工程有限元分析英文课件：Constitutive Relations
工程有限元分析英文课件：Formulation of Isoparametric
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Formulation of Isoparametric Finite Element Matrices
Inverse of Jacobian Operator at a Specific Point
Formulation of Isoparametric Finite Element Matrices 3.4 Formulation of Isoparametric Finite Element Matrices
for Plane Elasticity (平面弹性问题)
The interpolation of the element coordinates and element displacements using the same interpolation functions, which are defined in a natural coordinate system, is the basis of the isoparametric finite element formulation.
有限元分析教程讲课文档
1. 冯米斯应力（Stress Von Mises）显示 单击 图标，显示了冯米斯应力图，见图8-19。冯米斯应力图用于
评价应力分布情况，右面是CATIA自动生成的调色板，颜色从蓝
到红，表示应力逐渐变大。当鼠标指向节点时，显示此节点的冯米 斯应力值。
图8-19冯米斯应力图
现在二十五页，总共四十四页。
现在十六页，总共四十四页。
6. 位移载荷
该载荷在前面施加的约束基础上给定强制位移，等价于在实体 约束表面施加载荷，例如
一个表面施加了夹紧（clamp）
约束后可以给定此表面上的三个
平移位移一定的数值，相当于对
此表面施加了一定的载荷。一般
的流程是：（1）单击该图标，
弹出图8-11所示位移载荷对话
框。（2）选择已施加的约束。
有频率分析，但前者需要对形体施加一定的约束，后者完全自由。
动态分析前处理
1. 施加约束
动态分析中约束有clamp（夹紧）、Surface Slider（曲面滑动）和
Advanced Restraints（高级自由度约束）三种类型。如果在进入工程 分析模块时选择了Frequency Analyses，就需要对形体施加一定的约 束，施加约束的方法同静态分析。
骤为：（1）单击该图标 ，弹出图8-7所示施加压力载荷对话框。 （2）选择施加对象（表面）。（3）输入压力数值（压强），参照 图8-8。
图8-7施加压力载荷对话框
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图8-8 选择施加均匀压力载荷的表面
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2. 分布力 、扭矩 和轴承载荷 该类载荷作用于点、表面或虚
图8-2夹紧约束对话框
现在五页，总共四十四页。
图8-3选择夹紧约束表面
有限元分析中英文对照资料知识讲解
有限元分析中英文对照资料The finite element analysisFinite element method, the solving area is regarded as made up of many small in the node connected unit (a domain), the model gives the fundamental equation of sharding (sub-domain) approximation solution, due to the unit (a domain) can be divided into various shapes and sizes of different size, so it can well adapt to the complex geometry, complex material properties and complicated boundary conditions Finite element model: is it real system idealized mathematical abstractions. Is composed of some simple shapes of unit, unit connection through the node, and under a certain load.Finite element analysis: is the use of mathematical approximation method for real physical systems (geometry and loading conditions were simulated. And by using simple and interacting elements, namely unit, can use a limited number of unknown variables to approaching infinite unknown quantity of the real system.Linear elastic finite element method is a ideal elastic body as the research object, considering the deformation based on small deformation assumption of. In this kindof problem, the stress and strain of the material is linear relationship, meet the generalized hooke's law; Stress and strain is linear, linear elastic problem boils down to solving linear equations, so only need less computation time. If the efficient method of solving algebraic equations can also help reduce the duration of finite element analysis.Linear elastic finite element generally includes linear elastic statics analysis and linear elastic dynamics analysis from two aspects. The difference between the nonlinear problem and linear elastic problems:1) nonlinear equation is nonlinear, and iteratively solving of general;2) the nonlinear problem can't use superposition principle;3) nonlinear problem is not there is always solution, sometimes even no solution. Finite element to solve the nonlinear problem can be divided into the following three categories:1) material nonlinear problems of stress and strain is nonlinear, but the stress and strain is very small, a linear relationship between strain and displacement at this time, this kind of problem belongs to the material nonlinear problems. Due to theoretically also cannot provide the constitutive relation can be accepted, so, general nonlinear relations between stress and strain of the material based on the test data, sometimes, to simulate the nonlinear material properties available mathematical model though these models always have their limitations. More important material nonlinear problems in engineering practice are: nonlinear elastic (including piecewise linear elastic, elastic-plastic and viscoplastic, creep, etc.2) geometric nonlinear geometric nonlinear problems are caused due to the nonlinear relationship between displacement. When the object the displacement is larger, the strain and displacement relationship is nonlinear relationship. Research on this kind of problemIs assumes that the material of stress and strain is linear relationship. It consists of a large displacement problem of large strain and large displacement little strain. Such as the structure of the elastic buckling problem belongs to the large displacement little strain, rubber parts forming process for large strain.3) nonlinear boundary problem in the processing, problems such as sealing, the impact of the role of contact and friction can not be ignored, belongs to the highly nonlinear contact boundary. At ordinary times some contact problems, such as gear, stamping forming, rolling, rubber shock absorber, interference fit assembly, etc., when a structure and another structure or external boundary contact usually want to consider nonlinear boundary conditions. The actual nonlinear may appear at the same time these two or three kinds of nonlinear problems.Finite element theoretical basisFinite element method is based on variational principle and the weighted residual method, and the basic solving thought is the computational domain is divided into a finite number of non-overlapping unit, within each cell, select some appropriate nodes as solving the interpolation function, the differential equation of the variables in the rewritten by the variable or its derivative selected interpolation node value and the function of linear expression, with the aid of variational principle or weighted residual method, the discrete solution of differential equation. Using different forms of weight function and interpolation function, constitute different finite element methods. 1. The weighted residual method and the weighted residual method of weighted residual method of weighted residual method: refers to the weighted function is zero using make allowance for approximate solution of the differential equation method is called the weighted residual method. Is a kind of directly from the solution of differential equation and boundary conditions, to seek the approximate solution of boundary value problems of mathematical methods. Weighted residual method is to solve the differential equation of the approximate solution of a kind of effective method. Hybrid method for the trial function selected is the most convenient, but under the condition of the same precision, the workload is the largest. For internal method and the boundary method basis function must be made in advance to meet certain conditions, the analysis of complex structures tend to have certain difficulty, but the trial function is established, the workload is small. No matter what method is used, when set up trial function should be paid attention to are the following:(1) trial function should be composed of a subset of the complete function set. Have been using the trial function has the power series and trigonometric series, spline functions, beisaier, chebyshev, Legendre polynomial, and so on.(2) the trial function should have until than to eliminate surplus weighted integral expression of the highest derivative low first order derivative continuity.(3) the trial function should be special solution with analytical solution of the problem or problems associated with it. If computing problems with symmetry, should make full use of it. Obviously, any independent complete set of functions can be used as weight function. According to the weight function of the different options fordifferent weighted allowance calculation method, mainly include: collocation method, subdomain method, least square method, moment method and galerkin method. The galerkin method has the highest accuracy.Principle of virtual work: balance equations and geometric equations of the equivalent integral form of "weak" virtual work principles include principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress principle, is the floorboard of the principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress theory. They can be considered with some control equation of equivalent integral "weak" form. Principle of virtual work: get form any balanced force system in any state of deformation coordinate condition on the virtual work is equal to zero, namely the system of virtual work force and internal force of the sum of virtual work is equal to zero. The virtual displacement principle is the equilibrium equation and force boundary conditions of the equivalent integral form of "weak"; Virtual stress principle is geometric equation and displacement boundary condition of the equivalent integral form of "weak". Mechanical meaning of the virtual displacement principle: if the force system is balanced, they on the virtual displacement and virtual strain by the sum of the work is zero. On the other hand, if the force system in the virtual displacement (strain) and virtual and is equal to zero for the work, they must balance equation. Virtual displacement principle formulated the system of force balance, therefore, necessary and sufficient conditions. In general, the virtual displacement principle can not only suitable for linear elastic problems, and can be used in the nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic nonlinear problem.Virtual mechanical meaning of stress principle: if the displacement is coordinated, the virtual stress and virtual boundary constraint counterforce in which they are the sumof the work is zero. On the other hand, if the virtual force system in which they are and is zero for the work, they must be meet the coordination. Virtual stress in principle, therefore, necessary and sufficient condition for the expression of displacement coordination. Virtual stress principle can be applied to different linear elastic and nonlinear elastic mechanics problem. But it must be pointed out that both principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress principle, rely on their geometric equation and equilibrium equation is based on the theory of small deformation, they cannot be directly applied to mechanical problems based on large deformation theory. 3,,,,, the minimum total potential energy method of minimum total potential energy method, the minimum strain energy method of minimum total potential energy method, the potential energy function in the object on the external load will cause deformation, the deformation force during the work done in the form of elastic energy stored in the object, is the strain energy.The convergence of the finite element method, the convergence of the finite element method refers to when the grid gradually encryption, the finite element solution sequence converges to the exact solution; Or when the cell size is fixed, the more freedom degree each unit, the finite element solutions tend to be more precise solution. Convergence condition of the convergence condition of the finite element finite element convergence condition of the convergence condition of the finite element finite element includes the following four aspects: 1) within the unit, the displacement function must be continuous. Polynomial is single-valued continuous function, sochoose polynomial as displacement function, to ensure continuity within the unit. 2) within the unit, the displacement function must include often strain. Total can be broken down into each unit of the state of strain does not depend on different locations within the cell strain and strain is decided by the point location of variables. When the size of the units is enough hours, unit of each point in the strain tend to be equal, unit deformation is uniform, so often strain becomes the main part of the strain. To reflect the state of strain unit, the unit must include the displacement functions often strain. 3) within the unit, the displacement function must include the rigid body displacement. Under normal circumstances, the cell for a bit of deformation displacement and displacement of rigid body displacement including two parts. Deformation displacement is associated with the changes in the object shape and volume, thus producing strain; The rigid body displacement changing the object position, don't change the shape and volume of the object, namely the rigid body displacement is not deformation displacement. Spatial displacement of an object includes three translational and three rotational displacement, a total of six rigid body displacements. Due to a unit involved in the other unit, other units do rigid body displacement deformation occurs will drive unit, thus, to simulate real displacement of a unit, assume that the element displacement function must include the rigid body displacement. 4) the displacement function must be coordinated in public boundary of the adjacent cell. For general unit of coordination is refers to the adjacent cell in public node have the same displacement, but also have the same displacement along the edge of the unit, that is to say, to ensure that the unit does not occur from cracking and invade the overlap each other. To do this requires the function on the common boundary can be determined by the public node function value only. For general unit and coordination to ensure the continuity of the displacement of adjacent cell boundaries. However, between the plate and shell of the adjacent cell, also requires a displacement of the first derivative continuous, only in this way, to guarantee the strain energy of the structure is bounded. On the whole, coordination refers to the public on the border between neighboring units satisfy the continuity conditions. The first three, also called completeness conditions, meet the conditions of complete unit is complete unit; Article 4 is coordination requirements, meet the coordination unit coordination unit; Otherwise known as the coordinating units. Completeness requirement is necessary for convergence, all four meet, constitutes a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence. In practical application, to make the selected displacement functions all meet the requirements of completeness and harmony, it is difficult in some cases can relax the requirement for coordination. It should be pointed out that, sometimes the coordination unit than its corresponding coordination unit, its reason lies in the nature of the approximate solution. Assumed displacement function is equivalent to put the unit under constraint conditions, the unit deformation subject to the constraints, this just some alternative structure compared to the real structure. But the approximate structure due to allow cell separation, overlap, become soft, the stiffness of the unit or formed (such as round degree between continuous plate unit in the unit, and corner is discontinuous, just to pin point) for the coordination unit, the error of these two effects have the possibility of cancellation, so sometimes use thecoordination unit will get very good results. In engineering practice, the coordination of yuan must pass to use "small pieces after test". Average units or nodes average processing method of stress stress average units or nodes average processing method of stress average units or nodes average processing method of stress of the unit average or node average treatment method is the simplest method is to take stress results adjacent cell or surrounding nodes, the average value of stress.1. Take an average of 2 adjacent unit stress. Take around nodes, the average value of stressThe basic steps of finite element method to solve the problemThe structural discretization structure discretization structure discretization structure discretization to discretization of the whole structure, will be divided into several units, through the node connected to each other between the units; 2. The stiffness matrix of each unit and each element stiffness matrix and the element stiffness matrix and the stiffness matrix of each unit (3) integrated global stiffness matrix integrated total stiffness matrix integrated overall stiffness matrix integrated total stiffness matrix and write out the general balance equations and write out the general balance equations and write out the general balance equations and write a general equation 4. Introduction of supporting conditions, the displacement of each node 5. Calculate the stress and strain in the unit to get the stress and strain of each cell and the cell of the stress and strain and the stress and strain of each cell.For the finite element method, the basic ideas and steps can be summarized as: (1) to establish integral equation, according to the principle of variational allowance and the weight function or equation principle of orthogonalization, establishment and integral expression of differential equations is equivalent to the initial-boundary value problem, this is the starting point of the finite element method. Unit (2) the area subdivision, according to the solution of the shape of the area and the physical characteristics of practical problems, cut area is divided into a number of mutual connection, overlap of unit. Regional unit is divided into finite element method of the preparation, this part of the workload is bigger, in addition to the cell and node number and determine the relationship between each other, also said the node coordinates, at the same time also need to list the natural boundary and essential boundary node number and the corresponding boundary value. (3) determine the unit basis function, according to the unit and the approximate solution of node number in precision requirement, choose meet certain interpolation condition basis function interpolation function as a unit. Basis function in the finite element method is selected in the unit, due to the geometry of each unit has a rule in the selection of basis function can follow certain rules. (4) the unit will be analysis: to solve the function of each unit with unit basis functions to approximate the linear combination of expression; Then approximate function generation into the integral equation, and the unit area integral, can be obtained with undetermined coefficient (i.e., cell parameter value) of each node in the algebraic equations, known as the finite element equation.(5) the overall synthesis: after the finite element equation, the area of all elements inthe finite element equation according to certain principles of accumulation, the formation of general finite element equations. (6) boundary condition processing: general boundary conditions there are three kinds of form, divided into the essential boundary conditions (dirichlet boundary condition) and natural boundary conditions (Riemann boundary conditions) and mixed boundary conditions (cauchy boundary conditions). Often in the integral expression for natural boundary conditions, can be automatically satisfied. For essential boundary conditions and mixed boundary conditions, should be in a certain method to modify general finite element equations satisfies. Solving finite element equations (7) : based on the general finite element equations of boundary conditions are fixed, are all closed equations of the unknown quantity, and adopt appropriate numerical calculation method, the function value of each node can be obtained.有限元分析有限元法求解区域是由许多小的节点连接单元（域），该模型给出了切分的基本方程（子域名）的近似解，由于单位（域）可以分为不同的形状和大小不同的尺寸，所以它能很好的适应复杂的几何形状、材料特性和边界条件复杂，复杂有限元模型：它是真实系统的理想化的数学抽象。
有限元分析方法简介31页PPT
有限元分析方法简介
36、“不可能”这个字(法语是一个字 )，只 在愚人 的字典 中找得 到。--拿 破仑。 37、不要生气要争气，不要看破要突 破，不 要嫉妒 要欣赏 ，不要 托延要 积极， 不要心 动要行 动。 38、勤奋，机会，乐观是成功的三要 素。(注 意：传 统观念 认为勤 奋和机 会是成 功的要 素，但 是经过 统计学 和成功 人士的 分析得 出，乐 观是成 功的第 三要素 。
39、没有不老的誓言，没有不变的承 诺，踏 上旅途 ，义无 反顾。 40、对时间的价值没有没有深切认识 的人， 决不会 坚韧勤 勉。
31、只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。——黑格尔 32、希望的灯一旦熄灭，生活刹那间变成了一片黑暗。——普列姆、形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。——郭沫若 35、学到很多东西的诀窍，就是一下子不要学很多。——洛克
有限元分析 ppt课件
课程目标
1) 了解什么是有限单元法、有限单元法的基本 思想。
2) 学习有限单元法的原理，主要结合弹性力学 问题来介绍有限单元法的基本方法，包括单 元分析、整体分析、载荷与约束处理、等参 单元等概念。
3) 初步学会使用商用有限元软件分析简单工程 问题。
4. O.C. Zienkiewicz, R.L. Taylor. The finite element method( 5th ed). Oxford ; Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000
5. 郭和德编. 有限单元法概论，清华大学， 1998
1 有限单元法简介
自重作用下等截面直杆的材料力学解答
N(x)q(Lx)
d(L x)N(x)d xq(Lx)dx EA EA
u(x)xN(x)d xq(L xx2)
0 EA EA 2
x
du q (Lx) dx EA
x
Ex
q(Lx) A
自重作用下等截面直杆的有限单元法 解答
1）离散化 如图所示，将直杆划分 成n个有限段，有限段之 间通过一个铰接点连接。 称两段之间的连接点为 结点，称每个有限段为 单元。 第 i 个 单 元 的 长 度 为 Li ， 包含第i，i+1个结点。
1.3.1网格划分
对弹性体进行必要的简化，再将弹性体 划分为有限个单元组成的离散体。 单元之间通过单元节点相连接。 由单元、结点、结点连线构成的集合称 为网格。
1.3.1网格划分
通常把三维实体划分成四面体（Tetrahedron） 或六面体（Hexahedron）单元的网格
四面体4结点单元
六面体8结点单元
有限元分析经典课件
有限元分析经典课件1. 简介有限元分析（Finite Element Analysis, FEA）是一种以数值模拟方法为基础，通过离散化处理求解结构力学问题的工程方法。
本课件将介绍有限元分析的基本原理和常用的应用领域。
2. 有限元分析的基本原理2.1 有限元方法概述有限元方法（Finite Element Method, FEM）是有限元分析的基础理论和计算方法。
本部分将介绍有限元方法的基本概念、基本步骤、离散化处理等内容。
2.2 有限元网格划分有限元网格划分是有限元分析的关键步骤，它将结构离散化为有限个小单元。
本部分将介绍有限元网格划分的方法、常用网格类型以及网格质量评价的方法。
2.3 有限元方程与加载有限元方程是描述结构力学问题的关键方程。
本部分将介绍有限元方程的推导过程，以及加载条件的处理方法。
2.4 有限元解与后处理有限元解是通过有限元分析得到的结构响应结果。
本部分将介绍有限元解的计算方法以及后处理方法，包括位移、应力、应变等结果的计算和可视化展示。
3. 有限元分析的应用案例3.1 结构力学分析结构力学分析是有限元分析的主要应用之一。
本部分将通过实例演示有限元分析在结构力学分析中的具体应用，包括静力学分析、动力学分析等。
3.2 热力学分析热力学分析是有限元分析的另一个重要应用领域。
本部分将通过实例演示有限元分析在热力学分析中的具体应用，包括热传导、热稳定性等问题的分析。
3.3 流体力学分析流体力学分析是有限元分析的扩展应用领域之一。
本部分将通过实例演示有限元分析在流体力学分析中的具体应用，包括流体流动、压力分布等问题的分析。
4. 有限元分析软件的介绍有限元分析软件是进行有限元分析的工具，市场上有多种成熟的有限元分析软件可供选择。
本部分将介绍一些常用的有限元分析软件，包括Ansys、Abacus等。
5. 总结有限元分析作为一种重要的数值模拟方法，已广泛应用于不同领域的工程问题。
本课件从理论原理到实际应用都进行了全面的介绍，相信对有限元分析的学习和应用都有很大帮助。
工程有限元分析英文课件：工程中的有限元法
Introduction to Finite Element Method
One of the main reasons for the popularity of the FE method in
different fields of engineering is that once a well known commercial FEM software package（软件包）（such as ABAQUS, CATIA, ANSYS, NASTRAN and so on）is established, it can be
The finite element method was first developed in 1956 for the analysis of aircraft structures. Thereafter, within the past decades, the potentialities of the method for the solution of different types of applied science and engineering problems were recognized.
small, interconnected subregions
called finite elements ( 单 元 ）
which are so small that the shape
Chinese Idiom: Practice makes progress. Review leads to deeper understanding.
How can we achieve “understanding”？
(1)based on knowledge (2)processed by thinking
有限元分析——_课件
1.2.2 ANSYS10.0 创新之处 1.2.3 ANSYS 10.0 使用环境
ANSYS及ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序可运行与PC机、 NT工作站、UNIX工作站及巨型计算机等各类计算机 及操作系统中，其数据文件在其所有的产品系列和工 作平台上均兼容。并与多种CAD软件共享数据。
2. ANSYS/Structural：通过利用其先进的非线性功能， 该模块可进行高目标的结构分析，具体包括：几何非 线性、材料非线性、单元非线性及屈曲分析。该模块 可以使用户精确模拟大型复杂结构的性能。
3. ANSYS/Linear plus：该模块是从ANSYS/Structural派 生出来的，一个线性结构分析选项，可用于线性的静 态、动态及屈曲分析，非线性分析仅包括间隙元和板/ 梁大变形分析。
4. ANSYS/Thermal：该模块同样是从ANSYS/Mechanical 中派生出来的，是一个可单独运行的热分析程序，可 用于稳态及瞬态热分析。
5. ANSYS/Flotran：该程序是个灵活的CFD软件，可求解 各种流体流动问题，具体包括：层流、紊流、可压缩 流及不可压缩流等。通过与ANSYS/Mechanical耦合， ANSYS/FLOTRAN 是 唯 一 一 个 具 有 设 计 优 化 能 力 的 CFD软件，并且能提供复杂的多物理场功能。
8. ANSYS/ED：该模块是一个功能完整的设计模拟程序， 它拥有ANSYS隐式产品的全部功能，只是解题规模受 到了限制（目前节点数1000）。该软件可独立运行， 是理想的培训教学软件。
9. ANSYS/LS-DYNA：该程序是一个显示求解软件，可 解决高度非线性结构动力问题。该程序可模拟板料成 形、碰撞分析、涉及大变形的冲击、非线性材料性能 以及多物体接触分析，它可以加入第一类软件包中运 行，也可以单独运行。
工程有限元分析英文课件：REVIEW
1 2
(1 )(1 2 )
9
Review
Corresponding to corner nodes:
N1
1 4
(1 )(1)
2 3
N5
1 3
N6
1 2
N7
N2
1 4
(1
)(1 )
1 3
N5
2 3
N6
N3
1 4
(1 )(1)
N4
1 4
(1
)(1)
1 2
N7
Thus, it is easy to show that
Such elements whose shape (or geometry) and field variables are
described by the same interpolation functions of the same order are
known as “isoparametric elements”.
N2
Nˆ 2
1 2
N4
L2
1
2L3
N3
Nˆ 3
1 2
N4
L3
1
2L2
and
4
Ni L1 L2 L3 L4 1
i 1
(0,1/2,1/2)
7
Review
Example 1: Construct the shape functions for the element shown in Fig.1
2
Review
For beam, plate and shell elements require that not only the displacements but also the slops must be continuous across the element boundaries.
工程有限元分析英文课件：Mesh Division (网格划分)
General Procedure of Finite Element Method
In structure analysis, the nodal degrees of freedom called nodal - displacement parameters (节点位移参量), normally refer to the displacements at each node.
(xi , yi ), (x j , y j ) and (xm , ym ) . 10
General Procedure of Finite Element Method
( um, vm )
(ui, vi )
( u, v )
(uj , vj)
For a 2 - D triangular element, there are two
General Procedure of Finite Element Method
Substituting
the
nodal
coordinates
into
u 1 2x 3 y
v
4
5
x
6
y
one
after the other, we have
ui 1 2 xi 3 yi u j 1 2 x j 3 y j
(1)The continuum is divided into two- or three- dimensional (二维 或三维) finite elements, which are separated by straight or curved lines (直线或曲线) (two-dimensional) or by flat or curved surfaces (平面或曲面) (three-dimensional).
有限元分析中英文对照资料全
The finite element analysisFinite element method, the solving area is regarded as made up of many small in the node connected unit (a domain), the model gives the fundamental equation of sharding (sub-domain) approximation solution, due to the unit (a domain) can be divided into various shapes and sizes of different size, so it can well adapt to the complex geometry, complex material properties and complicated boundary conditionsFinite element model: is it real system idealized mathematical abstractions. Is composed of some simple shapes of unit, unit connection through the node, and under a certain load.Finite element analysis: is the use of mathematical approximation method for real physical systems (geometry and loading conditions were simulated. And by using simple and interacting elements, namely unit, can use a limited number of unknown variables to approaching infinite unknown quantity of the real system.Linear elastic finite element method is a ideal elastic body as the research object, considering the deformation based on small deformation assumption of. In this kind of problem, the stress and strain of the material is linear relationship, meet the generalized hooke's law; Stress and strain is linear, linear elastic problem boils down to solving linear equations, so only need less computation time. If the efficient method of solving algebraic equations can also help reduce the duration of finite element analysis.Linear elastic finite element generally includes linear elastic statics analysis and linear elastic dynamics analysis from two aspects. The difference between the nonlinear problem and linear elastic problems:1) nonlinear equation is nonlinear, and iteratively solving of general;2) the nonlinear problem can't use superposition principle;3) nonlinear problem is not there is always solution, sometimes even no solution. Finite element to solve the nonlinear problem can be divided into the following three categories:1) material nonlinear problems of stress and strain is nonlinear, but the stress and strain is very small, a linear relationship between strain and displacement at this time, this kind of problem belongs to the material nonlinear problems. Due to theoretically also cannot provide the constitutive relation can be accepted, so, general nonlinear relations between stress and strain of the material based on the test data, sometimes, to simulate the nonlinear material properties available mathematical model though these models always have their limitations. More important material nonlinear problems in engineering practice are: nonlinear elastic (including piecewise linear elastic, elastic-plastic and viscoplastic, creep, etc.2) geometric nonlinear geometric nonlinear problems are caused due to the nonlinear relationship between displacement. When the object the displacement is larger, the strain and displacement relationship is nonlinear relationship. Research on this kind of problemIs assumes that the material of stress and strain is linear relationship. It consists of a large displacement problem of large strain and large displacement little strain. Such as the structure of the elastic buckling problem belongs to the large displacement little strain, rubber parts forming process for large strain.3) nonlinear boundary problem in the processing, problems such as sealing, the impact of the role of contact and friction can not be ignored, belongs to the highly nonlinear contact boundary.At ordinary times some contact problems, such as gear, stamping forming, rolling, rubber shock absorber, interference fit assembly, etc., when a structure and another structure or external boundary contact usually want to consider nonlinear boundary conditions. The actual nonlinear may appear at the same time these two or three kinds of nonlinear problems.Finite element theoretical basisFinite element method is based on variational principle and the weighted residual method, and the basic solving thought is the computational domain is divided into a finite number of non-overlapping unit, within each cell, select some appropriate nodes as solving the interpolation function, the differential equation of the variables in the rewritten by the variable or its derivative selected interpolation node value and the function of linear expression, with the aid of variational principle or weighted residual method, the discrete solution of differential equation. Using different forms of weight function and interpolation function, constitute different finite element methods. 1. The weighted residual method and the weighted residual method of weighted residual method of weighted residual method: refers to the weighted function is zero using make allowance for approximate solution of the differential equation method is called the weighted residual method. Is a kind of directly from the solution of differential equation and boundary conditions, to seek the approximate solution of boundary value problems of mathematical methods. Weighted residual method is to solve the differential equation of the approximate solution of a kind of effective method.Hybrid method for the trial function selected is the most convenient, but under the condition of the same precision, the workload is the largest. For internal method and the boundary method basis function must be made in advance to meet certain conditions, the analysis of complex structures tend to have certain difficulty, but the trial function is established, the workload is small. No matter what method is used, when set up trial function should be paid attention to are the following:(1) trial function should be composed of a subset of the complete function set. Have been using the trial function has the power series and trigonometric series, spline functions, beisaier, chebyshev, Legendre polynomial, and so on.(2) the trial function should have until than to eliminate surplus weighted integral expression of the highest derivative low first order derivative continuity.(3) the trial function should be special solution with analytical solution of the problem or problems associated with it. If computing problems with symmetry, should make full use of it. Obviously, any independent complete set of functions can be used as weight function. According to the weight function of the different options for different weighted allowance calculation method, mainly include: collocation method, subdomain method, least square method, moment method and galerkin method. The galerkin method has the highest accuracy.Principle of virtual work: balance equations and geometric equations of the equivalent integral form of "weak" virtual work principles include principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress principle, is the floorboard of the principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress theory. They can be considered with some control equation of equivalent integral "weak" form. Principle of virtual work: get form any balanced force system in any state of deformation coordinate condition on the virtual work is equal to zero, namely the system of virtual work force and internal force ofthe sum of virtual work is equal to zero. The virtual displacement principle is the equilibrium equation and force boundary conditions of the equivalent integral form of "weak"; Virtual stress principle is geometric equation and displacement boundary condition of the equivalent integral form of "weak". Mechanical meaning of the virtual displacement principle: if the force system is balanced, they on the virtual displacement and virtual strain by the sum of the work is zero. On the other hand, if the force system in the virtual displacement (strain) and virtual and is equal to zero for the work, they must balance equation. Virtual displacement principle formulated the system of force balance, therefore, necessary and sufficient conditions. In general, the virtual displacement principle can not only suitable for linear elastic problems, and can be used in the nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic nonlinear problem.Virtual mechanical meaning of stress principle: if the displacement is coordinated, the virtual stress and virtual boundary constraint counterforce in which they are the sum of the work is zero. On the other hand, if the virtual force system in which they are and is zero for the work, they must be meet the coordination. Virtual stress in principle, therefore, necessary and sufficient condition for the expression of displacement coordination. Virtual stress principle can be applied to different linear elastic and nonlinear elastic mechanics problem. But it must be pointed out that both principle of virtual displacement and virtual stress principle, rely on their geometric equation and equilibrium equation is based on the theory of small deformation, they cannot be directly applied to mechanical problems based on large deformation theory. 3,,,,, the minimum total potential energy method of minimum total potential energy method, the minimum strain energy method of minimum total potential energy method, the potential energy function in the object on the external load will cause deformation, the deformation force during the work done in the form of elastic energy stored in the object, is the strain energy.The convergence of the finite element method, the convergence of the finite element method refers to when the grid gradually encryption, the finite element solution sequence converges to the exact solution; Or when the cell size is fixed, the more freedom degree each unit, the finite element solutions tend to be more precise solution. Convergence condition of the convergence condition of the finite element finite element convergence condition of the convergence condition of the finite element finite element includes the following four aspects: 1) within the unit, the displacement function must be continuous. Polynomial is single-valued continuous function, so choose polynomial as displacement function, to ensure continuity within the unit. 2) within the unit, the displacement function must include often strain. Total can be broken down into each unit of the state of strain does not depend on different locations within the cell strain and strain is decided by the point location of variables. When the size of the units is enough hours, unit of each point in the strain tend to be equal, unit deformation is uniform, so often strain becomes the main part of the strain. To reflect the state of strain unit, the unit must include the displacement functions often strain. 3) within the unit, the displacement function must include the rigid body displacement. Under normal circumstances, the cell for a bit of deformation displacement and displacement of rigid body displacement including two parts. Deformation displacement is associated with the changes in the object shape and volume, thus producing strain; The rigid body displacement changing the object position, don't change the shape and volume of the object, namely the rigid body displacement is not deformation displacement. Spatial displacement of an object includes three translational and three rotational displacement, a total of six rigid body displacements. Due to a unit involved in the other unit, other units do rigid body displacement deformation occurs willdrive unit, thus, to simulate real displacement of a unit, assume that the element displacement function must include the rigid body displacement. 4) the displacement function must be coordinated in public boundary of the adjacent cell. For general unit of coordination is refers to the adjacent cell in public node have the same displacement, but also have the same displacement along the edge of the unit, that is to say, to ensure that the unit does not occur from cracking and invade the overlap each other. To do this requires the function on the common boundary can be determined by the public node function value only. For general unit and coordination to ensure the continuity of the displacement of adjacent cell boundaries. However, between the plate and shell of the adjacent cell, also requires a displacement of the first derivative continuous, only in this way, to guarantee the strain energy of the structure is bounded. On the whole, coordination refers to the public on the border between neighboring units satisfy the continuity conditions. The first three, also called completeness conditions, meet the conditions of complete unit is complete unit; Article 4 is coordination requirements, meet the coordination unit coordination unit; Otherwise known as the coordinating units. Completeness requirement is necessary for convergence, all four meet, constitutes a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence. In practical application, to make the selected displacement functions all meet the requirements of completeness and harmony, it is difficult in some cases can relax the requirement for coordination. It should be pointed out that, sometimes the coordination unit than its corresponding coordination unit, its reason lies in the nature of the approximate solution. Assumed displacement function is equivalent to put the unit under constraint conditions, the unit deformation subject to the constraints, this just some alternative structure compared to the real structure. But the approximate structure due to allow cell separation, overlap, become soft, the stiffness of the unit or formed (such as round degree between continuous plate unit in the unit, and corner is discontinuous, just to pin point) for the coordination unit, the error of these two effects have the possibility of cancellation, so sometimes use the coordination unit will get very good results. In engineering practice, the coordination of yuan must pass to use "small pieces after test". Average units or nodes average processing method of stress stress average units or nodes average processing method of stress average units or nodes average processing method of stress of the unit average or node average treatment method is the simplest method is to take stress results adjacent cell or surrounding nodes, the average value of stress.1. Take an average of 2 adjacent unit stress. Take around nodes, the average value of stressThe basic steps of finite element method to solve the problemThe structural discretization structure discretization structure discretization structure discretization to discretization of the whole structure, will be divided into several units, through the node connected to each other between the units; 2. The stiffness matrix of each unit and each element stiffness matrix and the element stiffness matrix and the stiffness matrix of each unit (3) integrated global stiffness matrix integrated total stiffness matrix integrated overall stiffness matrix integrated total stiffness matrix and write out the general balance equations and write out the general balance equations and write out the general balance equations and write a general equation 4. Introduction of supporting conditions, the displacement of each node 5. Calculate the stress and strain in the unit to get the stress and strain of each cell and the cell of the stress and strain and the stress and strain of each cell.For the finite element method, the basic ideas and steps can be summarized as: (1) to establishintegral equation, according to the principle of variational allowance and the weight function or equation principle of orthogonalization, establishment and integral expression of differential equations is equivalent to the initial-boundary value problem, this is the starting point of the finite element method. Unit (2) the area subdivision, according to the solution of the shape of the area and the physical characteristics of practical problems, cut area is divided into a number of mutual connection, overlap of unit. Regional unit is divided into finite element method of the preparation, this part of the workload is bigger, in addition to the cell and node number and determine the relationship between each other, also said the node coordinates, at the same time also need to list the natural boundary and essential boundary node number and the corresponding boundary value.(3) determine the unit basis function, according to the unit and the approximate solution of node number in precision requirement, choose meet certain interpolation condition basis function interpolation function as a unit. Basis function in the finite element method is selected in the unit, due to the geometry of each unit has a rule in the selection of basis function can follow certain rules. (4) the unit will be analysis: to solve the function of each unit with unit basis functions to approximate the linear combination of expression; Then approximate function generation into the integral equation, and the unit area integral, can be obtained with undetermined coefficient (i.e., cell parameter value) of each node in the algebraic equations, known as the finite element equation.(5) the overall synthesis: after the finite element equation, the area of all elements in the finite element equation according to certain principles of accumulation, the formation of general finite element equations. (6) boundary condition processing: general boundary conditions there are three kinds of form, divided into the essential boundary conditions (dirichlet boundary condition) and natural boundary conditions (Riemann boundary conditions) and mixed boundary conditions (cauchy boundary conditions). Often in the integral expression for natural boundary conditions, can be automatically satisfied. For essential boundary conditions and mixed boundary conditions, should be in a certain method to modify general finite element equations satisfies. Solving finite element equations (7) : based on the general finite element equations of boundary conditions are fixed, are all closed equations of the unknown quantity, and adopt appropriate numerical calculation method, the function value of each node can be obtained.有限元分析有限元法求解区域是由许多小的节点连接单元（域），该模型给出了切分的基本方程（子域名）的近似解，由于单位（域）可以分为不同的形状和大小不同的尺寸，所以它能很好的适应复杂的几何形状、材料特性和边界条件复杂，复杂有限元模型：它是真实系统的理想化的数学抽象。
《有限元分析及应用》PPT课件
有限元法的孕育过程及诞生和发展
牛顿(Newton)
莱布尼茨(Leibniz G. W.)
6
大约在300年前，牛顿和莱布尼茨发明了积 分法，证明了该运算具有整体对局部的可加 性。虽然，积分运算与有限元技术对定义域 的划分是不同的，前者进行无限划分而后者 进行有限划分，但积分运算为实现有限元技 术准备好了一个理论基础。
u y
dy
vB
v
v y
dy
66
在小变形的前提下，∠A’P’A1很小，可以认 为，线段PA位移后的绝对伸长，可以用线段两 端点沿x轴的位移之差来表示，即：。
PA PA
uA
uP
u
u x
dx u
u x
dx
从而线段PA的正应变
x为：。 x
PA PA PA
u dx x
dx
u x
v
dy
同理线段PB的正应变
y
dy
zy
1 2
zy
z
dz
0
略去微量项，得 yz zy
MY 0 zx xz
MZ 0
xy yx
剪切力互等定律
53
二维问题：平衡微分方程
x yx X 0
x y xy y Y 0 x y
剪切力互等定律
xy yx
54
应力边界条件
四面微分体Mabc
55
效的力系所代替，只能产生局部应力的改变，而在离
这一面积稍远处，其影响可以忽略不计。
60
61
62
均匀分布载荷作用 下的平板，应力分 布是均匀的。
材料力学中的拉伸 应力计算公式就是 圣维南原理应用的 结论。
63
一对集中力F/2作 用点区域仍然有比 较大的应力梯度变 化，但是比等效力
工程有限元分析英文课件：Constitutive Relations
(6.143)
or
C
(6.144)
Here,S and C are called the compliance matrix(柔度矩阵)
and stiffness matrix, respectively. It is clear that
C S 1
(6.145)
8
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
Fig. 6.19 Positive rotation(正向旋转) of principal material
axes(材料主轴) from x – y axes
10
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
Transformation relations for stress and strain are defined from the tensor theory for second rank tensors(二阶张量). We observe that strains do transform with the same transformation as stresses if the tensor definition of shear strain is used(which is equivalent to dividing the engineering shear strain by two).
0 0
0 0
3 12
13
0
0
0
0
S55
0
13
23 0 0 0 0 0 S66 23
(6.141)
3
工程有限元分析英文课件：Lagrange polynomials (拉格朗日多项式)
displacement functions are
u A1 A2 A3 A4 2 A5 A6 2 A7 2 A8 2 v B1 B2 B3 B4 2 B5 B6 2 B7 2 B8 2
This is not a Lagrange element
(3.17)
13
Formulation of Isoparametric Finite Element Matrices
3
Formulation of Isoparametric Finite Element Matrices
Table 3.2 Lagrange polynomials in dimensionless form
origin
0 1, 1 0, 2 1
L20 (
)
0
1 0
1
1 1
1 2
Shape Functions for Mid – Side Nodes （边中节点）
①Shape Functions for Mid -side Nodes
For midside nodes the construction is fairly straightforward and
using node 2 as an example we have
L10 ( )L10 ( )
1 4
(1 )(1)
at node j, j 1,i 1
and
Nj
L11( )L10 ()
1 4
(1 )(1)
at node k, k 1,i 1
and
Nk
L11( )L11( )
1 (1 )(1)
4
at node l, l 1,l 1
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, S44
S
1 55 GLT
, S66
1
GTT
2(1TT )
ET
(6.142)
where the subscripts L and T denote the parallel and
perpendicular direction to fibers, respectively.
4
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
EL and ET - Young’s (extension) moduli parallel and
perpendicular to fiber direction, respectively
LT and TT - Poisson’s ratio(extension-extension coupling)
9
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
向)
5
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
Poisson’s ratio ij ：
the negative of the transverse strain(横向应变) in the
j–direction over the strain in the i–direction when stress is
2
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
For a fiber reinforced lamina–the case of transversely
isotropic media( 横 观 各 向 同 性 介 质 ), the strain - stress
in principal material coordinates where the
first index(下标) refers to the direction of
imposed strain(应变施加方向) and the second
index refers to the response direction(响应方
applied in the i–direction, i.e.,
ij
j i
for i and all other stresses are zero 6
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
GLT and GTT - shear moduli in principal material coordinates (namely, in the planes parallel and perpendicular to fiber direction, respectively)
0 0
0 03 12ຫໍສະໝຸດ 130 0
0
0
S55
0
13
23 0 0 0 0 0 S66 23
(6.141)
3
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
S11
1 EL
, S22
S33
1 ET
, S12
S13
LT
EL
S23
TT
ET
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells 6.5.3 Constitutive Relations
Fiber Direction
Fig.6.18 Unidirectionally reinforced lamina with fibers (单向纤维增强单层板) 1
G31 - shear modulus in 3-1 plane G12 - shear modulus in 1-2 plane G23 - shear modulus in 2-3 plane
7
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
Above strain - stress relations can be expressed as
⑵Off – Axis Constitutive Relations of a Lamina The coordinate - system dependence(对坐标系之依赖性) is of fundamental importance because laminate stress and strain and ply(单层) stress and strain can be explicitly related. It is often advantageous( 有 利 的 ) to rotate unidirectional or laminated composites to some arbitrary orientation.
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
⑴On – Axis Constitutive Relations of a Lamina The strain - stress relations in the coordinates (1,2 and 3) aligned with principal material directions(沿材料主向) are
S
(6.143)
or
C
(6.144)
Here,S and C are called the compliance matrix(柔度矩阵)
and stiffness matrix, respectively. It is clear that
C S 1
(6.145)
8
Finite Element Analysis for Plates and Shells
relations in principal material coordinates (1,2 and 3)(材料主
向坐标系) are expressed as
1 S11 S12 S13 0 0 0 1
2
S12
S22
S23
0
0
0
2
3 12
S13 0
S23 0
S33 0
0 S44