精会神地听，一是表示诚意，而眼睛 看地或其它地方是不诚实的表现
亚洲 (Asia)
讲话时眼睛直视对方是不礼貌的。 尤其是下级在听上级讲话时，下级 眼睛往往向下看以表示尊敬。
跨文化交际
Gestures（手势）
Thumbs up
North America(北美)：Hitchhike(搭便车) Greece：Enough(表示“够了”)
Nigeria(尼日利亚)：Rude(非常粗鲁)
China、Australia、Britain、America︰ Good、praise（好、了不起、赞赏、夸奖）
跨文化交际_肢体语言
victory.
• Show the back of it to someone means that the rough, individualistic.
Snap one's Fingers
• The meaning of snap one‘s fingers is disdain [dis'dein] . • However, in the current age this gesture can be regarded as you want some one to serve you, such as bar， restaurant. • sometimes means that you have got a good idea.
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In France this gesture regarded as zero. In Germany, the gestures are rude
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If some one want to express congratulation to another one，he can stretch forefinger and middle finger out，and get your hands up，this gesture means
Bisou
To Shake hands
In Europe southern countries, people even saw each other every day, will also repeatedly signaled to shake hands.
In the negotiations with foreigners, if you saw someone that speaking English pulling on earlobe, that kind of action contain "this is the secret between us.”
跨文化交际中的手势 palm britian hand je
跨文化交际中的手势palm britian hand je1、点头与摇头在我国和世界上大多数国家，点头表示肯定、同意、承认、认可、满意、理解、顺从、感谢或打招呼等（英、美人点头还可表示告别）。
与点头相反，摇头则表示否定、不同意、不承认、不满意、不理解等。
但是，在印度、斯里兰卡、保加利亚、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦等国家或其中的一些地区，则是摇头表示同意，点头表示不同意。
比如，在印度表示同意就是把头向左摇动。
2、伸舌头（吐舌头）在我国，伸舌头有表示吃惊、得意、艳羡、惊讶、调皮、害羞、不好意思，或意识到自己做错了事而表示抱歉等意思。
而新西兰的毛利人对某人伸舌头，则是尊敬的表示。
当贵宾到来时，为了表示欢迎，毛利人不仅上身裸露穿干草制作的裙子跳草裙舞，而且在跳舞的过程中，一边跺脚一边把舌头伸出来。
据说，鲜红的舌头是表示赤诚的心。
3、竖大拇指在我国，竖大拇指是表示“好”的意思，用来称赞交际对方干得好、了不起、高明等，这个意思在世界上许多国家都是相同的。
但是，在有些国家还有其他一些意思。
在德国，竖大拇指表示数字“1”；在日本，表示数字“5”，还表示“男人”、“您的父亲”、“最高”；在韩国，表示“首领”、“自己的父亲”、“部长”、“队长”；在墨西哥、荷兰等国，表示“祈祷幸运”；在美国、法国、印度等国，表示“拦路搭车”；而在澳大利亚、希腊，竖起大拇指，尤其是横向伸出大拇指被认为是一种侮辱。
在我国，一些人往往用大拇指指自己的鼻尖表示“自己”的意思。
而在西方，任何情况下都不要用大拇指指自己的鼻尖，谈到自己时应用手掌轻按自己的左胸，那样会显得端庄、大方、可信。
4、伸食指伸出食指往下弯曲这一手势，使用范围也很广泛。
在我国，表示数字“9”；在日本，表示“偷窃”；在泰国、新加坡、马来西亚，表示“死亡”；在墨西哥，表示“钱”或询问价格、数量的多少。
5、伸中指在我国，中指伸出，其他四肢弯曲向下，像乌龟的样子，是骂人的话。
在国外，伸出中指则有不同的意思。
新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3
新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3第一篇：新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures 1.The need for intercultural communication: New technology;Innovativecommunicationsystem;Globalization of the economy;Changes in immigration patterns 2.Three major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: culturalvalues;worldview(religion);social organization(family and state).3.Nonverbal behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)4.Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication(1)Assumption of similarities(2)Language differences(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象(5)Tendency to evaluate(6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned;Culture is a set of shared interpretations;Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(规范，准则);Culture Affects Behaviors;Culture involves Large Groups of people 2.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as normsfor conduct.3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural identity is central to a person’s sense of self.Cultural identity is dynamic（动态的）.Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components o f one’s self-concept.4.Intercultural communication defined: Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.Elements of communication: Context;Participants;Message;Channels;Noise;Feedback Unit 3 Cultural Diversity 1.Define worldview and religionWorldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, and beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.Religion: refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.Three major religions :a.Christian Religions Groups（基督教的）b.Islam（伊斯兰教）c.Buddhism（佛教）2.Human nature:(1)is evil but perfectible(2)is a mixture of good and evil(3)good but corruptible(易腐化的)3.Relationship of Man to Nature:(1)subjugation to nature(2)harmony with nature(3)mastery with nature4.Social Relationship：Hierarchy;Group;Individual5.Cultual Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensions individualism vs collectivism;uncertainty avoidance;power distance;masculinity vs femininity;long-term vs short-term orientation6.High-Context and Low-context Cultures A high-context(HC)—high-contextcultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information is often provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence.Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations)and through an individual’s informal friends and associates.A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American)For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite.The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.第二篇：新编英语教程 5 Unit 11 教案Unit 11 TEXT 1 CULTIVATING A HOBBY Winston ChurchillObjectives: to take notes as completely as possible in class.to present their interpretations of each paragraph.Section one Pre-reading questions:(15 mins.)1.What does ‘hobby’ mean?(refer to Lib.work)2.Do you have any hobbies? What are they?3.Do your hobbies do you any good? In what ways?4.Who is W.Churchill? What’s his hobby you know from what you have learned or from this text?(refer to Lib.work)In-reading interpretation:The teacher explains every sentence to the students while the latter try to take notes as quickly and completely as possible.After the text interpretation, the students are required to explain some sentences by their own.Para.1(15 mins.)1.Worry is a spasm of emotion;the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.spasm: an involuntary muscular contraction;here, a sudden violent spell(of);a sudden convulsive movementWorry is a kind of feeling which catches you suddenly so that you can’t have any peace of mind.This feeling arises when you think about something without being able to discontinue thinking about it.Thus worry results.2.It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.in this condition = when the mind catches hold of something and will not let it goIt is of no use trying to stop the troubled mind / the worry when it catches hold of something and will not let it go.i.e., when worry comes.3.The stronger the will, the more futile the task.(LW6-1)The stronger your will(to argue with the mind, or to stop the worry)is, the more ineffective/unsuccessful/useless it will be for you to achieve this task of stopping the worry.The more you attempt to shake off your worry, the harder it will be for you to get rid of it / have it off your mind.Then what can we do to stop the worry? 4.One can gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp.insinuate = introduce indirectly and subtly convulsive grasp = the worryThe only way is to have something else in mind so that it will not be grasped by worry / so as to replace the worry.What does ‘something else’ imply?Something else implies the hobby.5.And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.attend = accompanied(comp.3-2)illumination = enlightenment, edificationanother field of interest = hobbythe old undue grip = worryrecuperation and repair = not becoming worried any longer If you choose the right thing to conquer your mind, if you have another field of interest to enlighten you, your worry, gradually or swiftly, will be relieved./ you will be released from the worry.6.This para.is about worry, which is repeatedly talked about.Instead of mentioning ‘worry’ again and again whenever it is talked about, Churchill uses some other phrases to refer to this annoying state of mind so as to avoid the monotony of expressions.Identify these phrases in the 1st paragraph.(comp.3-1)a spasm of emotion, its convulsive grasp, the old undue gripPara.2(10 mins.)1.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.It is the most important for a public man to cultivate a hobby, because he is likely to have more worries in his work concerned with interrelationships with various kinds of people.2.But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.improvise = make or do without preparation, practice, sufficient material, etc.But a hobby cannot be cultivated and developed so quickly as you expect in your business.No matter how strong your will is, hobby cultivation has to undergo a long process.3.The seeds must be carefully chosen;they must fall on good ground;they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand whenneeded.(comp.3-3)This is a metaphor to describe the cultivation of a hobby.Explain it.The author compares ‘hobby’ to ‘seed’, ‘fitness(of a hobby)to an individual’ to ‘good ground’, and ‘the effect(in lessening one’s worry)’ to ‘fruit’ so that the reader can have something concrete to look at.This is certainly a more effective way to explain an idea, esp.an abstract or complex idea.(Analysis)sedulously = diligently, carefully, assiduouslyvivifying fruits = results that give one relaxation / refreshmentThe cultivation of a hobby is compared to that of a plant.First of all, the right hobby(the seed of a plant)must be carefully chosen for a person(good ground);then the process of cultivating a hobby, like that of growing a plant, requires care and effort.Only in this way can one reap in due t ime the fruit of one’s laborfor them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.(LW6-4)command = have within reach, be master of, possessgratify = give pleasure or satisfaction to, indulgecaprice = sudden wish to have, or do sth., whimsatiation = complete satisfaction, wearying oneself with too muchSince those very wealthy people can afford to get access to almost anything they may think of(those people can get whatever they want)and to turn the most fanciful ideas into reality(to turn whatever they dream or desire into reality), there is nothing in this world that can interest or excite them any more.To them, a new pleasure, a new excitement may very often make them even more bored about life.They are the unfortunate people.(comp.3-5)Why does Churchill classify as unfortunatethose people who can command everything they want, gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire? Do you think Churchill’s attitude towards those people is really one of sympathy?These people are simply hopeless;nothing works to relieve them of their boredom.Churchill does not really feel sympathetic towards them.Note the phrase ‘avenging boredom’.He seems to think that this is what they deserve.2.In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.frantically = widely excited(with joy, anxiety, pain, etc.)狂乱地avenging boredom =(note 3)boredom that gives(them)no peace or that inflicts suffering(upon them)clatter and motion =(note 4)This refers to the frantic rush from place to place of those who can command all they want.These kind of people rush frantically here and there(which implies, do this and that as their hobbies), talk this and that, intending to escape from the boredom they are deeply involved in, but their effort is in vain.3.For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.How do you understand ‘discipline’ here?(comp.3-6)Regularity, a more regularized way of lifeThis sentence is a suggestion for this kind of people: to lead a regularized way of life.Only in this way can they escape from the boredom.Para.5(15 mins.)1.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure;and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.Here another classification of human beings is made: 1)those who take workand pleasure as two distinguished things, 2)those who combine work and pleasure together, getting pleasure from the work.2.Of these the former are the majority.They have their compensations.The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest pensation = sth to make up for, here referring to the following sentence.sustenance =(flourishing quality of)food and drink 营养, 食物Their long-hour work brings them bread, or they have to earn their living by working hard.After work, they relax themselves and enjoy themselves in a simple way.(comp.3-7)Can you suggest one or two of the simplest and most modest forms of pleasure?Jogging, taking a walk, listening to music on the radio, watching TV, gardening 3.But Fortun e’s favored children belong to the second class.In what sense are the second class of people, i.e., those whose work and pleasure are one, ‘Fortune’s favored children’?(comp.3-8)or, why does the author call the 2nd class ‘fortune’s favored children’?There is never a clash between work and pleasure.They are always happy to work.They are just like children who take everything as pleasure.4.Their life is a natural harmony.For them the working hours are never long enough.Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.grudged = accepted with great reluctance(comp.3-9)This class of people enjoy their work, and take it as a kind of pleasure.They enjoy every working day so much that they regard the weekends and the public holidays as the interruptions of theirdelightful work.They are quite reluctant to take any holidays.5.Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.An alternative outlook, a change of atmosphere, a diversion of effort all refer to ‘hobby’.So it is of the first importance / of the great necessity for both of the classes to cultivate a hobby.Everyone should have a hobby.6.Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.(comp.3-10)What does the word ‘it’ refer to?their work(comp.3-11)the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds refers to the notion of ‘hobby’.(LW6-5)In fact,(it is probably those whose work provides them with their enjoyment who are most in need of periodic distractions from it.i.e.,)the second class of people are most in need of cultivating a hobby.Homework assignment:Read your own notes and consult others’ to make it complete in order to understand the text fully/thoroughly.Mark where you find difficult and raise your questions in the next class.Read O & D and try to answer the question.Section two 1.Pose your problems for discussion(20 mins.)p.1: the purpose of the writing(B)-to bring home to the reader the importance of cultivating a rightly chosen hobby.(5 mins.)p.2: True or false(5 mins.)4.O & D: What Churchill argues for in this passage is obviously the significance of a good hobby for rational, industrious human beings.But the 1st para.is devoted to a definition of ‘worry’, and a large portion of the rest of the text to the classifications of human beings.How are they relevant tohis argument?(10 mins.)Churchill’s concern here is the role hobbies play in relaxing the mind of rational, industrious, useful human beings.T o explain how a hobby works, he must first of all explain what worry really is.But Churchill is not of the opinion that any given hobby can produce this soothing effect under all circumstances.T o make this clear, he has to make the first classification.He then turns to classifying the majority of human beings into two further categories.The purpose of doing this is to emphasize the point that hobby is necessary for all including those who think they do not need one as a diversion from work;as a matter of fact, they are the ones for whom the cultivation of a hobby is even more necessary.4.Interaction activity:(LW7)Talk about how a hobby can sometimes help to release your worry.a.Brainstorming in the groups(10 mins.)b.Air the opinions in class(15 mins.)Section three TEXT 2 A DEBT TO DICKENS Pearl S.BuckRead the text by the students themselves and retell it by using ‘I’ or ‘Pearl S.Buck’.Cues: a seven-year child, in a remote Chinese countryside, the valley, the Youngtze River;the boat folk and the farm folk, lingered and saw the customs, the way of living, fishing and thrashing, the babies alive and dead;foreign devil, yellow curls and blue eyes, alien and isolated, parents too busy to care for her;an impossibly voracious reader, read everything she could get;novels by Charles Dickens, deep in them, read them again and again, over and over for about ten years, feel herself at home, not alien, entered into her own heritage;all the teaching she got from Dicken’s novels, love all sorts of people, hate hypocrisy, kindness and goodness, money grubbing, the good a little less undiluted and the evil a little more mixed, a zest for life, merry Christmas, those funny characters in the novels.第三篇：新编英语教程 6 Unit 6 教案Unit Six TEXT IDULL WORK Eric HofferObjectives: To catch the central idea of each paragraph.T o discuss that even tful life kills rather than stimulates a man’s instinct for creation./all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Pre-class work:Find out more about the figures mentioned in the text than those provided in the notes: Amos, Socrates, Omar, Jesus Christ, Albert Einstein, Niccolo Machiavelli, Immanuel Kant, John Keats, Sophocles, John Milton, Benvenuto Cellini.Pre-reading Questions: 1.Do you think you can achieve much if you live a plain, ordinary life? 2.Does monotonous, routine work dull one’s mind?In-reading Comprehension Para.1 1.There seems to be general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine;that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.to do their best: to achieve their potential creativeness;to best exercise their talent(comp.3-1)It is generally believed that a colorless life can freeze a creative mind, and only a colorful life can inspire a man to creative work.2.Tell about this para.in your own words.There is an assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine life, and they need a colorful life;while dull people are suited for dull work.The present-day young are more brilliant than the young of the past because they are better educated.Therefore they prefera colorful life to a dull, routine one.3.What is the purpose of this para.?This is an introductory para.to put forward an assumption(successful mendull, routine life)so as to raise a question: Is the assumption right or wrong? Para.2 1.What is the ‘opposite’ that H says is ‘nearer the truth’? What is the purpose of this para.?(comp.3-2)As it goes in the 1st sentence, the successful men do not crave for(= long for)colorful life.The contrary is also true(反过来说): people who achieve much are often those content with the routine, uneventful life they live, or, the successful men are satisfied with the routine/uneventful/colorless life they are leading.This is the central idea of this para.and H supports it by citing examples of some well-reputed men who led a colorless routine life.2.Identify those great figures mentioned in this para.and say something about them.Amos the sheepherder: a minor prophet in the Old Testament 阿摩斯，旧约中１２个小先知中的第三名Socrates the stonemason: Greek philosopher well known for his sophistrySocrates of Athens, who flurished in the last half of the 5th century, was the 1st of the great trio of ancient Greekswho laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.He was born in or about 470 BC.His father Sophroniscus was a sculptor, mother a midwife, 3 sons, one an infant.There were 2 counts in the accusation: ‘corruption of the young’ and ‘neglect of the gods whom the city worships and the practice of religious novelties.’ An escape was planned by his freind Crito, but S refused to hear of it, on the grounds that the verdict, though contrary to the fact, was that of a legitimate court and musttherefore be obeyed.The story of his last day, with his drinking of the hemlock, has been perfectly told in the Phaedo of Plato.Though a good fighting man, his outward appearance was grotesque.Stout and not tall with prominent eyes, snub nose, broad nostrils, and wide mouth, he seemed a very Silenus.But as his freinds knew, he was ‘all glorious within,’ ‘the most upright man of that day.’(Plato)Omar the tentmaker: Persian astronomer and poetJesus Christ: 上帝的独生子。
gestures2 跨文化交际中的手势和身体语言分析
Good luck in Americacrossing middle finger over index finger prevailed among Japanese children about 25 years ago to show humorously that he was shielded from a kind of pollution with shouting "Engacho kitta!" This was used by the children when they saw a friend accidentally stepped on dog-dung. I am not sure that how many children today understand the sign, though. Japanese cultureIn Poland instead of crossing our fingers for good luck, we 'hold our thumbs', which is making fists holding your thumbs inside. The 'fingers crossed' gesture gets increasingly popular here though, at least most of young people know what it means.To us Vietnamese, index-finger-waving is considered as rude and disrespectful, especially when you do that to adults.Hello! I'm from Brazil, and actually the pattern for "OK" used to be kind of offensive around here, but I guess that due toglobalization, everyone can understand it from another perspective now.I'm an Aussie and as far as I know, thumbs up is all good for us.I have heard it is rude in muslim countries such as Iran. Well, in Bangladesh, one thumb up is interpreted as ..you know...the finger.What is mention below is not a gesture. I findit interesting. Among some of the Chinese, when one in a casual conversation gives unlucky comments involving death or misfortune or something people dislike, the other participants will make spitting sound to get away from the bad luck. Not actually spitting, just make sounds like 'Pay' repeatedly. Not sure whether you get that. Casual, informal, close friend. That means foreigners are not likely to encounter the scene.What about 'touching wood' (knocking on wood)?Here we 'knock on unpainted' or 'on unpainted wood'.I've read the superstition came from the pre-Christian Europe. Our ancestors while speaking of their little triumphs knocked on the pad's walls - wooden and unpainted - in order to deafen talks as the envious gods couldn'tthwart the human's plans hearing such boasts. Other explanation is that people used to touch the tree bark to ask living in trees good spirits for help or to thank them for fulfilling their pleas. Some claim it derives from the respect to the cross Jesus Christ died on. Eventually it may be ascribed to the medieval privilege of a villain who touched the church's door. If they managed to do so, then the chase was over.In Spain we also think that 'touching wood' brings good luck.In Italy we touch the wood when we see a grave,or an ambulance..so strange..Knocking the wood is also populer in Turkey.I did know that it was about Samanizm,a religion that Turks used to believe before Islam came,but now i started to doubt.Maybe it has become traditional and a global item. In America, we knock on wood when we don't want something bad to happen. I guess that would be good luck.。
跨文化交际中手势语的差异
跨文化交际中手势语的差异题目：跨文化交际中手势语的差异——以“翘拇指”“竖中指”“v”手势“ok”为例非言语行为具有鲜明的文化特征，不同国家、民族对非言语行为的社会规范区别很大，甚至所表示的意义恰好相反。
日常生活中人们进行交谈、沟通时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。
手势语几乎随时随地伴着语言进行交往，起着关键的作用，有时也会代替语言甚至超越语言。
人类的有些手势语具有相同性，但更多的手势语被赋予了文化的内涵，不同的文化背景赋予了不同的交际意义，以、翘大拇指、竖中指、“v”字形“ok”等手势为例解释说明。
abstract关键词：跨文化交际非言语行为手势语手势语（gesturelanguage）就是体态语中最基本也就是最重要的一种。
法国心理学家屈乐热特别强调手势语的关键促进作用：“人们攀谈时骂人本身的份量只占到7%，语调占到38%，面部表情和手势占到55%，有时候说道千万句动听的做为铺垫带出一个重点，但是一个不经意的手势就可以废黜之前所说的一切。
”但是，相同的国家、民族、地区的手势语既有其同一性，更存有其特殊性。
手势语的采用存有习俗的差异，所以在交际中必须必须小心采用，不然就可以引发冲突。
下面列举一些常用的手势语在相同文化中的含义： 1.翘大拇指（thumbup）唇大拇指的意思几乎在世界普遍认为则表示不好、干活的极好，一切顺利、非常出众等相似的信息。
家长对孩子、老师对学生、上级对下级常常可以作出这个手势则表示尊重引导。
但斜大拇指的这个手势也存有许多完全相同：在美国和欧洲部分地区，如果你看见有人在公路上对出过来的车斜大拇指他的意思并不是夸赞司机车技不好，而是斜大拇指用以则表示命令过桥；篮球比赛中，裁判通常可以一手持球一手斜大拇指则表示一切准备就绪，比赛可以已经开始；除了飞机驾驶员在飞机升空上膛时由于发动机声音非常大无法与地勤人员展开沟通交流于是驾驶员可以斜大拇指则表示“iamready”；但是在尼日利亚这种手势被指出就是侮辱性手势；在德国则代表数字1；在日本则表示数字5，同样日本，这一手势也则表示“男人、您的父亲”的意思；在南朝鲜斜大拇指存有“首级、父亲、部长、队长”的意思；在澳大利亚则则表示骂人；在伊朗，以及伊拉克等很多中东国家，斜大拇指就是一个恫吓的犯罪行为，几乎和西方国家常用的竖中指一样；与别人谈话时将拇指翘起来逆向指向第三者，即以拇指指腹的反面指向除攀谈对象外的另一人，就是对第三者的嘲弄。
跨文化交际之肢体语言
世界上最负盛名的雕塑The Kiss（《接吻》）是由法 国人奥古斯特·罗丁（Auguste Rodin，1840-1917）于 1886年完成。法国人似乎随时随地都在接吻，他们创造 了接吻的各种姿势，包括:
深吻 面吻 手吻 手指吻 飞吻等等。
deep kissing or deeptongue kissing
头都是模仿了婴儿吃奶的动作，点头被看作是婴儿寻找乳 头和接受乳头的动作，摇头是表示拒绝吃奶的动作。
印度：点头
No
摇头
Yes
用食指敲打头部，这是美国人和加拿大人独有的动作，它 有两种含义：
那人真聪明.
1. That person is very intelligent.
2. That person is crazy/out of mind.
那人精神 失常[疯了 ].
Face gesture 面部动作
面部有着丰富的表情，并可根据不同的情绪或场合相 应变化。比如：一个人在舞会上的表情不同于在宴席上的 表情；同上司谈话时的表情不同于同朋友谈话时的表情； 在婚礼上的表情不同于在葬礼上的表情，等等。英语中有 read one’s face之说，汉语里有“鉴貌辨色”之词。这 都是说，人们可以识别他人面部表情的含义。
遇到拥挤的人群时，英美国家的人往往是马上回避；而中 国人却泰然处之。
有一点值得注意的是，英美国家的人，比如久别重逢的男女朋 友，可以拥抱、亲吻，这是常见的表示友谊、爱情或礼仪的形式； 但中国人认为这是过于放纵的表现。
中国人和英语国家的人之所以有如此明显的体触差别，
究其根源，中国有史以来一直是同族家庭式的国家，形成了 一种聚拢模式，其特点为相互关系亲近，家庭气氛浓厚；英 语国家是异族混居国家，形成了一种离散模式，其特点表现 为相互关系疏远，讲究个体独立。
跨文化交际
Posture
Posture is a matter of how people sit, walk, stand and move. What kind of posture people use can also reflect the cultural differences between east and west.
Yes No
OK
大多数地区用点头表示肯定，摇头表示否定， 但孟加拉、保加利亚、阿尔巴尼亚等国的人 们用摇头动作表示肯定。埃塞俄比亚人用扭 头动作表示肯定。印度的遮普人把头向后猛 仰，斯里兰卡人则把头左右摇摆来表示肯定 或同意。
Rising Eyebrow
一般而言，挑眉有恍然大悟和惊讶的意思，而挑眉 注视对方，也有“你刚刚说什么？”希望对方把话 重复一次的意思。 在中欧地区，挑眉是是对亲朋好友打招呼的方式; 在非洲，挑眉不但表示打招呼，也表示同意，或是 谈话的开始。 美国人挑眉（配合点头），表示强调说辞或强烈赞 同，但如果是连续挑眉与微笑，就有点挑逗的味道。 在波利尼西亚，挑眉也表示“是的”、“好的”。 日本人和中国人差不多，认为挑眉很轻浮，不庄重， 因为“君子不重则不威”。
Blinking
西方人眨眼睛是很常见的动作，是熟人之间用来飞快沟 通信息的动作，在美国和欧洲都很普遍。这一姿态的含 意是，眨眼睛的人及其对象分享一个秘密，或达成一种 默契。 中国人眨眼睛则显得轻佻，或有暗送秋波的意思。但对 香港人单眼眨眼睛是有失礼节的行为。 日本动漫中则是可爱人物的标志性动作。
Pouting
• Frenchmen think gazing at ladies as norm of culture.
• Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.
跨文化交际posture
posture强调整个身体的姿势； gesture主要指用于示意的手势或其他肢体动作。
posture &
subconsciousness
Our posture subconsciously （潜意识
地）reflects our feelings，attitude and mood. How we carry ourselves can convey anything from a high status and self-confidence to shyness and submissiveness（温和恭顺）.
Lean forward.
Anger！
posture & subconsciousness
Sit in the chair and lean forward.
interested
posture & subconsciousness
Turn the face and body away.
rejection
Posture& cultures
Culture similarities ； Culture differences
similarities
Head held high Shoulders back Standing straight
This posture shows confidence， energy and self-assurance.
跨文化交际posture
POSTURE
Definitione
The way a person holds and positions their body.
From：wiktionary
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body language
gesture
numbers
thumb
forefinger
真棒！了不起！
free ride in Greece：fuck off.
France:question Singapore:important Australia:another bottle of beer
பைடு நூலகம்
二
& Victory
三 、O & OK
Japan: money Tunisia:stupid
rock
“摇滚”手势看上去像是山羊。在西方文化中 ，山羊通常表示魔鬼的化身，因此这个手势原是一 种在地中海沿岸国家的居民用的下流手势，可追溯 至古希腊时期。叫作“魔鬼之角”、“山羊之角” 、“摇滚之角”、“甩出山羊”、“邪恶手指”或 直接称为“角”（ mano cornuta或是horned hand ）等等。随着时代的发展，“山羊角”在Black Sabbath时期被引进金属摇滚中，成了全世界 ROCK迷的共同手势。在美国的一些摇滚音乐亚文 化中也被称作“继续摇滚”手势（Rock On），德 克萨斯大学运动队的啦啦队用这一手势为队员加油 ，自然是跟撒旦魔鬼毫无关系，纯粹表示“出色、 极好”。在你赞某人很棒的时候，你也能使用这个 手势，表示“You rock!
good luck
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