绿色壁垒与家电出口外文文献翻译最新译文
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献Green Trade Barriers: A Literature ReviewWith the increasing concern for environmental protection and sustainable development, governments have begun to implement green trade barriers as a means of promoting environmentally friendly practices in international trade. These barriers take the form of environmental regulations, certifications, and standards that importers must adhere to in order to gain market access. While intended to promote sustainability, green trade barriers have also raised concerns about potential negative effects on trade and the global economy. This literature review seeks to provide an overview of the current state of research on green trade barriers.Environmental regulations as green trade barriersEnvironmental regulations are a common form of green trade barrier, with the objective of ensuring that imported products meet certain environmental standards. These regulations can take the form of outright bans on certain products, such as the EU's ban on imported seal products, or more stringent requirements for pollution control or energy efficiency. Researchers have found that these regulations can have bothpositive and negative effects on trade. On one hand, they may lead to increased costs and decreased access to certain markets. On the other hand, they can promote innovation and development of environmentally-friendly technology, which can lead to increased competitiveness and access to new markets.Certifications and standards as green trade barriersCertifications and standards are another form of green trade barrier, with the objective of ensuring that imported products meet certain environmental standards. Examples include the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for sustainably harvested timber and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for sustainably caught seafood. While these certifications have been shown to have positive effects on the environment, they may also lead to increased costs for producers and decreased access to certain markets.The role of the WTO in regulating green trade barriersThe World Trade Organization (WTO) has been involved in regulating green trade barriers, particularly in cases where they may be deemed discriminatory or unnecessarily trade-restrictive. One notable example isthe dispute between the US and EU over the EU's ban onhormone-treated beef. The WTO ruled that the ban was not based on sound science and was therefore discriminatory. However, there is debate over the WTO's role in regulating green trade barriers, with some arguing that environmental concerns should be given priority over trade concerns.ConclusionGreen trade barriers are an increasingly prevalent feature of international trade, driven by concerns for environmental protection and sustainable development. While they may have positive effects on the environment, they can also lead to increased costs and decreased access to certain markets. The WTO has played a role in regulating these barriers, but there is ongoing debate over the balance between environmental concerns and trade concerns. Further research is needed to better understand the impacts of green trade barriers on trade and the global economy.。
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献：Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。
绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响分析
绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响分析绿色壁垒是指一些国家和地区为了保护环境和自身产业，采取一系列环保标准和要求，对进口商品设定一些环境标准和贸易限制。
这种绿色壁垒在全球范围内逐渐成为贸易保护主义的一种新形式，对我国外贸出口产生了一定的影响。
本文将从多个方面来分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响。
影响一：出口商品的销售受阻随着绿色壁垒政策的出台和实施，许多国家和地区对进口商品的环保标准和质量要求越来越高，这对我国一些传统外贸产品的出口形成了一定的壁垒。
传统的劳动密集型行业、化工、煤炭、钢铁、纺织等行业的出口商品因为环保限制，遭受了一定程度的影响，销售受到了阻碍。
一些国家为了达到减少碳排放的目标，对电子产品、汽车、家电等高能耗、高排放的产品设定了更加严格的限制，这直接影响到了相关产品的出口销售。
我国的一些传统出口商品受到了环保壁垒的制约，出口受到了一定的影响。
影响二：出口企业受到成本上升的压力绿色壁垒的实施，使得出口企业需要加大环境保护投入和技术改造力度，以适应国外市场的需求和标准。
这就意味着企业需要增加环保设备的投入、普及更加环保的生产工艺和技术，这些都将增加企业的生产成本。
尤其是对于一些小微企业来说，因为资金和技术以及管理水平的限制，增加的环保成本将成为企业的一大负担，并可能导致企业的退出或者产能的下降。
这将严重影响我国外贸出口的稳定性和可持续性。
影响三：出口产业结构调整压力增大面对国外环保标准的提高和限制，我国外贸出口产业结构迫切需要进行调整和优化。
传统的煤炭、钢铁等高排放行业和产品出口将面临困难，而高技术、高附加值、低排放的产品和行业将更加受到国外市场的青睐。
我国需要大力发展环保产品和技术密集型产业，加大对环保技术和绿色产品的研发和推广力度，以适应国际市场的需求。
这将对我国的外贸出口产业结构进行深度调整，转型升级的压力增大。
绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口企业的自主创新能力提出了更高的要求。
随着环保标准的不断提高，企业需要不断创新生产工艺和技术，开发更加环保的产品，以适应国外市场的需求。
绿色物流外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131.原文GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTJan C. FransooEindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands1 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents.The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned.Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities.Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chainperspective provides a framework to understand and deal with issues that are separate but ultimately interrelated. Importantly, looking at supply chains helps policy makers understand the interests and actions of private sector operators. Green Logistics may therefore propose a number of tools and identify emerging sustainable solutions contributing to the overarching objective of green Growth.From a policy perspective, logistics cut across several areas and sectors. The performance of supply chains depends on areas or activities where government as regulator or catalyst of investment is critical, such as:Transport infrastructure: road and rail corridors, ports and airportsThe efficiencies of logistics services: services include not only modal freight transport, but also warehousing and intermediary services, such as brokers and forwarders, and related information-flow management. In modern economies, the trend is towards integration in multi-activity logistics providers (3PLs, 4PLs) to which industrial and commercial firms outsource their supply chain activities. Understanding the regulatory dimension of services is becoming increasingly critical to the development of effective policies in areas such as: professional and operational standards, regulation of entry in market and professions, competition, enforcement.Procedures applying to the merchandise, such as trade procedures (customs and other controls).The soft infrastructure that supports information or financial flow associated with the physical movements along supply chains: IT infrastructure, payment systems.The concept of national logistics performance capturing the outcome of these policies is widely recognized by policy makers and the private sector worldwide as a critical contribution to national competitiveness. A key question for sustainable development is how to integrate supply chain participants concern with environmental sustainability with the concept of national logistics performance.Within logistics, transport creates the largest environmental footprint. But the volume of emissions can vary greatly, depending on the mode of transport. The volume of emission per ton per km increases by an order of magnitude from maritime to land transportation and to air transportation. This is a key environmental aspect oflogistics that is not taken into consideration by most supply chain operators. Logistics experts typically integrate freight modes and other related activities so that the transport and distribution network is used in the most efficient manner, which is important for keeping emissions in check, as well. Depending on the type of industry and geographical region, supply chain operators can place varying emphasis on the reliability of supply chains, as well. In summary, supply chain choices typically include multiple criteria and trade-offs, and this makes an analysis of their environmental impact complex; the most environmentally friendly choices do not only depend on mode of transportation, but also on other elements, such as efficiency and reliability.To reduce the environmental footprint of a supply chain, the focus should be on several dimensions and should select the best mode of transport, efficient movements, and innovation. Comprehensive work on greening individual modes of transportation is already available. Here, the key drivers have been energy efficiency and the urge to diminish various types of emission. Given the integrated nature of supply chains, however, the manner in which price signals and incentives catalyze supply chain structure is a rather intricate problem: lower- emission modes of transport (maritime, e.g.) are typically also less reliable or have other limitations (such as maritime access to a landlocked country). Such limitations may include the cost of such technologies, the temperature range within which they can be used or the availability of certain types of fuel. It is therefore critical to complement the current knowledge about emissions produced by different modes of transportation with an understanding of what drives the demand for Green Logistics within supply chains.The emerging response is likely to take the form of top-down policy, such as measures in the form of standards or taxes addressing emissions (GHG, SO2, NOx) by mode of freight. For instance, a cap on SO2 emissions on major maritime routes will go into effect at the end of 20152. At least as important is the response from the bottom up. These are supply-chain strategies coming from the private sector in response to policy or price changes, but also demand from consumers, clients and stake-holders. Green Supply Chain management has to be taken seriously by policymakers.An exclusive focus on price mechanism (including taxes), as is the current tendency, may miss some of the major driver of changes in supply chain management. Another complication, at least in the context of international trade, is that the focus on the impact on international logistics does not capture the footprint of production processes. These processes may have different impact than the supply chain itself, as in the case of food production.There is also evidence that much of the environmental footprint of logistics operations is tied to short distances and distribution. Green Logistics is intimately linked with concerns such as urban congestion, and innovations in Logistics are critical to sustainable supply chains. Grassroots innovations in Logistics have recently flourished, often producing win-win solutions in terms of jobs and the environment. More generally, there is increasing awareness that green supply chains can be also competitive, either because the awareness of the environment helps productivity or because consumers expect it, particularly in wealthy countries.A concrete case in point is also the so-called sulphur emission regulation by IMO that enters into force on January 1, 2015 in most of North Sea, Baltic Sea and along west and east coasts of US & Canada (bar Alaska). Ships have to go over from fuel with 1.5 % sulphur to 0.1 % sulphur or invest in so-called scrubbers, that absorb the sulphur from exhaust gases; technology that is still nascent in the maritime context. Scrubber investment per cargo ship is USD 2 million and uo with multiples as the ship engine size increases, with annual maintenance cost approx.. 7-10 % of investment. This seemingly innocent and rather technical change is going to have a huge impact on shipping and the spillover effect to other modes & Supply chains are goi ng to be significant Green Logistics also encompasses potentially longer-term concerns. A green focus within logistics analysis could examine a supply chain vulnerability to climate events or to large swings in the price of transport inputs, for instance. A recent volcanic episode in Iceland showed the vulnerability of one specific supply chain that relies heavily on air freight fresh produce coming from Africa spoiled when flights were cancelled because of the volcanic ash. Resilience concerns and other form ofuncertainty are likely to shape supply chain choices by regional and global operators. Given the importance of trade in components and intra-firm trade, how large operators develop green supply chain strategies will have profound economic impact. Resilient and greener supply chains are likely to be less extended and leaner, for example, though the consequences for trade and integration of low income economies cannot be treated fully here.Policy makers should be concerned by both the supply and demand aspects of logistics environmental dimensions. So far, the policy focus has been on modal footprint and has not taken into account a supply chain perspective. There have not been major initiatives in Green Logistics, even in the countries most sensitive to the issue, such as those in Northern Europe. Rather the most important changes have occurred as a combination of largely uncoordinated public and private initiatives: voluntary behavior by shippers, innovation in terms of technology, information (environmental logistics dashboard) or services, or common public-private objectives such as in modal shifts.2DEFINING GREEN LOGISTICS AND GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT There are many variations in the terminology regarding green logistics and green supply chain management. This section aims at providing a brief overview on some of the key terms used in the literature.Green logistics refers mainly to environmental issues related to transportation, material handling and storage, inventory control, warehousing, packaging, and facility location allocation decisions (Min & Kim, 2012). Gonzalez-Benito and Gonzalez-Benito (2006) use the term environmental logistics to describe logistics practices that are divided into supply/purchasing, transportation, warehousing and distribution, and reverse logistics and waste management. Although distribution is considered to be one of the interrelated areas of supply chain management, the term green distribution has also been used to describe the whole process of integrating environmental concerns into transportation, packaging, labelling and reverse logistics (Shi et al., 2012).Reverse logistics is often used as a synonym to efforts to reduce theenvironmental impact of the supply chain by recycling, reusing and remanufacturing. However, originally green logistics was used to describe the movement of the material against the primary flow in the form of commercial returns, wrong deliveries and recalls etc., i.e. from the customer towards the producer. (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 2001.) In addition to reverse logistics, closed-loop supply chain has also been used to emphasize that the reverse flow of material (e.g. Zhu et al., 2008). However, the activities motivated mainly by environmental concerns might be better labelled as green reverse logistics (Hazen, Cegielski & Hanna, 2011) or in the more general terms of green or environmental logistics (Rogers & Tibben-Lembke, 2001) instead of reverse logistics or closed-loop supply chains.The above-mentioned concepts are mainly used to describe the actions taken by the logistics service provider side. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is a more extensive concept that has been gaining increasing interest among practitioners and academia and is mainly directed towards manufacturing companies. The term implies that the focus of environmental management has shifted from a facility or organization level to supply chain level (Linton et al., 2007). Srivastava (2007) defines that GSCM is integrating environmental thinking into supply chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life.GSCM is also known as environmental supply chain management (ESCM) (e.g. Zsidisin & Siferd, 2001;Walker et al., 2008). Some authors (e.g. Seuring & Meller, 2008; Craig & Carter, 2008) use sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) as a synonym of GSCM or ESCM although they mostly focus on the environmental aspect of sustainability, thereby paying less attention on economic and social aspects. According to Zhu et al. (2005) GSCM is strongly related to inter-organisational activities such as industrial ecosystems, industrial ecology, product life cycle analysis, extended producer responsibility and product stewardship.GSCM is often described to consist of green purchasing, green manufacturing, green distribution/green marketing and reverse logistics (Hervani et al., 2005). Greenor environmental purchasing or green supply refers to efforts to improve environmental performance of purchased inputs or of suppliers that provide them (Bowen et al., 2001). Green manufacturing is typically tried to be achieved by various types of environmental practices, such as pollution control, pollution prevention and product stewardship (Hart, 1995). The definitions of GSCM emphasize that environmentally conscious practices are evident in all stages of the supply chain and the product life-cycle (Hervani et al., 2005). Furthermore, Vachon and Klassen (2006) divide these green supply chain management practices into two sets: one of them being environmental monitoring and the other environmental collaboration. In the former the focus is on arm length transaction in which the buying organisation evaluates and monitors its suppliers, and in the latter the environmental solutions are developed jointly.GSCM activities aim at achieving market advantages and profits while reducing environmental impacts. One generally used concept to measure the effect of supply chain activities on natural environment is the environmental or ecological footprint. It accounts for human demand on global biological resources and compares the level of consumption with the available amount of bioproductive land and sea area and has been designed to show whether this ustainability threshold is exceeded (Wiedmann & Barrett, 2010). Lately the use of carbon footprint has increased rapidly but the question still remains whether it should contain only carbon dioxide emissions or other greenhouse gas emissions as well (Wiedmann & Minx, 2007).The increasing interest in environmental issues has led to the development of voluntary environmental management systems. Environmental management systems (EMS) is collection of internal efforts at formally articulating environmental goals, making choices that integrate the environment into production decisions, identifying opportunities for pollution (waste) reduction and implementing plans to make continuous improvements in production methods and environmental performance (Khanna & Anton, 2002). The most commonly used framework for an EMS is developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the ISO 14001 standard. In addition, for example the European Parliament has created its ownenvironmental management system, EMAS. (Gonzalez et al. 2008.) In order to obtain a certification an environmental audit conducted by a registered external auditor is required (Rondinelli & Vastag, 2000).Different types of actors can use different approaches to contribute to environmental sustainability. These approaches can be viewed from macro and micro perspective. Actions in the macro domain are taken by governments and other legislative authorities, while in the micro domain the actions are taken by the companies (Aronsson & Huge-Brodin, 2006). When viewed from a supply chain perspective, the micro domain can be further divided into the logistics service users (manufacturing, trading) and logistics service providers. The decisions concerning the actions to be taken can be made at different levels: strategic, tactic and operational. Each level indicates different scope and time span of the decision. In general, the policy makers decisions are prepared for several months and even years beforehand, whereas logistics service providers and users also make plenty of day-to-day decisions. Figure X illustrates some of the actions taken by different actors that impact on the environmental footprint. It is not meant to be conclusive but to provide some examples on what kinds of activities affect the environmental footprint. Table 1: Actions Taken by Different Actors to Impact the Environmental Footprint.Management can take several approaches to greening the supply chains. Some firms choose to be reactive and commit minimal resources, while more proactive firms may choose to seek value by strategically committing to environmental sustainability and by integrating environmental policy in strategy. (van Hoek, 1999.) Formulating environmental strategy is equally important for both logistics service users and providers. An environmental management system (EMS) can be implemented to address environmental practices within the organisation. It is used to formally articulate environmental goals, to make choices that integrate the environment into production decisions, and to identify opportunities for pollution reduction and to implement plans to make continuous improvements (Khanna & Anton, 2002.) The two most widespread EMSs in Europe are ISO 14 001 and EMAS (Gonzalez, Sarkis & Adenso-Diaz, 2008).Green purchasing or green supply attempts to improve environmental performance of purchased inputs or of suppliers that provide them (Bowen et al., 2001). Green purchasing enables to specific issues, such as to reduction the waste produced, to substitute material through environmental sourcing of raw materials and to minimize the use of hazardous materials (Rao & Holt, 2005), e.g. through materials that are either recyclable or reusable, or have already been recycled. Supplier selection is an important decision at this stage. (Sarkis, 2003.) Supplier evaluation and development forms another important part of green purchasing (Zsidisin & Siferd, 2001). The survey study by Holt and Ghobadian (2009) revealed that over 50 % of UK manufacturers used informal supplier assessment and evaluation practices and over 30% used formal systems. Greener production is typically addressed through various types of environmental practices, such as pollution control, pollution prevention and product stewardship (Hart, 1995). It can be achieved by using renewable and recycled materials and by incorporating reverse logistics so that wasted generated in the production processes are processed and recycled into the production phase (Rao & Holt, 2005).There is a growing trend to outsource transport and logistics services to third party logistics service providers. Logistics service buyers increasingly ask for information on environmental performance of logistics service providers. (Wolf & Seuring, 2010.) Network design, planning and management are some of the pivotal issues to be considered by logistics service providers. Environmental sustainability usually calls for fewer shipments, less handling, shorter movements, more direct routes and better space utilization. Network design has an impact on fill rate, e.g. by increasing the size of warehouses, by centralizing distribution and by changing the location of warehouses. Consolidation is a central aspect to logistics systems on many levels, since consolidation of freight affects fleet size, vehicles, container and package sizes. (Aronsson & Huge-Brodin, 2006.) Other operational measures include e.g. educating and training drivers on eco-driving leads to reductions in fuel consumption (Helmreich, Bonilla, Akyelken, &Weiss, 2009).Although the supply chain to the retailers were optimized in terms ofenvironmental sustainability, the importance of mile deliveries cannot be underestimated. Browne, Rizet, Leonardi and Allen (2008) note that personal shopping trips can use more energy than the whole supply chain before, even if production is included. Hence, the consumers should be made aware of the environmental effects of their shopping behavior. Growing online retail can reduce these effects and retailers can actively aim at reducing their share by e.g. consolidating orders and by adopting off-peak/out-of-hours deliveries, allowing delivery vans to run more of their mileage at fuel-efficient speeds. (Edwards, McKinnon & Cullinane, 2009.)In the macro domain, the harmful effects of logistics have been recognized long ago. The transport strategy of the European Union highlights development needs towards sustainable transport and promotes multimodal and rail transport (European Commission white paper, 2011). Several policy instruments used by legislative bodies have long-term impacts on the supply chains. European commercial air transport and energy intensive manufacturing sectors are subject to the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).According to European Commission (2013a), the EU ETS is cornerstone of a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. The system applies to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants, energy-intensive industry sectors and commercial airlines. The EU ETS works on the 'cap and trade' principle. A 'cap' refers to the limit of the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the factories, power plants and other installations in the system.译文绿色物流:促进可持续发展（5000多字）贾恩. 法兰斯1. 引言物流是工商业的支柱。
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文
3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。
especially in the field of industrial product design。
The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。
With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。
the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。
According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。
the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。
In the medical field。
3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。
implants。
XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。
3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。
and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。
with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。
绿色壁垒的外文翻译
外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响外文文献翻译__中英对照
绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响外文文献翻译—中英对照毕业论文外文资料翻译题目绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响学院经济学院专业国际经济与贸易班级国贸0712学生李聪敬学号20072205031指导教师刘玉刚二?一一年四月二十二日Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25・Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on Chins's Foreign Trade Thomas J ・ SargentABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words:Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumptionin many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmentai protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influenceson the export of developing countries and are generally known as ，z Green Barriers to trade'"・ In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, ，z Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products・1・ Analysis on the causes of formation ofGreen Trade Barriers^ Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers^・With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved・ But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment・ The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment・In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment・ From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems・ The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade・Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers^・ As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technologyEven if they make very strict environmental standards, theirdomestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries・ In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers・ In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before・ The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign productsWhile because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted ・ Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions ofimportation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers ・2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows: Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment ・ If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade ・Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards providedthrough legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, tend to make higher Green standards with no interests of the developing countries ・ Such high in factconstitute a barrier to the products from which areinferior in technology.2. 3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection ofenvironment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment ・ If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries ・ If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade ・developed countries consideration on the Green standards will developing countries2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and Quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries・3.Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers〃・In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down・ Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union EU because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU・ Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU・In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade"・China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers・Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion:"Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4・ Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss・ Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures・ First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier・ According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries・So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests・ Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members ofWTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to set tie t his dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests ・ Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers・References[1Z John, Smith・2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics , 4, 34-56・[2^ Anderson, J・ L・,2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356・[31 Gallagher, R・，2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62・经济研究杂志，2006, 11: 24-27.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要:近年来,绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
绿色壁垒名词解释
绿色壁垒名词解释绿色壁垒是指某些国家或地区为了保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统，对进口商品的环境和生态标准设置的一种非关税贸易壁垒。
具体来说，绿色壁垒要求进口商品符合一定的环境和生态标准，否则将被禁止进口或受到限制。
在全球化的经济发展下，各国之间进行国际贸易成为常态，进口商品数量急剧增加。
然而，部分进口商品可能存在环境违规、生态破坏等问题，给本国或本地区的环境和生态系统带来威胁。
为了保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统，一些国家或地区开始实施绿色壁垒措施。
绿色壁垒的实施通常包括以下几个方面：1. 环境标准：要求进口商品在制造和运输过程中符合一定的环境标准，包括废物排放、能源消耗、水资源利用等。
进口商品需要提供证明材料或通过认证才能进入市场。
2. 生态标准：要求进口商品在生产和采购过程中对生态系统造成的影响较小，比如要求商品的原材料来源可持续、不损害生态保护区、不破坏物种多样性等。
3. 绿色认证：要求进口商品通过绿色认证，证明其符合一定的环境和生态标准。
绿色认证机构会对商品进行评估和检测，只有通过认证的商品才能进入市场。
4. 绿色采购政策：政府或公共机构在采购商品时优先选择符合环境和生态标准的商品，鼓励企业生产和供应绿色商品。
绿色壁垒的实施可以有效地提高进口商品的环境和生态质量，保护本国或本地区的环境和生态系统。
然而，绿色壁垒也可能对贸易造成一定的负面影响，增加了进口商品的成本和贸易障碍，导致一些国家或地区的出口受限。
因此，绿色壁垒的实施需要在保护环境和生态的基础上，兼顾贸易自由和公平。
各国或地区可以加强合作，通过制定统一的环境和生态标准，建立共同的认证机制等，实现绿色壁垒的协调和一体化，促进可持续发展和全球环境保护。
绿色壁垒名词解释
绿色壁垒名词解释绿色壁垒(green barrier，简称“绿色”壁垒)又称环境壁垒。
是指一国为维护其正常的环境与自然资源而采取的法律、经济甚至军事等多方面限制的手段。
目前，国际上普遍将使用国内法设置的贸易壁垒称之为“绿色壁垒”，而将依靠立法、行政、管理和宣传等设置的贸易壁垒称为“非绿色壁垒”。
Green barrier指一国或一地区为了保护本国的环境和利用外资而在进口商品中附加的对环境与自然资源的保护性限制性措施。
包括自然资源与生态环境两方面，因此可以称为“环境壁垒”。
它是为保护本国环境和利用外资而设置的非关税壁垒。
设置绿色壁垒最主要的是采取相应的措施来控制污染，即采取保护环境的有效措施，通过立法、行政和技术等手段实现。
绿色壁垒涉及面广，包括污染控制、产品标准、劳工标准、原料检验、卫生检疫、公害对策、资源利用与开发、市场准入、国民待遇、贸易政策、投资政策、贸易手段、法律法规等诸多领域。
绿色壁垒是一种合理有效的贸易保护形式，它既符合环保要求，又能达到保护本国环境和资源的目的，对消费者的健康和安全也能起到一定的保护作用，对于维护本国产业的国际竞争力具有重要意义。
相关词汇：进口壁垒、绿色壁垒、外贸壁垒、出口壁垒，绿色壁垒分类有三种：物理性绿色壁垒；化学性绿色壁垒；生物性绿色壁垒。
以物理性绿色壁垒为例：包括进口国实行进口许可证制度和强制性标准等，是指进口国所规定的影响国外产品进入本国市场的技术性措施和管理措施。
物理性绿色壁垒的特点是表现形式多样，而且经常变动，如：各国实行的进口许可证制度(一般为进口商品必须获得进口国政府颁发的许可证)；政府对进口的产品征收高额关税、提高检验标准、规定进口配额或者其他数量限制；对于污染严重、破坏环境的产品，限制或禁止进口；对原材料、零部件、元器件实行全球性的许可证制度；禁止或限制外国的转口商进口本国已经或即将消费的产品等。
绿色壁垒有以下几种类型：(1)自愿性绿色壁垒；(2)非关税壁垒；(3)关税壁垒；(4)绿色贸易壁垒。
研究欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对我国家电出口影响
欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国家电出口的影响引言随着全球环境问题日益突出，绿色贸易壁垒在国际贸易中的作用日益重要。
欧洲联盟（European Union，EU）作为世界上最大的经济体之一，采取了一系列的绿色贸易壁垒措施，旨在保护环境和健康，并促进可持续发展。
本文将探讨欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国家电出口的影响。
欧盟绿色贸易壁垒概述欧盟绿色贸易壁垒是指欧盟对进口商品的限制和要求，要求进口商品符合一定的环境标准和质量要求。
欧盟在环保、能源效率、可持续发展等方面设定了一系列的技术和标准，称为欧洲标准（European Standards），以确保进口商品的质量和环境友好性。
在家电领域，欧盟绿色贸易壁垒的主要措施包括能效标签（Energy Labels）、限制有害物质（Restriction of Hazardous Substances，RoHS）、电子废物回收等。
这些措施旨在推动家电行业向更加环保和能源效率高的方向发展。
欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国家电出口的影响增加出口准入门槛欧盟绿色贸易壁垒的实施使中国家电出口面临更高的准入门槛。
家电企业需要满足欧盟标准，确保其产品的能效和环保性能达到欧盟要求。
这给中国家电制造商带来了技术升级和质量提升的挑战，需要改善生产工艺和产品设计，以满足欧盟的标准要求。
此外，欧盟对进口家电的认证和检测要求也增加了中国家电企业的成本。
企业需要进行多项检测和认证，支付相应的费用，以证明其产品符合欧盟的要求。
这增加了中国家电出口商的运营成本，降低了其竞争力。
影响产品竞争力由于欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国家电出口的影响，一些中国家电企业在产品性能、能效和环保方面与欧洲企业存在较大差距。
这使得一些中国品牌在欧盟市场的竞争力受到限制，很难在高端市场占据一席之地。
欧盟绿色贸易壁垒对中国家电出口造成的竞争压力也促使中国企业加大创新力度，加强技术研发和产品升级。
同时，中国政府也加大了对环保工作的监管力度，并推动企业加强绿色生产，以提高中国家电出口的竞争力。
新零售模式外文文献翻译最新译文
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：The Research of the Growth of New Retail Formats 作者：Piyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Ka期刊：Research and Publications年份：2017原文The Research of the Growth of New Retail FormatsPiyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar KarAbstractThe Indian retail sector is going through a transformation and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. Both existing and new players are experimenting with new retail formats. Currently two popular formats -hypermarkets and supermarkets are growing very fast. Apart from the brick -mortar formats, brick -click and click-click formats are also increasingly visible on the Indian retail landscape. Consumer dynamics in India is changing and the retailers need to take note of this and formulate their strategies and tactics to deliver value to the consumer. This paper investigates modern retail developments and growth of modern formats in this country. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities available to the retailers to succeed in this country.Keywords: New Retail, Formats, Development Strategy IntroductionRetailing in India is receiving global recognition and attention and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. It is not just the global players likeWal-Mart, Tesco and Metro group are eying to capture a pie of this market but also the domestic corporate behemoths like Reliance, KK Modi , Aditya Birla group, and Bharti group too are at some stage of retail development. Reliance, announced that it will invest $3.4 billion to become the country's largest modern retailer by establishing a chain of 1,575 stores by March 2007. The last couple of years have been rosy for real estate developers and the retailers are finding suitable retail space in prominent locations. The industry is buoyant about growth and the early starters are in expansion mood. There is increased sophistication in the shopping pattern of consumers, which has resulted in big retail chains coming up in most metros; mini metros and towns being the next target. Consumer taste and preferences are changing leading to radical alteration in lifesty les and spending patterns which in turn is giving rise to new business opportunities. Companies need to be dynamic and proactive while responding to the ever- changing trends in consumer lifesty le and behavior.Retailing in India is currently estimated to be a USD 200 billion industry, of which organised retailing makes up 3 percent or USD 6.4 billion. By 2010, organised retail is projected to reach USD 23 billion1 and in terms of market share it is expected to rise by 20 to 25 per cent2. The report also predicts a stronger retailer growth thanthat of GDP in the coming five years.The generic growth is likely to be driven by changing lifestyles and by strong surge in income, which in turn will be supported by favorable demographic patterns. Rapid growth in international quality retail space brings joy to shoppers and shopping malls are becoming increasingly common in large cities, and announced development plans project at least 150 new shopping malls by 2008. The number of department stores is growing at a much faster pace than overall retail, at 24 per cent annually. Supermarkets have been taking an increasing share of general food and grocery trade over the last two decades.Development of mega malls in India is adding new dimensions to the booming retail sector. Shopping experience in the nation of shopkeepers is changing and changing very fast. There is significant development in retail landscape not only in the metros but also in the smaller cities. Even ITC went one step ahead to revolutionize rural retail by developing ‘Choupal Sagar’a rural mall. On one hand there are groups of visionary corporate working constantly to improve upon urban shopping experience and on the other hand some companies are try ing to infuse innovative retail experience into the rural set up.The Larger PictureIndian economy has shown an impressive growth of over 6 per cent for last five years and continues to surge ahead. GDP growth rate in 2003-04 recorded a fifteen year high of 8.5% and subsequently maintained a steady growth for the next two years. Real GDP growth accelerated from 7.5 per cent during 2004-05 to per cent during 2005-06 on the back of buoyant manufacturing and services activity supported by a recovery in the agricultural sector.3 The central bank forecasts similar growth of 7.5-8 percent during 2006-07. With strong economic growth consumerism is increasing in the country and India is the fourth largest economy as far as purchasing power parity is concerned, just behind USA, Japan a nd China. Consumer TrendIndia is currently having the largest young population in the world and 54 per cent of India’s population is below 25 years of age and 80 per cent are below 45 years. As per India’s Marketing Whitebook (2006) by Businessworld, India has around 192 million households. Of these only a little over six million are ‘affluent’–that is, with household income in excess of INR215, 000. Another 75 million households are in the category of ‘w ell off’immediately below the affluent, earning between INR45,000 and INR215,000.This is a sizable proportion which offers excellent opportunity for organized retailers to serve.AC Nielsen’s Retail and Shopper Trends 2004 Report made the following observations on shopper’s behaviour in India:(1)Indian shoppers spend an average of INR2500 on food, groceries and personal care items every month and (2) convenience stores are booming in most markets, as the number of such stores exceeds 80,000.According to the report, 48 per cent of shoppers in India admit that they ‘lo v e to try new things’,making them the most novelty seeking shoppers around the region and total average monthly expenditure is only $50, of this, $21 is spent on fresh food, comprising 42 per cent of the entire monthly spend. Indians also appear to spend more on groceries and personal care items.Business communities believe that sizable disposable income in India is concentrated in the urban areas and well off and affluent classes; income distribution is unequal compared to other Asian economies. In fact, the 20 million middle class home in rural India equal the number in urban India4 and thus have the same purchasing power. Therefore, there is significant and considerable opportunity for organized retailers in the rural areas. There is no denying that the rural market holds immense promise for the organized retail butcompanies ponder over how to serve that market profitably.Unlike the urban market, it is less developed in terms of infrastructure and facilities. More than any thing else, the larger issue is to find out a suitable business model and retail format to fit local taste and preference. Of course cost of doing business in rural market would be lesser compared to urban market but reaching out to the mass is a concern. It is not impossible but a bit more difficult. For example the most successful and the largest incorporation Wal-Mart started in the rural market where as competition started in the urban market. This retailer has proved that it is important to understand how do you operate your business model rather than where you do it.Given the increasing urban exposure of rural India, the urban and the rural upper-income groups can form an interesting continuum market, giving it a scale of 23 million households, or 115 million consumers. In 2006-07, the consuming class would be about 60 million households, or 300 million consumers.NCAER data shows that for 1998-99, for a basket of 22 FMCG products it tracks, a total of over Rs 91,500 crore was spent. Of this, 37% was spent by the two lowest-income groups in rural India, and only about 20% by the top two income groups in urban areas. This is, perhaps, the best and only statement of the structure and potential ofthe Indian market. Hence, marketers have to worry about purchasing power of consumer not where he is living. For example there are nearly 42,000 rural haats, average number of sales outlets per haat is 300 and average sales per outlet is INR 900 and average foot fall in a haat is about 4,500. In rural India there are 50 million Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders and in 2002-03, LIC sold 50 percent of its policies in rural India.6 These are some of the indicators how rural India is performing.Drivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Currently the country has a population of over one billion, 60% of which is under 30 years of age. This means majority of the population is young and working class with higher purchasing power. The low median age of population means a higher current consumption rate which augurs well for the retail sector. Consumerspending in India has grown at over 12 percent since mid-1990s and 64 per cent of Indian GDP is accounted for by private consumption.7 Over the last decade, the average Indian spending has gone up from INR 5,745 in 1992-93 to INR 16,457 in 2003-04 and is expected to grow around its trend rate of 12 per centDrivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Development of Retail FormatsIt is difficult to fit a successful international format directly and expect a similar performance in India. The lessons from multinationals expanding to new geographies too point to this. For example, Wal-Mart is highly successful in USA but the story is different in Asian countries like China. Therefore, it is important for retailer to look at local conditions and insights into the local buying behaviour before shaping the format choice. Considering thediversity in terms of taste and preferences existing in India the retailers may go for experimentation to identify the winning format suited to different geographies and segments. For example, the taste in south is different from that in north and this brings challenges to the retailers. Therefore, most of grocery retailers are region- centric at this point in time. Now a number of retailers are in a mode of experimentation and try ing several formats which are essentially representation of retailing concepts to fit into the consumer mind space. Apart from geography even rural and urban divide poses different kind of challenge to the retailer. Pantaloon Retail India is experimenting with several retail formats to cater to a wide segment of consumers in the market. Some of the new formats are Fashion Station (popular fashion), Blue Sky (fashion accessories), aLL (fashion apparel for plus-size individuals), Collection i (home furnishings), Depot (books & music) and E-Zone (Consumer electronics). The retailer is try ing to segment the market with the help of format. The retailer developed another new format in the form of Wholesale Club to sell a segment of consumer who purchase on bulk and look out for discounts and offers. The new format is going to be kind of wholesale club which is likely to be located close to Food Bazaar. Consumers who are interested to purchase on bulk can take benefit from this format. Similarly the Land mark groupalso operates multiple formats such as hypermarket (Max), departmental store (Lifestyle), Shoemart and Funcity 12 etc.. Such experimentation and identification of an appropriate format for the local conditions would separate winners from losers in India, possibly implying multiple formats could be the reality in the long run.译文新零售模式发展研究Piy ush K um a r S inh a ， S a nja y K um a r K a r摘要印度零售业正在经历转型，可以看到这个新兴市场的增长和投资格局的重大变化。
绿色壁垒的相关政策
绿色壁垒的相关政策
绿色壁垒（Green barriers）是指通过政策工具限制进口商品的环保要求，被称为环境壁垒。
以下是相关政策：
1.欧盟REACH法案——限制有害物质，要求进口企业达到欧盟的环保标准，不符合要求则被禁止进入欧盟市场。
2.美国“洗衣机”法案——美国环保署规定洗衣机在运行中必须使用低磷洗涤剂，在中国生产洗衣机的厂商必须符合这个标准才能进入美国市场。
3.日本绿色采购法——要求政府采购的物品必须符合节能、环保等规定，并且优先采购符合环保要求的日本国产产品。
4.中国《限制进口废物目录》——限制进口一些废弃物品，主要是因为这些废弃物无法达到我国的环保标准。
5.欧盟“森林法案”——欧盟采购的木材和木制品必须符合欧盟采购标准，保证来自可持续和合法砍伐的来源。
这些政策和法规主要用来保护环境和人类健康，但对于一些企业来说可能会造成不小的影响，需要提前做好准备和调整。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献翻译
经济管理学院毕业论文（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目：Green Barriers Trade and its Influenceson China's Foreign Trade绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响姓名:学号:专业:国际经济与贸易学院:经济管理学院指导教师:Journal of Economic SurveysGreen Barriers Trade and its Influences on China'sForeign TradeThomas J. SargentABSTRACTIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about theenvironmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developingcountries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
绿色壁垒名词解释
绿色壁垒名词解释绿色壁垒(green barrier)又称“环境技术壁垒”。
是指在国际贸易中，政府为了保护本国市场和生态环境而采取的限制外国商品进口的措施。
欧盟已经将环境与农业相结合制定了新的环境法律，并且通过建立技术性贸易壁垒等方式来限制外国的农产品及其加工品的进口。
以欧盟新颁布的《1974/78环境与食品卫生指令》为例，该法案规定在某些产品的加工中，食品生产者必须确保从源头到成品各个阶段都不得对环境造成危害。
根据该法案，一旦发现违反上述指令的做法，食品的进口商就会面临着被欧盟各国联合制裁的风险。
美国于20世纪80年代开始了绿色壁垒措施的研究，这些措施目前已应用到各个领域。
特别是美国为了阻止日本生产大量的彩电、空调、洗衣机等消费品，强迫日本签订了绿色壁垒条约。
绿色壁垒通常表现为技术标准、技术法规、环境标志、认证制度和包装标签要求等形式，如出口欧盟的冰箱、汽车、儿童玩具、家用电器等商品必须符合环保指令的要求，否则不准进入欧盟市场。
12、美国-21计划-21计划主要是通过对全球有害物质进行跟踪，预测哪些产品可能对人体健康构成潜在危害，然后制定出限制进口的环境法律法规。
日本在这方面是美国最大的贸易伙伴，为了能够使美国的企业转向日本生产家电、汽车，日本政府以制定严格的环境标准和法律的手段，迫使美国的公司在日本投资建厂，以达到促进日本经济增长和扩大就业机会的目的。
绿色壁垒(green barrier)又称“环境技术壁垒”。
它是政府为保护本国产业或市场而采取的一种限制外国商品进口的措施。
是各国环境保护部门为防止国外商品大量涌入，维护国内正常的生产和销售秩序，运用经济、行政、法律和技术手段而设置的一种非关税壁垒。
这种以保护人类健康和环境为名，限制进口的措施即为绿色壁垒。
绿色壁垒(green barrier)又称“环境技术壁垒”。
是政府为保护本国产业或市场而采取的一种限制外国商品进口的措施。
它是环境保护部门为防止国外商品大量涌入，维护国内正常的生产和销售秩序，运用经济、行政、法律和技术手段而设置的一种非关税壁垒。
技术壁垒对贸易的影响外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Yousefi, A., & Liu, M. (2013). The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China, Japan, Korea, and the US. In Innovation in the High-Tech Economy (pp. 23-34). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.译文The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of TradeBetween China, Japan, Korea, and the USAyoub YousefiIntroductionThe technical barrier to trade (TBT) is a relatively new technique raised during the last decades, which has influenced the trade flow worldwide (Bao and Qiu 2011). It is one form of the non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs), which differs from the traditional ones that it mainly includes standards and technical regulations. World Trade Organization (WTO) took it into an effect in the year of 1995. TBT varies from country to country in terms of the magnitude and product coverage. For example, it might come with the form of safety and labeling. In fact, it can be a tool to promote trade but can also be a protection as well. Additionally, the Developing Countries and Developed Countries have different reactions to this measure. This essay is aimed to find out the effects for both types of countries in the manufacturing area with the help of gravity model.T his essay is inspired by the article “How do technical barriers to trade influence trade flows”. Instead of the general trade flows, this study collects data on one industry, which is manufacture and extends the scope of the years to 2011. At the same time, unlike the previous article chosen all members in WTO, China, Japan, Korea and US are chosen as the object countries, because they have strong connections. China and US are the biggest trade partners of each other in terms of manufactured goods. Another reason is that Japan, Korea, and China are very close geographically, and Japan is an important and the most developed country in Asia. With the analysis of the TBT notifications and the trade flows of those countries, therewould be a reasonable conclusion of the impact of TBT on the developing country and the developed countries.Sources of Data and Summary StatisticsAll the data between China and US starts from the year 1984 to the year 2011. For China and Japan, the time range of data is from year 1984 to 2011 as well. For the export from China to Korea, the data is valid from year 1992 to year 2011. Data of Korea exporting to China is valid from year 1989 to year 2011.As the part of TBT notifications, they are collected from the TBT information system of WTO and added on to get the sub number for each year.As the control variable, real GDP (based on year of 2000 in US dollars) for China, Japan, and US are collected from the World Bank.As mentioned above, the manufacturing trade flow of China, Japan, Korea, and U.S. should be included. In that case, the data of the manufacturing trade flow were obtained from the WTO commodity trade statistics and database from the year 1984 to the year 2011 between Japan and China, as well as US and China. The trade value of manufacture from Korea to China is collected from 1989 to 2011 since there is no historical data before 1989. At the same time, the trade value from China exports to Korea is valid from the year of 1992 to the year of 2011.Fig. 1 The trade value from China export to Korea (1992–2010)Table 1 The regression results of China exports to KoreaAs is shown in Fig. 1, from 1992 to 2011, the export value from China to Korea is increasing constantly, especially sharply after year 2000. It does fallen a bit on 2009 possibly because of the global financial crisis, but the value goes up after that (Table 1).From the E-Views regression result showing above, the probability of log(1 +TBT_korea) is 0.0846, which means that it can be 90 % sure that the coefficient is significant, and TBT of Korea can influence the trade flow from China export to Korea. However, it is not reasonable since the coefficient is a positive number. Generally, the TBT would not stimulate other countries’ export.Fig. 2 The trade value from Korea to China (1990–2010)Table 2 The regression results of Korea exports to ChinaHowever, the influence is positive. There are two potential reasons for this. One is that the amount of observations is not big enough, and there might be a bias. The other possible reason is that Korea’s notifications can influence all of the partners that Korea has, and China might did not export the goods that were influenced by these notifications during those years (Fig. 2).The trade value from Korea export to China also has a trend of going up, and also has a small decrease around the year of 2009. However, the absolute value is smaller than the one of China exporting to Korea. The regression table comes asfollowing (Table 2).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Fig. 3 The trade value from China export to US (1984–2010) From the results above, the probability of the key variable log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0903, which is smaller than 0.1. This number indicates that we can be 90 % sure that the TBT notification of China would influence the export value of Korea. Since the coefficient is −0.277276, the TBT of China does have a negative effect on the Korea’s export. This result is reasonable. For the variable of the real GDP of Korea, the probability is 0.0164, and we can be 95 % sure that this variable has positive influence on the export value of Korea. However, the GDP of China does not have significant influence on Korea’s export value because the probability 0.5521 is bigger than 0.1. Looking at the adjusted R-squared; it is 0.953275, which argues that the model fits the data well (Fig. 3).The value is increasing slowly before the year of 2000, and goes up quickly after that. Although there is a tiny fall in the year of 2009 because of the financial crisis, the value is increasing very fast in general (Table 3).The probability log(1+TBT_US) is 0.0328 and the coefficient is 0.019259. This shows that there is a slightly positive effect of TBT instead of a negative one in the example of exporting from China to US. This is not supposed to be happen. One ofthe reasonable explanations might be that the number of the variables is not big enough to give sufficient result, and another explanation is that China has trade surplus during these years so that TBTs are not strong enough to influence the trade values. In addition, China joined WTO in the year of 2001, this benefits China exporting manufacture products to its biggest trade partner US as well (Fig. 4, Table 4).Table 3 The regression results of China exports to USFig. 4 The trade value from US export to China (1984–2010) The probability of the log(1+TBT_China) is 0.0349, which means it is 95 % surethat the coefficient −0.382740 is significant. Consequently, the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of US. The positive economy index of China would stimulate the export from US to China, whereas the US GDP does not have a significant influence. The adjusted R-squared 0.867589 is close to 1, which indicates good fitness of the model to the data (Fig. 5).The Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade: The Cases of Trade Between China. . .Table 4 The regression results of US exports to ChinaFig. 5 The trade value from China export to Japan (1984–2010) The export value from China to Japan is increasing slowly before 2002, and is increasing sharply after then with a tiny fall in the year 2009 (Table 5).The probability of the log(1+TBT_Japan) is 0.3209, which shows that the coefficient is not significant. In other words, the TBT of Japan might does not have an influence on the export of China to Japan. A possible explanation is that these two countries are too close geographically and Japan needs the manufacturing goods very much so that the notifications would not be a key factor of the change of the trade value (Fig. 6).Table 5 The regression results of China exports to JapanFig. 6 The trade value from Japan export to China (1984–2010) The value is very small before year 1991 and goes up lightly and fluctuates between the year 1992 and 2002. Then the value goes up quickly except the fall on 2009 because of the financial crisis (Table 6).The probability of the log (1+TBT_China) is 0.0926, which shows that the coefficient is significant. Therefore it is safe to say that the TBT of China has a negative influence on the export of Japan to China. This result is reasonable.Table 6 The regression results of Japan exports to ChinaPolicy ImplicationsAs we can see from the example of US exporting to China, Japan exporting to China, along with Korea exporting to China, the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) has a negative influence on the exporting trade values. As a huge economy playing a crucial part in the bilateral trade of manufacture, China definitely should be care of the policies which it is implementing. There is opposite results too as which have been showed above. The most possible reason for all of them is that the numbers of the variables are not big enough, which can influence the regression result. Additionally, the industry and the countries have been picked are very special. Bilateral trades of manufacturing trades between China and the other three countries are of great importance and particular enough so that the manufacturing industry cannot stand for the other industries. Though we see opposite examples, the opposite results also come with the imperfect fits between the model and the data, which means we should pay more attention on the ones that proving the negative influence on the importing countries’ TBT notifications on its partner. The time period in this paper is not that long, but the long-term effect of the TBT can be somehow predicted from the results. As a consequence, as a non-tariff trade barrier, it should be reduced in rising up in order to avoid more negative on the trade values as well as other potential bad effects for all the governments trading in the international markets. Of course, this paper is byno means complete. Further researches should be extended with more industries and countries along with a longer time period.译文技术贸易壁垒对中国、日本、韩国以及美国之间贸易的影响阿尤布·尤瑟夫引言技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是一种相对较新的技术，在过去的几十年不断被提高，致使它对全球的贸易往来有很大的影响(包和邱2011)。
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023原文1：The Current Trends in Warehouse Management and LogisticsWarehouse management is an essential component of any supply chain and plays a crucial role in the overall efficiency and effectiveness of logistics operations. With the rapid advancement of technology and changing customer demands, the field of warehouse management and logistics has seen several trends emerge in recent years.One significant trend is the increasing adoption of automation and robotics in warehouse operations. Automated systems such as conveyor belts, robotic pickers, and driverless vehicles have revolutionized the way warehouses function. These technologies not only improve accuracy and speed but also reduce labor costs and increase safety.Another trend is the implementation of real-time tracking and visibility systems. Through the use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags and GPS (global positioning system) technology, warehouse managers can monitor the movement of goods throughout the entire supply chain. This level of visibility enables better inventory management, reduces stockouts, and improves customer satisfaction.Additionally, there is a growing focus on sustainability in warehouse management and logistics. Many companies are implementing environmentally friendly practices such as energy-efficient lighting, recycling programs, and alternativetransportation methods. These initiatives not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also result in cost savings and improved brand image.Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have become integral parts of warehouse management. AI-powered systems can analyze large volumes of data to optimize inventory levels, forecast demand accurately, and improve operational efficiency. Machine learning algorithms can also identify patterns and anomalies, enabling proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime.In conclusion, warehouse management and logistics are continuously evolving fields, driven by technological advancements and changing market demands. The trends discussed in this article highlight the importance of adopting innovative solutions to enhance efficiency, visibility, sustainability, and overall performance in warehouse operations.译文1：仓储物流管理的当前趋势仓储物流管理是任何供应链的重要组成部分，并在物流运营的整体效率和效力中发挥着至关重要的作用。
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文献出处: Johnson R. The research of household electrical appliances export trade and trade barriers [J]. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2015, 12(5): 12-22.原文The research of household electrical appliances export trade and trade barriersJohnson RAbstractWith the rapid development of economy, the global ecological environment suffered seriously damage, and some negative external economic factors occurred, such as there have been resource depletion, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and so on, which requires countries to adopt environmental protection measures to safeguard the earth. Due to the developed countries have strong economic strength, science technology, and pay attention to environmental protection concerns earlier, the developin g countries can’t reach the environmental standards that drawled up by developed countries, which making all related to environmental protection measures to be considered as" green barriers”. Household electrical appliances industry is one of the most fastest-growing industry in our country, it should continue to give play its export advantage. The household electrical appliances enterprises must understand and identify the essence of the green barriers, find out the characteristic of various EU green barriers which household electrical appliances encounter, through analyzing the reasons why household electrical appliances repeatedly suffer green barriers, the article use theoretical and empirical method to research the influence from EU green barriers to our electrical appliances export, the household electrical appliances companies should improve the production technology in a positive manner, enhance product quality and technical content, so that they can calmly deal with the green barriers.Keywords: Green Barriers; Household Electrical Appliance Products; Export Trade1 IntroductionUnder the background of global integration, free trade has become the trend of The Times, however, trade liberalization brought a lot of the negative externality of economic factors, such as environmental pollution, shortage of energy and resources,the ozone layer loss, etc., these directly affect the human survival life circle, the international environmental protection and therefore more and more be taken seriously, make the international trade and international environmental protection, is contradictory to each other again, green barrier is one kind of product. As in the long-term development, the economic and technological development level is different, lead to countries and attentions to the requirement of environmental protection are also different. Developed countries with strong economic strength and scientific technology, attention to environmental protection, early and develop more stringent environmental standards, puts forward higher requirements for the product, while developing countries due to the environmental protection starts late and when there are contradictory with the environmental protection and economic development, will be based on reality, priority to the development of the domestic economy, makes the developing countries to the requirements of environmental protection in developed countries. In fact, due to the environmental protection level gap of different countries, related to the environmental protection measures are considered "green barriers". Green barriers as the world's production of environmental protection consciousness enhancement, and plays a role in the development of a country's home appliance industry. In this paper, through theoretical analysis was carried out on the green barrier system, understand the reason of developed countries to implement green barriers, the developed countries to the electrical appliances product, by studying the implementation of a series of green barriers measures and characteristics, looking for home appliance export under the cause of the green barrier, analyzes the influence of the EU green barriers to home appliance trade.2 Literature reviewIn the tide of globalization, countries to promote trade liberalization, cancellation of tariff barriers, and along with the rapid development of international trade, has become an increasingly important problem of non-tariff barriers in trade. Environmental factors has become one of the main factors affecting international trade in recent years, as a result, people began to look at, related to the environmental protection effect of free trade measures as barriers to trade, namely "green barrier".About the definition of green barriers, a dispute about the theoretical circle. Now many scholars to environmental measures as a form of "barriers", the theory is based on environmental factors will increase the cost of the export of goods and technology requirements, prevent a country's goods exports, while the importer can through the implementation of green barriers to reduce imports of goods and weaken the international competitiveness of imports, thus effectively protect the goods and the market, so it is a kind of protectionist measures.Brian R.C operand, Scott Taylor (2006) (Trade, Growth and the Environment), when receiving the Nobel Prize in economics in December 1979 in a speech put forward: "in the developed world to control the Growth rate of less developed countries is the main link Trade". Developed countries depend not only on the development of economy and technology advantages, but also on the political position in international activities, and other advantages. Technology advantage is just one of the means to achieve the purpose of political discrimination is substantial. And is the basis of green barriers to the implementation of economic strength, technical level and industry foundation, the developed countries can use to trade for their own protection. Gallagher (2006) the research points out that the emergence of green barriers to trade increased export customs clearance when the uncertainty of the factors. Trade uncertainty affects the size and price, its effect is equivalent to a certain level of tariff barriers, essence is the imposition of trade protectionism. Toms (2009) argue that green barrier is a developed country with its advantage of science and technology, through a variety of legal forms, environmental standards and health standards in the regulation of foreign trade, set access restrictions on imported goods trade system, is to protect the environment by implementing trade protectionism. Blus (2013) to establish a trade price gradient field space control model, through the green barriers of tariff barriers substitution effect theory and empirical research, it is concluded that the fall in tariff rates generally international background, the developed countries and emerging industrialized countries or regions in order to protect their own products and industries and will use tariffs alternative technologies, can achieve the purpose ofAnd some other scholars believe that the green barrier is well-meaning, it is beneficial to environmental protection and human health of environmental protection industry and green product trade rapid growth, is a country's industrial structure adjustment, promote the sustainable development of economy. Along with the adoption of environmental protection new technology, new technology, products in the technology knowledge, make the international trade goods structure increasingly by mainly resource-intensive and labor-intensive to technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive, promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. Esty and Geradin (2008) points out that the protection of ecological environment is the responsibility of each earth people and consensus, it is free and fair trade is one of the two goals of human beings. They believe that free trade is serious damage to the environment, the WTO and the governments should develop more strict and harsh trade and environmental protection laws and regulations, improve trade standard of environmental protection, green barriers will no doubt greatly increase. Akinmulegun (2009) argue that green trade is a new trade way, will replace the traditional way of international trade, is the result of the implementation of sustainable development of the society, and in many developing countries see it as a barrier to hinder the development of free trade is not reasonable, put forward from the green, the standardization of terms of trade and environment of external costs two ways to solve the difficult problems in the implementation of green trade.Alfaro (2009) pointed out that when inconsistent environmental protection and economic development, developing countries will be at the expense of the environment, the development of its economy, it ignored the rationality of green barriers. They believe that green barrier is developed based on the rules formed by the environmental protection and the gradual evolution of trade barriers, which have the function of trade protection, but it is the product of scientific and technological progress, is the embodiment of the progress of human civilization, has strong rationality. Ayadi (2005) was analyzed by using the "people-oriented" concept of "green barriers" problem, to admit its rationality and modernity. They think that poorpeople in developing countries and the world more dependent on the natural environment, more need to protect the environment and ecology, we should face the reality, adoption of foreign trade on economic "reversed transmission mechanism", "green barrier" of "challenge" into "opportunity" of economic and social development. Ayanwale (2006), making use of the environmental Kuznets curve in this paper, the green trade barriers in developing countries have a positive effect, makes the developing countries to speed up the pace of the environmental protection and technology reform, the status quo of global environmental improvement has a promoting effect.2.2 The formation of green barriersThe formation of green barriers has both inside and outside factors. From the external cause, the environmental protection across the globe, green consumption is widely admired; Tariffs and traditional non-tariff barriers have quit, make protectionist barriers to seek new means. The generation of green barriers is free trade and environmental protection products of trend. Anderson in 1992 published "The Greening Of world trade" (The Greening Of The World Trade Issues).He thinks that a country in international trade must give priority to protect the environment, to reduce and eliminate the pollution and damage the environment products production and sales, in order to protect the environment and human health, all countries have the right to take tariff and non-tariff measures, control product exports even pollute the environment, any product should be included in the cost of environment and resource costs, make the ecological environment resource and environmental cost internalization. Greene (2003) from the Angle of ecology, research the causes of green trade barriers, think the deteriorating environmental problems is the objective reasons of green trade barriers in developing countries the backwardness and environmental awareness on environmental protection science and technology, the related laws and regulations lag is caused by developing countries cannot span of the main causes of green trade barriers. Findlay (2009) argue that the rapid development of economic globalization and increasingly severe global environmental problems is the relationship between international trade and environmental protection is increasinglyclose a crucial reason. From internal cause and the different types of countries due to its economic development level is different, the environmental protection standard, under the background of national interests is supreme reality, injected the most advantageous for the emergence of green barriers. Dollar (2008) argue that the developed countries use the rising green wave in the world, building non-tariff barriers "" environment, its essence is to achieve the purpose of trade protection3 The influence of green barrier3.1 The impact on the international competitivenessDue to the environmental protection consciousness between developed countries and developing countries and the differences between science and technology, formulation and implementation of green barriers is much by developed countries. And about the relationship between environmental regulation and international competitiveness research, academic circles appeared two factions, the traditional school and correct school. Traditional school representative Palmer, Oates and Putney (1995) argues that the implementation of environmental regulation will lead to rising production costs, thereby reducing international competitiveness, and severe environmental quality improvement benefits brought by the environmental regulation may be lower than the losses suffered by their markets to foreign competitors. Revisionist view environmental regulation makes competitive don't send a rose, Porter and Vanderlin (1995) on severe degree of environmental regulation and international competitiveness on the surface of the relationship between the flux in a dynamic framework, found that strict environmental regulation is possible to improve the international competitiveness of a country's industry. Elite and Frederickson (1998) suggested that the growing demand for the environmental quality will cause pollution tax subsidies and production increase at the same time, so as to make the tax and subsidy policy changes, and may lead to increase in exports, decrease imports, the country's international competitiveness.3.2 The influence of green barrier on international tradeThe implementation of the green barriers, the most direct response is to increase the export of goods cost, improve the technical threshold of imports, have the functionof the restricted imports of goods, bring serious harm to exporters. Crespo (2005) was analyzed by using the model of demand and supply the influence of green barrier on international trade, due to the developed countries and developing countries of different development level of science and technology and the differences in environmental standards, developed countries can formulate strict environmental standards to achieve the purpose of restricting imports. When the developed countries in the implementation of these environmental policies and measures with a strong color of trade protectionism, makes the international trade in the unreasonable restrictions and distortions, seriously hindered the modernization in developing countries, harm the interests of developing countries, and brings to the world trade new obstacles and difficulties. Burgess (2010) based on the theory of economics of supply and demand and the elasticity theory, from the two aspects of green taxation and market access restrictions of the importer effects were analyzed, and found the green taxation and market access restrictions from the price and quantity affects the importer of the domestic economy, and the implementation of the green barrier, will make the limited products continue to increase in developing countries as well as the pollution industry transfer to developing countries.译文家电产品出口贸易与贸易壁垒研究Johnson R摘要当前，经济不断地发展，全球生态环境却遭到严重的破坏，出现了资源耗竭、温室效应、臭氧层耗损等经济的负外部性因素，这就要求各国采取环保措施来维护我们赖以生存的地球。