语言学作业

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语言学指导书作业(新版)

语言学指导书作业(新版)

语言学指导书作业导言一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是____________、_____________和____________。

2、语言学是_______世纪成为独立的学科的,其标志是________________。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家___________的____________。

4、语言交际过程可分为__________—_________—__________—_________—_________五个阶段。

5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是__________。

6、________、_________、__________是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

二、判断正误1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

()2、语言有自身结构的独立性,与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。

()3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的,不受具体语言研究影响。

()4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

()三、思考题1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切关联?2、语文学研究有哪些特征?3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类?如何看待它们之间的关系?4、为什么说语言学是一门基础科学?5、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁?6、如何看待语言学研究的意义和价值?第一章一、填空1、语言的功能包括___________功能和__________功能。

2、语言的社会功能包括__________功能和__________功能。

3、在各种信息传递形式中,___________是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4、人的大脑分左右两个半球,语言功能及计数、推理能力等由_________半球掌管,音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由__________半球制约。

5、儿童语言习得一般经过_________阶段和________阶段,这是儿童学话的关键两步。

二、判断正误1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。

()2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时,话语中不具有主观性。

语言学概论在线作业答案

语言学概论在线作业答案

语言学概论在线作业答案语言学概论1.根据词的来源特点,我们可以把词分为()。

• A 基本词汇和一般词汇• B 古语词、方言词、外来词• C 单纯词、合成词• D 阶级习惯语、隐语、禁忌语正确答案:B单选题2.现在一般认为,人学习语言的最迟临界点是在()左右,就是说在这个年龄之前如果不接触语言,此后就几乎无法学习语言了。

• A 一岁• B 三岁• C 十二岁• D 十八岁正确答案:C单选题3.下列关于文字起源的说法正确的一项是()。

• A 结绳记事• B 图画和契刻• C 刻漏记事• D 以上说法都错正确答案:D单选题4.下面几个句子中,()是有歧义的。

• A 她明天要去学校• B 校长给她安排好的工作• C 她只吃了一碗饭• D 小狗累了正确答案:B单选题5.下列词语意义演变过程中,指称范围转移的是()。

• A 江• B 河• C 闻• D 脸正确答案:C单选题6.下面对话说显示出的会话含义是违反()原则而产生的。

问:你看,经理太太的衣服真漂亮啊。

答:今天的酒味道不错。

• A 质的准则• B 量的准则• C 关系准则• D 方式准则正确答案:C单选题7.[p、t‘、b、k]在发音方法上的共同点是()。

• A 清音• B 不送气音• C 塞音• D 擦音正确答案:C单选题8.下面句子中的预设,()不是通过词语手段实现的。

• A 她今天又来了• B 盟军再次取得了胜利• C 她的爸爸来看她了• D 我明天还要说正确答案:C单选题9.下列文字中,属于自源文字的是()。

• A 汉字• B 日文• C 英文字母• D 希腊字母正确答案:A单选题10.已有的自源文字,从字符跟语言中什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来归来,都是()。

• A 音节文字• B 词语文字• C 音位文字• D 语素文字正确答案:B单选题11.当词义所概括的界限不明确时,我们将它称为词义的()。

• A 概括性• B 民族性• C 层次性• D 模糊性正确答案:D单选题12.语音是()。

英语语言学 作业100分

英语语言学 作业100分

作业1.第1题Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.booksB.renameC.activeD.sleepy您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.02.第2题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.03.第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.04.第4题The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____morphemes.A.four/threeB.five/twoC.five/threeD.three/five您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.05.第5题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.06.第6题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acq uisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.07.第7题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.08.第17题Which of the following forms a minimal pair?A.fear, pearB.tip, pitC.food, footD.beat, bit您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.09.第18题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?B.speakingC.takenD.chaos您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.010.第19题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.011.第20题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?A.a book on biologyB.play basketballC.a rainy dayD.dance happily您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.012.第21题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.013.第22题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.014.第23题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.015.第35题The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d]B.[s]C.[u]D.[i:]您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.016.第36题Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket您的答案:D题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.017.第37题The word “TV” is a(n) ____.A.acronymB.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.018.第38题Which of the following best describes the relations between “He paid a visit to Japan.” and “He paid a visit to East Asia.”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案:C题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.019.第39题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.materialB.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above您的答案:A题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.020.第40题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed您的答案:B题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.021.第8题Phonology is of a general nature.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.022.第9题In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.023.第10题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.024.第11题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.025.第12题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.026.第13题ISBN means International Standard Book Number.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.027.第14题Accent is an important marker of sociolect.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.028.第15题Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.029.第16题Frequent repetition is one of the features of the caretaker talk. 您的答案:正确题目分数:2.030.第24题A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.031.第25题Semantics is the study of word meaning.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.032.第26题The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.033.第27题Langue means competence.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.034.第28题The word ' walkman' is a blend.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.035.第29题UNESCO is a blend.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.036.第30题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].您的答案:正确题目分数:3.037.第31题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.038.第32题In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings. 您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.039.第33题The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.040.第34题Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words. This is called the frequency effect.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.041.第41题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.042.第42题Pronouns belong to closed class words.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.043.第43题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.044.第44题The word ' mike' is a clipped word.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.045.第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.046.第46题Writing is more basic than speech.您的答案:错误题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.047.第47题The word ' dinner' comes from French.您的答案:正确题目分数:3.0此题得分:3.048.第48题An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.049.第49题It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!' .您的答案:错误题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.050.第50题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.您的答案:正确题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.0作业总得分:100.0作业总批注。

语言学概论作业11题

语言学概论作业11题

选择题1、我们在念“老虎”时,通常要把“老”念成阳平,这种变化叫做(B)A、同化B、异化C、弱化D、脱落2、我们知道是否能够独立自由运用,是区分词和语素的根本特点。

那么下列语素中属于自由语素的是(C)A、初B、视C、人D、民3、下列各组辅音,区别特征为清浊对立的一组是(D)。

A、[x]—[h]B、[t]—[k]C、[s]—[f]D、[z]—[s]4、汉语语法学中,有将副词归入实词的,其分类标准是(A)A、能够作句子成分B、是否能够表达意义C、能够作句子的主要成分D、是否有形态变化5、汉语只能用“男”、“女”、“雄”、“雌”等来表示事物的自然属性,这说明(A)A、没有性的语法范畴B、有性的语法范畴,但通过词汇手段来表示C、有性的语法范畴,但通过分析手段来表示D、用分析手段来表示相当于性的语法范畴6、下列现象中属于构词现象的是(A)A、汉语的“老”加“虎”变成“老虎”B、汉语的“儿童”加“们”变成“儿童们”C、英语的“help”(“帮助”,现在时)加“ed”变成“helped”(“帮助”,过去时)D、英语的“dog”(“狗”,单数)加“s”变成“dogs”(“狗”,复数)7、下列说法(C)是正确的。

A、“离开、环境、比拟、协议”都是派生词B、“study、look、think、door”都是派生词C、“变化、广义、扒手、左手”都是复合词D、“留心、伤心、老鼠、impossible”都是合成词8、下列各个汉语词语中属于复合词的是(C、D)A、逻辑B、幽默C、寂寞D、忘记E、崎岖简答题1、汉语音节ban、da、guang中的a,是三个不同的音素,但却是一个音位,为什么?答:这是因为ban、da、guang中的三个[a]、[A]、[ɑ]是处于互补关系中的相似音素,它们彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。

这种处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一个音位在不同位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,语音学上称为音位变体。

语言学概论 作业

语言学概论 作业

导论第一章练习题一、单项选择题1、关于口语和书面语的关系,下列说法中正确的一项是(C )。

A.口语和书面是各自独立的两个系统,彼此间没有任何关系。

B.书面语是对口语的忠实记录,是口语的复制品。

C.与书面语相比,省略某些语言成分而不会影响理解和交际是口语的一大特点。

D.与口语相比,省略某些语言成分而不会影响理解和交际是书面语的一大特点。

2、普通语言学指的是( C )。

A.语言学研究中的初级阶段。

B.语言学研究的低级对象。

C.对人类语言进行一般性研究的科学。

D.对某一种语言进行普遍而适用的研究的学问。

3、对人类语言而言,声音四要素中最重要的一个是(D )。

A.音高B.音强C.音长D.音质4、在下列四个部位中,(A )是声道中最重要的。

A.口腔B.鼻腔C.咽腔D.喉头5、下列关于语音的表述中,不正确的一项是(D )。

A.语音是语言的物质外壳B.语音与一般声音有本质的区别C.语音本质上是一种社会现象D.语音本质上是一种生理和物理现象6、下列各组元音中,都是低元音的一组是(B )。

A.[ ][ ]B.[A.][ ]C.[ ][ ]D.[ ][ ]7、同样是指“会说话,能制造和使用工具的社会性动物”,汉语用“rén”去表示,而英语用“man”来表示,这说明了语言具有( D )。

A.强制性 B.可变性C.系统性 D.任意性8、一个声音区别于其他声音的基本特征是( D )。

A.音高 B.音强 C.音质 D.音长9、语言的客观存在形式首先表现为人类社会中人与人之间的( C )行为。

A.书面 B.文字 C.口头 D.体式10、语言单位之间构成的横向结构关系,就是( A )。

A.组合关系 B.聚合关系 C.同义关系 D.同音词关系二、多项选择题(每题有2-5个正确答案可选)1、(AD )的建立标志着语言学的诞生。

A.十八世纪B.十九世纪C.二十世纪D.历史比较语言学E结构主义语言学2、关于语言起源的学说有(ABC )。

语言学作业参考答案

语言学作业参考答案

Myth1 Language is only a means of communication.If language is viewed only as a system of communication, then many species communicate. Humans also use systems other than language to relate to each other and to send and receive “messages,” like so-called body language. The question is whether the communication systems used by other species are at all like human linguistic knowledge, which is acquired by children with no instruction, and which is used creatively rather than in response to internal or external stimuli. So language should be defined as a system of vocal symbols used for human communication that can also talk about our thoughts, feelings and language itself.Note: 有些同学从语言功能的角度对此论述进行批判,或者只是对语言的定义进行阐述,并非不正确,只是在论述的时候,简单的摘抄笔记或者书本的句子,并没有看到论点。

Myth 2 Language has a form-meaning correspondence.Language is arbitrary which means there is no logic connection between the form and the meaning and they do not correspond to each other. The connection between for form and meaning is the conventionality. Note: 有些同学大概不理解form-meaning correspondence (语言与形式的对应关系), 所以在阐述的时候,没有讲到点上。

语言学作业2试题及答案

语言学作业2试题及答案

语言学作业2试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的最小意义单位是:A. 音节B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案:B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的社会功能?A. 交际工具B. 思维工具C. 娱乐工具D. 传承文化答案:C3. 语言的音位系统是由以下哪个因素决定的?A. 个人习惯B. 社会约定C. 物理属性D. 心理因素答案:B4. 语言的词汇量在不同语言中:A. 完全相同B. 差异不大C. 差异很大D. 无法比较答案:C5. 语言的语法规则是:A. 随意的B. 固定的C. 可变的D. 无规则的答案:B6. 语言的演变主要受以下哪个因素的影响?A. 社会变迁B. 个人偏好C. 技术进步D. 政治制度答案:A7. 语言的方言差异主要表现在:A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案:D8. 双语现象是指:A. 一个人使用两种语言B. 一个地区使用两种语言C. 一个国家使用两种语言D. 一个民族使用两种语言答案:A9. 语言的标准化通常包括:A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案:D10. 语言的交际功能包括:A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 建立关系D. 所有选项答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的_______系统是其最核心的部分。

答案:语法2. 语言的_______系统包括词汇和语义。

答案:词汇3. 语言的_______系统是语言的物质外壳。

答案:语音4. 语言的_______功能是指语言在社会交际中的作用。

答案:交际5. 语言的_______功能是指语言在思维过程中的作用。

答案:思维6. 语言的_______功能是指语言在文化传承中的作用。

答案:文化7. 语言的_______功能是指语言在艺术创作中的作用。

答案:艺术8. 语言的_______功能是指语言在法律规范中的作用。

答案:法律9. 语言的_______功能是指语言在教育过程中的作用。

答案:教育10. 语言的_______功能是指语言在科学发展中的作用。

语言学作业 第一章

语言学作业 第一章

语言学作业班级:姓名:Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsI. Please illustrate the following terms.1. Arbitrariness:The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.The different levels of arbitrariness:(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.(3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 2. DualityThe property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Phatic communionPhatic communion refers to the social interaction of language.4. Synchronic linguistics:A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.II. Please distinguish the following terms:1. Langue vs. ParoleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist’s proper object;Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation..(1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.(2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints.(4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental.2. Descriptive vs. PrescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character.The grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. That is prescriptive.These attitudes are still with us, though people realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority-made “standards”. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.3. Synchronic vs. DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.Actually synchrony is a fiction since any language is changing as the minutes pass.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Competence vs. PerformanceAccording to Chomsky:A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language or the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances in concrete situations.A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, so a speaker’s performance does not always or equal his supposed competence.He believes that linguists ought to study competence rather than performance.5. Langue vs. CompetenceAccording to Chomsky:Langue is a social product, a systematic inventory of rules of the language, a set of conventions for a speech community.Competence is defined from the psychological point of view, is deemed as a property of the mind of each individuals, or underlying competence as a system of generative processes.According to Hymes:He approaches language from a socio-cultural viewpoint with the aim of studying the varieties of ways of speaking on the part of individual and the community.He extended notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to a knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence can be called communicative competence.III. Answer the following questions in brief:1. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the synchronic ordiachronic orientation just from the titles?1) English Examined: Two Centuries of Comment on the Mother Tongue2) Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage3) Pejorative Sense Development in English4) The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation5) Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular1) diachronic 2)synchronic 3)diachronic 4)synchronic5)We can’t judge whether it is synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles.2. What is language? What is linguistics?Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication and interaction.Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. The aims of linguistic theory: 1) what is knowledge of language? (Competence) 2) how is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition) 3) how is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing). Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics, Phonology Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.3. How do you understand performative function of language?The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons or the situations of events, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.IV. Discuss the following question in detail.How do you interpret the viewpoint that “arbitrariness is a matter of degree”?1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:The dog barks bow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.⏹He came in and sat down.⏹He sat down and came in.⏹He sat down after he came in.3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.⏹Conventionality of language makes learning a languagelaborious.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Complete the following statements.1. Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and conceptswhich are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as __________.2. The sound [p] can be described with “voiced, __________, stop.”3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically differentbut do not make one word different from another in meaning,, are_________. 4. Both semantics and ________ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus ondifferent aspects.5. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language andsettle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is ___________ linguistics.6. Phones that fall into allophones of a phoneme have to satisfy two conditions, oneis they are ___________________, and another is that they should be in _____________________.7. The vowel ________ is high front tense unrounded.8. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days, because itslanguage does not have the feature of ___________.9. Computational linguistics often refers to the problems of ________________,information retrieval, and ______________.10. Halliday proposed a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has___________, ____________ and _____________ functions.II. Define the following terms.1. Manner of articulation:2. Distinctive features:3. Intonation:4. Assimilation:III. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features.1) [l] [ł ] 2) [p h] [p] 3) [b] [d] 4) [k] [g] 5) [I] [u]2. Work out the features of the following sounds.1) [t h] ________________________________________2) [w] ________________________________________3) [v] ________________________________________4) [ð] _________________________________________5) [l] __________________________________________3. In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shownby the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.A B. Cbite [bʌi t]bide [ba i d]tie [ta i]rice [rʌi s]rise [ra i z]by [ba i]type [tʌi p]bribe [b r aib] sigh [s a i]wife [wʌi f]wives [wa i vz]die [d a i]tyke [tʌi k]time [ta i m]why [wa i]1) What is the difference of the sounds that end the words in columns A and B?2) How do the words in column C differ from those in column A and B?3) Are [ʌi] and [a i] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.4) What are the phonetic transcriptions of (a) life and (b) lives?5) What would the phonetic transcriptions of the following words be in the dialectsof English shown in the data?(a) trial (b) bike (c) lice(d) fly (e) mine6) State the rule that will relate the phonemic representations to be phonetictranscriptions of the words given above.IV. Discuss the questions in details.1. Illustrate phoneme, phone and allophone.2. To what extent is phonology related ot phonetics and how do they differ?。

《语言学概论》作业

《语言学概论》作业

《语言学概论》作业《语言学概论》作业第一批次作业答案1、汉语拼音方案中21个声母之间的关系是()。

A:聚合关系B:组合关系C:语法关系D:语义关系选择答案:A2、按照语言间的亲属关系对语言进行分类,称之为语言的( )。

A:形态分类B:结构分类C:功能分类D:谱系分类选择答案:D3、英语foot的复数变为feet,所采用的语法手段是( )。

A:加词尾B:加词缀C:变换重音的位置D:内部曲折选择答案:D4、"笔”"钢笔”在词义上的关系是()。

A:同义关系B:反义关系C:上下义关系D:组成关系选择答案:C5、下列各组中全属于复合词的一组是()。

A:大学、人民、(英)reader B:劳动、阿姨、(英)railwayC:瓶子、老虎、(英)unhappyD:道路、材料、(英)classroom 选择答案:D6、汉语"紧张”和"松弛”的词义()A:是对立关系B:是重叠关系C:有时对立,有时重叠D:既有反义又有同义的因素E:无同义的因素选择答案:AD7、元音音质的不同取决于()A:开口度的大小B:发音体整动的频率C:舌位的前后D:嘴唇的圆展E:发音部位和发音方法选择答案:ACD8、下列说法错误的有()A:语音演变规律只在一定时期起作用B:语法发展中的类推作用是无限的,可推而广之,无一例外。

C:古代汉语中的浊塞音声母在现代汉语中已经消失了D:随着旧事物的消失,表示它们的词语也会随之消失E:词语的替换全部取决于语言系统内部的原因选择答案:BCE9、[a]、[A]、[?]是汉语普通话中同一音位的三个自由变体。

选择答案:错误10、汉字与汉语的音节是对应的,一个字记录一个音节,一个音节只用一个汉字记录。

选择答案:错误第二批次作业答案1.汉语中“北平→北京”、“德律风→电话”,产生词语替换的原因是(D )A:社会的因素B:语言系统内部的因素C:前者是语言系统内部因素,后者是社会因素D:前者是社会因素,后者是语言系统内部因素《庄子》里“匠石运斤成风”中的“匠石”,现代汉语说“名叫做石的工匠”。

语言学概论作业答案

语言学概论作业答案

《“语言学概论”作业与评判》参考答案▲作业1:导言、第一章、第二章一、名词说明一、语言学:以语言为研究对象的科学。

二、语言:是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具,是由音义结合的辞汇和语法组成的一种符号系统。

3、文言文:用中国古代的书面语写成的文章,叫“文言文”。

4、符号:人们用来指代某种事物的标记。

五、组合关系:符号和符号组合起来的关系。

六、聚合关系:语言链条同一名置上具有相同作用、相互能够替换的符号之间的关系。

二、填空题一、中国;印度;希腊-罗马。

二、文言;文言文。

3、布拉格学派;哥本哈根学派;描述语言学学派;描述语言学学派;《语言》(《语言论》)。

4、历史比较五、索绪尔六、最重要的交际工具;工具。

7、同意(同意);不同意(反对);再会(送别);鼓掌;痛恨;快乐(庆贺)。

八、左;直观思维。

九、brother;uncle。

10、量词1一、说话1二、形式;意义。

13、意义;形式。

14、声音;意义;物质表现形式。

1五、约定俗成1六、任意性;线条性。

17、音位;序列;语素;词;句子。

1八、组合关系;聚合关系。

1九、聚合关系;组合关系。

20、抽象的思维能力;灵活的发音能力。

三、判定题一、√二、×3、×4、×五、√六、×7、×八、×九、√10、√1一、√1二、×13、√14、√1五、×1六、√17、×1八、×1九、√20、√四、问答题一、历史比较语言学在语言学史上有何重腹地位?代表人物有哪些?19世纪一些语言学家运用历史比较法去研究语言,使语言学开始成立在科学的基础上,摆脱了过去的附庸地位,成为一门独立的科学,从而为现代语言学的成立打下了坚实的基础。

代表人物有丹麦的拉斯克,德国的博普、格林,俄国的沃斯托科夫等。

二、语言的作用是什么?举例说明。

语言是人类社会的交际工具。

每一个社会,不管它是经济发达的社会,仍是经济十分掉队的社会,都必需有属于自己的语言,都离不开语言那个交际工具,语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素,是人类与动物相区别的重要特点之一。

普通语言学作业

普通语言学作业

10371030 戈冬莹10语12普通语言学作业(一)请谈谈下面的句子是否存在歧义,歧义是什么?并分析歧义产生的根源。

(1)反对的是少数人。

解:此句存在歧义;A:若把“少数人”当做受事者,那意思是反对“少数人”;B:若把“少数人”当做是施事者,那意思是“少数人”反对。

歧义原因:施事受事不明引起歧义,“反对”本身有两种解释:所反对和反对。

(2)王老师也教数学。

解:此句存在歧义;A:(李老师教数学),王老师也教数学;B:(王老师不仅教物理),王老师也教数学;C:(王老师不仅学数学),王老师还教数学。

歧义原因:“也”的语义指向不明;(3)追累了。

解:此句存在歧义;A:(小明追小华,)小明追累了。

B:(小明追小华,)小华被追累了;歧义的原因:复合动词“追累”的语义指向不明。

(4)走了三天了。

解:此句存在歧义;A:已经连续走了三天了;B:已经离开三天了;歧义原因:“走”一词多义造成。

(5)撞倒了小李的自行车。

解:此句存在歧义。

A:自行车撞倒了小李;B:小李的自行车被撞倒了;歧义原因:句子结构的不同停顿造成的歧义。

(6)诗人的风度。

解:此句存在歧义;A:(他是一位诗人,他具有的风度),可称为“诗人的风度”;B:(他不是诗人),但他具有诗人一样的风度(诗人所特有的);歧义原因:不同语义关系造成的歧义。

“诗人”和“风度”可以是领属关系(属于这个诗人的风度),又可以是修饰关系(诗人一样的风度)(7)在火车上写字。

解:此句存在歧义;A:坐在火车上,写字(字写在纸上或是别的东西上);B:把字写在火车车厢上;歧义原因:语义结构歧义。

(8)山上架着炮。

解:此句存在歧义。

A:炮在山上架着(已经架好了);B:(工人们正在)山上架炮。

歧义原因:“着”具有(+/-使附着)的语义特征;可表动作已经完成,或正在做。

(9)鸡不吃了。

A:鸡不吃食了;B:(人们)不吃鸡了;歧义原因:“鸡”既可以作为施事,也可以作为受事。

《语言学概论》作业3

《语言学概论》作业3

《语言学概论》作业3学号:班级:姓名:一、填空题。

1、根据使用情况,一般把语言系统中的词汇分为和两类。

2、基本词汇的主要特点有。

3、词义概括性的三个重要表现是。

4、多义词有多项意义,在最初的那项意义叫,离开上下文人们就能知道的那项意义叫。

汉语的“老”有“年纪大、经常、陈旧的”等意义,其中“年纪大”是,其余的是。

5、我国传统文字学中的“六书”是指。

6、指出下列汉字属于六书中的哪一种:手、泪、拖、刃,其(其中的“其”)是。

7、法语动词“是”的直陈式现在时有6种变化,比如“je(我) suis(是)”,“il(他)est(是)”,“nous(我们)sommes(是)”等,这反映了法语中谓词的语法范畴是。

8、根据语言的语法结构可以将世界上的语言分为四种类型。

9、词义派生的途径是引申,方式主要有和。

二、判断题。

1、如果一个词是多义词,那么它就有可能在不同的义项上与不同的词构成同义关系。

()2、相对于形态缺乏的语言而言,形态丰富的语言比较进步。

()3、非拼音文字记录意义,不记录语音。

()4、语言发展最基本的条件是语言内部各要素的影响。

()5、一个汉字代表一个音节,所以说汉字是音节文字。

()6、汉语里的一个字就是一个语素。

()7、由一个语素构成的词叫单纯词,单纯词都是单音节的。

()8、从意义和作用上看,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

()9、汉字具有超方言、超时空的特性。

()10、书面语的发展总是要先于口语的发展。

()。

语言学作业1

语言学作业1

1. The distinction between parole and langue was made by (2006)A. HollidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure2. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue3. ___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. ______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics5. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Linguistics is the __scientific________ study of language.7. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.8. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study.9. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___langue_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. (T/F)11.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. (T/F)12. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___record_______ over writing.13. The study of language as a whole is often called __great linguistics_.14. syntax___ studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.15. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive___ ; if it aims to lay down rules for "correct" behaviour, it is said to be prescriptive____.16. Langue refers to the _abstract__ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; parole refers to the _realization__ of langue in actual use.17. What are the main branches of linguistics?Phonetics ,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics。

语言学概论作业3、4答案

语言学概论作业3、4答案

一、概念解释(10分,每小题1分)1.词类词类是根据词的语法功能划分出来的词的类别。

2.直接成分所谓直接成分就是每一层次中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法结构单位的两个组成成分。

一个复杂的结构,往往是由许许多多的成分构成的,这些成分按照一定的层次逐级构成。

3.语法形式语法形式是语法意义在语言中的外部表现,是语法意义的外部标志,表现语法意义的形式就是语法形式。

4.复合词复合词就是完全由词根语素与词根语素结合构成的词。

5.语法范畴语法范畴是通过词的变化形式表现出来的语法意义概括出来的类别.二、填空(25分,每空1分)1.(语法规则)是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯,不是语言学家规定的.2.语法的(组合规则)和(聚合规则)构成一种语言的语法规则。

3.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型,例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是(陈述句).4.从意义和作用看,词可以分为(实词)和(虚词)两大类。

5.语法研究通常以词为界,词以上的规则叫(句法),词以下的规则叫(词法)。

6.根据在词中的不同作用,一般把语素分成(词根)、(词缀)、(词尾)三类,例如“学习"中的两个语素是(词根),being”中的ing是(词尾),“reader"中的er是(词缀). 7.(词尾)的主要作用是改变一个词的形式,但不能构成新词。

8.根据语素在词中的不同作用,把词根和词缀叫作(构词语素)语素,把词尾叫作(变词)语素.9.由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的词,称为(复合词)。

由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词称为(派生词),其构词规则又叫作(派生构词法),或叫(附加法)。

10.(主谓结构)、(述宾结构)、(述补结构)、(偏正结构)、(联合结构)是语言里最基本的结构格式。

11.直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做(直接成分)。

12.从语法结构角度分类,一般把世界上的语言分为(孤立语)、(屈折语)、(粘着语)、(复综语)四种类型,汉语属于(孤立语)。

2023西南大学[0126]《语言学概论》作业及答案

2023西南大学[0126]《语言学概论》作业及答案

单项选择题1、双语或多语现象一般出现在哪种语言现象中()1洋泾浜2语言替换3语言联盟通用语进入方言层次2、英语、俄语、汉语相对应的语言的结构类型是()4屈折语、屈折语、孤立语5屈折语、黏着语、孤立语6屈折语、孤立语、孤立语孤立语、屈折语、黏着语3、区分词类的最重要的依据是()7句法功能8语言的类型特点9词形变化意义4、英语tooth→teeth采用的语法手段是( )10 F. 加词尾11词根内部音素的变化12加词缀变换重音的位置5、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语的母语是()13古斯拉夫语14拉丁语15日耳曼语古希腊语6、随着语言的发展,印欧语系语言大多由"宾―动”型变成"动―宾”型,这是语法()16聚合规则的发展17组合规则的发展18语法范畴的消长词类的发展7、汉语普通话声调的变化主要是()19音长的变化20音质的变化21音高的变化音强的变化8、下列词语中都属于仿译词的一组是()22玻璃、墨水、鸵鸟政策23蜜月、超市、泥足巨人24沙发、黑板、钢琴菠萝、面包、足球9、下列属于征候的是()25交通红绿灯26乌云密布预示着下雨27烽火表示敌情性别标志10、黑话是一种特殊的()28社会方言29地域方言30混合语民族语言11、将汉语普通话的[p][p'][m][f]分立为不同的音位,实际上是根据归纳音位的()31以上都有32相似原则33互补原则对立原则12、下列语言单位中,属于自由词组的是()34胸有成竹35智力投资36半斤八两守株待兔13、下列特征中,普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是()。

37塞38塞擦39舌根送气14、随着语言的发展,印欧语系语言大多由“宾—动”型变成“动—宾”型,这是语法()40词类的发展41组合规则的发展42聚合规则的发展语法范畴的消长15、一般说来,新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等()43属于一般词汇44属于基本词汇45有的属于基本词汇,有的属于一般词汇有时属于基本词汇,有时属于一般词汇16、根据语言的形态分类,汉语属于()46孤立语47屈折语48粘着语多式综合语17、世界语(Esperanto)是()49法国人设计的50德国人设计的51波兰人设计的美国人设计的18、构成反义词的一组词()52必须属于同一意义领域53少数属于同一意义领域54多数属于同一意义领域不属于同一意义领域19、下列特征中,普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是()。

语言学全部习题

语言学全部习题

语言学全部习题1. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言学?语言学是研究语言的科学,包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。

它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。

2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些?语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。

语音研究发音和音系,词汇研究词的形态和词义,句法研究语言的句子结构,语义研究词和句的含义,语用研究语言的使用和交际。

3) 语音学和音系学有何区别?语音学研究语言中的语音现象,包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

音系学研究语言中的音素系统,即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。

2. 选择题(每题10分,共40分)1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案:D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案:C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容?A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案:D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象?A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案:A3. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言的演变?语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中,由于多种因素的影响,其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。

语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程,涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。

2) 语言和思维之间有何关系?语言和思维之间有密切的关系。

一方面,语言是人类思维的表达工具,通过语言的运用,人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。

另一方面,语言也影响思维的方式和内容。

语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式,不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。

3) 什么是语言交际?语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。

语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释,以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。

语言学作业

语言学作业
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. sense B. sounds
C. objects D. ideas
27. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. Bloomfield B. de Saussure C. Chomsky D. Hymes
17. According to _____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.
C. interpersonal relationship D. performative functions
5. Which of the following is NOT a theory about the origin of language?
A. The bow-wow theory B. The pooh-pooh theory
15. The distinction between langue and parole was put forward by _____.

语言学 作业

语言学 作业

2. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study答:The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language答:First of all, language is a system, ., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system答:The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement”means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, ., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8. What is a phone How is it different from a phoneme How are allophones related to a phoneme答: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out itsgrammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答:(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belongnorth/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/below doctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter答:They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational oppositeGradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/rich Complementary antonyms: vacant/occupiedRelational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:Tom's wife is pregnant. My sister will soon be divorced'Tom has a wife. My sister is a married woman.He likes seafood, They are going to have another baby.He likes crabs. They have a child.答:“Tom's wife is pregnant”presupposes “Tom has a wife.”“My sister will soon be divorced”presupposes “My sister is a married woman.”“He likes seafood”is entailed by “He likes crabs.”“They are going to have another baby”presupposes “They have a child.”8. Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:The man sells ice-cream. Is the baby sleepingIt is snowing. The tree grows well.答:The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM (SELL)Is the baby sleepingBABY (SLEEP)It is snowing.(SNOW)The tree grows well.TREE (GROW)4. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:a) The room is messy.b) Oh, it is raining!c) The music of the movie is good.d) You have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.答:a) A father entered his son’s room and found it is very messy. Then when he said, “The room is messy,”he was blaming his son for not tidying it up.b) A son asked his father to play with him outside. So when the father said, “Oh, it’s raining”, he meant they couldn’t play outside.c) Two persons just watched a movie and had a discussion of it. One person said, “The story of the movie is very moving”, so when the other person said, “The music of the movie is good”, he meant he didn't think the story of the movie was good.d) A person wanted his notes back, so when he said, “you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now”, he was demanding the return of his notes.8. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature 答:Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality①Do not say what you believe to be false.②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner①Avoid obscurity of expression.②Avoid ambiguity.③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④Be orderly.5. What is register as used by Halliday Illustrate it with an example of your own.答:According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.”The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday furtherdistinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified as Field: scientific (linguistic)Tenor: teacher —students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)2. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Give examples or proof to support your point of view.答:The studies have shed new light on our understanding of the hypothesis: people tend to sort out and distinguish experiences differently according to the semantic categories provided by their different codes.Here is an example. English-speaking culture teaches its people to name what is practical, useful and important. In a general sense, the important things take on specific names while the less important things have general names that must be modified through additional words to become specific. A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答:The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that itsnative speakers want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.2. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing Explain why. 答:The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.。

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锦州市店名、街(路)牌中文用字、外文译写情况调查——基于2013中国锦州世园会语言文字规范标准研制的调查从街牌名看语言学摘要:语言遍布于世界,有人烟的地方就有语言的存在,人们靠他来传递信息、抒发感情。

语言学也随着语言的传播遍布于我们的生活之中,随着人们的交谈,文字的书写而不断发展壮大。

语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具,人们通过语言交流和沟通。

为了应对2013年锦州世园会的开展,我和同学对锦州市街牌名和店牌名进行了调查和研究。

语言具有人文性,在作为交际工具和思维工具的同时,也是人类文化的重要组成部分,是人类文化的主要载体,从调查到的街牌名可以看出,很多街牌名都具有文学性,看起来很舒服,有一些用的都是成语和一些优美的典故。

文中还分析了街牌名的结构和蕴含在其中的语言学知识,语言的功能和本质,以及具体从锦州市街牌名中分析出来的各种语言学理论知识。

关键词:语言的功能语言的本质街牌名语言规划法国著名作家莫里哀曾经说过:“语言是赐予人类表达思想的工具。

”的确,语言出现在社会上的任何角落,人们用语言来抒发自己的情感,快乐时和他人分享快乐,忧伤时和他人一起分担痛苦,这都离不开语言。

语言不是单一表达的,人们用说话来表达语言,用文字来表达语言,不会说话的人也可以用文字来表达,即使不会写字也可以用肢体语言来表达。

像这次对街牌名进行的调查与研究,就是由店牌、街路牌和广告牌上的文字所表达出来的语言。

2011年11月的一个礼拜天,我和同寝室的同学约好一起去调查记录一下我们班的街路牌名和店牌名包括桥上或者公寓围栏上的广告牌。

我们班的调查范围是在环路与科技路之间,南桥以西的距离。

我们从早上9点开始出发,直到下午5点回来,我们两个以左右分工,走同一条街,我记左面的部分,她记右面的部分我们走了很多弯路,有的路一面全是墙,没有店铺。

另外,还有像是“复印打字”、“中国福利彩票”等等的几乎每条街都会有的店铺我们就都省略不记了。

中午挑了半天,决定在“美国加州牛肉面大王”家吃了中午饭,下午又逛了半天,最后,我们每个人抄写了50个左右,回寝室后又抄写了对方的店牌名,对店牌名的调查就这样结束了。

当天我们都很累,就决定改天再去图书馆查写论文所需要的资料。

于是定好了周四下午没有课去图书馆借书,这样,写这篇文章的所有准备工作就都做好了。

首先,不得不说的是那个“美国加州牛肉面大王”,《现代语言学引论》中说:“人们对语言的使用,至少包括三个方面的内容:一是说话(或写作)时使用的一套符号系统,这套符号系统就是‘语言’;二是说话(或写作)的动作,称为言语行为;三是说出来(或写下来)的话语,称为言语作品。

”[1](第005页)所以,可以这么说,语言是具有感情色彩的,人们可以通过别人说过什么话从而了解他是一个什么样的人。

“美国加州牛肉面大王”这个店也可以说是家喻户晓了,几乎每隔几条街就有一个这样的面馆。

这个店名并不华丽,也没有什么典故,很简洁但却也很吸引人,可以从中引出很多的疑问从而邀请人们进去消费一番。

这是一个名头,吃过了的人了解了其中的味道,喜欢的看到了这个牌子就会想进去,不喜欢的也可以转身就走,不会觉得上当受骗吃不好饭。

没吃过的人,也会被吸引,会想进去尝一尝美国的面和中国的有什么区别。

更何况大王这个词本身就很大气。

“大”这个词本身就是具有褒义性质的,有名气、有实力的才叫“大”。

有很多财富的人叫“大款”、有实力的巨头叫“大亨”、带兵打仗,有能力的都叫“大将”,“大帅”、外国还有“大主教”“大总统”等等。

能称为“牛肉面大王”应该是具有很大的实力的。

我和同学就冲这点去的,但是却很失望,并不是想象中的那样美味,而且价钱却非常昂贵。

这时候明白了,语言也是具有欺骗性的。

并不是说的多好写的多好事实就会是那么好,人们总是会夸大自己的实力,所以,我个人观点认为,语言一定要与实践结合在一起,才不至于上当受骗。

在《本体•理论•应用语言学问题探讨集》中提到:“诚信的范畴是相当广泛的,它既是道德、哲学范畴,又是伦理学、语言学范畴。

在我国,把诚信原则最早引入语言学范畴的是在〈易•乾〉中,‘修辞立其诚,所以居业也。

’这是中国传统修辞学的精髓所在。

”[2](第297页)譬如说“愉悦超市”,顾客进去买了东西并不一定就会愉悦,也许会很满意很高兴的出来,也许会很不满意,想要买的东西没买到,并且,服务员的服务态度也很重要,即使货物会琳琅满目,服务员的态度不好,也不会心满意足,反而会生气。

“高价回收废品、购物卡”也不一定价钱就比别家高多少,只是家家废品收购站都这么写。

接下来要说到的是语言的功能,《现代语言学引论》中提到:“语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

”“语言是交际工具,运用语言进行交际的过程包含着一系列复杂的问题,如果是借用信息论的术语,这一过程可以概括为‘初迹——编码——发送——传递——接受——解码’六个阶段”[3](第44页,第43页)。

拿曼哈顿酒店举例,曼哈顿是一个荷兰人(亨利•哈德逊)从印第安土著手里买的,它是当今世界上最繁华的岛之一。

可是,我调查到,曼哈顿酒店并非是在曼哈顿本地建的店,而是在中国各地都有建,外国各地也都有,并非是只有曼哈顿岛上的独一家。

所以,这和我们学校周围的“渤大洗浴”“渤大超市”是不同的。

可以说,曼哈顿岛是繁华的代名词,起这个名词代表的是繁华与高级,一些有资本的人就喜欢这样的酒店。

“初迹”也可以理解为动机,这个店名的动机就是“酒店”,想要酒店的繁华;“编码”部分的基本条件是词汇储备和语法规则,曼哈顿也可以解释为“繁华的岛”,代表着繁华和高级;“发送”、“传递”“接受”包括“解码”,那些都是我们这种语言的接收者所要解决的部分了。

这样一点一点地分析开来,发现几乎所有的店名的结构都是大同小异的,可以分成5种结构来讲。

第一种是品牌、行业、地名、人名、街名再加上所服务的方向或是所服务的方向加上品牌、行业等等。

其实不止是品牌、行业、地名、人名、街名,其他领域的专有名次也算在其中。

例如,曼哈顿酒店就是一个典型的例子,曼阿顿为地名,酒店是所服务的方向。

还有“A•O•斯密斯——美国热水专家”、“巴黎欧莱雅”、“美国加州牛肉面大王”、“南京路小味居”“ABC锅炉”等就是典型的例子。

除了那些很有名的产业,还有那种很朴素却很亲切的小店,就像“大妈水饺”,大妈是一个跟简单很简单的词,上了年纪的女人都可以称为大妈,但是大妈水饺却让人感受到很亲切的气息,可以联想到是勤劳的中国妇女包的地道的饺子,而不是机器做出来的,会感觉这种饺子更能吃出温暖,吃出快乐。

第二种就是外来音译词。

典型的是“百丝特(洗衣)BEST”。

英文中best的读音写成中文就是百丝特。

典型的还有:“纳奇比萨(Nakry Pizza)”、“德意厨房电器(Dandy)”、“格林黛娜(Green Dena)”、“史丹利家居(STANLEY)”、“塞纳左岸咖啡(SASA ZOAN COFFEE)”、“福奈特洗衣(FORNET PRESSING)”、“欧派橱柜衣柜。

(OPPEIN)”等等。

英文是世界上使用最普遍的语言,随着改革开放的不断发展,引用过来的外来词越来越多,中国成功加入WTO,也促使更多的外来词汇进入到我们的世界中。

出现在我们生活中的各个领域,衣食住行都有了外来音译词了影子。

音译词可以分为全借、全借加注、半借三种。

全借是将原词的语音和意义一起借入,是外来词最主要的方式。

如沙发(sofa)马达(motor)芒果(mango)维他命(vitamin);全借加注是在借用外族词语是觉得音译词不好理解,就在音译词上加一个表示意义类别的本民族词来说明。

例如卡车(car+车)啤酒(peer+酒)芭蕾舞(ballet+舞)等;半借是一半音译一半意译。

例如,汉语“冰淇林”是借用英语ice-cream,前半部分ice-是意译,后半部分-cream是音译;“迷你裙”借自英语miniskirt,mini-是音译,-skirt是意译,等等。

[4](第151-152页)朗能(电器)用英语表示是LONON,是一个全借音译词,但是由中去看出了我们中国的因素,L的国际音标为[l],O的国际音标为[o],所以也可以译为很多种音,和朗同音的就有“狼”“浪”“郎”“廊”“琅”“啷”“阆”等等很多种,但只有“朗”这个字有“明朗、明亮”的意思。

因为朗能是销售电器的,朗能就具有明朗节能的意义。

简欧(Joon)简欧产品风格是欧式装修风格的一种多以象牙白为主色调,以浅色为主深色为辅。

相对比拥有浓厚欧洲风味的欧式装修风格,简欧更为清新、也更符合中国人内敛的审美观念。

从字面意思分析,简欧也就是简化了的欧式装修风格,保留了欧式风格的高雅,却少了繁华,多了简单。

从字面看风格,简欧是一个典型。

当然这就出现了交叉与两种之间的店名,比如“卡农咖啡”。

它属于第一种,因为卡农原本是一种音乐谱曲技法,《卡农》是现今为止最受全世界人们喜爱的古典音乐作品。

但它也属于第二种,它音译于canon或kanon。

第三种是以典故命名,来显示店铺的特点。

典型的是“梁祝客栈”,《梁山伯与祝英台》与《白蛇传》《孟姜女》《牛郎织女》并称中国古代四大民间传说。

梁祝故事在民间流传已有一千四百六十多年,可谓是中国家喻户晓,流传深远,被誉为爱情的千古绝唱,以梁祝为客栈名,浪漫、温馨,还有一种古典的感觉。

除此之外还有“兰亭商业会馆”、“水立方时尚洗浴”“绿野仙踪网苑”等。

“兰亭”出自与东晋王羲之所写的《兰亭序》,是王羲之书法艺术的最高境界作者的气度、凤神、襟怀、情愫,在这件作品中得到了充分表现。

古人称王羲之的行草如“清风出袖,明月入怀”,是一种高雅的艺术。

用兰亭来作商业会馆名,凸显了这家商业会馆的高雅,也会吸引众多的商业巨头。

第四种是用两个单独的字组成或直接用一个词作店名,来展现自己店铺的好,达到吸引顾客的目的。

典型的是“华安保险”“清香菜馆”。

华安是由两个字构成店名,清香则是一个词构成。

除此之外还有“好来屋地产”、“赛博国际教育”、“倾城之恋烧烤”、“美而佳便利店”、“标致婚庆策划”、“桂香啤酒鸭”“巨人电子”“树德贷款”“珍爱鲜花”等等。

第五种是没有任何规律,将字与字拼凑在一起。

典型的是“三姆亚涮羊肉”,无论是“三姆亚”这个词,还是其中的任何一个字都无法与涮羊肉相联系,也没有任何意义。

像这种的还有“奥啡堡(甜品饮料吧)”、“大凌洗浴”、“梵欧美客旗舰店”等等。

这也是一种很独特的学问,其与众不同的名字,就很少会重名。

就锦州市来说,如果锦州仅此一家“三姆亚涮羊肉”,那么一提这个名号,就会想到这一家。

这种店牌,如果名号打响了的话,发展会比其他正常店名快点多。

比如说第四种提到的“清香菜馆”,也许很多家都会用哪个名称,就会显得不出众。

通过一系列的调查研究,语言具有人文性的特点从中凸显了出来,从众多的街牌名中就可以看出来了,《语言•语言教学论稿》中谈到:“语言是文化的重要组成部分,它是文化的主要载体,记录和反映着文化的发展状态;同时,语言也促进文化的发展。

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