开题报告和外文翻译模板
开题报告范文英语翻译
开题报告范文英语翻译In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of climate change on the environment. As global temperatures rise, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves have increased. These changes pose a significant threat to the world’s ecosystems, biodiversity, and human livelihoods.One of the major consequences of climate change is the disruption of ecosystems. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns have caused shifts in plant and animal habitats, leading to the decline in certain species and the proliferation of others. For example, rising sea levels have resulted in the loss of coastal habitats and the destruction of coral reefs, which are vital breeding grounds for many marine species. This loss of biodiversity not only impacts ecosystems, but also affects human societies that depend on these ecosystems for food and resources.Another alarming consequence of climate change is the increased occurrence of extreme weather events. Hurricanes, floods, and droughts have become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world. These events not only cause immediate destruction and loss of lives, but also have long-term social and economic impacts. For instance, the destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands due to floods can lead to food shortages and economic instability. Similarly, prolonged droughts can cause water scarcity and trigger conflicts over limited resources.Furthermore, climate change is also affecting human health. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns create favorableconditions for the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Heatwaves and extreme temperatures also pose a risk to vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. Moreover, the displacement of communities due to climate-related events can lead to food insecurity, malnutrition, and mental health issues.In conclusion, climate change has far-reaching and detrimental effects on the environment and human societies. The disruption of ecosystems, the increase in extreme weather events, and the impact on human health are just a few examples of the consequences we are already witnessing. Urgent action is needed to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing measures to protect vulnerable communities. Only through concerted global efforts can we hope to minimize the impacts of climate change and ensure a sustainable and resilient future for all.。
2022年开题报告的英文_opening report 4篇
开题报告的英文_opening report 4篇导读：关于”开题报告“的英语作文模板4篇，作文题目：opening report。
以下是关于开题报告的专业英语模板，每篇作文均为高分模板带翻译。
关于”开题报告“的英语作文模板4篇，作文题目：opening report。
以下是关于开题报告的专业英语模板，每篇作文均为高分模板带翻译。
高分英语作文1：opening report"Hello Donat, two big events happened this week. Thank you. Hello everyone.Two big events happened this week. Our classmate Li Jia, with the help of her teacher, was trying to practice her oral English on Wednesday afternoon. She won the first prize in the English speech contest.How exciting it is that we should learn from her. Yesterday, we donated schoolbags and RMB for students in Sichuan Mr. Li donated RMB by himself.The most important thing is that as a student, we don't have to care how much we should pay. The most important thing is to express our love. Thank you.中文翻译：“多纳特你好，这周发生了两件大事，谢谢大家，大家好，这周发生了两件大事，我们的同学李佳在老师的帮助下，周三下午一直在努力练习口语，她在英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖这是多么令人兴奋啊我们应该向她学习昨天我们为四川的学生捐赠了书包和币李先生一个人捐了币，最重要的是作为一个学生，我们不必在乎我们应该付出多少，表达我们的爱才是最重要的，谢谢。
开题报告(含文献综述、外文翻译)
毕业设计开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目水平式螺旋输送机设计姓名宣一杰学号 **********班级07机械（2）班专业机械设计制造及其自动化学院机械工程学院指导教师（职称）方锡武（讲师）开题报告1选题的背景和意义随着全球经济的增长，输送机技术已经成为当代科学技术发展的前沿之一。
当今的全球经济需要设计和生产“环保”型输送机，不能污染周围的环境，可以根据运输需要输送量超过10000t/h，并且还要节约能源。
输送机技术进步的一个重要特点是将基础研究发展为实用技术，进而实现商业化。
1.1选题的背景最早的是1868年在英国出现了皮带式传送带输送机；然而输送机雏形是1880年德国LMG公司设计的链斗挖掘机尾部蒸汽机驱动带式运输机。
1887年，在美国出现了螺旋输送机；1905年，在瑞士出现了钢带式输送机；1906年，在英国和德国出现了惯性输送机。
此后，传送带输送机 受到机械制造、电机、化工和冶金工业技术进步的影响，不断完善，逐步由完成车间内部的传送，发展到完成在企业内部、企业之间甚至城市之间的物料搬运，成为物料搬运系统机械化和自动化不可缺少的组成部分。
传送带设备的结构特点是：被运送物料装在与牵引件连结在一起的承载构件内，或直接装在牵引件(如输送带)上，牵引件绕过各滚筒或链轮首尾相连，形成包括运送物料的有载分支和不运送物料的无载分支的闭合环路，利用牵引件的连续运动输送物料。
1.2选题的意义螺旋输送机广泛应用于粮食工业、建筑材料工业、化学工业、机械制造业、交通运输业等国民经济各部门中。
螺旋输送机主要用于输送各种粉状、粒状、小块状物料，所运输的散粒物料有谷物、豆类、面粉等粮食产品，水泥、粘土、沙子等建筑材料，盐类、碱类、化肥等化学产品，以及煤、焦炭、矿石等大宗散货。
螺旋运输机不宜输送易变质的、粘性大的、快度大的极易结块的物料。
除了输送散粒物料外，亦可利用螺旋输送机来运输各种成件物品。
螺旋输送机在输送物料的同时可完成混合、搅拌、冷却等作业。
英文翻译及开题报告
北京建筑工程学院电气与信息工程学院电气工程系英文资料翻译PLC technique discussion and future development 可编程控制技术的未来发展与探讨指导教师栾茹学生姓名聂沐晗专业电气工程及自动化班级电083学号 2107170813231原文PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output toorder the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part thatthe people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out thedata. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does theaffair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break offto rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass allse hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controller's (PLC's) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, let's list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLC's communications versatility, let's first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter "A" is transmitted, for instance, it's automatically coded as "65" by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the "65" back to the letter "A." Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.CPU: This stands for "central processing unit," which actually is that part of a computer, PLC, or other intelligent device where arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded and executed.Daisy chain: This is a description of the connection of individual devices in a PLC network, where, as shown in Fig. 3, each device is connected to the next and communications signals pass from one unit to the next in a sequential fashion.Distributed control: This is an automation concept in which portions of an automated system are controlled by separate controllers, which are located in close proximity to their area of direct control (control is decentralized and spread out over the system).Host computer: This is a computer that's used to transfer data to, or receive data from, a PLC in a PLC/computer network.Intelligent device: This term describes any device equipped with its own CPU.I/O: This stands for "inputs and outputs," which are modules that handle data to the PLC (inputs) or signals from the PLC (outputs) to an external device.Kbps: This stands for "thousand bits per second," which is a rate of measure for electronic data transfer.Mbps: This stands for "million bits per second."Node: This term is applied to any one of the positions or stations in a network. Each node incorporates a device that can communicate with all other devices on the network.Protocol: The definition of how data is arranged and coded for transmission on a network.Ring topology. This is a LAN arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2C, in which each node is connected to two other nodes, resulting in a continuous, closed, circular path or loop for messages to circulate, usually in one direction. Some ring topologies have a special "loop back" feature that allows them to continue functioning even if the main cable is severed.RS232. This is an IEEE standard for serial communications that describes specific wiring connections, voltage levels, and other operating parameters for electronic data communications. There also are several other RS standards defined.Serial: This is an electronic data transfer scheme in which information is transmitted one bit at a time.Serial port: This the communications access point on a device that is set up for serial communications.Star topology. This is a LAN arrangement in which, as shown in Fig. 2B, nodes are connected to one another through a central hub, which can be active or passive. An active hub performs network duties such as message routing and maintenance. A passive central hub simply passes the message along to all the nodes connected to it.Topology: This relates to a specific arrangement of nodes in a LAN inrelation to one another.Transparent: This term describes automatic events or processes built into a system that require no special programming or prompting from an operator.Now that we're familiar with these terms, let's see how they are used in describing the available PLC network options.PLC network optionsPLC networks provide you with a variety of networking options to meet specific control and communications requirements. Typical options include remote I/O, peer-to-peer, and host computer communications, as well as LANs. These networks can provide reliable and cost-effective communications between as few as two or as many as several hundred PLCs, computers, and other intelligent devices.Many PLC vendors offer proprietary networking systems that are unique and will not communicate with another make of PLC. This is because of the different communications protocols, command sequences, error-checking schemes, and communications media used by each manufacturer.However, it is possible to make different PLCs "talk" to one another; what's required is an ASCII interface for the connection(s), along with considerable work with software.Remote I/0 systemsA remote I/O configuration, as shown in Fig. 4A, has the actual inputs and outputs at some distance from the controller and CPU. This type of system, which can be described as a "master-and-slave" configuration, allows many distant digital and analog points to be controlled by a single PLC. Typically, remote I/Os are connected to the CPU via twisted pair or fiber optic cables.Remote I/O configurations can be extremely cost-effective control solutions where only a few I/O points are needed in widely separated areas. In this situation, it's not always necessary, or practical for that matter, to have a controller at each site. Nor is it practical to individually hard wire each I/O point over long distances back to the CPU. For example, remote I/O systems can be used in acquiring data from remote plant or facility locations. Information such as cycle times, counts, duration or events, etc. then can be sent back to the PLC for maintenance and management reporting.In a remote I/O configuration, the master controller polls the slaved I/O for its current I/O status. The remote I/O system responds, and the master PLC then signals the remote I/O to change the state of outputs as dictated by the control program in the PLC's memory. This entire cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Peer-to-peer networksPeer-to-peer networks, as shown in Fig. 4B, enhance reliability by decentralizing the control functions without sacrificing coordinated control. In this type of network, numerous PLCs are connected to one another in a daisy-chain fashion, and a common memory table is duplicated in the memory of each. In this way, when any PLC writes data to this memory area, the information is automatically transferred to all other PLCs in the network. They then can use this information in their own operating programs.With peer-to-peer networks, each PLC in the network is responsible for its own control site and only needs to be programmed for its own area of responsibility. This aspect of the network significantly reduces programming and debugging complexity; because all communications occur transparently to the user, communications programming is reduced to simple read-and-write statements.In a peer-to-peer system, there's no master PLC. However, it's possibleto designate one of the PLCs as a master for use as a type of group controller. This PLC then can be used to accept input information from an operator input terminal, for example, sending all the necessary parameters to other PLCs and coordinating the sequencing of various events.Host computer linksPLCs also can be connected with computers or other intelligent devices. In fact, most PLCs, from the small to the very large, can be directly connected to a computer or part of a multi drop host computer network via RS232C or RS422 ports. This combination of computer and controller maximizes the capabilities of the PLC, for control and data acquisition, as well as the computer, for data processing, documentation, and operator interface.In a PLC/computer network, as shown in Fig. 4C, all communications are initiated by the host computer, which is connected to all the PLCs in a daisy-chain fashion. This computer individually addresses each of its networked PLCs and asks for specific information. The addressed PLC then sends this information to the computer for storage and further analysis. This cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Host computers also can aid in programming PLCs; powerful programming and documentation software is available for program development. Programs then can be written on the computer in relay ladder logic and downloaded into the PLC. In this way, you can create, modify, debug, and monitor PLC programs via a computer terminal.In addition to host computers, PLCs often must interface with other devices, such as operator interface terminals for large security and building management systems. Although many intelligent devices can communicate directly with PLCs via conventional RS232C ports and serial ASCII code, some don't have the software ability to interface with individual PLC models. Instead, they typically send and receive data in fixed formats. It's the PLCprogrammer's responsibility to provide the necessary software interface.The easiest way to provide such an interface to fixed-format intelligent devices is to use an ASCII/BASIC module on the PLC. This module is essentially a small computer that plugs into the bus of the PLC. Equipped with RS232 ports and programmed in BASIC, the module easily can handle ASCII communications with peripheral devices, data acquisition functions, programming sequences, "number crunching," report and display generation, and other requirements.Access, protocol, and modulation functions of LANsBy using standard interfaces and protocols, LANs allow a mix of devices (PLCs, PCs, mainframe computers, operator interface terminals, etc.) from many different vendors to communicate with others on the network.Access: A LAN's access method prevents the occurrence of more than one message on the network at a time. There are two common access methods.Collision detection is where the nodes "listen" to the network and transmit only if there are no other messages on the network. If two nodes transmit simultaneously, the collision is detected and both nodes retransmit until their messages get through properly.Token passing allows each node to transmit only if it's in possession of a special electronic message called a token. The token is passed from node to node, allowing each an opportunity to transmit without interference. Tokens usually have a time limit to prevent a single node from tying up the token for a long period of time.Protocol: Network protocols define the way messages are arranged and coded for transmission on the LAN. The following are two common types.Proprietary protocols are unique message arrangements and coding。
任务书 开题报告 文献综述 外文翻译模板
江汉大学毕业论文（设计）任务书物理与信息工程学院通信与电子信息系电子信息工程专业题目：智能家居门禁系统的研究及电子密码锁的设计起止日期：2018年12月20日至 2018年5月30日学生姓名：xxxxxxx学号：xxxxxxxxxxxxx指导教师：漆为民教研室主任：____________ 年月日审查系主任：年月日批准2018 年 12 月 20日至 2018年5月30日学生进行毕业论文（设计）前，指导教师应填好此任务书，经教研室、系主任签字后，正式给学生下达任务。
江汉大学毕业论文（设计）开题报告论文题目智能家居门禁系统的研究及电子密码锁的设计（英文）Access control system for smart home and the designof electronic locks学院物理与信息工程学院专业电子信息工程姓名xxxxxx学号xxxxxxxxxxxx指导教师漆为民2018年1月16日注：本页为毕业论文(设计)开题报告的封面,请将开题报告正文装订于后。
开题报告一．课题来源和背景20世纪80年代初，随着大量采用电子技术的家用电器面市，住宅电子化出现。
80年代中期，将家用电器、通信设备与安保防灾设备各自独立的功能综合为一体后，形成了住宅自动化概念。
80年代末，由于通信与信息技术的发展，出现了对住宅中各种通信、家电、安保设备通过总线技术进行监视、控制与管理的商用系统，这在美国称为Smart Home，也就是现在智能家居的原型。
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx我的课题是关于智能家居之门禁系统篇，主题是基于AT89C51单片机电子密码锁的设计与研究，运用了Proteus这一仿真平台。
在对电子密码锁的设计的同时，也对各种门禁系统的核心技术进行了学习和比较。
二．研究目的以及意义xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx。
开题报告及英文文献格式
毕业设计开题报告理工类题目:（楷体_GB2312四号，下同）学生毕业设计题目学院：土木工程学院专业班级：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：闫肖武（副教授）2012年2 月20日毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：（楷体_GB2312四号，下同）机械工程学院专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化机械041 学生姓名：海州书院学号： 080811116 指导教师：欧阳淮海(职称) 外文出处：(外文) (Times New Roman四号) 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文译文文章标题×××××××××正文×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。
（要求不少于1万印刷符）*注：（本注释不是外文翻译的部分，只是本式样的说明解释）1. 译文文章标题为三号黑体居中，缩放、间距、位置标准，无首行缩进，无左右缩进，且前空（四号）2行，段前、段后各0.5行间距，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；2. 正文中标题为小四号，中文用黑体，英文用Times New Roman体，缩放、间距、位置标准，无左右缩进，无首行缩进，无悬挂式缩进，段前、段后0.5行间距，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；3. 正文在文章标题下空一行，为小四号，中文用宋体，英文用Times New Roman体，缩放、间距、位置标准，无左右缩进，首行缩进2字符（两个汉字），无悬挂式缩进，段前、段后间距无，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；4. 强行分页时请用插入分页符换页；5. 正文中表格与插图的字体，中文部分一律用五号楷体–GB2312；表格用三线表。
毕业设计模板(开题报告、外文翻译、毕业说明书)
本科毕业设计 (论文)Z3040-H摇臂钻床主轴的变速传动设计The transmission design of Z3040-H radial drilling machine’s spindle学院：专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师：）2015年 5 月目录1 绪论 (1)2 ××××××……………………………………………………………………Y 2.1 ××××××…………………………………………………………………Y 2.2 ××××××…………………………………………………………………Y2.X ××××××…………………………………………………………………Y3 ×××××………………………………………………………………………Y ………………………………………（略）X ×××××……………………………………………………………………Y 结论…………………………………………………………………………………Y 致谢…………………………………………………………………………………Y 参考文献……………………………………………………………………………Y 附录……………………………………………………………………Y*注：（本注释不是目录的部分，只是本式样的说明解释）1. 目录中的内容一般列出第一、二级标题即可；2. 目录标题“目录”两个字为四号黑体居中，两个字之间空2个汉字的空格，缩放、间距、位置标准，无首行缩进，无左右缩进，且前空（四号）两行，段前、段后各0.5行间距，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；3. 目录正文在标题下空一行，为小四号，中文用宋体，英文用Times New Roman体，缩放、间距、位置标准，无左右缩进，无首行缩进，无悬挂式缩进，段前、段后间距无，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；4. 毕业设计（论文）正文中如有较多表格，可在目录后附表清单；5. 页末请用插入分节符分节以便于设置不同的页眉、页脚。
开题报告和外文翻译模板
毕业设计/论文开题报告课题名称类别院系专业班姓名评分指导教师华中科技大学武昌分校毕业论文开题报告撰写要求1.开题报告的主要内容1）课题研究的目的和意义；2）课题研究的主要内容；3）研究方法；4）实施计划。
5）主要参考文献：不少于5篇，其中外文文献不少于1篇。
2．撰写开题报告时，所选课题的课题名称不得多于25个汉字，课题研究份量要适当，研究内容中必须有自己的见解和观点。
3.开题报告的字数不少于2000字（艺术类专业不少于1000字），格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
4. 指导教师和责任单位必须审查签字。
5．开题报告单独装订，本附件为封面，后续表格请从网上下载并用A4纸打印后填写。
6. 此开题报告适用于全校各专业，部分特殊专业需要变更的，由所在系在基础上提出调整方案，报学校审批后执行。
表5.1华中科技大学武昌分校学生毕业论文开题报告（此表由学生填写，指导教师、教研室、系签署意见）毕业论文外文文献翻译院系：专业班级：姓名：评分：指导教师：华中科技大学武昌分校20 年月毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
开题报告外文翻译
开题报告外文翻译Opening Report Translation:Title: The Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence in EducationIntroduction:Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on the development of intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that would typically require human intelligence. In recent years, AI has become an increasingly important and widely-discussed topic in various fields, including education. This opening report aims to explore the development and application of AI in education.Development of AI in Education:The development of AI in education started with the introduction of intelligent tutoring systems, which used expert knowledge to provide personalized instruction to students. Over time, AI technologies, such as natural language processing, machine learning, and deep learning, have been integrated into educational systems to improve the learning experience and outcomes. This has led to the emergence of educational platforms that can analyze student data, provide personalized recommendations, and offer interactive and adaptive learning experiences.Application of AI in Education:AI has numerous applications in education. Intelligent tutoring systems, for example, can provide students with individualized instruction based on their unique learning needs. Virtual reality andaugmented reality technologies have also been used to create immersive educational experiences, enabling students to explore and learn in virtual environments. AI can also be applied to automate administrative tasks, such as grading assignments and managing student records, freeing up time for teachers to focus on more important instructional activities.Benefits and Challenges:The integration of AI in education offers several benefits. It can enhance the learning experience, improve student engagement, and provide personalized and adaptive learning opportunities. Additionally, AI can assist teachers in identifying and addressing individual student needs, leading to more effective instruction. However, the adoption of AI in education also presents challenges, including concerns regarding data privacy and security, ethical considerations, and the potential for widening the digital divide among students.Conclusion:The development and application of AI in education has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn and teachers teach. With the ability to provide personalized instruction, immersive experiences, and automate administrative tasks, AI can greatly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of education. However, careful consideration must be given to address the challenges associated with AI integration, ensuring that it is implemented in a way that prioritizes student well-being, privacy, and equal accessto educational opportunities.。
开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）
开题报告（含⽂献综述、外⽂翻译）开题报告1. 选题的背景和意义1.1 选题的背景机器⼈的应⽤越来越⼴泛，⼏乎渗透所有领域。
进⼊九⼗年代以来，⼈们⼴泛开展了对服务机器⼈的研制和开发。
各国尤其是西⽅发达国家正致⼒于研究、开发和⼴泛应⽤服务机器⼈。
⽬前，在美国、⽇本等发达国家，机器⼈已应⽤于商场导购、物品移送、家居服务、展厅保安和⼤⾯积清扫等多个服务领域。
随着我国国民经济的不断发展和⼈民⽣活⽔平的不断提⾼，将势必会在各个领域⼴泛、⼤量地应⽤服务机器⼈。
与普通⼯业机器⼈相⽐，服务机器⼈具有更⼤更灵活的⼯作空间，因此其往往是移动机器⼈。
移动机器⼈狭义上指的是地⾯可移动机器⼈，是继操作⼿和步⾏机之后机器⼈技术的⼀个新的研究⽬标，也是进⼀步扩展机器⼈应⽤领域的重要研究⽅向。
移动机器⼈⽬前主要包括军事和民⽤服务两⼤应⽤领域。
在民⽤服务领域，美国和⽇本处于遥遥领先的地位，机器⼈被⼴泛应⽤于车站清扫、⼤⾯积割草、商场导游导购、导盲和保安巡逻等各个⽅⾯。
在我国的移动服务机器⼈的研究和应⽤还处于起步阶段，上海⼤学、哈尔滨⼯业⼤学曾先后研制成功导购机器⼈、导游机器⼈和清扫机器⼈。
随着我国经济建设的不断开展和⼈民⽣活⽔平的提⾼，⼴泛应⽤服务机器⼈必将成为趋势。
1.2 选题意义上述移动服务机器⼈的应⽤场合决定了要求具有能在狭窄、拥挤的场合灵活快捷地⾃由运动的性能，这也成为了机器⼈研究和设计的难点问题。
能在⼯作环境内移动和执⾏功能是移动服务机器⼈的两⼤特点。
因此，移动机构是组成移动机器⼈的重要部分，它是保证机器⼈实现功能要求的关键，其设计的成功与否将直接影响机器⼈系统的性能。
⽬前，移动机构开发的种类已相当繁多，仅就平⾯移动⽽⾔，移动机构就有车轮式、履带式、腿⾜式等形式。
各种移动机构可谓各有千秋，适应了各种⼯作环境的不同要求。
但车轮式移动机构显得尤其突出，与步⾏式移动机构相⽐，它的优点很多:能⾼速稳定地移动、能源利⽤率⾼，机构简单、控制⽅便、能借鉴⾄今已很成熟的汽车技术和经验等等，它的缺点是移动场所限于平⾯。
开题报告及论文翻译模板
开题报告及论文翻译模板[1] API Bulletin 5C3.Bulletin on formulas and calculations of casing,tubing,drill pipe and line properties[S].6th edition.API Production Department,1994.[2] China State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industries.SY/T5322-2000 Design method of casing string strength[S].Beijing :Machinery Industry Press,2001(in Chinese).[3]Adams,A.J.QRA for Casing/Tubing Design[C].1995 Seminar of Norwegian HPHT Program,Stavanger,January.SPE48325,1998.[4] Lewis,D.B.Load and Resistance Factor Design for Oil哈尔滨工业大学（威海）毕业设计（论文）开题报告论文题目：姓名：学号：专业班级：学院：指导教师：二○年月日1. 选题的背景和意义以下为说明文字，成文后请删除1．开题报告是对所研究的课题进行说明的一种文字材料。
通过开题报告，可以把选题的意义、可行性分析、所要研究的内容、研究方法、拟解决的关键问题、预期结果以及研究的进度计划等阐述清楚，并为评审者提供完整的书面依据。
2．毕业设计（论文）开题报告要回答以下问题：要研究什么问题？这个问题的研究有什么理论意义和实际意义？这项研究要解决的关键问题是什么？预期能得到什么结果？这项研究需要哪些资源？为什么这项研究是能够达到目标？3．开题报告的字数不少于5000字。
4．选题的背景和意义：说明所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势。
外文翻译开题报告要求及指导意见
外文翻译、开题报告要求一套完整的毕业设计（论文）资料分别由外文翻译、开题报告、毕业设计（论文）正文三部分组成，并按统一封面和格式编写。
字体及字号到时按学院规定。
文本格式及写作要求（一）外文翻译通过文献查阅与翻译，进一步提高掌握使用外文的能力，熟悉本专业的几种主要外文书刊，了解毕业设计（论文）课题的国内外信息与动向。
1、格式：（1）外文（译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件）；（2）翻译成中文格式：①标题②署名（作者名）** 著译者：***③翻译正文④外文著录为了反映文稿的科学依据和译者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处，要求译者按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列注明：期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。
书籍——著者，书名、版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。
2、内容要求：（1）阅读每位学生在文献查阅环节中，必须阅读5～10万个印刷符号的外语文献资料（最好阅读与课题或本专业有联系的内容），择其重要的翻译1～2万个印刷符号（约3000汉字）。
（2）翻译①标题应真实地反映出翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。
可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明；②标题下方正中为外文作者署名；③外文翻译成中文的内容；④外文著录（二）开题报告1、格式：（1）课题名称；（2）学生、专业、指导教师和教学单位署名；（3）开题报告的正文撰写。
2、内容要求：（1）课题名称要求与毕业设计（论文）正文标题名称一致（一般控制在20个汉字以内，可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明）。
（2）学生、指导教师和教学单位署名：课题下方正中即是学生署名，学生署名下方是专业名称，专业名称下方即是指导教师署名，指导教师署名下方即是教学单位署名（教学单位指学院）。
（3）开题报告的正文撰写要求包括（不少于2500字）：①课题来源②研究目的和意义③研究的内容与途径④国内外研究现状与发展趋势通过提出问题、分析问题，综合前人文献中提出的理论和事实，比较各种学术观点，阐明所提问题的历史、现状及发展方向等。
文献综述、开题报告、外文翻译格式要求暨模板
文献综述、开题报告、外文翻译格式要求一、文档格式1.打印格式纸张统一用A4纸，页面设置：上：2.7；下：2.7；左：2.7；右：2.7；页眉：1.8；页脚：1.85。
文档网络，每行42字符，每页40行；段落格式为：多陪行距，1.25陪，段前、段后均为0磅。
一、二级标题可适当选择加宽，设置为：段前、段后均为6磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
2.字体设置文档标题采用楷体_GB2312，三号字体，加粗，居中。
一级标题采用楷体_GB2312，四号字体，加粗，左侧顶格。
二级标题采用宋体，小四号字体，加粗，缩进两个中文字符。
三级标题采用宋体，小四字体，缩进两个中文字符。
正文采用小四号宋体字，数字用阿拉伯数字，字母和数字用Times New Roman。
二、文献综述文献综述要求字数在4000字以上，采用学院统一格式，文档标题根据题目类型，标题用“嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文文献综述”或“嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业设计文献综述”。
页面设置和字体设置按照上述文档格式要求编辑。
应按要求认真填写。
（1）文献综述应包括综述题目、综述正文、文献资料等几方面内容；（2）文献综述时，应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献，通常阅读文献不少于15篇，其中外文文献不少于2篇；（3）文献综述中，学生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等；（4）文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练；（5）资料运用恰当、合理。
文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角；（6）综述中要有自己的观点和见解。
鼓励学生多发现问题、多提出问题，并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径注意：主题部分的一级标题题目，应结合毕业论文（设计）的主题来编写。
三、开题报告开题报告要求字数在4000字以上，采用学院统一格式。
文档标题根据题目类型，标题用“嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业论文开题报告”或“嘉兴学院南湖学院毕业设计开题报告”。
页面设置和字体设置按照上述文档格式要求编辑。
开题报告和外文翻译
广西科技大学普通本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告课题名称轻型钢结构厂房设计（刚架⑤轴、风载0.50、吊车30t）学院土木建筑工程学院专业土木工程(建筑工程)班级土木111班学号 201100501023姓名劳增辉指导教师邹万杰2015年 3 月 7 日一、毕业设计（论文）选题的目的和意义。
目的：毕业设计是在专业有关课程已修完的基础上进行的综合实践教学环节。
它以实际工程为课题，学生在教师指导下，通过毕业设计的实践，学习贯彻“经济、适用、安全、美观”的方针，运用所学理论知识解决工程实际问题，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力，经受实际工程设计的锻炼。
通过实际工程的结构设计和施工组织设计，初步掌握其设计原则、方法和步骤，并获得设计技能的基本训练。
意义：进行钢结构设计有助于在以后涉及钢结构有关工作中能够合理使用材料发挥其经济效应，并保证结构的安全。
二、设计或研究主要内容和重点，预期达到的目标及拟解决的主要问题和技术关键，有何创新之处。
重点：如何进行有效的荷载效应组合、选取最不利内力组合。
预期达成的目标：根据设计要求完整设计出有足够功能的工业厂房。
解决问题的关键：进行PKPM建模、厂房各种构件的选择以及验算其强度、刚度、稳定性，进行基础设计等。
三、研究方案根据指导老师提出的要求和建议参考现实生活中已经竣工的工业厂房选择相应的构件，导入PKPM2010软件进行建模，经软件计算模型合格之后再进行手工验算和优化，按照国家规范给出的计算公式一步步进行验算，验算的构件有梁、柱和屋面的支撑檩条、隅撑以及墙面柱间支撑、墙梁、檩条、隅撑，再到抗风柱，最后到基础的设计。
四、主要参考文献目录《钢结构》，郭吉坦编著，天津科学技术出版社，2012建筑结构静力计算手册；建筑结构设计综合手册；钢结构设计规范（GB50017-2003）；混凝土结构设计规范（GB50010-2010）；建筑地基设计规范（GB50007-2012）；建筑结构荷载规范（GB50009-2012）；建筑抗震设计规范（GB50011-2010）；门式刚架技术规程（CECS102:02）；冷弯薄壁钢结构技术规范（GB50018-2002）；中南标准图集；钢结构设计手册；建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准（GB50068-2001）；屋面工程技术规范（GB50345-2004）；工业厂房可靠性鉴定标准（GBJ144-90）五、毕业设计（论文）工作进度计划。
中英文开题汇报.doc
中英文开题报告下面是一篇英语的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies1 IntroductionThe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, tothe final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient t ool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS中英文商务邀请函模板_邀请函模板一尊敬的_____dear______为感谢您及贵公司对我们长期以来的支持与厚爱，我们将在****楼空中酒廊举办商务客户答谢会，尽情期待您的光临!thanks for you and your company supports our hotel as always. we are going to arrange a cocktail party just for you at our ****floor，we are looking forward your coming.时间time：______________________地点location:______________________联系人contact person:_____________________联系电话telephone:_______________________传真fax:________________________市场销售部sales & marketing depart_________________酒店_________________ hotel__________年____月_____日模板二尊敬的_____:dear______:为感谢您及贵公司对我们长期以来的支持与厚爱，我们将在装修一新xx楼空中酒廊举办商务客户答谢会，尽情期待您的光临!thanks for you and your company supports our hotel as always. we are going to arrange a cocktail party just for you at our newly decorated sky lounge on xxth floor，we are looking forward your coming.时间time：_____________________地点location:____________________联系人contact person:___________________联系电话telephone:____________________传真fax:____________________。
中英文开题报告
中英文开题报告各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies1 IntroductionThe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Amongthese schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basicallydescriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and DavidHawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢。
开题报告 英文模板
开题报告英文模板Title: Opening Report - English TemplateIntroduction:The opening report serves as a crucial step in any research project. It provides a comprehensive overview of the proposed study, highlighting its objectives, significance, methodology, and expected outcomes. This article aims to present a standardized English template for an opening report, ensuring clarity and coherence throughout the document.1. Background:The background section sets the context for the research project. It explains the rationale behind choosing the topic and highlights any existing gaps or limitations in the current literature. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of relevant theories or concepts that will be explored in the study.2. Objectives:This section outlines the specific goals and objectives of the research project. It clearly defines what the study aims to achieve and how it will contribute to existing knowledge in the field. The objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).3. Research Questions:The research questions section presents the key inquiries that the study seeks to answer. These questions should align with the objectives and guide the research process. It is essential to formulate research questions that are clear, concise,and capable of generating meaningful insights.4. Methodology:The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques that will be employed. It explains why the chosen methods are appropriate for addressing the research questions and achieving the objectives. This section should also address any ethical considerations and potential limitations of the chosen methodology.5. Significance:In this section, the significance of the research project is discussed. It highlights the potential contributions the study will make to the academic field, practical applications, or societal impact. The significance can be related to filling gaps in knowledge, advancing theoretical frameworks, or providing practical solutions to real-world problems.6. Expected Outcomes:The expected outcomes section outlines the anticipated results of the study. It may include both qualitative and quantitative findings, as well as potential implications of these findings. This section should align with the research questions and objectives, providing a clear picture of the expected contributions of the research.7. Timeline:The timeline section provides a schedule for the research project, outlining the key milestones and activities. It helps to ensure that the research is conductedwithin a reasonable timeframe and allows for effective project management. The timeline should be realistic and consider any potential challenges or delays that may arise.8. Resources:This section identifies the resources required to conduct the research project successfully. It includes both human resources, such as researchers and participants, and material resources, such as equipment, software, or funding. This section should demonstrate that the necessary resources are available or can be obtained to support the research.Conclusion:The opening report is a crucial document that sets the foundation for a research project. By following a standardized English template, researchers can ensure that all essential aspects of the study are adequately addressed. This article provided a comprehensive guide, covering various sections including background, objectives, research questions, methodology, significance, expected outcomes, timeline, and resources. By utilizing this template, researchers can effectively communicate their research plans and set the stage for a successful study.。
开题报告英文
开题报告英文Topic: The Impact of Social Media on Youth's Mental Health and Well-being1. Introduction:Social media has become an integral part of the lives of young individuals, significantly influencing their social interactions, communication patterns, and self-perception. This research aims to explore the impact of social media on the mental health and well-being of youth, focusing on the potential positive and negative effects.2. Background:Social media platforms have revolutionized the way individuals connect, share information, and consume content. With the widespread access to smartphones and the internet, young people are increasingly exposed to various social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, and Twitter. However, this constant exposure may have both positive and negative consequences on their mental health.3. Objective:The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of social media on the mental health and well-being of youth. Specifically, the study will investigate the potential positive effects, such as enhanced self-expression, social support, and knowledge acquisition, as well as the negative impacts, including cyberbullying, social comparison, sleep disturbances, and low self-esteem.4. Methodology:This study will employ a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. A survey questionnaire will be distributed among a diverse sample of youth aged 16-25 to collect quantitative data on their social media usage, emotional well-being, and perceived impacts. Additionally, in-depth interviews will be conducted with a selected group of participants to gain insights into their experiences and perceptions regarding the impact of social media on their mental health.5. Expected Findings:It is anticipated that this research will reveal both positive and negative effects of social media on youth's mental health. The findings might suggest that youth who use social media for positive purposes, such as connecting with friends and seeking support, have better mental well-being compared to those who engage in excessive social comparison and experience cyberbullying. This research also expects to identify factors that help mitigate the negative impact of social media and promote healthy online behaviors.6. Implications:The results of this study will provide valuable insights for parents, educators, and mental health professionals on how to promote healthy social media use among youth. The findings will contribute to the development of interventions and strategies to enhance the positive effects of social media while minimizing its negative impacts on mental health.7. Limitations:There are several potential limitations to this research, including the self-report nature of the data, the reliance on a specific age group, and the potential cultural or regional biases in the responses. These limitations should be considered when interpreting the results.8. Conclusion:Understanding the impact of social media on youth's mental health and well-being is crucial in today's digital age. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the positive and negative effects of social media use among youth, with the hope of informing strategies to promote healthy online behavior and ensure the well-being of future generations.。
开题报告、文献翻译格式(01)样式
标题（黑体小二号粗体）班级（学号）姓名（黑体四号，居中）摘要：内容（黑体小四号：宋体小四号）关键词：内容1，内容2，……（黑体小四号：宋体小四号，3～5个字或词组，结束不用标点）1 研究背景（黑体小二号，居中，段前距为12磅）1.1 标题（宋体四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅，接内容段前距为12磅）1.1.1 标题（黑体小四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）内容（首行缩进二格，宋体小四号）表1.1 林可霉素……（宋体小五号粗体，居中）1.2 标题（宋体四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）1.2.1 标题（黑体小四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）内容（首行缩进二格，宋体小四号）2 文献综述（黑体小二号，居中，段前距为12磅）2.1 标题（宋体四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅，接内容段前距为12磅）2.1.1 标题（黑体小四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）内容（首行缩进二格，宋体小四号）A = 0.235B + 2.68C （斜体） （2-1）2.2 标题（宋体四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）2.2.1 标题（黑体小四号，段前距为12磅，段后距为0磅）内容（首行缩进二格，宋体小四号）图2-1 林可霉素……（宋体小五号粗体，居中）3 技术路线（黑体小二号，居中，段前距为12磅）4 进度安排（黑体小二号，居中，段前距为12磅）5 参考文献（黑体小二号，居中，段前距为12磅）[1] 作者（用逗号分隔）. 题名. 刊名，出版年，卷号（期号）：起始页码～终止页码（期刊）[2] 作者（用逗号分隔）. 书名. 版本号（初版不写）. 出版地：出版者，出版年（书籍）[3] 作者（用逗号分隔）. 题名[博士（硕士/学士）学位论文]. 保存地：保存单位，授予年（学位论文）[4] 作者（用逗号分隔）. 题名. 见（英文用In）：主编. 论文集名. 出版地：出版者，出版年，起始页码～终止页码（论文集）另注：1.行间距为“1.25倍行距”，字间距为“标准”。
英语开题报告模板
毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目基于语料库的《祝福》译者风格对比研究A Corpus-based Contrastive Study of theTranslator's Styles in the Two EnglishVersions of “The New Year'sSacrifice”姓名颜阳天学号专业班级英语0706所在学院外国语学院指导教师（职称）刘育文（副教授）二○一一年十二月三十日毕业设计（论文）开题报告（包括选题的意义、可行性分析、研究的内容、研究方法、拟解决的关键问题、预期结果、研究进度计划等）RESEARCH PROPOSALA Corpus-based Contrastive Study of the Translator'sStylesin the Two English Versi ons of “The New Year'sSacrifice”1.Purpose and SignificanceThe conventional translation study is usually based on qualitative and cognitive approaches, which lead to the lack of abundant evidence and data in the course of analysis. In western countries, some significant papers by Mona Baker indicate the inception of the corpus-based translation studies and a large number of insightful researches were made in the last twenty years. However, this quantitative method has not been adopted until the 21st century, and the domestic academic level of corpus and its relative studies are still at its infancy.The purpose of this thesis lies in using the quantitative method facilitated by computer parallel corpora to compare and contrast the stylistic features of two English versions of Lu Xun’s novel “The New Year’s Sacrifice”, namely, one translated by Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang and the other by William A. Lyell.This thesis tries to apply the latest approach to contrastive study of translations, which features abundant statistics and data analysis for stylistic and linguistic evidence from the two selected translations with an aim to provide more objective and scientific findings compared with conventional qualitative translation studies.This will be the first thesis on translation studies from the perspective of Corpus Linguistics by a student from Zhejiang University City College.2.Current Literature ReviewFirst things first, the basic concepts and methodology come from several classical textbooks in Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics. Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, John Sinclair’s Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, and Anthony Woods’s Statistics in Language Studies all must be read as an introductory guidance which present a panoramic theoretical overview on Corpus Linguistics. Concerning Stylistics, Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short’s Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose and David Hoover’s Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics show the theoretical background and practical steps of conventional stylistic case studies. For Translation Studies, Yang Xiaorong’s Introduction to Translation Criticism is a well-acknowledged book on the philosophy and methodology in this field.Not surprisingly, great advantages could be easily seen if Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics are combined comprehensively. The adoption of corpus in translation studies began in the early 1990s. “Recognizing the potential for using corpora in translation research in the early 1990s, Mona Baker made a number of suggestions on which much corpus-based analysis of translation has sub sequently been founded” (Olohan 35-56).David Hoover, in his paper Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, claims that corpus stylistics can be valuable to literary studies. He says that with the help of corpus linguistics we can explore the degree to which an author has succeeded in creating distinct individual voices within a novel, which will be of great importance in stylistic studies. Besides, the author holds that corpus can also be equally useful to analyze short texts, which provides a theoretical framework for self-built corpus in stylistic studies.And Baker’s suggestion was introduced into China by Zhang Meifang (张美芳) in 2002. Then the corpus-based translation studies have witnessed great progress in the following years which provides precious inspiration and suggestion for this thesis.Then, as for the relevant studies in recent years, two papers and one book are of great reference value. The book is Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies by Maeve Olohan, one of Mona Baker’s colleagues, which provides several basic case studies concerning using corpora intranslation studies and stylistic contrasts. And the two papers are The Use of Parallel Corpus in Translation Criticism - Take Different Versions of Bacon's Of Studies for example by Xu Xin (徐欣), and Corpus-based Version Analysis - Take Pride and Prejudice for Example by Xu Wei (徐伟). Sharing almost the same methodology and research steps, both papers use corpus to measure the source text and the translations by some very basic and superficial statistics, word count, sentence count, average sentence length, wordlist, theme word, Type-token Ratio, etc. Their findings are inspiring but the results are merely presenting data rather than using it as a source of evidence to investigate insightful findings in stylistic and linguistic theory.In 2010 Corpus Linguistics boomed in China, and several important papers contribute a remarkable development in text mark-up, data analysis, theory investigation, etc.Wan Lifang’s (万丽芳) Lexical Diversity Research on L2 English Majors’ Writing, though not featured in translation studies, shows a quantitative and scientific method to measure the lexical diversity, that is, lexical variation, lexical diversity and error dimension, in English texts. This method could be adopted in this thesis to see the lexical differences between L2 translator Yang Xianyi and L1 translator William A. Lyell.Xiao Zhonghua (肖忠华) and Dai Guangrong’s (戴光荣) Finding "The Third Code": A Corpus-based Research on Translation Universality measures some typical English features like conjunction and passive voice. These two features are the main differences between Chinese and English, and from the statistics we may see to what extent L2 translators could be influenced by their first language.Xing Fukun (邢富坤) and Cheng Dongyuan’s(程东元) paper The Readability Research Based on the Language Statistical Model within the framework of readability theory, interprets some commonly seen data, such as word count, sentence count, average sentence length, etc. With the help of this paper, some basic data can be interpreted and studied under a broader contextualization of theory.Last but not the least, some panoramic review on the development of corpus-based translation studies and stylistics can also be found this year, for example, Zhou Xiaoling (周小玲) and Jiang Jiansong’s (蒋坚松) The Development of Corpus-based Translator’s Stylistic Resea rch Abroad (2000-2009), David Hoover’s Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, etc.3.Key Points and Possible DifficultiesFirst, as one of the objects of this thesis is to compile a self-built parallel corpus, all necessary processes of compiling small-scale corpora must be fulfilled which would be time-consuming, such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR), text proofreading, and text mark-ups. Great patience, careful treatment and well-knit linguistic knowledge must be involved in this process.Second, some technical difficulties may be met in the following stages of research, such as software compatibility, hardware stability and the unified encoding format. The mainstream corpus software available at this time is mostly developed in the late 1990s and early 2000s for Windows NT family or even earlier. As a counter plan, virtual technology has been tested successfully to ensure its good functioning.Third, data analysis is another critical aspect as well. How to testify the validity of the data How to determine which statistical method gives the most “near-fact” evidence Will a Manipulation of Sparse A rray be needed if the sample size is too small All these questions must be answered in the next several months.Data, however, is not the end itself, even if it is quite accurate and fact revealing. As Kennedy addressed in his An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, “Corpus Linguistics is not an end in itself but is one source of evidence for improving descriptions of the structure and use of languages” (Kennedy 1). This thesis will consider data as the evidence source rather than the destination of itself.Finally and necessarily, the data is going to be used to compare and contrast stylistic features of the two translations. All data must be analyzed by conventional qualitative method in each section to indicate the significance of data, that is, what does the data mean, or in which way can we interpret the data by conventional qualitative theory In order to achieve this goal, some case studies in corpus stylistics must be read and quantitative and qualitative methods must be combined.4.Approaches and MethodsThis thesis will be conducted on the basis of data collection and analysis of a small-scale self-built parallel corpus, by which quantitative and qualitative methods will be combined comprehensively to reach a final conclusion on stylistic contrasts between the source text (ST) and target texts (TTs). To reach this goal, ST and TTs should be made machine-readable and proofread, and a parallel corpus should be compiled and marked up.5.A Tentative Outline1. Introduction2. “The New Year’s Sacrifice” and its Two English Versions3. Approaches and Methods: Self-built Parallel Corpus. Theoretical Background. Study Procedure4. A Corpus-based Stylistic Contrast between the ST and TTs. Readability. Lexical DiversityLexical Density by TTR and Standardized TTRLexical Variation by Uber IndexLexical Sophistication by Word Frequency Profile . Differences in Translational LanguageConjunction UsePassive Voice5. Conclusion6.Work Schedule (The date indicated is the deadline for eachstage)24th Oct -14th Nov. 2011: Meet supervisors and discuss possible topics and references.17th Nov. 2011:Decide on the topic and start writing the ResearchProposal and Literature Review.12th Dec. 2011:Defend the Research Proposal.30th :Finish the Literature Review.13th Feb. 2012:Finish the first draft of the thesis.13th Apr. 2012:Finish the second draft based on the feedback.28th Apr 2012:Finish the final draft.7th May 2012:Defend the thesis.25th May 2012:Finish the follow-up work.7.References[1]Baker, Mona. “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies:Implication and Application” [A]. Text and Technology [C]. Ed.Mona Baker. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s, 1993. 233-250.[2]Baker, Mona. “Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview andSome S uggestions for Future Research” [J]. Target, 1995,(2): 223-243.[3]Hoover, David. “Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics” [J].Journal of Foreign Languages, 2010, (2): 67-81.[4]Kennedy, Graeme. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics[M]. Essex:Longman, 1998.[5]Leech, Geoffrey and Short, Michael. Style in Fiction: A LinguisticIntroduction to English Fictional Prose[M]. Essex: Longman, 1982.[6]Lyell, William A. Diary of a Madman and Other Stories[M]. New York:Penguin Classics, 1973.[7]Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies [M].Oxford: Routledge, 2004.[8]Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1991.[9]Woods, Anthony, Paul Fletcher and Arthur Hughes. Statistics inLanguage Studies[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.[10]Yang, Xianyi and Gladys Yang. The New-Year Sacrifice and OtherStories [M]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002[11]卢卫中, 夏云. 语料库文体学：文学文体研究的新途径[J]. 外国语,2010, (1): 47-53.[12]鲁迅. 彷徨[M]. 北京: 人民文学出版社, 1979.[13]万丽芳. 中国英语专业大学生二语写作中的词汇丰富性研究[J].外语界, 2010, (1): 40-46.[14]肖维青. 自建语料库与翻译批评[J]. 外语研究, 2005, (4): 60-65.[15]肖忠华, 戴光荣. 寻求“第三语码”——基于汉语译文语料库的翻译共性研究[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2010, (1): 52-59.[16]邢富坤, 程东元. 基于统计语言模型的英语易读性研究[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2010, (6): 19-24.[17]徐伟. 平行语料库在翻译批评中的应用——以培根Of Studies的不同译本为例[J]. 外语研究, 2006, (2): 54-59.[18]徐欣. 基于多译本语料库的译文对比研究——对《傲慢与偏见》二译本的对比分析[J]. 外国语, 2010, (2): 53-59.[19]杨晓荣. 翻译批评导论[M]. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.[20]张美芳. 利用语料库调查译者的文体：贝克研究新法评介[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2002, (2): 54-57.[21]周小玲, 蒋坚松. 近十年国外基于语料库的译者文体研究的发展(2000-2009)[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2010, (3): 54-58.毕业设计（论文）文献综述（包括国内外现状、研究方向、进展情况、存在问题、参考依据等）LITERATURE REVIEWA Corpus-based Contrastive Study of the Translator'sStylesin the Two English Versions of “The New Year'sSacrifice”Corpus-based translation studies is a field of study combining Linguistics, Translation Studies, Computer Science and Statistics, which involves reading a large number of books and papers and assessing before practical research to be undertaken. Among these books and papers, generally there are two categories of materials: one places extra emphasis on theoretical foundations and methodologies, the other features in concrete and practical case studies.First, the basic concepts and methodologies of corpus-based translation studies come from several classical textbooks on Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics.Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics and John Sinclair’s Corpus, Concordance, Collocation are acknowledged references introducing general knowledge of corpora, such as the history and types of corpora, basic research methods combined with other disciplines and momentum of new progress in the near future. Both books mostly discuss the applications and functions of million-word dynamic corpus instead of small-scale self-built corpus, theoretical foundations rather than practical case studies, but their mode of thinking and classical statistical methods are quite helpful to the studies based on small-scale self-built corpus, such as Type-token Ratio, Word List, Keyword in Context, etc.Anthony Woods’Statistics in Language Studies is an introductory guidance which presents a panoramic theoretical overview on the combination of Statistics and Linguistics. Being a textbook for Cambridge University students since 1986, this book mainly discusses linguisticdata analysis from the perspective of Statistics, including evaluating the validity of data, analyzing normal distribution graph, choosing proper chart type, etc. This book is easy to understand with abundant samples and detailed explanations. The significance of this book is presenting practical and exercisable statistical methods especially for language researchers who are not quite familiar with Statistics.David Hoover, in his paper Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics, discusses “some ways that corpus stylistics can be valuable to literary studies”, for example, “explore the degree to which an author has succeeded in creating distinc t individual voices within a novel” from the perspective of Corpus Stylistics as a discovery technique, which can be quite useful in stylistic studies. Also, the author insists that corpus can be useful for analyzing very short texts, implying the theoretical properness for using self-built corpus in stylistic studies.Concerning conventional Stylistics, Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short’s Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose shows the theoretical background and practical steps of conventional stylistic case studies. And for Translation Studies, Yang Xiaorong’s Introduction to Translation Criticism is a commonly acknowledged book on the philosophy and methodology in this field. Yang addresses in her book that, “many papers be gan to discuss the ‘weakness es of translation criticism’ and the focus of the matter is lacking ‘scientific principle and methods’.” (Yang 4) In my opinion, Corpus Linguistics could be a good compensation for traditional translation criticism, because it introduces statistical techniques to translation. But I don’t think corpus-based research is going to replace traditional qualitative one, but play a role as an important scientific technique to find the “serendipity” of stylistic studies.Not surprisingly, great advantages could be easily seen if Corpus Linguistics, Translation Studies and Stylistics are combined comprehensively. The adoption of corpus in translation studies began in the early 1990s. “Recognizing the potential for using corpora in translation research in the early 1990s, Mona Baker made a number of suggestions on which much corpus-based analysis of translation has subsequently been founded” (Olohan 35-56). And Baker’s suggestion was introduced into China by Zhang Meifang (张美芳) in 2002. Then thecorpus-based translation studies have witnessed great progress in the following years which provides precious inspiration and suggestion for this thesis.Second, some books and a large number of papers on the relevant studies in recent years demonstrate insightful findings based on some concrete case studies.Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies by Maeve Olohan, one of Mona Baker’s colleagues, provides several basic case studies on corpora in translation studies and stylistic contrasts. Published in 2004, this book represents the highest level of corpus-based translation studies in late 1990s and early 2000s. Similar to Graeme Kennedy’s An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, its research methods are indeed classical, though not so creative and updated from the perspective of current development of Corpus Linguistics. Also the case studies in this book are quite representative.There are two papers in this field that must be mentioned: The Use of Parallel Corpus in Translation Criticism - Take Different Versions of Bacon's Of Studies for example by Xu Xin (徐欣), and Corpus-based Version Analysis - Take Pride and Prejudice for Example by Xu Wei (徐伟). Sharing almost the same methodology and research steps, both papers use corpus to measure the ST and TTs by some very basic and superficial statistics like word count, sentence count, average sentence length, Word List, theme words, Type-token Ratio, etc. Their findings are inspiring but the results are merely presenting data rather than using it as a source of evidence to investigate insightful findings in stylistics and linguistics. As many overseas scholars, such as Kennedy and Hoover, criticized that, “corpus is not the end in itself” and qualitative and quantitative methods can never be replaced by each other; actually a comprehensive combination of both approaches will lead to satisfying findings in linguistic studies.In 2010 Corpus Linguistics boomed on the mainland of China, and several milestone papers contribute to a remarkable development in text mark-up, data analysis, theory investigation, etc. All these papers present case studies of using corpora in their respective disciplines.Qin Hongwu’s (秦洪武) Load Capacity of Constructions in Translational Chinese:A Multi-version Corpus-based Study provides a new perspective of calculating construction load and sentence segmentsinstead of sentence length and word counts, which offers much more concise and insightful statistical data on the syntactic features. In this paper, the author addresses that conventionally sentence length is a primary figure indicating the simplification in translation strategies, but one Chinese sentence may contain more than one construction or sentence segments, so calculating sentence length rather than construction or sentence segments may be inaccurate. Therefore calculating the load capacity based on constructions and sentence segments will be more concise and accurate than simply calculating sentence length in evaluating translation strategies and target text quality.Wan Li fang’s (万丽芳) Lexical Diversity Research on L2 English Majors’ Writing, though not featured in translation studies, shows a quantitative and scientific method to measure the target texts’ lexical diversity like lexical variation, lexical density and error dimension. This method could be adopted in this thesis to see the lexical differences between L2 translator Yang Xianyi and L1 translator William A. Lyell. Another feature of this paper is that, the author adopts the two comparatively new statistical methods, namely, Uber Index as well as Standardized Type-token Ratio, to analyze the lexical density, because the validity of Type-token Ratio could be reduced when used in small-scale texts.Xiao Zhonghua (肖忠华) and Dai Guangrong’s (戴光荣) Finding "The Third Code": A Corpus-based Research on Universal Features of Translation is theoretically and practically helpful to this thesis. Theoretically, Xiao and Dai adopt Frawley’s view of considering translated texts as “The Third Code” which is different from both source language and target language. Practically the paper quantitatively displays differences between typical English and translated English by measuring some typical English language features in TTs, for example, conjunctions and passive voice. These two features are the main differences between Chinese and English, and from the statistics we may see to what extent L2 translators could be influenced by their first language.Xing Fukun (邢富坤) and Cheng Dongyuan’s(程东元) paper The Readability Research Based on the Language Statistical Model interprets some commonly seen data within the framework of readability theory, such as word count, sentence count, average sentence length, etc. With the helpof this paper, some basic statistic data can be interpreted and studied under a more abundant and broader contextualization of theory.Pan Mingwei’s (潘鸣威) Corpus-based Research on Omission Strategy of English Learners’Translation reveals that, since Chinese is more “redundant” than English to some extent, omission strategy must be adopted in C-E translation. On the other hand, not all “redundant” words and expressions in Chinese source text should be omitted, for they are not all really “redundant” but actually carrying some cultural backgrounds or implied meanings. So investigation on how translators deal with these “redundancies” may also be the difference between the L1 and L2 translators, and also based on the potential L1 and L2 translators’ differences some cultural, social and linguistic factors behind may be found and analyzed for stylistic contrastive studies.Last but not the least, some panoramic review on the development of corpus-based translation studies and stylistics can also be found in this year, for example, Zhou Xiaoling (周小玲) and Jiang Jiansong’s (蒋坚松) The Development of Corpus-based Translator’s Stylistic Research Abroad (2000-2009).In conclusion, the current literature review includes materials covering both theoretical foundation and practical case studies. These books and papers, whether at home or abroad, quantitative or qualitative, are of great aid to the preparation of this thesis.Works Cited[1]Baker, Mona. “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies:Implication and Application”[A]. Text and Technology[C]. Ed. Mona Baker. Amsterdam: John Be njamin’s, 1993. 233-250.[2]Baker, Mona. “Corpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and SomeSuggestions for Future Research” [J]. Target, 1995,(2): 223-243.[3]Hoover, David. “Some Approaches to Corpus Stylistics”[J]. Journalof Foreign Languages, 2010, (2): 67-81.[4]Kennedy, Graeme. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics [M]. Essex:Longman, 1998.[5]Leech, Geoffrey and Short, Michael. Style in Fiction: A LinguisticIntroduction to English Fictional Prose [M]. Essex: Longman, 1982.[6]Lyell, William A. Diary of a Madman and Other Stories [M]. New York:Penguin Classics, 1973.[7]Olohan, Maeve. Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies[M]. Oxford:Routledge, 2004.[8]Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, and Collocation [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1991.[9]Woods, Anthony, Paul Fletcher and Arthur Hughes. Statistics inLanguage Studies [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.[10]Yang, Xianyi and Gladys Yang. The New-Year Sacrifice and OtherStories [M]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002[11]鲁迅. 彷徨[M]. 北京: 人民文学出版社, 1979.[12]潘鸣威. 基于语料库的学习者汉英翻译省译策略研究——兼谈对汉英翻译测试的几点思考[J]. 外语研究, 2010, (5): 72-77.[13]秦洪武. 英译汉翻译语言的结构容量：基于多译本语料库的研究[J]. 外国语, 2010, (4): 73-80.[14]万丽芳. 中国英语专业大学生二语写作中的词汇丰富性研究[J]. 外语界, 2010, (1): 40-46.[15]肖忠华, 戴光荣. 寻求“第三语码”——基于汉语译文语料库的翻译共性研究[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2010, (1): 52-59.[16]邢富坤, 程东元. 基于统计语言模型的英语易读性研究[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2010, (6): 19-24.[17]徐伟. 平行语料库在翻译批评中的应用——以培根Of Studies 的不同译本为例[J]. 外语研究, 2006, (2): 54-59.[18]徐欣. 基于多译本语料库的译文对比研究——对《傲慢与偏见》二译本的对比分析[J]. 外国语, 2010, (2): 53-59.[19]杨晓荣. 翻译批评导论[M]. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.[20]张美芳. 利用语料库调查译者的文体：贝克研究新法评介[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2002, (2): 54-57.[21]周小玲, 蒋坚松. 近十年国外基于语料库的译者文体研究的发展(2000-2009)[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2010, (3): 54-58.。
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毕业设计/论文开题报告课题名称我国会计电算化存在的问题和对策类别院系经济管理学院专业班姓名肖梦秋评分指导教师吴伟荣华中科技大学武昌分校表5.1华中科技大学武昌分校学生毕业论文开题报告学生姓名肖梦秋学号20091304084 专业班级会计0902 院系经济管理学院指导教师吴伟荣职称讲师课题名称我国会计电算化存在的问题和对策1．课题研究的目的和意义1.1课题研究的目的知识经济要求发展会计电算化。
在知识经济下，要求信息高速的传递，信息科学技术将得到进一步的发展，各单位要提供更为标准、及时和相关的信息，以利于知识经济下投资者的决策，会计电算化的普及将是确定无疑的，也只有如此才能满足知识经济对于会计信息的需要。
.时代进步需要会计电算化。
在现代化大生产中，国际国内市场竞争更加激烈，随之会计的计算方法更为复杂，计算量更大。
显然，在这样的条件下，传统的手工核算已经远远不能满足需要，会计工作必须实现会计电算化。
管理的现代化需要会计电算化。
在管理信息系统中，会计信息系统处于中枢地位。
如不开展会计电算化工作，那么管理所需的大量会计信息就需手工操作，降低了管理信息系统的效益，实行会计电算化，大量的会计信息无需手工操作，有利于推动各单位管理手段的进步。
1.2 课题研究的意义分析研究并解决会计电算化的问题具有十分重要的现实意义。
随着经济的飞速发展，会计电算化面临新的挑战，安全性是其中一个很重要的挑战。
如何保障重要会计信息的安全，是顺利实现会计电算化工作的一个重要前提。
在纷繁复杂的市场经济环境中，其意义不仅仅在于使企业会计信息更加安全可靠，而且在增强企业竞争力、提高企业工作效率、提高企业经济效益等方面都具有重要作用。
它促使会计工作标准化、规范化、提高会计工作的效率和质量，是会计人员更好地工作，加快信息传递，使企业资料更有保障，促进顺利实施会计电算化工作。
2．课题研究的主要内容本文分四个部分：第一部分概述了会计电算化的的含义，会计电算化的发展历程，并详细阐述了会计电算化的特点和作用。
第二部分研究会计电算化发展过程中存在的不足，并结合我国企业的基本情况，这是本文的重点，主要包括：对会计电算化的重要性认识不足；缺乏复合型的会计电算化人才；会计软件存在缺陷；会计电算化的基础管理工作存在漏洞第三部分阐述会计电算化面临问题的解决对策，为企业提供一些有建设性的建议，充分发挥会计电算化的作用，为企业节省成本，实现利润最大化。
主要包括：培养复合型的会计人才，适应会计电算化工作的要求；改善和提高会计软件功能，向财务管理方面过渡；加强会计信息系统的安全性、保密性第四部分展望会计电算化的发展趋势，具体从以下几个方面来说明：业务处理的规范化，成本核算软件的通用化；向管理会计电算化发展；信息处理和分析专业化、智能化3．研究方法（1）运用文献调查与文献分析的方法整理出会计电算化的发展历程和相关概念。
（2）结合中国企业的实际情况和网络的特点，采用归纳和演绎的方法研究会计电算化发展过程中出现问题并提出解决对策。
4．实施计划第 1-2 周开题报告撰写、外文文献翻译工作第 2 周开题报告答辩第 3-9 周根据拟定的课题实施方案，进行深入研究第10-12周撰写毕业设计/论文初稿，并提交给指导教师批改第 13 周答辩资格审查第13-14周进行毕业设计/论文修改，完成答辩5．主要参考文献（不少于5篇，其中外文文献至少1篇）[1] 黄红星,刘玉香. 浅议会计电算化的发展与对企业内部控制的影响[J]财经界(学术版), 2009,(12) .[2] 樊林荣. 会计电算化存在的问题及对策[J]会计之友(下旬刊),2010,(07) .[3] 鞠花,王久祥. 《会计电算化》课程教学存在的问题及改进措施[J]机械职业教育, 2010,(08) .[4] 梁中强. 财务软件操作中存在的问题及解决方案——以用友ERP—U8为例[J]科教新报(教育科研), 2010,(17) .[5] 任丽. 浅谈会计电算化存在的问题与对策[J]商场现代化, 2010,(22) .[6] 张进. 会计电算化在企业中的具体应用探析[J]现代商贸工业,2010，（06）[7] Martin S. Bressler.Accounting Information Systems[J].Strategic Finance，2006，87(12)：56-60.指导教师意见指导教师签字：年月日答辩小组意见：组长签字：年月日教研室审查意见：负责人签字：年月日系审查意见：系主任签字：（系公章）年月日（此表由学生填写，指导教师、教研室、系签署意见）毕业论文外文文献翻译院系：经济管理学院专业班级：会计0902姓名：肖梦秋评分：指导教师：吴伟荣华中科技大学武昌分校20 年月广义的会计电算化是指与实际会计工作电算化有关的所有工作，包括会计电算化软件的开发与应用、会计电算化人才的培训、会计电算化的宏观规划、会计电算化制度建设、会计电算化软件市场的培育与发展等。
他是一个人机结合的系统，其基本构成包括会计人员、硬件资源、软件资源和信息资源等要素，其核心部分则是功能完善的会计软件资源。
计算机的计算速度非常快，而采用会计电算化后，会计数据都是通过计算机来处理，这样使会计信息更加准确和及时，同时也为发挥会计的职能作用创造了有利条件，如通过财务软件来进行数据的分析、预测，从而更加充分的发回会计的预测、决策职能，不局限于其反应、监督职能。
实现会计电算化后，只有将原始会计数据输入计算机，大量的数据、计算、分类、归集、汇总、分析等工作，全部由计算机完成。
这样就将会计人员从繁杂的记账、算账,、报账中解脱出来，减轻了劳动强度，提高了工作效率；而会计软件采用了先进的技术对输入的数据进行校验，防止非法数据的进入，如一张借贷不平的凭证，计算机拒绝接收，从而保证了会计信息的合法性、完整性，促进了会计工作的规范化，提高了会计信息的质量；实现会计电算化后会计不仅有核算，监督这样的基本职能，而且还通过计算机分析、预测并参与经济决策，提高了企业的管理水平，此外大量的信息可以得到共享，促进和带动其他业务、管理部门的信息沟通，为整个管理现代化奠定基础。
目前，许多企业还未充分认识到会计电算化的意义及重要性。
首先，许多企业领导者对会计电算化存在片面认识，认为会计电算化只是会计核算工具的改变，看不到其对会计职能、企业管理方法和管理流程的深刻影响，有的领导甚至认为会计电算化只是用计算机代替账册，仅把会计电算化当作树立企业形象的一种手段。
其次，在会计电算化的具体应用中，多数单位缺乏对手工系统进行充分分析的意识，没有针对本企业自身的管理要求和运行模式，对会计信息系统进行相应的设置和调整。
在不少财务人员看来，电算化仅仅是代替了手工核算，提高了核算效率，根本未认识到建立完整的会计信息系统对企业的重要性。
会计电算化是会计工作的发展方向，是信息时代社会经济发展对会计工作提出的必然要求。
我们必须清醒地认识到,会计电算化不仅改变了会计核算方式、数据储存形式、数据处理程序和方法,扩大了会计数据领域,提高了会计信息质量,而且改变了会计内部控制与审计的方法和技术,推动了会计理论与会计技术的进一步发展完善,促进了会计管理制度的改革,是整个会计理论研究与会计实务的一次根本性变革。
从表面上看,会计电算化只不过是将电子计算机应用于会计核算工作中,减轻会计人员的劳动强度,提高会计核算的速度和精度,以计算机替代手工记账。
而实际上,会计电算化决不仅仅是核算工具和核算方法的改进,而且必然会引起会计工作组织和人员分工的改革,促进会计人员素质和知识结构、会计工作效率和质量的全面提高,从而节省会计人员的时间和精力,转变会计工作职能,推动会计理论和会计技术的进步,提高整个会计工作的水平,大幅度增加企业的经使会计理论和实务的方方面面都将发生前所未有的深刻变化。
比如数据集中存放的“电算化会计”，采用先进的数据库及数据仓库技术，实现了数据分类集中存放，完成明细分类账和对账操作，各种报表数据均能通过数据共享及时而准确地取得。
为实现会计电算化人的素质是关键，要进一步改革人才教育培养的相关制度，多方面、多形式、多渠道培养会计电算化所需要的各个层次的人才。
首先，相关的大、专院校，根据时代需要，及时调整专业设置和培养方向，把握社会人社会培养既懂计算机知识，又懂会计企业经营管理的复合型人才，重点掌握会计电算化应用软、硬件的开发、改进、维护等问题；其次，对在岗会计人员进行进修和培训，使他们能够比较系统的了解和掌握会计电算化的基本原理和操作方法，持证上岗。
好的会计基础工作和规范的业务处理程序，是实现会计电算化的前提条件，这就要求会计人员提高自身素质，更新知识结构，重要的是必须掌握电子计算机的有关知识，提高职业判断能力，确保会计工作规范有序。
作为会计，应积极学习会计电算化知识，掌握计算机先进技术，提高操作能力，维护软件正常运行，把自己培养为复合型人才，为本单位尽快建立高效的会计信息系统创造条件。
会计电算化，给会计工作增添了新内容，从各方面要求会计人员提高自身素质，更新知识结构，一方面为了参与企业管理，要更多地学习经营管理知识，另一方面还必须掌握电子计算机的有关知识，好的会计基础工作和规范的业务处理程序，是实现会计电算化的前提条件，所以会计电算化也要求促进会计工作的规范化。
以上这些问题是会计电算化进程中经常遇到而又必须重视和及时解决的问题。
这些问题如若不重视或不及时解决，它将严重阻碍会计电算化向更深层次的发展；如若重视并及时解决这些问题，它必然会促进会计电算化向更深层次发展，最大程度地提高会计工作水平和会计信息的质量，更好地为提高各级企、事业单位现代化管理水平和提高经济效益服务。
企业在建立了会计电算化系统后，由于计算机的运算速度快、计算精度高、提供信息全面，因而大大提高了会计工作的质量，改变了会计工作的面貌，会计核算和会计管理的环境发生了很大的变化。
但是．随着会计电算化的飞速发展，利用电算化系统的弱点进行的贪污、舞弊等违法犯罪活动也有所增加，给企业和社会造成了严重的损失。
由于会计电算化系统的特殊性，建立一整套对会计电算化系统舞弊的防范措施和控制制度就显得尤为重要。
Generalized computerized accounting refers to accounting for all the work associated with the actual accounting work, including the development and application of computerized accounting software, computerized accounting personnel training, the accounting computerization in macroscopic planning, computerized accounting system, the accounting computerization software market cultivation and development etc..He is a combination system, the basic composition including accounting personnel, hardware resources, software resources and information resources and other factors, its core part is the function of the accounting software resources.The calculation speed of computer is very fast, and the use of computerized accounting, the accounting data is processed by computer, so that the accounting information more accurately and timely, but also created favorable conditions for the use of the function of accountant, such as through the financial software to carry on the analysis, according to the forecast, the more sufficient back accounting for the forecast, decision-making functions, not only in the confines of the reaction, the supervision function.Implementation of computerized accounting, only the original accounting data input computer, large amounts of data, computing, classification, collection, summary, analysis and so on, are completed by the computer.This accounting personnel from the complicatedbookkeeping, accounting, reporting, relief, reducing the labor intensity, improve work efficiency; and the accounting software used to check data of advanced technology to prevent the entry of illegal input, data, such as a loan uneven vouchers, computer rejected, so as to ensure the legality, integrity of accounting information, and promote the accounting work standardization, improved the quality of accounting information; accounting computerization accounting is not only the basic functions of accounting, such supervision, but also through computer analysis, prediction and participation in economic decision-making, improve the management level of enterprises, in addition to a large number of the information can be shared, information communication to promote and drive the other business, management, and lay the foundation for the modernization of management.At present, many enterprises are not fully aware of the significance and importance of accounting computerization.First of all, many business leaders to computerized accounting have one-sided understanding, think of just accounting tools to change the accounting computerization, can not see its profound influence on accounting function, management methods and management processes, some leaders even think the accounting computerization only replace books by computer, and only a means of as a corporate image in accounting computerization.Secondly, in the specific application of the accountingcomputerization, the majority of units lack sufficient analysis of consciousness to the manual system, not for the management requirements of the enterprise itself and its operation mode, set and adjust the accounting information system.In the view of many financial personnel, computerization is only instead of manual accounting, improve accounting efficiency, set up did not recognize the integrity of accounting information system to the importance of the enterprise.Accounting computerization is the development direction of the accounting work, is the inevitable requirement of the development of social economy in the information age to the accounting work.We must realise soberly, computerized accounting not only change the accounting methods, forms of data storage, data processing procedures and methods, to expand the field of accounting data, improve the quality of accounting information, but also changes the method and technology of internal accounting control and audit, promote the further development of accounting theory and technique improvement, promote the accounting management system reform, is a fundamental change of the accounting theory and accounting practice.On the surface, accounting computerization is only used in computer accounting work, accounting personnel to reduce labor intensity, improve the speed and accuracy of accounting, computer instead of manual accounting.In fact, computerized accounting is not only the improvement of accounting and accounting methods, and will cause thereform of accounting work organization and personnel division of labor, promoting the accounting personnel quality and knowledge structure, the efficiency of accounting work and the quality of accounting personnel, thus saving time and energy, change the accounting functions, accounting accounting theory and technical progress, improve the accounting work level, greatly increased the accounting theory and practice aspects have undergone profound changes hitherto unknown enterprise.For example, the data stored in the "computerized accounting", the use of advanced database and data warehouse technology, realizes the data classification and centralized storage, complete the subsidiary ledger and reconciliation operation, all kinds of report data can be obtained accurately through data sharing.Computerized accounting for the people's quality is the key, the relevant system to further reform of talent education and training, in many aspects, in various forms, multi-channel training of accounting computerization needs all levels of personnel.First of all, the large, colleges, according to the needs of the times, the timely adjustment of professional setting and training direction, grasp the social social culture not only understand the computer knowledge, and to understand the talents of accounting of the enterprise management, master key to computerized accounting application software, hardware development, improvement, maintenance and other problems; second, to to study and toon-the-job training of accounting personnel, so that they can understand and grasp the system of the accounting basic principle and operating method, certificates.Business process basic accounting work good and standard, is the realization of accounting computerization of the condition, which requires the accounting staff to improve their own quality, update their knowledge structure, it is important for knowledge must master the computer, improve the ability of occupation judgment, to ensure that the accounting work norms and orderly.As the accounting, should actively learn computerized accounting knowledge, master advanced computer technology, enhance the ability to operate, maintain the normal operation of software, to train themselves into talents, for the units to establish effective accounting information system to create the conditions as soon as possible.Accounting computerization, adds new content to the accounting work, accounting personnel in all aspects to improve their own quality, update their knowledge structure, on the one hand in order to participate in the enterprise management, to learn more knowledge of business management, on the other hand, we must master the computer knowledge, business process basic accounting work well and standard, is the realization condition of computerized accounting, so accounting standardization also promote the accounting work.These problems are the accounting computerization and must pay attention to and solve the problems often encountered in the process of.If百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！these problems are not valued or not resolved, it will seriously hamper China's computerized accounting to the development of a deeper level; if attention and solve these problems in a timely manner, it will definitely promote China's accounting computerization to the deeper, to maximize the accounting standards and improve the quality of accounting information, to better improve at all levels, modern management level of enterprises and institutions to improve economic efficiency and service.Enterprises in the establishment of a computerized accounting system, because the computer operation speed, high accuracy, providing comprehensive information, thus greatly improving the quality of accounting work, change the accounting work face, great changes occurred in the accounting and accounting management of the environment.But with the rapid development of computerized accounting, computerized system weaknesses of corruption, fraud and other illegal and criminal activities has also increased, resulting in serious losses to the enterprise and society.Due to the particularity of computerized accounting system, it is particularly important to establish the system of measure and control against a set of accounting computerization system fraud.21。