2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义考研资料
2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义:全部倒装
2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义:全部倒装
一种情况就是,仍然是主、谓、宾结构,谓语动词都有时态、人称的变化,把谓语动词上的助动词提到了主语的前面,这个就叫做部分倒装。
全部倒装的情况:
实行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。
here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。
①当首句为方位或时间副词,谓语动词为go,come等时通常用全部倒装。
如果是实行时态的话,倒装后要改为一般现在时。
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首
② 如果句首出现了地点状语,句子也能够实行全部倒装。
③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候,能够把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首,把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词,主语放在后面。
eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。
/ 300名日本青年正在访问北京。
全部倒装的情况:
①当首句为方位或时间副词,谓语动词为go,come等时通常用全部倒装。
② 如果句首出现了地点状语,句子也能够实行全部倒装。
③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候,能够把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首,把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词,主语放在后面。
主要出现在阅读当中,在翻译当中考到全部倒装的可能性比较小。
2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法讲义
2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法(夏伟)2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法讲义第一章基本语法体系1.1.简单句1.2.___________/__________1.3.时态/助动词1.4.从句由来1.5.尾重原则1.6.名词+v-ed第二章从句附录:一.连词1并列连词and和;并且;因此or或;否则but但是;而是yet但是nor也不so也是;因此while虽然;然而whereas虽然;然而2定语从句连词代词性连词who(whom);which;that;as;than副词性连词when;where;why;whereby(=by which)形容词性连词whose3状语从句连词时间when;while;as;whenever;since;as soon as;once地点where;wherever条件if;unless;as long as;in case;on condition结果so…that…;such…that…目的so that;in order that;lest;for fear原因as;because;now that;seeing(that);since让步whether…or…;notwithstanding;though;for all that…;however4名词性从句连词主语/宾语从句代词性连词what;which;who/whom/whose;whatever;whichever;whoever/whomever副词性连词when;where;why;how从属连词(不影响从句完整性)that;whether同位语从句从属连词(不影响从句完整性)that;whether二.连词间联系状语从句:when=at(或其他介词)the time when(定从);where=in the place where(定从)名词性从句:when=the time when(定从);where=the place where(定从)三.that可代替副词性连词引导定语从句that可以用做副词性连词,代替when,where,how,why引导定语从句,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
2019年12月大学英语四级口语讲义考研资料
四级口语考试主讲:李斯杰一、四级口语考试简介(一)考前须知;(二)考试形式&内容&具体流程;(三)评分方法&标准;(四)考前准备;二、口语考试热身环节:自我介绍三、口语考试第一环节:短文朗读四、口语基础1.如何审题;2.如何延展一个话题;3.如何讲清楚一件事(物、地、人);五、口语考试第二环节:简短问答六、口语考试第三环节:个人陈述七、口语考试第四环节:小组互动八、模拟演练一、四级口语考试简介(一)考前须知问:这个四级口语考试必须考吗?答:自愿报考。
问:不报考口语考试,有什么后果?答:没什么后果,还省了50块钱报名费。
就是成绩单下来会有点丑。
问:口语过了笔试没过,下次重新考,这次的口语成绩还有效吗?答:有效。
问:已经通过了上半年的四级笔试,能报本次的四级口语考试吗?答:不能。
只有报考了本次的四级笔试,才能报考11月的四级口试。
问:报考以后,如果笔试通过,口语不通过,会影响我的笔试成绩和证书发放吗?答:不会影响。
也不会显示口语成绩。
问:我可以不考四级口语,考六级口语吗?答:可以。
问:报名口语考试缺考有什么后果?答:成绩单上口语成绩一栏显示一条斜杠。
问:口语考试成绩计入总分吗?答:不计入。
710分为笔试分。
口语等级不评分。
问:需要提前打印准考证吗?答:需要。
问:现在准备来得及吗?答:来得及。
1.报名时间2019年12月报名时间预计为8月底至9月底;具体时间和方式以全国大学四六级考试网站()发布公告为准。
2.报名条件完成当次四级笔试报考后,方可报考四级口试。
例如:完成2019年12月CET4报考后,可报考2019年11月CET-SET4。
(1)考试对象限制在普通高校内部四年制或以上根据教育大纲修完大学英语四级的本科生;(2)同等程度的大专生或硕士研究生经所在学校同意,可在本校报名参加考试;(3)同等程度的夜大或函授大学学生经所在学校同意,可在本校报名参加考试;从2007年1月的考试开始,大学英语四六级考试将不再对社会考生开放,只对在校大学生开放。
四六级语法讲义
四级语法讲义一:时态:,就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:1.主动形式2.被动形式❖CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
❖时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词一.不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1)一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up withthe others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语----将要发生2)不定式做状语----目的3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+ doing表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)❖感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be ma de to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to;look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; beopposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
2019年12月英语四级真题解析(英语学习).doc
2019年12月英语四级真题解析(英语学习)今年的四级考试很多人都会说很难,四级每种题型有什么特点?下面就跟一起看看今年的各部分题型特点吧,希望可以对大家的备考有帮助。
2019年12月四级考试如期进行。
从笔者拿到的套题的阅读部分来看,整体难度适中,较往年趋于平稳。
选词填空部分(关于《children’s cognitive abilities儿童认知能力》)首先从选项设计上看,四大词性(名、动、形、副)考查数量分布均匀(3233),不确定形式(Ving 和Ved)共4个,另外只有advocate 一个词属于一词多性的情况,相对选项设计总体难度属于中等偏易。
再看文章部分,谈论的是关于儿童认知(children’s cognitive abilities)方面的知识的话题,属于小冷门,但文章语言表达适中,且短句占主体,平衡了话题生僻对考试带来的解题障碍。
其中cognitive还给出了中文注解,也正好应验了中文重要性的应试知识要点。
同时,空格设置处的词性相对比较容易判断,例如,名词前给出了单复数的区别的代词those作为提示,又例如,非谓语动词只考查了一个正在进行时,而做后置定语或状语的高难度应用本篇没有涉及。
段落匹配部分(The Perfect Essay)首先看备选的十个小标题,均无长难句,同时出现大量重复信息,例如除了与文章title 本身密切相关的essay ,flaw,flawless,perfection 以外,还有mother,criticism,从而能顺利预测出文章谈及的是通过母亲的有建设性的批评,提升作者的写作能力。
这也是先题后文解决段落匹配的技巧。
从长文章的段落设计上看,一共11段(K),属于段落数量适中的情况,也为匹配选择降低难度。
但对于所谓长阅读文章只看开头结尾的谬论,用真题再次给予回击,十道匹配中至少3题涉及段落中间部分,2题涉及对全段进行总结。
仔细阅读部分保持一贯的难易结合(即一篇相对简单,另一篇略有难度),第一篇文章(Silicon Valley)相对容易,文章讨论为何在其他地方无法复制硅谷(Silicon Valley)成功的原因。
2019年12月英语四级备考资料:考试大纲词汇(I)
2019年12月英语四级备考资料:考试大纲词汇(I) I/ ai/ pron.(主格)我ice/ ais/ n.冰,冰块 vt.冰镇ice-cream/ ‘ais’kri:m/ n.冰淇淋idea/ ai’di?/ n.想法;思想;意见ideal/ ai’di?l/ a.理想的;观点的identical/ ai’dentik?l/ a.完全相同的;同一的identify/ ai’dentifai/ vt.认出,识别,鉴定idle/ ‘aidl/ a.空闲的;懒散的if/ if/ conj.假如,如果ignorant/ ‘ign?r?nt/ a.不知道的;无知的ignore/ ig’n?:/ vt.不顾,不理,忽视ill/ il/ a.有病的;坏的 ad.坏illegal/ i’li:g?l/ a.不合法的,非法的illness/ ‘ilnis/ n.病,疾病illustrate/ ‘il?streit/ vt.(用图等)说明illustration/ il?s’trei??n/ n.说明,图解;例证image/ ‘imid?/ n.像;形象;映象imaginary/ i’m?d?in?ri/ a.想象中的,假想的imagination/ im?d?i’nei??n/ n.想象;想象力;空想imagine/ i’m?d?in/ vt.想象,设想;料想imitate/ ‘imiteit/ vt.模仿,仿效;仿制immediate/ i’mi:dj?t/ a.立即的;直接的immense/ i’mens/ a.巨大的;极好的immigrant/ ‘imigr?nt/ n.移民 a.移民的impact/ ‘imp?kt/ n.影响,作用;冲击impatien t/ im’pei??nt/ a.不耐烦的,急躁的implication/ impli’kei??n/ n.含义,暗示,暗指imply/ im’plai/ vt.暗示,意指import/ im’p?:t ‘imp?:t/ vt.&n.输入,进口importance/ im’p?:t?ns/ n.重要;重要性important/ im’p?:t?nt/ a.重要的;有势力的impose/ im’p?uz/ vt.把…强加;征(税)impossible/ im’p?s?bl/ a.不可能的,办不到的impress/ im’pres, ‘impres/ vt.给…深刻印象impression/ im’pre??n/ n.印;印象;印记impressive/ im’presiv/ a.给人印象深刻的improve/ im’pru:v/ vt.使更好 vi.改善improvement/ im’pru:vm?nt/ n.改进,改善;改进处in/ in/ prep.在…里ad.进,入inch/ int?/ n.英寸incident/ ‘insid?nt/ n.发生的事;事件incline/ in’klain/ n.斜坡 vt.使倾斜include/ in’klu:d/ vt.包括,包含income/ ‘inkΛm/ n.收入;收益;进款increase/ in’kri:s, ‘inkri:s/ vt.&vi.&n.增加increasingly/ in’kri:si?li/ ad.日益,越来越多地indeed/ in’di:d/ ad.真正地;确实independence/ indi’pend?ns/ n.独立,自主,自立independent/ indi’pend?nt/ a.独立的;自主的index/ ‘indeks/ n.索引;指数;指标Indian/ ‘indi?n/ a.印度的 n.印度人indicate/ ‘indikeit/ vt.标示,表示;表明indication/ indi’kei??n/ n.指示;表示;表明indifferent/ in’difr?nt/ a.冷漠的;不积极的indirect/ indi’rekt/ a.间接的;不坦率的indispensable/ indis’pens?bl/ a.必不可少的,必需的individual/ indi’vidju?l/ a.个别的;独特的indoors/ in’d?:z/ ad.在室内,在屋里industrial/ in’dΛstri?l/ a.工业的;产业的industrialize/ in’dΛstri?laiz/ vt.使工业化industry/ ‘ind?stri/ n.工业,产业;勤劳inevitable/ in’evit?bl/ a.不可避免的,必然的infant/ ‘inf?nt/ n.婴儿 a.婴儿的infect/ in’fekt/ vt.传染;感染infer/ in’f?:/ vt.推论,推断;猜想inferior/ in’fi?ri?/ a.下等的;劣等的infinite/ ‘infinit/ a.无限的;无数的influence/ ‘influ?ns/ n.影响;势力 vt.影响influential/ influ’en??l/ a.有影响的;有权势的inform/ in’f?:m/ vt.通知,向…报告information/ inf?’mei??n/ n.消息,信息;通知inhabitant/ in’h?bit?nt/ n.居民,住户inherit/ in’herit/ vt.继承(传统等)initial/ i’ni??l/ a.最初的;词首的injection/ in’d?ek??n/ n.注射,注入;充满injure/ ‘ind??/ vt.伤害,损害,损伤injury/ ‘ind??ri/ n.损害,伤害;受伤处ink/ i?k/ n.墨水,油墨inn/ in/ n.小旅店;小酒店inner/ ‘in?/ a.内部的;内心的innocent/ ‘in?snt/ a.清白的,幼稚的inpu t/ ‘input/ n.输入;投入的资金inquire/ in’kwai?/ vt.打听,询问;调查inquiry/ in’kwai?ri/ n.询问,打听;调查insect/ ‘insekt/ n.昆虫,虫insert/ in’s?:t, ‘ins?:t/ vt.插入; 嵌入; 登载inside/ in’said/ prep.在…里面 n.内部insist/ in’sist/ vi.坚持;坚持要求inspect/ in’spekt/ vt.检查,审查;检阅inspire/ in’spai?/ vt.鼓舞;给…以灵感install/ in’st?:l/ vt.安装,设置installation/ inst?’lei??n/ n.安装;装置;设施instance/ ‘inst?ns/ n.例子,实例,事例instant/ ‘inst?nt/ n.瞬间 a.立即的instead/ in’sted/ ad.代替,顶替;反而instinct/ ‘insti?kt/ n.本能;直觉;生性institute/ ‘institju:t/ n.研究所;学院institution/ insti’tju:??n/ n.协会;制度,习俗instruct/ in’strΛkt/ vt.教;指示;通知instruction/ in’strΛk??n/ n.命令;教学;教训instrument/ ‘instrum?nt/ n.仪器;工具;乐器insult/ ‘insΛlt, in’sΛlt/ vt.&n.侮辱,凌辱insurance/ in’?u?r?ns/ n.保险;保险费insure/ in’?u?/ vt.给…保险;确保intellectual/ i nti’lektju?l/ n.知识分子 a.智力的intelligence/ in’telid??ns/ n.智力;理解力;情报intelligent/ in’telid??nt/ a.聪明的;理智的intend/ in’tend/ vt.想要,打算;意指intense/ in’tens/ a.强烈的;紧张的intensity/ in’tensiti/ n.强烈,剧烈;强度intensive/ in’tensiv/ a.增强的;精耕细作的intention/ in’ten??n/ n.意图,意向,目的interaction/ int?’r?k??n/ n.相互作用;干扰interest/ ‘intrist/ n.兴趣;利益;利息interesting/ ‘intristi?/ a.有趣的,引人入胜的interfere/ int?’fi?/ vi.干涉,干预;妨碍interference/ int?’fi?r?ns/ n.干涉,干预;防碍interior/ in’ti?ri?/ a.内的;内地的n.内部intermediate/ int?’mi:dj?t/ a.中间的;中级的internal/ in’t?:nl/ a.内的;国内的international/ int?(:)’n???nl/ a.国际的,世界(性)的interpret/ in’t?:prit/ vt.解释,说明;口译interpretation/ int?:pri’tei??n/ n.解释;口译interrupt/ int?’rΛpt/ vt.打断,打扰;中止interval/ ‘int?v?l/ n.间隔;休息;间距interview/ ‘int?vju:/ n.接见;会见;面谈intimate/ ‘intimit/ a.亲密的;个人的into/ ‘intu, ‘int?/ prep.进,入;进入到introduce/ ‘intr?’dju:s/ vt.介绍;引进,传入introduction/ intr?’dΛk??n/ n.介绍;引进;引言invade/ in’veid/ vt.入侵,侵略;侵袭invasion/ in’vei??n/ n.入侵,侵略;侵犯invent/ in’vent/ vt.发明,创造;捏造invention/ in’ven??n/ n.发明,创造;捏造inv entor/ in’vent?/ n.发明者;发明家invest/ in’vest/ vt.投资;投入investigate/ in’vestigeit/ vt.&vi.调查investment/ in’vestm?nt/ n.投资,投资额,投入invisible/ in’viz?bl/ a.看不见的,无形的invitation/ invi’tei??n/ n.邀请,招待;请柬invite/ in’vait/ vt.邀请,聘请;招待involve/ in’v?lv/ vt.使卷入;牵涉inward/ ‘inw?d/ a.里面的 ad.向内iron/ ‘ai?n/ n.铁;烙铁 vt.烫(衣)island/ ‘ail?nd/ n.岛,岛屿isolate/ ‘ais?leit/ vt.使隔离,使孤立issue/ ‘i?u:/ n.问题;发行 vt.发行it/ it/ pron.这,那,它Italian/ i’t?lj?n/ a. 意大利的n.意大利人item/ ‘ait?m/ n.条,条款;一条its/ its/ pron.它的itself/ it’self/ pron.它自己;自身。
2019年12月四级考试真题及参考答案完整版
2019年12月四级考试真题及参考答案完整版(第一套)Part Ⅰ WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who wants to learn Chinese. Please recommend a university to him. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【参考范文】Dear Lucy,I am delighted to hear that you are going to learn Chinese in a Chinese university. Since you have asked for my advice about choosing which university, I will try to give you some useful suggestions here.It is well known that Peking University is a great place to learn Chinese. There are several factors accounting for this choice and the following are the most typical ones. First and foremost, Peking University is one of the top universities in China and the birthplace of many great minds. Therefore, it can provide high-quality teaching resources, which is essential for a foreigner learner.In addition, Beijing is the capital of China and there are various historic buildings. They provide foreign students a good chance to know Chinese culture and history.I hope you will find these suggestions helpful and wish you all the best.Yours,Li MingPart Ⅱ Listening ComprehensionSection AQuestions l and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Many facilities were destroyed by a wandering cow.B)A wandering cow knocked down one of its fences.C)Some tourists were injured by a wandering cow.D)A wandering cow was captured by the police.2. A)It was shot to death by a police officer.B)It found its way back to the par k’s zoo.C)It became a great attraction for tourists.D)It was sent to the animal control department.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A)It is the largest of its kind.B)It is going to be expanded.C)It is displaying more fossil specimens.D)It is staring an online exhibition.4. A)A collection of bird fossils from Australia.B)Photographs of certain rare fossil exhibits.C)Some ancient wall paintings from Australia.D)Pictures by winners of a wildlife photo contest.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A)Pick up trash.B)Amuse visitors.C)Deliver messages.D)Play with children.6. A)They are especially intelligent.B)They are children’s favorite.C They are quite easy to tame.D)They are clean and pretty.7. A)Children may be harmed by the rooks.B)Children may be tempted to drop litter.C)Children may contract bird diseases.D)Children may overfeed the rooks.Section BQuestions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A)It will be produced at Harvard University.B)It will be hosted by famous professors.C)It will cover different areas of science.D)It will focus on recent scientific discoveries.9. A)It will be more futuristic.B)It will be more systematic.C)It will be more entertaining.D)It will be easier to understand.10. A)People interested in science.B)Youngsters eager to explore.C)Children in their early teens.D)Students majoring in science.11. A)Offer professional advice.B)Provide financial support.C)Help promote it on the Internet.D)Make episodes for its first season.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A)Unsure.B)Helpless.C)Concerned.D)Dissatisfied.13. A)He is too concerned with being perfect.B)He loses heart when faced with setbacks.C)He is too ambitious in achieving goals.D)He takes on projects beyond his ability.14. A)Embarrassed.B)Unconcerned.C)Miserable.D)Resentful.15. A)Try to be optimistic whatever happens.B)Compare his present with his past only.C)Always learn from others’ achievements.D)Treat others the way he would be treated.Section CQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A)They have a stronger sense of social responsibility.B)They are more likely to succeed in the humanities.C)They are more likely to become engineers.D)They have greater potential to be leaders.17.A)Praise girls who like to speak up frequently.B)Encourage girls to solve problems on their own.c)Insist that boys and girls work together more.D)Respond more positively to boys’ comments.18. A)Offer personalized teaching materials.B)Provide a variety of optional courses.C)Place great emphasis on test scores.D)Pay extra attention to top students.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A)It often rains cats and dogs.B)It seldom rains in summer time.C)It does not rain as much as people think.D)It is one of the most rainy cities in the US.20. A)They drive most of the time.B)The rain is usually very light.C)They have got used to the rain.D)The rain comes mostly at night.21. A)It has a lot of places for entertainment.B)It has never seen thunder and lighting.C)It has fewer cloudy days than any other coastal city.D)It has mild weather both in summer and in winter.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A)It occurs when people are doing a repetitive activity.B)It results from exerting one’s muscles continuously.C)It happens when people engage in an uncommon activity. D)It comes from staining one’s muscles in an unusual way.23. A)Blood flow and body heat increase in the affected area. B)Body movements in the affected area become difficult.C)They begin to make repairs immediately.D)They gradually become fragmented.24. A)About one week.B)About two days.C)About ten days.D)About four weeks.25. A)Apply muscle creams.B)Drink plenty of water.C)Have a hot shower.D)Take pain-killers.Part Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionSection AQuestions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Finally, some good news about airplane travel. If you are on a plane with a sick passenger, you are unlikely to get sick. That is the 26 of a new study that looked at how respiratory (呼吸道)viruses 27 on airplanes. Researchers found that only people who were seated in individual - had a high risk of catching the illness. All other passengers had only a very 28 chance of getting sick according to the findings. Media reports have not necessarily presented.29 information about the risk of getting infected on an airplane in the past. Therefore , these new findings should help airplane passengers to feel less 30 to catching respiratory infections while traveling by air.Prior to the new study. litter was known about the risks of getting 31 infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said. So, to 32 the risks of infection, the study team flew on 10 different 33 in the US. 34 side of a person infected with flu, as well as those sitting one roe in font of or behind this individual, had about an 80 person chance of getting sick. But other passengers were 35 safe from infection. They had a less than 3 percent chance of catching the flu.A)accurate B)conclusion C)directlyD)either E)evaluate F)explorationsG)flights H)largely I)nearbyJ)respond K)slim L)spreadM)summit N)vividly O)vulnerable【参考答案】26-30 BLKAO31-35 CEGDHSection BA South Korean city designed for the future takes on a life of its ownA)Getting around a city is one thing —and then there’s the matter of getting from one city to another. One vision of the perfect city of the future: a place that offers easy access to air travel.In 2011, a University of North Carolina business professor named John Kasarda published a book called Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next. Kasarda says future cities should be built intentionally around or near airports. The idea, as he has put it, is to offer businesses “rapid, long-distance connectivity on a massive scale.”B)“The 18th century really was a waterborne (水运的)century, the 19th century a rail century. the 20th century a highway, car, truck century一and the 21st century will increasingly be an aviation century, as the globe becomes increasingly connected by air,” Kasarda says. Songdo, a city built from scratch in South Korea, is one of Kasarda’s prime examples. It has existed for just a few years.“ From the get-go, it was designed on the basis of connectivity and competitiveness,”says Kasada. “The government built the bridge directly from the airport to the Songdo International Business District. And the surface infrastructure was built in tandem with the new airport.”C)Songdo is a ston e’s throw from South Korea’s Incheon Airport, its main international hub (枢纽). But it takes a lot more than a nearby airport to be a city of the future. Just building a place as an “international business district” doesn’t mean it will become one. Park Yeo n Soo conceived (构想)this city of the future back in 1986. He considers Songdo his baby. “I am a visionary,” he says. Thirty years after he imagined the city, Park’s baby is close to 70 percent built, with 36.000 people living in the business district and 90,000 residents in greater Songdo. It’s about an hour outside Seoul, built on reclaimed tidal flats along the Yellow Sea, There’s a Coast Guard building and a tall trade tower, as well as a park, golf course and university.D)Chances are you’ve actually seen this place. Songdo appears in the most famous music video ever to come ou of South Korea. “Gangnam Style” refers to the fashionable Gangnam district in Seoul. But some of the video was filmed in Songdo.“I don’t know if you remember, there was a scene in a subwaystation. That was not Gangnam. That was actually Songdo,” says Jung Won Son, a professor of urban development at London’s Bartlett School of Planning, “Part of the reason to shoot there is that it’s new and nice.”E)The city was supposed to be a hub for global companies, with employees from all over the world. But hat’s not how it has turned out. Songdo’s reputation is as a futuristic ghost town. But the reality is more complicated. A bridge with big, light-blue loops leads into the business district. In the center of the main road, there’s a long line of flags of the world. On the corner, there’s a Starbucks and a 7-Eleven--all of the international brands that you see all over the world nowadays.F)The city is not empty. There are mothers pushing strollers, old women with walkers -- even in the middle of the day. when it’s 90 degrees out. Byun Young-Jin chairs the Songdo real estate association and started selling property here when the first phase of the city opened in 2005. He says demand has boomed in the past couple of years. Most of his clients are Korean. In fact, the developer says, 99 percent of the homes here are sold to Koreans. Young families move here because the schools are great. And that’s the problem: Songdo has become a popular Korean city 一more popular as a residential area than a business one. It’s not yet the futuristic international business hub that planners imagined. “It’s a great place to live. And it’s becoming a great place to work,” says Scott Summers, the vice presiden t of Gale International, the developer of the city. The floor-to-ceiling windows of his company’s officesoverlook Songdo Central Park, with a canal full of kayaks and paddle boats. Shimmering (闪烁的)glass towers line the canal’s edge.G)“What’s happened i s, because we focused on creating that quality of life first, which enabled the residents to live here, what has probably missed the mark is for companies to locate here,” he says. “There needs to be strong economic incentives.” The city is still unfinishe d, and it feels a bit like a theme park. It doesn’t feel all that futuristic. There’s a high-tech underground trash disposal system. Buildings are environmentally friendly. Everybody’s television set is connected to a system that streams personalized language or exercise classes.H)But Star Trek this is not. And to some of the residents, Songdo feels hollow. “I’m, like, in prison for weekdays. That’s what we call it in the workplace,” says a woman in her 20s. She doesn’t want to use her name for fear of be ing fired from her job. She goes back to Seoul every weekend. “I say I’mprison-breaking on Friday nights.” But she has to make the prison break in her own car. There’s no high-speed train connecting Songdo to Seoul, just over 20 miles away.I)The man who first imagined Songdo feels frustrated. too. Park says he built South Korea a luxury vehicle, “like Mercedes or BMW. It’s a good car now. But we’re waiting for a good driver to accelerate.” But there are lots of other good cars out there, too. The world is dotted with futuristic, high-tech cities trying to attract the biggest international companiesJ)Songdo’s backers contend that it’s still early, and business space is filling up—about 70 percent of finished offices are now occupied. Brent Ryan, who teaches urban design at MIT, says Songdo proves a universal principle. “There have been a lot of utopian (乌托邦的)cities in history. And the reason we don’t know about a lot of them is that a lot of them have vanished entirely.” In other words, when it comes to cities—or anything else—it is hard to predict the future.36. Songdo’s popularity lies more in its quality of life than its business attraction.37. The man who conceives Songdo feels disappointed because it has fallen short of his expectations.38. A scene in a popular South Korean music video was shot in Songdo.39. Songdo still lacks the financial stimulus for businesses to set up shop there.40. Airplanes will increasingly become the chief means of transportation, according to a professor.41. Songdo has ended up different from the city it was supposed to be.42. Some of the people who work in Songdo complain about boredom in the workplace.43. A business professor says that a future city should have easy access to international transportation.44. Acording to an urban design professor, it is difficult for city designers to foresee what happen in the future.45. Park Yeon So. Who envisioned Songdo, feels a parental connection with the city.【参考答案】36-40 FIDGB41-45 EHAJCSection CPassage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy (征税)1.5cents per liquid ounce on distributors.Philadelphia’s new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council v ote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the county. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It’s expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universalpre-kindergarten program for the city.While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.“The tax passed today unfairly singl es out beverages—including low- andno-calorie choices,” said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association. “But most importantly, it is against the law. So we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it.”An industry backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure. characterizing it as a“grocery tax.”Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. “The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places,” said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America. “Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It’s not just Berkeley’ anymore.”Similar measures in California’s Albany, Oakla nd, San Francisco and Colorado’s Boulder are becoming hot-button issues Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.46. What does the passage say about the newly-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?A)It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.B)It may encourage other US cities to follow suit.C)It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.D)It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.47. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal? A)Bargain with the city council.B)Refuse to pay additional tax.C)Take legal action against it.D)Try to win public support.48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?A)It tried to arouse hostile feelings among consumers.B)It tried to win grocers’ support against the measure.C)It kept sending letters of protest to the media.D)It criticized the measure through advertising.49. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?A)Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases.B)Help people to fix certain long-time health issues.C)Add to the fund for their research on diseases.D)Benefit low-income people across the country.50. What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities?A)They are becoming rather sensitive issues.B)They are spreading panic in the soda industry.C)They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases.D)They are taking away lot of profit from the soda industry.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming “status” items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO2—the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change—at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. “It is ele ctricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment,” say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO2 in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimatesfor annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other from of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.51. What is the finding of the new study?A)Quick-cooking microwave ovens have become more popular.B)The frequent use of microwaves may do harm to our health.C)CO2 emissions constitute a major threat to the environment.D)The use of microwaves emits more CO2 than people think.52. Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise?A)They are becoming more affordable.B)They have a shorter life cycle than other appliances.C)They are getting much easier to operate.D)They take less time to cook than other appliances.53. What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make?A)Cooking food of different varieties.B)Improving microwave users’ habits.C)Eating less to cut energy consumption.D)Using microwave ovens less frequently.54. What does Professor David Reay try to argue?A)There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.B)People should be persuaded into using passenger cars less often.C)The UK produces less CO2 than many other countries in the EU.D)More data are needed to show whether microwaves are harmful.55. What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves?A)It will become less popular in the coming decades.B)It makes everyday cooking much more convenient.C)It plays a positive role in environmental protection.D)It consumes more power than conventional cooking.Part Ⅳ Translation中国家庭十分重视孩子的教育。
2019级专升本英语专业专升本复习资料12月份考试资料综合英语四复习资料
《综合英语(四)》复习资料1I. Decide which of the words given below would best complete each of thesentences if inserted in the corresponding blanks. The words can be usedONLY ONCE.hateful, incredible, crucial, meticulous, wantonly, endowed, dejected, subjected,persist, complained, if anything, crisis, print, imminence, gloom1.I was not integrated. I was, ______, disintegrated.2.The muscular gentleman contemplated the hindquarters of the leopard in endless______.3.Nature had ______ the rest of the human race with a sixth sense and left me out.4.It was ______ leaving a warm bed at such an early hour.5.But somehow the ______ of an event that had been long expected, loved, fearedand prepared for made them ______.6.Once an opinion is accepted, it has a strong tendency to ______.7.When the word waster appears in ______ nowadays, ______ is rarely far behind.8.______ as it may sound, the story of the fish and oranges was true.9.They wrung their hands and ______ to one another about their men’sunfaithfulness.10.I have ______ every postulate that presented itself to the ______ test of actualexperiment.11.The earl ______ destroys what he had no use for, but the anaconda doesn’t.12.Charles Darwin was a rigorous, ______ scientist.I.II. Fill in the gaps with appropriate adverbs or prepositions.1. A sadist is a person who takes pleasure ____ torturing people such as drivingsplinters under nails, gouging out eyes, and tearing ____ skins.2.I advise you sleep ____. Tomorrow you will feel different.3.Reducing class hours is ____ the stud ents’ advantage.4.The decision as to how much money should go to education is ____ vitalimportance.5.You hear me ____! This is important. Don’t treat it as a joke.6.We have to look at everything ____ an international perspective.7.At the conference, they promised to write ____ the debts of the poor country.8.Our present economic policy differs ____ the policies of the past ____ that thestate doesn’t try to control everything, but only to guide and regulate.cation does not mean to stuff students’ brains ____ facts, figures and dogmas.10.One day he killed a boy ____full view of about thirty people, but he uas not evenbrought _____ trial. This made people very angry.11.Sitting by the spring, he suddenly heard the sound of a flute drifting ___the oldtemple.12.The idea of camping out in this weather did not quite appeal ____ my daughter. III. TranslationA. Translate the following expressions into Chinese.1. a reassuring homey sound2.lucrative business3. groundbreaking work4. intense public debate5. t he lion’s share6. greenhouse gas emissions7. the universal brotherhood of man 8. a saving grace9. climate regulation 10. painstaking workB. Translate the following sentences into English with the words given in thebrackets.1.你翻译的太随意了,应该更加忠实于原文才是。
【英语四级辅导】2019年12月四级真题词汇总结-6页文档资料
Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)be clouded by 使…变黑暗,使…产生阴影a lapse of integrity缺失诚实undermine vt.在...下面掘地道; 削弱...的基础; 用阴险手段毁损, 伤害(健康等); 暗中破坏peer pressure 同年人带来的压力critical adj. 关键的plagiarism n. 剽窃unintentionally adv.无意的misconduct n.不当行为ignorance n.无知,愚昧defense n.防卫elaborate vt. 详尽说明adj.精心制作的fool ourselves into believing 骗自己相信watch out 小心rationalize vt. 使合理化suspension:dismissal from schoolruin reputation 毁坏名声break a law/rule 违法/违规impose vt. 强迫,强加(impose sth. on sb.强加于)deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺fraud n.欺诈worst of all 特别糟糕的是slippery slope 灾难性的急剧下降erode v. 侵蚀,腐蚀invisible adj. 看不见的scandal n. 丑闻Watergate Scandal 水门事件in sum 总之facilitate vt. 使便利,减轻…的困难overwhelm vt. 压倒,制服,打败cautious a.小心的,谨慎的dearly a. 昂贵的Listening Comprehensiongiraffe n. 长颈鹿allergic a. 过敏narrow the topic down 缩小论文题目Sweden n.瑞典Swedish 瑞典人/语administrative a. 行政的,管理的administration n. 行政,管理administrator n.管理者disrespectful a. 不礼貌的,不恭敬的(respectful a.礼貌的,恭敬的respectable a 可敬重的,有身份(名望)的respective a 各自的,各个的)approval n. 赞同,同意insult v&n 侮辱enhance concentration 高度集中注意力interdependence a. 互相依赖的Reading Comprehension(reading in depth)Underlying adj. 在下面的,基础的sustainable a. 合理利用的,可持续的alternative a. 两者择一的,供替代的alternative energy 替代能源combine A and B 使A和B结合/联合comprise vt. 包括,Twelve departments comprise this university.12个系组成了这所大学。
复习资料 四级语法电子讲义
四级语法第一课——简单句+并列句基本知识一.课前思考:●英语句型主要分为哪几种?分别是什么?它们之间有什么区别?●什么是简单句?有哪几种常见形式?二.句子结构分类:1.2.3.三.简单句句型分类:●Black livesmatter.●Peer pressure has a positive side.(2018-06)●Avisit to elderlypeoplebrings themgreat laughter andjoy. (2019-06 作文)●The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriouslypolluted.●Mutualtrust is notaluxury, butitis anecessity. (2018-06作文)四.简单句句型理解重点:1.及物动词与不及物动词区分:2.双宾结构与宾宾补结构区分:3.谓语动词与系动词区别:4.表语的理解:五.简单句练习部分:●Everybody loves a payrise.●The down to earth working style won him respect andhonor.●She will make him a good husband. // She will make him a goodwife.●I will make your Englishbetter.●Money can buy you love. // Money can buy yourlove.●She is smelling the flowers. // The flowers smell good. // Your feetsmell.●青海湖最深处 25.5 米。
●人们兴高采烈,庆祝丰收。
●泰山方圆约400平方公里。
六:并列句理解:两个或以上独立分句,通过并列连词连接,各分句主谓完整各分句意思同等重要,互相独立,主要连词:and,or,but,yet Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsome areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies 年6月阅读)(.(01四级语法第二课——主谓一致+时态语态一.课前思考:●主谓一致指的是什么?●时态和语态分别指什么?常见的时态有哪些,分别是什么形式?二.主谓一致:1.主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数与句子的主语保持一致。
2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义:从句的复习
2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义:从句的复习复合句:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。
定语从句:1. that,which,who的使用。
一个句子当中有两个相同的名词,将其中的一个名词实行替换,如果是人,用who;如果是物,用which;that既能够指人又能够指物。
2. 谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who/that的前面; 介词加which正好表示时间,能够表达成whe- n;表示地点时,能够表达成where;表示原因时,变成3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义(2)非限定性定语从句:② 非限定性定语从句:which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句形式:名词+从句连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式如果是陈述句,直接加that引导一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather或者特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序定义:在句子中起名词作用的句子,且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分状语从句:两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接;状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系;分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型定语从句是名词+关系词+从句,关系词的用法取决于名词的问题名词性从句:同谓语从句:名词+关系词+从句,关系词跟后面的从句相关系,如果是陈述句,直接加that引导一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather或者。
2019年12月全国大学英语四六级-阅读补充讲义
1 / 901Passage Six Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring(), and have better odds of being hired. StudiesSTEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too. says Kuheli Dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist oratDutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared withtheir male counterparts. That includes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes, men and women. The findings are in the journal NatureGeoscience.Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of the applicants using the data in the files. But she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation.call anyone consciously sexist. Rather, the point is to use the results of this study toopen upmeaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutionalrecommendations for the letter writers themselves.51. What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?A)There are many more men applying than women.B)Chances for women to get the positions are scarce.C)More males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.D)Male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.52. What do studies about men and women in scientific research show?A) Women engaged in postdoctoralwork are quickly catching up.B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoralpositions due to gender bias.C) Men are believed to be better able to excel in STEMdisciplines.2 / 9D) Women who are keenly interested in STEM fields are often exceptional.53. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?A) They are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.B) They contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants.C) They provide objective information without exaggeration.D) They are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants.54. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1,200 letters of recommendation?A) They asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them.B) They invited women professionals to edit them.C) They assigned them randomly to reviewers.D) They deleted all information about gender.55. What does Dutt aim to do with her study?awareness of gender bias in their letters.B) Open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in reaserach work.C) Alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the STEM disciplines.D) Start a public discussion on how to raise women s status in academic circles.02Passage twoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two3 / 9types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller citiesthat operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities' quiet after midnight. These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do these cities have so much appeal?18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. This generated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that cased the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and in smaller cities.Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporatemodern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,4 / 9retail, and entertainment especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic. These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike. Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significant investment capital.51. What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago?A) They were divided into residential and business areas.B) Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.C) There was a clear divide between large and small cities.D) They were places where large investment capital flowed.52. What can be inferred from the passage about 18-hour cities?A) They especially appeal to small businesses.B) They have seen a rise in property prices.C) They have replaced quiet with excitement.D) They have changed America's landscape.53. Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized5 / 9cities .A) had hardly any business activityB) were crowded in business hoursC) exhibited no signs of prosperityD) looked deserted in the evenings54. What characterizes the new downtown areas in 18-hour cities?A) A sudden emergence of the knowledge industry.B) Flooding in of large crowds of migrant workers.C) Modernized housing and improved infrastructure.D) More comfortable life and greater upward mobility.55. What have 18-hour cities brought to the local residents?A) More chances for promotion.B) Healthier living environment.C) Greater cultural diversity.D) Better job opportunities.032017-6-12-2Passage ThreeQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams "Save her! Save her!" the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah's 11 percent. The robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in6 / 9devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robotscannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov's robots they don't have to think, judge, or value. They don't have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don't do it.The robot who rescues Spooner's life in I, Robot follows Asimov's zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans) or allow humanity to come to harm an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what's in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov's laws is debatable. A word such as "harm" is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It's doubtful that a computer program can do that at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies () called "H-bots" from danger.When one H-bot headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed7 / 9it out of the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot chocked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both "die." The experiment highlights the importance of morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what's best for humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?46. What question does the example in the movie raise?A) Whether robots can reach better decisions.B) Whether robots follow Asimov's zeroth law.C) How robots may make bad judgments.D) How robots should be programmed.47. What does the author think of Asimov's three laws of robotics?A) They are apparently divorced from reality.B) They did not follow the coding system of robotics.C) They laid a solid foundation for robotics.D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.48. What does the author say about Asimov's robots?A) They know what is good or bad for human beings.B) They are programmed not to hurt human beings.C) They perform duties in their owners' best interest.D) They stop working when a moral issue is involved.49. What does the author want to say by mentioning the word "harm" in Asimov's laws?A) Abstract concepts are hard to program.B) It is hard for robots to make decisions.C) Robots may do harm in certain situations.D) Asimov's laws use too many vague terms.50. What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory8 / 99 / 9found in his experiment?A) Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.B) Robots can have moral issues encoded into their programs.C) Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.D) Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.。
大学英语四六级语法讲义
大学英语四六级语法讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准:是否有动词,有动词就是句子,反之不是句子。
2.英语构句原则规定:一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。
3.长难句的构成:主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。
(1)主句的辨识:谓语动词(2)从句的辨识:连词+与之匹配的谓语动词A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束(3)介词短语:B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束)动名词(doing)to do动词不定式(非谓语动词:(4))ing现在分词(do e)过去分词(don4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准:整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法:连动切割法·连动切割法:将句子中的所有连词和动词(连词、动词的排列不分先后)作为切割长难句的基础,断开主句和从句。
·长难句划分的具体步骤:【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词,并将连词和动词匹配起来(主要是针对从句而言,主句不存在连词,从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则),然后再给动词匹配主语(主句的主语在谓语之前找;从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找,如果它们中间没有任何词语,那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。
)在进行第一步的时候注意以下5 种情况:如果动词前没有任何(落单的)连词,那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。
1如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词,那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。
2如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上,说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当3成谓语动词。
切割嵌套的从句:从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前4结束。
有些词既可以是连词,也可以具有别的词性5例如:that:既可以是连词,也可以是代词或者限定词;than、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语(1)定义:主语是动作的发出者。
四六级语法讲义考研资料
四六级语法讲义主讲老师:薛非语法的意义读得懂做得出写得对一、句子成分主语——subject某人/某物谓——verb做某事/某状态宾——object对某人/某物补/表——complement怎么样了定——attribute什么样的状——adverbial时间/地点/原因/方式……二、英语成分对应表主(S)动作主体:n,pron,doing,to do谓(V)动作本身:do,did,does宾(O)动作受体:n,pron,doing,to do补(C)补充说明:adj,n,prep phr,doing,done,to do 定修饰名词:adj,n,prep phr,doing,done,to do状修饰所有:adv,prep phr,doing,done,to do三、五大基本句型SV He died.SVO I love you.SVOO I gave him a book.SVOC Love makes one blind.SVC He married young.You are beautiful.四、并列句并列句必须有衔接——连词相同成分可以省略——完整两分句的地位相同——对仗Many parents’ideas are outdated,and therefore cannot understand why there children admire the stars.Its scientists were the world’s best;its workers the most skilled.Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness;affection weakness;thrift avarice.五、句型扩大——复合句复合句只不过是连接手段——连词名词从句:名词复合句用句子充当一个词——替代定语从句:形容词复合句各分句地位不同——爷俩好状语从句:副词(1)宾语从句连接词意义成分连接that××陈述句If/whether√×一般疑问句What,which,who,whose,when,where,how,why√√特殊疑问句He said it.He love the girl.He said(that)he loved the girl.He did not say it.Did he love the girl?He did not say if he love d the girl.He did not say it.Which girl did he love?He did not say which girl he love d.He made it a rule.All students in his class should learn English every day. He made that all students in his class should learn English every day a rule. He made it a rule that all students in his class should learn English every day.(2)主语从句连接词意义成分连接that××陈述句whether√×一般疑问句What,which,who, whose,when,where, how,why √√特殊疑问句Is he alive or not?It remains a mystery.Whether he is alive or not remains a mystery.What caused the accident?It is still under investigation.What caused the accident is still under investigation.名词性从句中不缺少主语,宾语或表语时,用that引导。
2019大学英语六级语法常考知识讲解(第19讲)
2019大学英语六级语法常考知识讲解(第19讲)全部倒装和部分倒装:如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒装的句子中仅仅谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone elsein our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子:由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一个句子仅仅重复前面一句话的意思, 即使是用so开头,语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:Here is China’s largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提前:介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词:Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.。
2019年12月大学英语四级考试语法知识点复习:从句
2019年12月大学英语四级考试语法知识点复习:从句复合句:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。
定语从句:1. that,which,who的使用。
一个句子当中有两个相同的名词,将其中的一个名词实行替换,如果是人,用who;如果是物,用which;that既能够指人又能够指物。
2. 谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系:关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密,则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面,不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远,介词一般提到which/who/that的前面; 介词加which正好表示时间,能够表达成whe- n;表示地点时,能够表达成where;表示原因时,变成why;3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句:定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密,删掉定语从句后,整个句子意思不会改变,定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;(2)非限定性定语从句:eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is outof our expectation.② 非限定性定语从句:which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面,as则只能放在句子前面名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句;形式:名词+从句;连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;如果是陈述句,直接加that引导;一般疑问句:先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;特殊疑问句:直接保留特殊疑问词,后面的句子变成陈述句语序;定义:在句子中起名词作用的句子,且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分;eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.。
2019年12月全国大学英语四六级考试有关材料精品文档21页
大学英语四六级考试监考手册江苏省教育考试院印制二○一四年十二月2019年12月大学英语四六级考试考务工作说明一、试卷结构二、考试材料四、考务工作中如遇到条形码印刷异常(包括试题册封底没有条形码、有多个条形码或条形码损坏)时,各考点按照异常情况处理办法处理后,请将处理情况进行登记汇总(考务文件附件7),送卷时一并上交至市考办报考试院,凡无异常说明且无条形码的答题卡将按照违规答题卡进行评判。
大学英语四六级考试监考工作注意事项1. 考试所有题目均在试题册上,第一部分作文的题目在试题册背面。
全部题目在答题卡上作答,试卷类型通过试题册背面的条形码粘贴条进行区别。
四级9:40/六级15:40考生方可翻阅试题册,四级10:10/六级16:10收答题卡1,四级11:25/六级17:25收试题册和答题卡2。
2. 考试开始(四级9:00/六级15:00),监考员当众向考生展示试卷袋及磁带密封完好,当众启封并核对无误后开始发答题卡1及试题册,提示考生仔细阅读试题册正面的敬告考生,并指导考生将试题册封底处的条形码揭下并粘贴于答题卡1指定位置上,监考员应逐一进行检查。
四级9:05/六级15:05监考员发答题卡2。
注意:监考员在发试题册时应将试题册封底向上放置于考生座位的左上角,并且要求考生在粘贴条形码的过程中不能翻阅试题册,否则将按违规处理。
3. 四级10:10/六级16:10,监考员回收答题卡1后,应第二次逐一检查考生条形码粘贴以及个人信息填写情况,如有异常应立即处理。
4. 提醒考生在作答试题册上题目时要对试题册印刷质量进行检查,发现异常要及时按有关办法进行处理。
5. 听力考试时间为30分钟,听力磁带为单面。
6. 四级10:15/六级16:15,监考员将缺考考生准考证的最后两位数填涂在两张准考证号栏最后两位上,并填写该考生姓名,条形码无需揭下粘贴。
7. 考试结束回收试卷时,监考员须对考生条形码粘贴情况进行再次检查,确认无误后,方可让考生离场。
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2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准:是否有动词,有动词就是句子,反之不是句子。
2.英语构句原则规定:一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。
3.长难句的构成:主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。
(1)主句的辨识:谓语动词(2)从句的辨识:连词+与之匹配的谓语动词(3)介词短语:(4)非谓语动词:4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准:整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法:连动切割法·连动切割法:将句子中的所有连词和动词(连词、动词的排列不分先后)作为切割长难句的基础,断开主句和从句。
·长难句划分的具体步骤:【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词,并将连词和动词匹配起来(主要是针对从句而言,主句不存在连词,从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则),然后再给动词匹配主语(主句的主语在谓语之前找;从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找,如果它们中间没有任何词语,那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。
)【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束动名词(doing )动词不定式(to do )现在分词(doing )过去分词(done )二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语(1)定义:主语是动作的发出者。
(2)位置:在谓语动词之前。
(3)什么可以充当主语:2、谓语(1)定义:述说主语的动作或状态。
(2)位置:在主语之后。
(3)什么可以充当谓语:实意动词。
3、宾语(1)定义:(2)位置:(3)什么可以充当宾语:4、表语(1)定义:表述主语的身份特征,性质状态的(2)位置:在系动词之后(3)什么可以充当表语:5、定语(1)定义:修饰限定名词A.名词:B.代词:C.介词短语:D.非谓语动词:E.句子:A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象,即介词宾语(简称介宾)A.名词:B.代词:C.介词短语:D.非谓语动词:E.句子:A.名词:B.代词:C.形容词D.介词短语:E.非谓语动词:F.句子:A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后(2)位置:(3)什么可以充当定语:6、状语(1)定义:修饰限定动词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及整个句子(2)位置:在句首、句中、句尾。
(3)什么可以充当状语:7、补足语(1)定义:(2)位置:(3)什么可以充当补足语:8、同位语:(1)定义:对中心词进行解释说明,可以替代中心词。
(2)位置:在中心词之后(3)什么可以充当同位语:情况一:单个的词作定语放在被修饰名词前(例外:单个的词修饰不定代词放在不定代词之后)情况二:两个或两个以上的单词(即短语,结构或句子)作定语放在被修饰的名词后,即后置定语。
A.名词:B.代词:C.形容词:D.介词短语:E.非谓语动词:F.句子:A.名词:B.介词短语:C.非谓语动词:D.句子:A.对宾语进行补充说明,即宾语补足语简称宾补B.对主语进行补充说明,即主语补足语A.名词:B.形容词:C.介词短语:D.非谓语动词:A.名词:B.介词短语:C.非谓语动词:D.句子:A.在宾语之后B.在主语之后三、真题长难句实战例1.In such economies,individuals who possess the human capital characteristics that employers or clients values(e.g.,competence and ambition)are expected to be in high demand and short supply on the job market.【参考译文】在这种经济模式下,拥有雇主和客户所重视的人力资本特征(例如,能力和抱负)的个人,预计在就业市场上供不应求。
例2.All researches agree that close to25billion devices,things and sensors will be connected by 2020which incidentally is also the moment that Millennials(千禧一代)are expected to make up75 percent of our overall workforce,and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.【参考译文】所有的研究都认为,到2020年,将近有250亿个设备、物品和传感器互联,顺便说一下,在这一年千禧一代预计会占据我们总劳动力的75%,并且完全互联的家庭会成为全世界大多数人所面临的问题。
例3.However,this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.【参考译文】然而,这只是众所周知的冰山一角,因为随着领导者和企业主考试意识到技术所带来的大量节省,智能建筑,甚至智能城市会越来越成为常态,该技术是通过连接的传感器以及与智能能源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式而实现的。
例 4.Online security cameras,intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of control,efficiency,and improvements to what were once classed necessary costs when running a business or managing alarge building.【参考译文】在线安保摄像头、智能照明以及大量控制温度与空气质量的传感器正在提供空前级别的控制、效率和改进,这些曾被归为经营企业或管理大型建筑物所必需的成本。
例5.The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data to deliver cost savings,improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these smart cities.【参考译文】这项技术最大和最令人兴奋的挑战是如何创造性地利用这些日益增长的数据为这些智能城市的企业和公民带来成本节约、改进和切实的利益。
例6.And while the Portuguese took part in the trade,ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods,by1620,when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia,the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.【参考译文】于是葡萄牙人加入其贸易,将这种果实和其他商品一起亚沿海岸线运出,但直到1620年英国探险家查理德·乔布森来到赞比亚时,可乐果在他看来依然十分稀奇。
例7.With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient,however,increasing popularity for areas that caused the real estate pushes,in major cities like San Francisco or New York,has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policy in smaller cities.【参考译文】然而,随着旨在令生活更加轻松便捷的城市规划理念逐渐兴起,失去越来越受欢迎,造成对房地产的助推,在像旧金山或纽约这样的大城市,激发出一种前瞻性的都市风格,并在较小的城市激发出新的政策。
例8.Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,retail,and entertainment—especially when combined withimproved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic.【参考译文】改造城市中心区,使其将现代住宅与改良的步行可及的当地餐馆,零售商店和娱乐场所相融合——特别是当它们与为单车族和公共换成改良的基础设施相结合时,使其吸引到更多的富裕人口。
例9.Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later,which attracts both younger,creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike.【参考译文】步行交通和便利的换乘让诸如酒吧和餐馆这类以娱乐休闲为导向的商家可以开到更晚,吸引到年轻人、创意工作者和濒临退休的生育高峰一代等。