“It”作形式主语和形式宾语的用法详解
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it作形式主语和形式宾语
it既可作人称代词,用来表示动物或无生命的物体等,也可以作无人称代词,在句中作主语,表示“时间”、“距离”、“天气”等。它还可以引导强调句,使语气得以加强。此外,it在句中能作引导词,充当句子中的形式上的成分,如形式主语、形式宾语等。
㈠it作形式主语:it作形式主语时没有具体的意义,而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去,使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时,可以代替三种形式:不定式、动名词和主语从句。
1. it代替不定式短语常用于下列句型中:
It + be +形容词+ (for/of sb.) to do sth.
It + be + 名词+ to do sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干…花了某人…时间
It’s up to sb. to do sth. 干…是某人的职责或义务
如:①It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.遵守法律是每个人的义务。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to obey the law)
②It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.对于一个外国人来说,学习汉语是困难的。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to learn Chinese)
③It is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to use these places as rubbish dumps)
④It took them a year to build the bridge.建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to build the bridge)
⑤It is bad manners to stare at people.瞪着眼睛看人是不礼貌的。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to stare at people)
⑥It is up to us to help those in need.帮助那些有困难的人是我们的责任。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to help those in need)
⑦It is not up to you to tell me how to do my job.我怎样干我的工作不用你来多嘴。
(it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to tell me how to do my job)
◆ It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.:
如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格,在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语,则sb.前应用介词of,否则就用for。如:①It’s n ecessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。
②It’s important for us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说是重要的。
③It’s kind of you to help me.感谢你对我的帮助。(= You are kind to help me. )
④It was foolish of him to give up the job.他放弃那工作是愚蠢的(= He was foolish to give up the job.)
⒉ it代替动名词短语:动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍,常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等词的后面。
①It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.如果你不会开车,有车也没用。
( it作形式主语,代替动名词短语having a car)
②It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。(it作形式主语,代替动名词短语watching TV)
③It is no use asking him.问他没有用。(it作形式主语,代替动名词短语asking him)
④It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没有用。(it作形式主语,代替动名词短语talking to him about it)
⒊ it代替主语从句:这个主语从句可以用连词that引导,也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导。如:①It was clear that they had no desire for peace.很清楚他们没有和平的诚意。
(it作形式主语,代替主语从句that they had no desire for peace)
②It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她能否来还很难说。
(it作形式主语,代替主语从句whether she will be able to come)
(it作形式主语,代替主语从句what ③It was clear enough what she meant.她的意思是够清楚的。
she meant)④It hasn’t been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没明确宣布新路什么时候通车。(it作形式主语,代替主语从句when the new road is to be opened to traffic)⑤It is a mystery to me how it all happened.这都是怎么发生的对于我来说还是一个谜。
(it作形式主语,代替主语从句how it all happened)
用it作形式主语,把真正的主语从句移至后面的常见句型有:
◆ It is a pity/ a shame/ a fact/ an honour/ good news/ no wonder/ a wonder… that…
如:①It was a pity that the engineer couldn’t come.可惜工程师没能够来。
②It is a wonder that he continues to gamble when he always loses!令人惊讶的是他一直输还一直赌。
③(It is)no wonder (that) you were late!难怪你来晚了。
④It is a shame that the rain spoiled our picnic.真可惜,这场雨把我们的野餐给搅了。
⑤It is a fact that English is being accepted as international language.