chapter1_参考答案
泛读教程1 Chapter 1答案
Unit 1 Today's TrravelersChapter1 A Family Sees America Together(page2-17)Prereading Preparation(p.2)1.c2.b3.Answers will vary.4.Answers will vary.A. Fact-finding Exercise(p.4)1.True2.False-The Graham family met many friendly,helpful people.3.False-Marlene wrote reports about their trip every day.4.Ture5.TureB. Skimming and Scanning Exercise(p.5)part 1Main idea:bpart 2Is this person an adult or a child?Craig:adlutMarlene:adultCourtney:childCollier:childWhat did he or she do before the trip?Craig:had a rea estate businessMarlene:owned a small newspaperCourtney:attended schoolCollier:We don't knowWhat did he or she do during the trip?Craig:We don't konw.He probably drove the van.Marlene:Wrote reports about the family's trip and put her writing on the Internet.Courtney:Kept a journal of her life on the road,and put her writing on the Internet.Collier:We don't know.What did he or she say after the trip?Craig:Craig said that they all had a wonderful trip.Courtney:Courtney said that she missed her friends at school,but also enjoyed the trip very much.C.Reading Analysis(pp.6-7)1. a.1 b.2 c.12. a.1 b.1 c.23. b4. c5. a.1 b.2D.Think About it(p.8)1.Answers will vary.2.Answers will vary.3.Answers will vary.E.Dictionary Skills(pp.9-10)1. a.2 b.32. a.1 b.13. a.1 b.1F.Word Forms(10-11)1. a.interviewed(v.) b.interviews(n.)2. a.plans(n.)b.planned(v.)3. a.report(n.) b.reported(v.)4. a.visits(n.)b.visited(v.)5. a.work(n.) b.worked(v.)G.Blank Filling(p.11)1.describing2.journal3.sign4.websites5.missH.Translation(p.12)1.By using computers and the Internet2.If we are friendly and helpful to others3.learn about our country and (our) peple4.enjoyed his trip in Europe5.on the day that/when they leftI.Another Look(pp.12-14)1. a.1 b.12.They visited the capitol building.Photographers from the ABC statiom in Austin met the Grahams at thecapitol and took some photographs of them looking around.3.a,c,e,f4.aJ.Follow-up Activities(pp.14-16)1.Answers will vary.2.a.Route follows states in order mentioned above. b. 1,3,5K.Topics for Discussion and Writing.(p.16)Answers will vary.L.Grammar Cloze Quiz(p.17)1.her2.she3.they4.her/their5.their6.they7.her8.she9.They 10.their。
chapter1 量子力学基础知识习题解答
= 9.403×10-11m
(3) λ = h = h p 2meV
=
6.626 ×10−34 J ⋅ s
2× 9.109 ×10−31kg ×1.602×10−19 C × 300V
= 7.08×10−11m
4
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
【1.5】用透射电子显微镜摄取某化合物的选区电子衍射图，加速电压为 200kV，计算电子 加速后运动时的波长。
图 1.2 金属的 Ek ~ ν 图
3
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
h = Ek = ∆Ek ν −ν 0 ∆ν
即 Planck 常数等于 Ek − v 图的斜率。选取两合适点，将 Ek 和 v 值带入上式，即可求出 h 。
例如：
h
=
(2.7 −1.05) ×10−19 J (8.50 − 6.00) ×1014 s−1
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
01.量子力学基础知识
本章主要知识点
一、微观粒子的运动特征
1.
波粒二象性： E
= hν , p =
h λ
2. 测不准原理： ∆x∆px ≥ h, ∆y∆py ≥ h, ∆z∆pz ≥ h, ∆t, ∆E ≥ h
3. 能量量子化
二、量子力学基本假设
1. 假设 1：对于一个量子力学体系，可以用坐标和时间变量的函数ψ (x, y, z,t) 来
相反的两个电子。或者说：对于多电子体系，波函数对于交换任意两个电子是反
对称的。
三、箱中粒子的 Schrödinger 方程及其解
1. 一维无限势阱的 Schrödinger 方程：
− 2 d2ψ 2m dx2
= Eψ
其解为：ψ n (x) =
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
Chapter 1 答案
Chapter 1 Management and Organizations.1)Managers play an important role in dealing with various challenges being facedby organizations todayAnswer: TRUE2) A manager must coordinate and oversee the work of other people so thatorganizational goals can be accomplished.Answer: TRUE3)Effectiveness refers to getting the most output from the least amount of input.Answer: FALSE4)The four contemporary functions of management are planning, organizing,leading, and controlling.Answer: TRUE5) A portion of a manager's job, especially at lower organizational levels mayentail duties that are often more clerical than managerial.Answer: TRUE6) Which of the following statements regarding managers in today's world is accurate?A) Their age range is limited to between 30 and 65 years.B) They are found only in large corporations.C) They can be found exclusively in for-profit organizations.D) The single most important variable in employee productivity and loyalty is the quality of the relationship between employees and their direct supervisors. Answer: D7)An automobile manufacturer increased the total number of cars produced keeping the production cost the same. The manufacturer ________.A) increased its equityB) increased its efficiencyC) increased its effectivenessD) increased its effabilityAnswer: B8) Today, the basic management functions have been condensed to ________.A) planning, organizing, commanding, and coordinatingB) planning, organizing, coordinating, and controllingC) planning, organizing, commanding, and controllingD) planning, organizing, leading, and controllingAnswer: D9) The ________ roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information, according to Mintzberg's managerial roles.A) interpersonalB) informationalC) technicalD) decisionalAnswer: B10) Which of the following changes has resulted in the shifting of organizational boundaries?A) digitizationB) increased emphasis on organizational ethicsC) increased competitivenessD) changing security threatsAnswer: A11) From a business perspective, a company's ability to achieve its business goals and increase long-term shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental, and social opportunities into its business strategies is known as ________.A) accountabilityB) universalityC) equitabilityD) sustainabilityAnswer: D12) Management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels and in all organizational work areas, and in all organizations, no matter where they are located. This principle is known as the ________.A) impartiality of managementB) neutrality of managementC) universality of managementD) reality of managementAnswer: CThe General Manager (Scenario)Michael is the manager of a production facility. On a routine day, Michael meets with the employees who produce the organization's product. At another time, Michael meets with the production manager, Betty, and the human resource manager, Joyce, to discuss complaints filed by one of the employees in the production department. Michael also spends time on the Internet looking for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant.13) When Michael meets with Betty and Joyce to discuss a complaint filed by one of the employees in the production department, he requires which of the following managerial skills?A) technical skillsB) human skillsC) conceptual skillsD) empirical skillsAnswer: B14) When Michael manages the employees who produce the product, he is utilizing his ________.A) conceptual skillsB) empirical skillsC) technical skillsD) human skillsAnswer: C15) Michael's search for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant is an example of which type of management skill?A) conceptualB) communicationC) effectivenessD) interpersonalAnswer: A16)Describe the three main types of managerial skills identified by Robert Katz. Which skills are most important to each level of management, and why?Answer: Robert L. Katz proposed that managers need three critical skills in managing: technical, human, and conceptual.a. Technical skills are the job specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform work tasks. These skills tend to be more important for first-line managers because they typically manage employees who use tools and techniques to produce the organization's products orservice the organization's customers. Often, employees with excellent technical skills get promoted to first-line manager.b. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because all managers deal with people, these skills are equally important to all levels of management. Managers with good human skills get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust.c. Conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important to top managers.。
19版会计学原理怀尔德答案Chapter 1
Chaper 1 Accounting in BusinessMultiple Choice Quiz1-c; 2-b; 3-d; 4-a; 5-aQuick StudyQS 1-1a-E; b-E; c-I; d-E; e-E; f-I; g-E; h-E; i-E; j-E; k-I; l-EQS 1-2GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesImportance: GAAP are the rules that specify acceptable accounting practices.SEC: Securities and Exchange CommissionImportance: The SEC is charged by Congress to set accounting and reporting rules for organizations that sell ownership shares to the public. The SEC delegates part of this responsibility to the FASB.FASB: Financial Accounting Standards BoardImportance: FASB is an independent group of full-time members who are responsible for setting accounting and reporting rules.IASB: International Accounting Standards BoardImportance: Its purpose is to issue standards that identify preferred practices in the desire of harmonizing accounting practices across different countries. The vast majority of countries and financial exchanges support its activities and objectives.QS 1-3Accounting professionals practice in at least four main areas. These four areas, along with a listing of some work opportunities in each, are:1. Financial accountingPreparation; Analysis; Auditing (external); Consulting; Investigation2. Managerial accountingCost accounting; Budgeting; Auditing (internal); Consulting3. Tax accountingPreparation; Planning; Regulatory; Consulting; Investigation4. Accounting-relatedLending; Consulting; Analyst; Investigator; AppraiserQS 1-4Internal controls serve several purposes:They involve monitoring an organization’s activities to promote efficiency and to prevent wrongful use of its resources.They help ensure the validity and credibility of accounting reports.They are crucial for effective operations and reliable reporting.More generally, the absence of internal controls can adversely affect the effectiveness of domestic and global financial markets.QS 1-5a. Revenue recognition principleb. Cost principle (also called historical cost)c. Business entity principleQS 1-6The choice of an accounting method when more than one alternative method is acceptable often has ethical implications. This is because accounting information can have major impacts on individuals’ (and firms’) well-being.To illustrate, many companies base compensation of managers on the amount of reported income. When the choice of an accounting method affects the amount of reported income, the amount of compensation is also affected. Similarly, if workers in a division receive bonuses based on the d ivision’s income, its computation has direct financial implications for these individuals.QS 1-7a=125,000b=250,000c=125,000QS 1-8QS 1-9(a) Examples of business transactions that are measurable include:Selling products and services.Collecting funds from dues, taxes, contributions, or investments.Borrowing money.Purchasing products and services.(b) E xamples of business events that are measurable include:Decreases in the value of securities (assets).Bankruptcy of a customer owing money.Technological advances rendering patents (or other assets) worthless.An “act of God” (casualty) that destroys assets.QS 1-10a-B; b-I; c-B; d-CF; e-I; f-B; g-B; h-CF; i-OEExcisesExcise 1-1External users and some questions they seek to answer with accounting information include:1. Shareholders (investors), who seek answers to questions such as:a. Are resources owned by a business adequate to carry out plans?b. Are the debts owed excessive in amount?c. What is the current level of income (and its components)?2. Creditors, who seek answers for questions such as:a. Does the business have the ability to repay its debts?b. Can the business take on additional debt?c. Are resources sufficient to cover current amounts owed?3. Employees, who seek answers to questions such as:a. Is the business financially stable?b. Can the business afford to pay higher salaries?c. What are growth prospects for the organization?Excise 1-21. C 5. B2. C 6. A3. A 7. B4. A 8. BExcise 1-3a. Auditing professionals with competing audit clients are likely to learn valuable information about each client that the other clients would benefit from knowing. In this situation the auditor must take care to maintain the confidential nature of information about each client.b. Accounting professionals who prepare tax returns can face situations where clients wish to claim deductions they cannot substantiate. Also, clients sometimes exert pressure to use methods not allowed or questionable under the law. Issues of confidentiality also arise when these professionals have access to clients’ personal records.c. Managers face several situations demanding ethical decision making in their dealings with employees. Examples include fairness in performance evaluations, salary adjustments, and promotion recommendations. They can also include avoiding any perceived or real harassment of employees by the manager or any other employees. It can also include issues of confidentiality regarding personal information known to managers.d. Situations involving ethical decision making in coursework include performing independentwork on examinations and individually completing assignments/projects. It can also extend to promptly returning reference materials so others can enjoy them, and to properly preparing for class to efficiently use the time and question period to not detract from others’ instructional benefits.Excise 1-41-E; 2-G; 3-A; 4-C; 5-D; 6-B; 7-F; 8-HExcise 1-5a-S; b-C; c-S; d-C; e-C; f-P; g-SExcise 1-6a=180,000b=51,000c=139,000Excise 1-71-D; 2-G; 3-B; 4-F; 5-AExcise 1-8a-27,000b-221,607c. beginning balance is 73,000; ending balance is 149,000Excise 1-9a. Business purchases equipment (or some other asset) on credit.b. Business signs a note payable to extend the due date on an account payable.c. Business pays an account payable (or some other liability) with cash (or some other asset).d. Business purchases office supplies (or some other asset) for cash (or some other asset).e. Business incurs an expense that is not yet paid (for example, when employees earn wages that are not yet paid).f. Owner invests cash (or some other asset) in the business; OR, the business earns revenue and accepts cash (or another asset).g. Cash withdrawals (or some other asset) paid to the owner of the business; OR, the business incurs an expense paid in cash.Exercise 1-10Real AnswersIncome StatementFor Month Ended October 31Exercise 1-11Real AnswersStatement of Owner ’s Equity Exercise 1-12Real Answers Balance Sheet October 31AssetsCash $ 11 500 Account receivable 12 000 Office supplies 24 437 Land 46 000 Office equipment 18 000 Total assets $ 111 937LiabilitiesAccount payables $ 25 037 Total liabilities 25 037Owner ’s EquityKeisha King, Capital 86 900 Total liabilities and equity $ 111 937Exercise 1-13Real Answers Cash Flow Statement For Month Ended October 31Excise 1-141-O; 2-O; 3-F; 4-O; 5-O; 6-O; 7-F; 8-IProblem 1-1AProblem 1-2Aa. Cash 67,000Equipment 11,000I. Lopez, Capital 78,000Owner’s investmentb. Building 144,000Cash 15,000Notes Payable 129,000 Purchased building on cash and note payable c. Equipment 12,000Cash 12,000Purchased equipment on cashd. Supplies 1,000Equipment 1,700Account Payable 2,700Purchased supplies and equipment on credite. Advertising Expense 460Cash 460Paid announcement of opening on newspaper f. Account Receivable 2,400Revenue 2,400To record revenue for service provided on account g. Cash 4,000Revenue 4,000Received revenue on cashh. I. Lopez, Withdrawals 3,025Cash 3,025Cash withdrawal by owneri. Cash 1,800Account Receivables 1,800Partially received account receivablej. Account Payables 500Cash 500Partially paid account payablesk. Wages Expense 1,800Cash 1,800Paid wages of secretary’s。
商务英语Chapter1参考译文及答案
Chapter1Learning Aims学完本章，学生应能：1．对当今社会的商务信函的几种形式有所了解；2．了解商务信函基本的布局、格式、组成，以及写作原则；3．学会写信封；4．了解其他常见通信方式，如Skype和MSN。
Background Information在当今世界，商务通信的基本原则是尽可能以最简洁的方式交换信息，以便做好生意。
书面、口头、可视化和多媒体通信的所有目标，是传递明确和深思熟虑的信息。
了解如何在这种目标下撰写商业信函，是最重要的事情之一。
技术的发展，使得商业沟通因为传真、电子邮件和其他通信方法（如Skype和MSN），变得更容易，也迫使业务人员以更快、更清晰的方式进行沟通。
虽然今天电子邮件使用最为频繁，它们使商业书信变得更随意，但仍有需要我们撰写正式商业信函的场合。
这两者其实有许多共同的写作原则。
一旦学会了如何写正式的文书，你可以很容易地了解随意的文书。
譬如，其中一些共同原则是：（1）适当的称呼依旧是两种文书礼仪的不可或缺的一部分。
（2）了解如何撰写包括介绍、支持和结束段落的主体，可有助于有效地说明商业观点。
（3）使用沟通策略——从有说服力的短语到适当的措辞——帮助说服或安抚对方。
Letter 1Letter 3Letter 4ExercisesI. Make an envelope using the following information.II. Change the following information into English address format.1. Lin FangPresident of Beijing Metal234 East Lane, Beijing 100021China2. Room 301, Buliding 5, No.120, Huazhong Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong Prov., China3. No.8 Shihua RD, Suzhou Economic & Technical Development Zone, Jiangsu Province, China4. Room 204, Building No.102, East Taishan Residential Quarter, Baoyin County, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu ProvinceIII. Arrange the following information in proper form as they should be set out in the letter.IV. Write an e-mail with header.HeaderMessageV. Correct the mistakes in the following letter。
第1章参考答案
1. D2. B3. B4. C5. A6. D7. C8. C9. B 10. B11. D 12. D 13. C 14. C 15.AD16. C 17. D 18. A 19.CA第2章参考答案1. B2. C3. A4. C5. D6. C7. B8. A9. B 10. B11. C 12. D第3章参考答案1. D2.CD3.BA4.BA5.CB6. C7. A8. D9.DC第4章参考答案1.AD2. C3. D4. D5.AB6. C7. B8. C9. D 10. A11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. C16. B 17. C 18. D 19.CA20. 答案：【问题1】：E1：客户E2：采购部门E3：库房E4：经理【问题2】：D1：缺货记录文件D2：库存记录文件D3：订单记录文件【问题3】：21. 答案：【问题1】：E1：名称:用户【问题2】：D1：客户信息文件D2：音像制品信息文件D3：租借记录文件D4：预约记录文件【问题3】：【问题4】：面向数据结构的设计方法的基本思想是以数据结构作为设计的基础，它根据输入输出数据结构导出程序的结构，适用于规模不大的数据处理系统。
1. A2. C3. C4. BA5. C6. B7. D8. D9. C 10. A 11. A 12. CA13. D14. B15. BB第6章参考答案1. DD2. D3. B4. A5. D6. C7. C8. BA9. B第7章参考答案1. CD2. BC3. AC4. DDCB5. DC6. BD7. 答 案：【问题1】（1）n 或m 或* (2) n 或m 或* (3) n 或m 或* 【问题2】员工到权限的联系，联系类型：m:1【问题3】（4）员工号 ,部门号（5）客房号 （6）身份证号 （7）岗位 （8） 客房号，身份证号【问题4】如果合为一个表，只查一次表就能得出岗位和操作权限信息，增加查找速度。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 1
Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the costof the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying thecar might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years.So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what theymust give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on nationalparks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. Ifmore money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending onnational defense or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more moneyon the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, thedecision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profitscompared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgradeexisting equipment or expand existing factories. The bottom line is: Whichmethod of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoffbetween the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to otherthings she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn'teasy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vaca tion with what youwould do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like anew set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost ofskiing includes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wagesyou're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to thelibrary to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest,you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea thatmoney has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore,since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at themargin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'llearn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't beincreasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity iscertainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost pergallon of potion. Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron aremissing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition,Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his orher income, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot,your income will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Securityincome as someone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequenceof the taxation of Social Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the SocialSecurity system arose because of worries that people wouldn’t save enoughfor retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age65. The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits willbe. Thus the taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort afterage 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off aftertwo years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were tolast forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get noincome at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But theeconomy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greaterincentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the law is one that increasesefficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly.If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would takeyour roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example,suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spainand France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and Frenchworkers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by theright artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amountof information. You need to know about production techniques and costs inthe CD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and whichartists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll beproducing too many CDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and notenough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions.You have to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If youmake too many CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassetteplayers will be stuck with CDs they can't play. The probability of makingmistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about themusic industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce moresports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TVfirm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harmsnonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopolypower.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunkdrivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of ournation's output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case.Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopolyand restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiencywould increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if thegovernment mandated increased spending on health care, the economy wouldbe less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people areless likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care wouldrepresent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of theeconomic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less ofother goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can getincome for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating e fficiently if peopleremain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourageunemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. Themore generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remainunemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we arelikely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thusincomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be anincrease in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will havemore equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will g o to boththe workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factoryowners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a freelunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goodsand services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then outputmay increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand ratherthan raising prices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched withincreased prices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker wouldneed to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation willlead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
Sakurai. Modern Quantumn Mechanics 习题答案(chapter 1 )
3
∞
< x 2 >=
−∞
2 ∫ dx' < α | x' > x' < x'| α >
y = x '−< x > ∞
=
−∞
∫ dy < α | y + < x >> ( y + < x >)
2
< y + < x >| α >
= d 2 + < x >2 < (∆x) 2 >= d 2 Also : h2 < (∆p) >= 4d 2
^
^
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sin γ
sin γ ⎞ ⎟ − cos γ ⎟ ⎠
⎛ c1 ⎞
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sirγ
（1） 、求： S x = 解答： S x =
γ⎞ ⎛ ⎜ cos ⎟ sirγ ⎞⎛ c1 ⎞ h ⎛ c1 ⎞ 2⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ ⇒ψ = ⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ = 2⎜ γ − cpsγ ⎟ ⎜ ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B’=b，要求α=0，γ=iβ，取归一化得 − a, b = ⎜ ⎜ ⎜i ⎜ ⎝ ⎞ ⎟ 0 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠
5
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B‘=-b，要求α=0，γ=—iβ，取归一化得 − a,−b = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜− i 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
4
⎛α ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ （3） 、解答：因为 A，B 对易，所以有共同本征态，设其共同本征态为 ⎜ β ⎟ ，本征值为 A`， ⎜γ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
四川大学出版社《概率论与数理统计》课后习题答案chapter1
习题解答1. 将一枚均匀的硬币抛两次，事件C B A ,,分别表示“第一次出现正面”，“两次出现同一面”，“至少有一次出现正面”。
试写出样本空间及事件C B A ,,中的样本点。
解：{=Ω(正，正)，（正，反），（反，正），（反，反）}{=A (正，正)，（正，反）}；{=B （正，正），（反，反）}{=C (正，正)，（正，反），（反，正）}2. 在掷两颗骰子的试验中，事件D C B A ,,,分别表示“点数之和为偶数”，“点数之和小于5”，“点数相等”，“至少有一颗骰子的点数为3”。
试写出样本空间及事件D C B A BC C A B A AB ---+,,,,中的样本点。
解：{})6,6(,),2,6(),1,6(,),6,2(,),2,2(),1,2(),6,1(,),2,1(),1,1(ΛΛΛΛ=Ω；{})1,3(),2,2(),3,1(),1,1(=AB ；{})1,2(),2,1(),6,6(),4,6(),2,6(,),5,1(),3,1(),1,1(Λ=+B A ；Φ=C A ；{})2,2(),1,1(=BC ；{})4,6(),2,6(),1,5(),6,4(),2,4(),6,2(),4,2(),5,1(=---D C B A3. 以C B A ,,分别表示某城市居民订阅日报、晚报和体育报。
试用C B A ,,表示以下事件：（1）只订阅日报； （2）只订日报和晚报； （3）只订一种报； （4）正好订两种报； （5）至少订阅一种报； （6）不订阅任何报； （7）至多订阅一种报； （8）三种报纸都订阅； （9）三种报纸不全订阅。
解：（1）C B A ； （2）C AB ； （3）C B A C B A C B A ++；（4）BC A C B A C AB ++;（5）C B A ++；（6）C B A ； （7）C B A C B A C B A C B A +++或C B C A B A ++ （8）ABC ； （9）C B A ++4. 甲、乙、丙三人各射击一次，事件321,,A A A 分别表示甲、乙、丙射中。
chapter1习题答案
chapter1习题答案一、名词解释1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。
2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。
3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。
4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。
6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。
7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。
包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。
8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。
9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。
10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。
11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。
二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。
2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。
3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。
4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。
5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。
6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。
语言学教程课后习题答案第一章
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time.diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters).displa cement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.l angue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After careful ly comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differencesamong the definitions.ANSWER:All the definitions should not exclude the description of design features that have been mentioned in this course book. Also it will be better if other design features, say, interchangeability or cultural transmission is included. But it seems impossible to give an unimpeachable definition on language, because the facets people want to emphasize are seldom unanimous. To compare several definitions can make you realize where the argument is.3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?ANSWERS:creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?ANSWER:4. No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? (Bolinger, 1981: 15)5. Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention is distorted, and we c an feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.ANSWER:Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop7. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence following the example in section 1.3.3.ANSWER:Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that…8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?ANSWER:On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.9. Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple?ANSWER:Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features.10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings? ANSWER:When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.11.Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese? There is the dialog between Ms. P and Ms. Q. in section 1.5.5. When someone sneezes violently, do you say anything of the nature of phatic communion? Have you noticed your parents or grandparents say something special on such an occasion?Some of the typical phatic expressions in Chinese are: 吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？最近都挺好的？ANSWER:If someone is sneezing violently, maybe you parents and grandparents may say: “Are you ok?”, “Do you need to see a doctor?”, “Do you need some water?”, “Do you need a handkerchief?”, “Do you have a cold?” or something like these to show their concerns.12．There are many expressions in language which are metalingual or self-reflexives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking, for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions? When do we use them most often?ANSWER:To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to say Such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in anther way in argumentation.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who did you speak to?(B) Whom did you speak to?You should say B instead of A.(A) I haven't done anything.(B) I haven't done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.ANSWER:(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.14. The prescriptivism in grammar rules has now shifted to prescriptions in choice of words. In the “guidelines on anti-sexist language” issued by the British sociological association, some guidelines are listed below. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive? What’s your comment on them?(1) Do not use man to mean humanity in general. Use person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind.(2) colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided as it is generally viewed as offensive to many black people.(3) civilized: This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit valuejudgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world.ANSWER:They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept “communicative competence”?ANSWER:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.16. Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why?It is up to you to decide after you have gone through the whole book. At this stage, we suggest all branches of linguistics have the potential to flourish.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.ANSWER:The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes".18. There are many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users. Can you think of some of them?ANSWEREthnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such as intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness) vary from individual to individual.19. What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies?(1) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure andwithout specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Noam Chomsky: Reflections on Language. 1975: 4)(2) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”; and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. (M. A. K. Halliday, 1970: 142)ANSWER:The first quote shows chil dren’s inborn ability of acquiring the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.20. You may be familiar with the following proverbs. How do you perceive them according to the arbitrariness and conventionality of language?The proof of the pudding is in the eating.Let sleeping dogs lie.You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Rome was not built in a day.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.ANSWER:20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is selected arbitrarily, for we can use another word such as cheese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.ANSWER21. In the talks between intimate friends, o ne may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.22. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the diachronic and diachronic orientation just from the titles?English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century V ocabulary and Usage.Pejorative Sense Development in English.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.ANSWER22. Synchronic:Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century V ocabulary and Usage.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.Diachronic:English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Pejorative Sense Development in English。
药物合成反应(闻韧_第三版)第一章课后答案Chapter_1_Halogenation_Reaction
第一章 卤化反应习题及答案1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物。
(1)(CH 3)2NCH 2CH 2OHSOCl 2(2)CuCl 24(3)P, Br 2o(4)CH 2CHCOOCH 3干燥 HBr 2 (5)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOHSOCl 24o(6)S CH 32266(7)H 3C CH 3NBS, H 2SO 43o(8)NHCOCH 3CH 3Br 2,CH 3COOH o(9)OHC CH 3CH 2t -BuOCl, CHCl 3o(10)NBS, (C 6H 5)3P(11)KI, H 3PO 4武汉工程大学化工与制药学院(12)C 6H 5H 3Br 2,Cl 4o (13)CH 3CH CH CH 3232(14)(CH 3)3CCH 2OHHBr(15)OOP2(16)NBS, Et 3N ·3HF 22o(17)OHBr 24o(18)O23o2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
(1)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH CHCH 3CH 3CH 2CH 2CHCHCHCH 3Br(2)COOHBr(3)(4)OHBr(5)2CH 2BrBr(6)(7)(CH 3)3CCH 2OH(CH 3)3CCH 2Br(8)OOBocHNO OBocHNBr(9)OOBr OO BrBr2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
（参考答案）题号答案注释(1) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4, △(2) Br2/HgO/tetrachloroethaneNaNO2, HCl, H2O; 2. HPF6; 3. △ (168℃)(3) 1.(4) Ph3P, Br2, CH3CN, △ (200-340℃)(5) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4refluxing (10min. )acetone,(6) NaI,(7) Bu3P, Br2, DMF(8) NBS/hv, CCl4(9) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4, reflux3. 阅读（翻译）以下有关反应操作的原文，请在理解基础上写出：（1）此反应的完整反应式（原料、试剂和主要反应条件）；（2）此反应的反应机理（历程）。
chapter 1 课后答案
新编语言学教程chapter 1课后答案Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) Linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) Language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) Arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) Duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) Competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) Performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) Stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) Aphetic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) Functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.(10) Formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) Synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) Diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /do g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course,onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are relatively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguisticsdescribes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to men, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf’s postures.。
《会计专业英语》习题答案人大版Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to AccountingMultiple choice questions:1. D2. C3. C4. C5. B6. A7. C8. D9. C 10. CDiscussion questions1. What are the three basic forms of business entities?The forms of business entities are generally divided into sole proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations.A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business only owned by one person. A sole proprietorship often has the following characteristics: (1) The owner also acts as the manager. (2) The owner is personally liable for the debts of the business. If the business has financial difficulties, creditors can force the owner to sell his or her personal assets to pay for the business debts. (3) Its advantage is simplicity.A partnership is usually an unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily acting as partners. The owners of a partnership, when unincorporated, are also personally liable for the debts of the business. In comparison he sole proprietorship, the partnership has the ability to raise larger amounts of capital investment from multiple owners. Since the personal skills of the individuals are vital to the partnership, covenants are usually drawn up which makes it difficult for individual partners to exit the legal entity.A corporation is a business organization as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders. Investors in a corporation receive shares of stock to indicate ownership claims. Shares of stock are easy to sell. Individuals can become stockholders by investing small amounts of money.2. Compared with sole proprietorship and partnership, what are the advantages of corporation as a form of business entity?Compared with sole proprietorships and partnerships,a corporation is easy for corporations to raise larger amounts of funds. Successful corporations often havethousands of stockholders, and their stocks are traded on organized stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange. Different from sole proprietorships and partnerships, corporate stockholders have no personal liability to the legal entity and their risks are limited to their purchase amount only.3. Who are the external users of accounting information? Give examples.External users have a current or potential financial interest in the reporting entity, but are not directly involved in managing and operating the business. The main external users include investors and creditors. Investors use accounting information to decide whether to buy, hold, or sell stocks. Creditors use accounting information to decide whether to sell goods or services on credit or lend money to an entity. Other external users of accounting information are government agencies, suppliers, customers, general public, and so on.4. What are the three main types of business activities? Give examples of each activity.All business can be classified into three types of activity: financing activity, investing activity, and operating activity. A company usually obtains cash through financing activities to start and grow its business. It then invests the cash in to run the business, such as delivery vehicles. Once this equipment is in place, it can begin the operating activities of making and selling goods.Financing activity: A company has two primary sources to raise funds. One is borrowing money and the other is issuing (selling) shares of stock in exchange for cash. Persons or entities to whom a company owes money are creditors. Amounts owed to creditors are called liabilities. A company may also obtain funds by selling shares of stock to investors in exchange for ownership rights. The total amount paid in by stockholders is ownership of shares of common stock and called paid-in capital. A creditor has a legal right to be paid at the agreed-upon time. However, stockholders have no legal right to expect any payments on a regular basis. The payments paid to stockholders are called dividends.Investing activity: Investing activities involve the purchase of the resources a company needs in order to operate. These resources can be buildings, furniture, computers, and delivery trucks among many other capital investments. Resources owned by a business are called capital assets. Assets have different types and names. Various, non-current, and tangible assets are called property, plant, and equipment (PPE).Operating activity: Once a business has assets, it can begin its operations. The amounts earned on the sale of its products or services are called revenues. Sources of revenues common to many businesses are sales revenues, service revenues, and interest revenues (typically not operating revenues but financing revenues).5. Accounting is sometimes described as the language of business. What is meant by this description?Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. Specifically, accounting provides information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential investors, creditors, and other information users in decisions about providing resources to the entity. As we often say, accounting is a business language.。
济南大学计算机专业英语第一章答案
Homework of Chapter One1. Chapter 1 Multiple ChoiceSelect the best answer for each question below. When you are finished, check your answers by clicking the 'Check Answers' button at the bottom of the page.1. People, procedures, software, hardware, and data are the five parts of a(n)competency systemcomputer systeminformation system✔software system2. Procedures are typically documented in manuals written bycomputer specialists✔end usersMicrosoftservice providers3. Which of the following is an example of connectivity?datahard diskInternet✔power cord4. Windows 7 is an example of a(n)application softwarebrowseroperating system✔shareware5. The most powerful type of computer.mainframe computersmicrocomputersminicomputerssupercomputers✔6. The system component that controls and manipulates data in order to produce information is called thekeyboardmicroprocessor✔monitormouse7. These devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process.displayinput✔outputpointer8. A DVD is an example of a(n)hard diskoptical disc✔output devicesolid-state storage device9. This type of file is created by word processors.worksheetdocument✔databasepresentation10. Many experts are predicting that this revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.graphicsinputmemorywireless✔2. Chapter 1 MatchingMatch the definitions with the terms in the box to the right by entering the letter for each term next to its correct definition below.1. e Guidelines people follow when using software.2. f Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.3. i Software that enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.4. h The most powerful type of computer.5. a The least powerful and most widely used type of computer.6. c Translates the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.7. g Holds data and programs even after electrical power to the system has been turned off.9. d A type of handheld computer.10. j The largest network in the world.3. Chapter 1 Open-Ended Questions⑴. Explain the five parts of an information system. What part do people play in this system?An information system typically consists of: people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and connectivity. Information systems are used by people in order to increase productivity. Procedures are rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software, hardware, and data. Software is a program that contains the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work. Hardware consists of the physical equipment that processes the data to create information. Data consists of raw unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds. Almost all of today's computer systems add an additional part to the information system. This part, called connectivity,typically uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the capability and usefulness of their information systems.⑵. What is system software? What kinds of programs are included in system software?System software is “background” software that enables the application software to interact with the computer. System software consists of the operating system, utilities, device drivers, and language translators. It works with application software to handle the majority of technical details.⑶. Define and compare basic and specialized application software.- Describe some different types of basic applications.- Describe some types of specialized applications.Basic or general-purpose applications are widely used in a large number of careers. One of these general-purpose applications is a browser to navigate, explore, and find information on the Internet.Other basic a pplications are word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation graphics.Specialized applications are programs that are narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations. Some of the best known are multimedia, Web authoring, graphics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence.⑷. Describe the different types of computers.- What is the most common type?- What are the types of microcomputers?There are four types of computers: supercomputers, mainframe computers, midrange and microcomputers.Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used type of computer.There are four types of microcomputers: desktop computers, notebooks, tablets, and handheld computers.⑸. What is connectivity? What are wireless devices and the wireless revolution? What is a computer network? What are the Internet and the Web? What is cloud computing?Connectivity is the capability of the microcomputer to use information from the world beyond one’s desk. Data and information can be sent over telephone or cable lines and through the air so that computers can talk to each other and share information.Wireless devices are wireless mouse, wireless network card and wireless modem etc.Wireless revolution is a revolution that is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.Computer network is a communication system connecting two or more computers and their peripheral devices to exchange information and share resources.Internet is a huge computer network available to everyone with a microcomputer and a means to connect to it. It is the actual physical network made up of wires, cables, and satellites as opposed to the Web, which is the multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet.Cloud computing is that data are stored at a server on the Internet and available anywhere the Internet can be accessed.4. Chapter 1 True / False Questions1. The parts of an information system are: people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and connectivity.True False2. The purpose of software is to convert data into information.True False3. Software is another name for a program or programs.True False4. To be a competent computer user, you must understand the essentials of information technology (IT).True False5. Application software is "background" software which helps the computer manage its own internal resources.True False6. System software is a collection of programs.True False7. Antivirus software is a Windows utility that is unnecessary as long as you are careful browsing the Internet.True False8. System software might be described as end user software.True False9. A browser is an example of system software.True False10. Another name for a midrange computer is server.True False5. Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank Questions1. Computer _competency_ refers to acquiring computer-related skills.2. In an information system, the rules or guidelines for people to follow are called _procedures_.3. _Hardware_ is the component of the information system that is described as the equipment that processes data to create information.4. The component of the information system that is described as raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds, is called _ data_.5. _ System software_ is a collection of programs that helps the computer manage its own resources and enables application software to interact with computer hardware.6. _Device drivers_ are classified under system software and are specialized programs designed to allow input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.7. Application software can be categorized as either general-purpose applications, specialized applications or _ mobile_ applications.8. The general-purpose application used to navigate, explore, and find information on the Internet is called a _ browser_.9. _Mainframe_ computers are not nearly as powerful as supercomputers, but are capable of great processing speeds and data storage.10. The four types of microcomputers are: _desktop_ computers, notebooks, tablets, and handheld computers.。
Chapter_1_Answers
Problem 1-51. See the organization chart on the following page.2. Line positions would include the university president, academic vice-president, the deans of the four colleges, and the dean of the law school.In addition, the department heads (as well as the faculty) would be in line positions. The reason is that their positions are directly related to the basic purpose of the university, which is education. (Line positions are shaded on the organization chart.)All other positions on the organization chart are staff positions. The reason is that these positions are indirectly related to the educational process, and exist only to provide service or support to the line positions.3. All positions would have need for accounting information of some type.For example, the manager of central purchasing would need to know the level of current inventories and budgeted allowances in variousareas before doing any purchasing; the vice president for admissions and records would need to know the status of scholarship funds asstudents are admitted to the university; the dean of the business college would need to know his/her budget allowances in various areas, as well as information on cost per student credit hour; and so forth.1Problem 1-5 (continued) 1. Organization chart:2Problem 1-71. If all automotive service shops routinely tried to sell parts andservices to customers that they didn’t really need, most customers would eventually figure this out. They would then be reluctant to accept the word of the service representative that a particularproblem needs to be corrected—even when there is a legitimate problem. Either the work would not be done, or customers would learn to diagnose and repair problems themselves, or customers would hire an independent expert to verify that the work is really needed. All three of these alternatives impose costs and hassles on customers.2. As argued above, if customers could not trust their servicerepresentatives, they would be reluctant to follow the servicerepresentative’s a dvice. They would be inclined not to order the work done even when it is really necessary. And, more customers would learn to do automotive repairs and maintenance themselves.Moreover, customers would be unwilling to pay as much for work that is done since customers would have reason to believe thatthe work may be unnecessary. These two effects would reducedemand for automotive repair services. The reduced demandwould reduce employment in the industry and would lead to lower overall profits.3。
计算机网络英文题库（附答案）chapter1
Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet 1．The The ( ( ) ) is is is a a a worldwide worldwide worldwide computer computer computer network, network, network, that that that is, is, is, a a a network network network that that interconnects millions of computing devices throughout the world. ppt3 A public Internet B Intranet C switch net D television net 2．Which kind of media is not a guided media? ( ) A twisted-pair copper wire B a coaxial cable C fiber optics D digital satellite channel 3．Which kind of media is a guided media? ( ) A geostationary satellite B low-altitude satellite C fiber optics D wireless LAN 4．The units of data exchanged by a link-layer protocol are called ( ). A Frames B Segments C Datagrams D bit streams 5．Which of the following option belongs to the circuit-switched networks? ( ) A FDM B TDM C VC networks D both A and B 6．( )makes sure that that neither neither neither side side side of of of a a a connection overwhelms connection overwhelms the the other other side by sending too many packets too fast. A Reliable data transfer B Flow control C Congestion control D Handshaking procedure 7．( ) means that the switch must receive the entire packet before it can begin to transmit the first bit of the packet onto the outbound link. A Store-and-forward transmission B FDM C End-to-end connection D TDM 8．Datagram networks and virtual-circuit networks differ in that ( ). A datagram networks are circuit-switched networks, and virtual-circuit networks are packet-switched networks. B datagram networks are packet-switched networks, and virtual-circuit networks are circuit-switched networks. C datagram networks use destination addresses and virtual-circuit networks use VC. numbers to forward packets toward their destination. D datagram networks use VC. numbers and virtual-circuit networks use destination addresses to forward packets toward their destination. 9．In the following options, which one is not a guided media? ( ) A twisted-pair wire B fiber optics C coaxial cable D satellite 10．Processing delay does not include the time to ( ). A examine the packet ’s header B wait to transmit the packet onto the link C determine where to direct the packet D check bit-error in the packet 11．In the following four descriptions, which one is correct? ( ) A The traffic intensity must be greater than 1. B The fraction of lost packets increases as the traffic intensity decreases. C If the traffic intensity is close to zero, the average queuing delaywill be close to zero. D If the traffic intensity is close to one, the average queuing delay will be close to one. 12．The The Internet Internet Internet’’s s network network network layer layer layer is is is responsible responsible responsible for for for moving moving moving network-layer network-layer packets known as ( ) from one host to another. A frame B datagram C segment D message 13．The protocols of various layers are called ( ). A the protocol stack B TCP/IP C ISP D network protocol 14．There are two classes of packet-switched networks: ( ) networks and virtual-circuit networks. A datagram B circuit-switched C television D telephone 15．Access networks can be loosely classified into three categories: residential access, company access and ( ) access. A cabled B wireless C campus D city area Question 16～17 Suppose, a is the average rate at which packets arrive at the queue, R is the the transmission transmission transmission rate, rate, rate, and and and all all all packets packets packets consist consist consist of of L bits, bits, then then then the the the traffic traffic intensity is ( 16 ), and it should no greater than ( 17 ). 16． A LR ／aB La ／RC Ra ／L D LR ／a 17．A 2 B 1 C 0 D -1 18．In the Internet, the equivalent concept to end systems is ( ). A hosts B servers C clients D routers 19．In the Internet, end systems are connected together by ( ). A copper wire B coaxial cable C communication links D fiber optics 20．End systems access to the Internet through its ( ). A modems B protocols C ISP D sockets 21．End systems, packet switches, and other pieces of the Internet, run ( ) that control the sending and receiving of information within the Internet. A programs B processes C applications D protocols 22．There are many private networks, such as many corporate and government networks, whose hosts cannot exchange messages with hosts outside of the private network. These private networks are often referred to as ( ). A internets B LANC intranets D W AN 23．The internet allows ( ) running on its end systems to exchange data with each other. A clients applications B server applications C P2P applications D distributed applications 24．The Internet provides two services to its distributed applications: a connectionless unreliable service and () service. A flow control B connection-oriented reliable C congestion control D TCP 25．It defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between twoor more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event. The sentence describes ( ). A Internet B protocol C intranet D network 26．In the following options, which does not define in protocol? ( ) A the format of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities B the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities C the actions taken on the transmission of a message or other evenD the transmission signals are digital signals or analog signals 27．In the following options, which is defined in protocol? ( ) A the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message oother event B the objects exchanged between communicating entities C the content in the exchanged messages D the location of the hosts 28．In the following options, which does not belong to the network edge( ) A end systems B routers C clients D servers 29．In the following options, which belongs to the network core? ( ) A end systems B routers C clients D servers 30．In the following options, which is not the bundled with the Internet ’s connection-oriented service? ( ) A reliable data transfer B guarantee of the transmission time C flow control D congestion-control 31．An application can rely on the connection to deliver all of its data without error and in the proper order. The sentence describes ( ). A flow control B congestion-control C reliable data transfer D connection-oriented service 32．It makes sure that neither side of a connection overwhelms the other side by sending too many packets too fast. The sentence describes ( ). A flow control B congestion-control C connection-oriented service D reliable data transfer 33．It helps prevent the Internet from entering a state of gridlock. When a packet switch becomes congested, its buffers can overflow and packet loss can occur. The sentence describes ( ). A flow control B congestion-control C connection-oriented service D reliable data transfer 34．The Internet ’s connection-oriented service has a name, it is ( ). A TCP B UDP C TCP/IP D IP 35．In In the the the following following following options, options, options, which which which service service service does does does not not not be be be provided provided provided to to to an an application by TCP?( ) A reliable transport B flow control C video conferencing D congestion control 36．The Internet ’s connectionless service is called ( ). A TCP B UDP C TCP/IP D IP 37．In the following options, which does not use TCP?( ) A SMTP B internet telephone C FTP D HTTP 38．In the following options, which does not use UDP?( ) A Internet phone B video conferencing C streaming multimedia D telnet 39．There are two fundamental approaches to building a network core, ( ) and packet switching. A electrical current switching B circuit switching C data switching D message switching 40．In ( ) networks, the resources needed along a path to provide for communication between the end system are reserved for the duration ofthe communication session. A packet-switched B data-switched C circuit-switched D message-switched 41．In ( ) networks, the resources are not reserved; a session’s messages use the resources on demand, and as a consequence, may have to wait for access to communication link. A packet-switched B data-switched C circuit-switched D message-switched 42．In a circuit-switched network, if each link has n circuits, for each link used by the end-to-end connection, the connection gets ( ) of the link link’’s bandwidth for the duration of the connection. A a fraction 1/n B all C 1/2 D n times 43．For ( ), the transmission rate of a circuit is equal to the frame rate multiplied by the number of bits in a slot. A CDMA B packet-switched network C TDM D FDM 44．( ) means that the switch must receive the entire packet before it canbegin to transmit the first bit of the packet onto the outbound link. A Queuing delay B Store-and-forward transmission C Packet loss D Propagation 45．The network that forwards packets according to host destination addresses is called ( ) network. A circuit-switched B packet-switched C virtual-circuit D datagram 46．The network that forwards packets according to virtual-circuit numbers is called ( ) network. A circuit-switched B packet-switched C virtual-circuit D datagram 47．In the following entries, which is not a kind of access network?( ) A residential access B company access C wireless access D local access 48．Suppose there is exactly one packet switch between a sending host and a receiving host. The transmission rates between the sending host and the switch and between the switch and the receiving host are R 1 and R 2, respectively. Assuming that the switch uses store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total end-to-end delay to send a packet of length L ? (Ignore queuing delay, propagation delay, and processing delay.) ( )A L /R 1＋L /R 2 B L /R 1C L /R 2D none of the above 49．The time required to examine the packet ’s header and determine where to direct the packet is part of the ( ). A queuing delay B processing delay C propagation delay D transmission delay 50．The time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to the next router is ( ). A queuing delay B processing delay C propagation delay D transmission delay 51．Consider sending a packet of 3000bits over a path of 5 links. Each link transmits transmits at at at 1000bps. 1000bps. 1000bps. Queuing Queuing Queuing delays, delays, delays, propagation propagation propagation delay delay delay and and and processing processing delay are negligible. (6 points) (1).Suppose (1).Suppose the the the network network network is is is a a a packet-switched packet-switched packet-switched virtual virtual virtual circuit circuit circuit network. network. network. VC VC setup time is 0.1 seconds. Suppose the sending layers add a total of 500 bits of header to each packet. How long does it take to send the file from source to destination? (2).Suppose the the network network network is is is a a a packet-switched packet-switched datagram datagram network network network and and and a a connectionless connectionless service service service is is is used. used. used. Now Now Now suppose suppose suppose each each each packet packet packet has has has 200 200 200 bits bits bits of of header. How long does it take to send the file? (3).Suppose that the network is a circuit-switched network. Further suppose that that the the the transmission transmission transmission rate rate rate of of of the the the circuit circuit circuit between between between source source source and and and destination destination destination is is 200bps. Assuming 0.02s setup time and 200 bits of header appended to the packet, how long does it take to send the packet? Solution: (1). t=5*(3000+500)/1000+0.1=17.6s(2). t=5*(3000+200)/1000=16s(3). t=(3000+200)/200+0.02=16.02s。
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1.计算机存储数据的基本单位是（）
A.bit
B.Byte
C.字
D.字符
2.多年来，人们习惯于以计算机主机所使用的主要元器件的发展进行分代，所谓第四代计算机使用的主要元器件是（）
A.电子管
B.晶体管
C.中小规模集成电路
D.大规模和超大规模集成电路
3.在计算机的不同发展阶段，操作系统最先出现在（）
A.第一代计算机
B.第二代计算机
C.第三代计算机
D.第四代计算机
4.运算器的主要功能是进行（）
A．只做加法
B．逻辑运算
C．算术运算和逻辑运算
D．算术运算
5.计算机硬件的五大基本构件包括运算器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备和（）
A.显示器
B.控制器
C.磁盘驱动器
D.鼠标器
6.关于冯.诺依曼计算机，下列说法正确的是（）
A.冯.诺依曼计算机的程序和数据是靠输入设备送入计算机的寄存器保存的
B.冯.诺依曼计算机工作时是由数据流驱动控制流工作的
C.冯.诺依曼计算机的基本特点可以用“存储程序”和“程序控制”高度概
括
D.随着计算机技术的发展，冯.诺依曼计算机目前已经被淘汰
7.冯.诺依曼计算机的核心思想是（），冯.诺依曼计算机的工作特点是（）（1） A.采用二进制 B.存储程序 C.并行计算 D.指令系统
（2）A.堆栈操作 B.存储器按内容访问
C.按地址访问并顺序执行指令
D.多指令流单数据流
8.一个完整的计算机系统包括（）
A.主机、键盘、显示器
B.主机及外围设备
C.系统软件与应用软件
D.硬件系统与软件系统
9.下列软件中，不属于系统软件的是（）
A．编译软件
B．操作系统
C．数据库管理系统
D．C语言程序
解析：
计算机的软件分为系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件是为了计算机能正常、高效工件所配备的各种管理、监控和维护系统的程序及其有关资料。
系统软件主要包括如下几个方面：
（1）操作系统软件，这是软件的核心
（2）各种语言的解释程序和编译程序（如BASIC语言解释程序等）
（3）各种服务性程序（如机器的调试、故障检查和诊断程序等）
（4）各种数据库管理系统（FoxPro等）
10.某单位的人事档案管理程序属于（）
A.工具软件
B.应用软件
C.系统软件
D.字表处理软件
11.下列选项中，描述浮点数操作速度的指标是（）
A.MIPS
B.CPI
C.IPC
D.MFLOP
12.半个世纪以来，对计算机发展的阶段有过多种描述。
下列说法中，比较全面的
描述是（）
A.计算机经过四个发展阶段，电子管阶段、晶体管阶段、集成电路阶段、超
大规模集成电路阶段
B.计算机经过四段发展，即大型机、中型机、小型机、微型机
C.计算机经过三段发展，即大型机、微型机、网络机
D.计算机经过五段发展，即大型机、小型机、微型机、局域网、广域网
13.下列叙述错误的是（）
A.把数据从内存传输到硬盘叫写盘
B.把源程序转换为目标程序的过程叫编译
C.应用软件对操作系统没有任何要求
D.计算机内部对数据的传输、存储和处理都是用二进制
14.计算机的存储单元中存储的内容是（）
A.数据和指令
B.只能是指令
C.只能是数据
D.数据或指令
15.某台微型计算机的内存容量为128M，一般指的是（）
A.128Mbit
B.128MB
C.128M字
D.128 000K
解析：内存容量是以字节为计算单位的，8个二进制位称为1个字节，1Byte＝8bit，1KB=1024B，1MB=1024KB，1GB=1024MB，1TB=1024GB。
16.在计算机领域中通常用MIPS来描述（）
A.计算机的可运行性
B.计算机的运算速度
C.计算机的可靠性
D.计算机的可扩充性
17.使用高级语言编写的程序称为（）
A.源程序
B.编辑程序
C.编译程序
D.连接程序
18.在微型计算机中，bit的中文含义是（）
A.二进制位
B.字
C.字节
D.双字
19.微型计算机的运算器、控制器及内存的总称是（）
A.CPU
B.ALU
C.主机
D.MPU
20.个人计算机属于（）
A.巨型机
B.中型机
C.小型机
D.微机
21.机器唯一能够直接识别和处理的语言是（）
A.汇编语言
B.高级语言
C.自然语言
D.机器语言
22.在内存中，每个基本单位都被赋予一个唯一的序号，这个序号称为（）
A.字节
B.编号
C.地址
D.容量
23.计算机软件系统应包括（）
A.编辑软件和连接程序
B.数据软件和管理软件
C.程序和数据
D.系统软件和应用软件
24.至今为止，计算机中所有信息仍以二进制方式表示，其原因是（）
A.节约元件
B.运算速度快
C.物理器件性能决定
D.信息处理方便
25.计算机及内部的所有数据以（）码的形式存储的。
A.二进制
B.条形
C.汉字
D.区位
26.计算机系统中的存储系统是指（）
A.RAM存储器
B.ROM存储器
C.主存储器
D.主存储器和外存储器
27.运算器的核心部件是（）
A.数据总线
B.数据选择器
C.累加寄存器
D.算术逻辑运算部件
28.计算机的字长取决于（）
A.控制器的种类
B.运算器一次运算二进制的位数
C.存储器的大小
D.主机与外部设备一次交换信息的长度
29.某计算机的主频为，其指令分为4类，它们在基准程序中所占比例及CPI如下表所示。
该机的MIPS数是（）
指令类型所占比例CPI
A50%2
B20%3
C10%4
D20%5
A.100
B.200
C.400
D.600
1兆赫相当于1000千赫（KHz），也就是10^6赫兹。
Hz：每秒的周期次数(周期/秒)
30.微机A和B是采用不同主频的CPU芯片，片内逻辑电路完全相同。
（1）若A机的CPU主频为8MHz，B机为12MHz，则A机的CPU时钟周期为多少
（2）如A机的平均指令执行速度为，那么A机的平均指令周期为多少
（3）B机的平均指令执行速度为多少
解析：
A机CPU的主频周期 =1/主频= 1/8MHz=
A机的平均指令周期 = 1/=
A机的一个指令周期包含=20个主频周期
B机的主频周期 =1/主频= 1/ 12MHz = 1/12(us)
因为微机A和B的片内逻辑电路完全相同，故B机的一个指令周期也包含20个主频周期，所以 B机的平均指令周期 = 20/12=5/3(us) B 机的平均指令执行速度 = 3/5=
(3) 第2种方法： ( Fb/Fa ) * = ( 12/8 ) * =
31.计算Pentium II 450处理器的运算速度（假设其IPC=2）
解：由于PentiumII 450处理机的IPC＝2（或CPI＝），Fz＝450MHz MIPS=FZ*IPC=2*450=900MIPS
32.假设计算机M的指令集中包含A、B、C三类指令，其中CPI分别为1、2、4。
某个程序P在M上被编译成两个不同的目标代码序列P1和P2，P1所含A、B、C三类指令的条数分别为8、2、2 ，P2所含A、B、C三类指令的条数分别为2、5、3。
请问：哪个代码序列指令条数少哪个执行速度快它们的CPI分别是多少
33.假定某程序P编译后生成的目标代码由A、B、C、D四类指令组成，它们在程序中所占的比例分别为40%、20%、15%、25%，已知它们的CPI分别为1、2、2、2。
现重新对程序P进行编译优化，生成的新目标代码中A类指令条数减少了50%，其他类指令的条数没有变化。
请回答下列问题。
（1）编译优化前后程序的CPI各是多少
（2）假定程序在一台主频为500MHz的计算机上运行，则优化前后的MIPS 各是多少
（3）通过上面的计算结果你能得出什么结论
34.假定某计算机1和计算机2以不同的方式实现了相同的指令集,该指令集中共
有A、B、C、D四类指令,它们在程序中所占比例分别为40%、20%、20%、20%,机器1和机器2的时钟周期为600MHZ和800MHZ,A、B、C、D四类指令在机器1上的CPI分别为2、
3、4、5；在机器2上的CPI分别为2、2、3、4,求两机器的MIPS各为多少
解答：
机器1上得平均CPI=2*40%+3*20*+4*20%+5*20%=
机器2上得平均CPI=2*40%+2*20*+3*20%+4*20%=
所以,机器一的MIPS=1/CPI=1/*f=600/=
机器二的MIPS=1/CPI=1/*f=800/=
35.。