语言学_复习及答案
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 短语答案：C2. 语言学中，研究语言的结构和规律的学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 应用语言学D. 结构语言学答案：D3. 语言的语音系统包括：A. 音位和音节B. 音素和音节C. 音素和音位D. 音节和音位答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D5. 语言的词汇系统包括：A. 基本词汇和一般词汇B. 基本词汇和古语词汇C. 一般词汇和古语词汇D. 基本词汇和新词新义答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究：A. 词的构成B. 句子的构成C. 词和句子的构成D. 词、短语和句子的构成答案：D7. 语言的语用功能主要研究：A. 语言的形式B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C8. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及：A. 语言的准确性B. 语言的清晰性C. 语言的生动性D. 语言的逻辑性答案：C9. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 人口迁移D. 所有以上因素答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音标准化B. 词汇标准化C. 语法标准化D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种__________的社会现象。
答案：符号系统2. 语言的语音单位包括音素、音节和__________。
答案：音位3. 语言的词汇系统由__________词汇和一般词汇构成。
答案：基本4. 语言的语法单位包括词、短语和__________。
答案：句子5. 语言的交际功能包括表达思想、传递信息、__________和娱乐消遣。
答案：表达情感6. 语言的语用功能主要研究语言的__________和语境的关系。
答案：使用7. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及语言的__________和表达效果。
语言学复习试题及参考答案
语言学复习试题及参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying〞a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision〞in the common word “television〞is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.〞This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive〞and “dead〞are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight〞were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________. A. sound addition B. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives〞and“performatives〞.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to thesame Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like n obody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.III. Define Six of thefollowing ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism4olinguisticsIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分，能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案：C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是：A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案：B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案：B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指：A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案：A6. 语言的“语境”指的是：A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案：B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案：B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案：C9. 语言的“语料库”是指：A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案：C10. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案：语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分，而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案：形式；意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案：意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案：前缀；后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
语言学复习资料答案整理
一、名词解释1.词语的替换：词语的替换是指词语所指的事物现象本身依然存在，只是用新的词语取代了旧的词语。
如由于汉语语汇发展的双音化，“目”、“颈”、“耳”、“鼻”等词被“眼睛”、“脖子”、“耳朵”、“鼻子”等词替换了。
2.义素:义素是构成义项的语义成分，是从一组相关的词语中抽象出来的区别性语义特征，又叫语义成分、语义特征、语义标示、语义原子等。
如“男人”这个义项可以分析为[男性、成年、人]，其中[男性]、[成年]、[人]就是三个义素（方括号[]是义素的标记），这三个义素组合起来，构成“男人”这个义项。
同时，义素是一种没有特定语音形式的抽象的意义单位，如“男人”的义素是[成年]，就与“男人”的语音形式无关。
3.语义指向：语义指向是句子中词语之间的语义关系，包括连续成分和非连续成分之间的语义关系。
如，小王扭伤了腰。
“腰”与“小王”、“扭”、“伤”都有语义关系。
“腰”与“小王”有领属关系，即是“小王的腰”，“腰”与“扭”、“伤”都有施事——动作关系，即“腰扭了”、“腰伤了”。
4.语法范畴:语法范畴有广义和狭义之分。
广义语法范畴是各种语法形式表示的语法意义的概括，从语法形式上看，包括所有显性语法形式和隐形语法形式；从语法意义上看，包括所有类型的语法意义，如结构范畴（主谓结构、动宾结构等结构范畴）、功能范畴（名词、动词等词类范畴）、情态范畴（陈述、疑问等语气范畴）。
狭义语法范畴是由词的变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称形态范畴。
词的形态变化是用附加词缀、内部曲折、重叠等方式构成同一个词的不同语法变化，简称词形变化。
5.表述：表述是指由句子表示的语义单位，也叫句义。
一个句子表示的一种意义就是一个表述。
有些句子可以表示几种不同的意义，每一种意义就是一个表述。
如“小李借了他五块钱”，这个句子有两种意思：一是“小李向他借了五块钱”，二是“小李借给他五块钱”，所以这个句子有两个不同的表述。
6.形态范畴：狭义语法范畴是由词的变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称形态范畴。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
语言学教程复习题与答案
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts andchecked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies thebasic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations ofthe sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calledmorphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguisticof the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, becauseA. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparativetook a (n) view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a __point of view. A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, __ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between __ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called__,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through __, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48Morphology 51. Applied Linguistics 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?III. 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. 3l.CIV. 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. : The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have tofollow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. First of all, language is a system, becauseelements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrarybecause there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they areassociated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocalbecause the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for languageto have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productiveor creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. Theycan send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, whichconsists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thingswhichare present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics isdescriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studiesand describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachranic study? The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular pointin time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, notthe written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinctionbetween langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the r ules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may havemistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is arbitraryin nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI. 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both ChineseandEnglish.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called . English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue inthe mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of twoor more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speechsounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are allb_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms ofp____ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular languageand how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C.tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A.voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feat ure of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B.same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voicedalveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C.suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C.allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C.phonemes D. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 48. international phonetic alphabet 49.intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53.phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. 21. Aspiration 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27.Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32.oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:IV. : Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctivevalue. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally acceptedsystem of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it isconcerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. Itstudies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. Itstudies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking alanguage. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.56. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords.57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. 58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position ofthe tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. 4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.60. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? They differ intheir approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词？A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是：A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是：A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指：A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容？A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案：1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。
2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。
3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。
4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。
5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。
6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。
7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。
语言学纲要期末复习完整答案
单选（12）语法、文字、词义、语言的发展演变多选（5）1、2、3、4、7、填空（8）（课件）判断分析（2）元辅音的发音元音，是发音时气流不受阻碍的音素。
辅音，是发音时气流要受一定阻碍的音素。
（1）元音：发音时声带振动，没有阻碍；辅音：有阻碍。
（2）元音：发音器官各部分保持均衡的紧张；辅音：只有形成阻碍的部位特别紧张。
（3）元音：气流较弱；辅音：气流较强。
地域方言概念、差异、特点语言符号的性质符号分三种：视觉符号、听觉符号、和触觉符号。
所有这些符号都有两个显着的特点：第一，它是随意约定的。
第二，这些符号都不是孤立存在的，它们都与其它符号相对地存在。
而语言符号区别于其他符号的特点是产生的时间不同，语言符号第一性，其他符号第二性。
还有就是运用的空间不同，语言符号具有开放性，其他符号具有封闭性。
名词解释（6）同化（同化现象在各种语言的语流音变中都十分常见，）同化是指一个音位受相邻音位的影响而在某个区别特征或音位整体上趋同的现象。
浊音清化“清——浊”是中古汉语的一对区别特征，后来浊音这个区别特征在很多方言中消失了，原来的浊音与同部位、同方法的清音合并。
这种现象叫做“浊音清化”。
符号有一定的形式表示一定意义的记号、标志。
（eg：红色—喜庆）一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。
它包括了形式和意义两个方面的要素，是一定的形式和一定的内容的统一体，二者缺一不可。
符号分三种：一是视觉符号二是听觉符号三是触觉符号。
音位音位是具体语言或方言里具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。
音位具有区别词的语音形式进而区别词的意义的作用。
音位是有区别词的语音形式之功能的最小线性单位。
音位总属于具体的语言或方言。
区别特征具体语言中有区别音位作用的发音特征，叫做该语言的区别特征。
音素与音素的区别特征主要靠语音发音的生理特征和声学特征来确定。
如辅音[p]是由辅音性、清音性、不送气性、塞音性、口音性、唇音性等特征聚合而成的。
语言学期末考试题及答案
语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的本质和结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的规则性？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇5. 语言的交际功能指的是什么？A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部形式C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的个人表达答案：C6. 语言的哪一部分负责表达概念？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 词汇答案：C7. 下列哪项是语言的物理表现形式？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案：C8. 语言的哪一部分负责表达关系？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案：A9. 语言的哪一部分负责表达情感？B. 语用C. 语音D. 词汇答案：B10. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的变异？A. 语言变异B. 语言变化C. 语言演化D. 语言发展答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是______。
答案：语言2. 语言的三个基本功能包括表达、______和交际。
答案：指称3. 语音学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：声音4. 语法学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：结构5. 语义学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：意义6. 词汇学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：词汇7. 语用学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：使用8. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案：语素9. 语言的最小声音单位是______。
答案：音素10. 语言的最小结构单位是______。
答案：词三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
答案：语言学主要研究语言的本质、结构、发展、变化以及语言在社会和个人中的作用。
语言学概论期末考试复习题及参考答案
语言学概论（八）期末考试复习题及参考答案一、单选题1.（2分）语言符号的任意性是指A.语言符号可以任意使用和创造B.绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C,可以任意使用语言符号绐事物命名D∙语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变参考答案：B2.（2分）下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的•组是A.image1..pngB.image2.pngC.image3.pngD.Image4.png参考答案：B3.（2分）“汽车”和“轿车”是A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词参考答案，A4.（2分）下列几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项是A.阶级习惯语B.行话C隐语D.学生腔参考答案：C5.（2分）下列关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确的项是A亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物B∙亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C.语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系参考答案：D6..（2分）“老郎鼓励我考大学”是A.生谓诃组B.兼语词组C.连动词组D.复句词组参考答案，B7.12分）目前己知的最古老的拼音文字是一A.古埃及文字8.占希腊文字C腓尼基文字D∙中国的甲骨文参考答案：C9.（2分）划分词类的最本质的标准是A.分布标准8.意义标准C.形态标准D逻辑标准参考答案，A9.（2分）外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A.中介语阶段B.目标语阶段C低平期D高原期参考答案I D10.（2分）英语“students"中的"∙s"是.A.虚词语素B∙词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素参考答案：C11.（2分）认为“思维和语言各自发展,二者没仃关系”的学者不包括A.古希腊哲学家柏拉图B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C.英国哲学家座布斯D.苏联语言学家马尔参考答案：D12.（2分）以卜.不属于语言学的三大发源地的是A.中国B.埃及C.印度D希腊•罗马参考答案，B13.（2分）下列语言学流派中桀中研究语言本体的流派是A.功能语言学B∙社会语言学C认知语言学D.结构语言学春考答案：D14.（2分）下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的•组是A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.民航大厦/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究辨考答案：C15.（2分）关于语言获得的原因，卜列学说中偏重于内部条件解择的一项是A.天赋说B.摹仿说C强化说D剌激反应说参考答案；A16.（2分）传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A偏旁B笔画C记号D.独体字参考答案，D17.（2分）北京话“面”单念时读作但“面包”却读作［mi?mpau）,这种语流音变现象是A溺化B.增音C同化D.异化春考答案：C18.（2分）汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）可以首先分出的两个大类是一A.基本词和非基本词B.实诃和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词参考答案：B19.（2分）目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是A.有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B∙有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C思维对语言有•定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响,但更重要的是思维决定语言参考答案，D20.（2分）听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A.音素B.国i音C音位D.音节参考答案：D21.（2分）首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A洪堡特B.索绪尔D.萨丕尔分考答案：B22.（2分）判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D∙地域临近程度参考答案，C23.（2分）语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在丁语言符号的A.任意性B.强制性C离散性D.系统性参考答案：A24.（2分）下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A.写黑板B.打篮球C.织毛衣D.寄包裹参考答案，C25.（2分）从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于A.单纯词B.复合词D.简缩词参考答案：B26.（2分）语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为A语法规则比较简单B.语法规则数量较少C.语法规则具有强制性D∙语法规则具有抽象性参考答案IC27.（2分）构形语素属于A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.自由语素D.黏若语素参考答案：D28.（2分）下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好弁考答案：A29.（2分）在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,域大的类别是一A.语族B.语支C.语系D∙语群参考答案，C30.（2分）从语音的社公功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是A.音位B.音素C.音节D.各渡参考答案：B31.（2分）人类语言和动物的交际方式A.完全一致B.有根本区别C有•定的差别D∙基本一样参考答案：B32.（2分）“我知道你很聪明。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
语言学重点试题及答案
语言学重点试题及答案1. 什么是语言的双重性质？答案：语言的双重性质指的是语言既是社会现象，又是心理现象。
作为社会现象，语言是人们交流思想、情感的工具，是社会文化的重要组成部分；作为心理现象，语言是人类大脑活动的产物，是思维的载体。
2. 简述语音学与音系学的区别。
答案：语音学是研究人类语音的物理属性、生理机制和感知过程的学科；音系学则是研究语言中音位的系统和规律的学科。
语音学关注的是语音的自然属性，而音系学关注的是语音在特定语言系统中的功能和结构。
3. 请解释“词义”和“语义”的概念。
答案：词义是指词所表达的具体概念或意义；语义则是指语言符号所表达的意义，包括词汇意义、句法意义和语用意义等。
词义通常指单个词的意义，而语义则涉及整个句子或话语的意义。
4. 什么是语言的同源词？答案：同源词是指来自同一原始语源的词，它们在不同语言中保留了相似的词形和意义。
例如，英语中的“mother”和德语中的“Mutter”就是同源词。
5. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言使用者在特定语境中如何使用语言进行交流的学科。
它关注的是语言的交际功能，包括言语行为、话语意义、语境分析等。
6. 什么是语言的方言？答案：方言是指在地理、社会或历史因素影响下形成的具有一定差异的语言变体。
方言通常与标准语或官方语言相对，它们在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
7. 简述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化等。
语音变化可能涉及音位的替换、合并或分化；词汇变化可能包括新词的产生、旧词的消亡或词义的演变；语法变化可能涉及句法结构的简化或复杂化。
8. 什么是语言的借词？答案：借词是指从一种语言借用到另一种语言的词汇。
借词通常是因为文化、经济或政治交流而产生的，它们可能在新语言中保留原有的发音和拼写，也可能发生适应性的变化。
9. 请解释“语言的谱系分类”。
答案：语言的谱系分类是根据语言之间的亲缘关系对语言进行分类的方法。
语言学复习资料附答案（完整）
语言学复习资料附答案（完整）语法范畴：词形变化表现的语法意义的聚合叫做“语法范畴”。
语法范畴就是词形变化所表达的语法意义的类。
常见的语法范畴主要性、数、格、体、时、态、级等，俄语、德语、法语中的某些词有性的区分。
文字：是指语言的视觉符号性质，是为了记录语言而发明的一种书写符号系统，是在语言的基础上产生的。
文字有音，形，义三部分。
音位变体：处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立，即不起区别词的语音形式的作用，我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。
如果他们被归为一个音位，则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看作同一个音位在不同的位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，所以我么把它们叫做音位变体。
音位变体可以分为“自由变体”和“条件变体”组合关系：符号和符合组合起来，形成高一级的结构，处于高一级结构中的各个符号，称为结构的成份，结构中的各个成分的关系称为组合关系。
聚合关系：如果一些语言符号或更大的单位在结合的某一环节上能够互相替换并且替换后结构关系不会改变，那么这些符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群，它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。
直接组成成分：句子是按照一定的规则一层一层组合起来的。
每一层中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做直接组成部分。
洋泾浜：是当地人在和外来的商人，水手，传教士等打交道的过程中学来的一种变了形的外语。
是当地人没有学好的外语，是外语在当地语言的影响下出现的变种。
“洋泾浜”的共同特点是：语音经过当地语言音系的适当改造，语法规则减少到最低限度，词汇的项目比较少，往往要借助于迂回曲折的总说法指称事物。
“洋泾浜”是一定社会条件下的产物，只有口头形式，用于和外国人交往的特殊场合，没有人把它看作母语作为第一语言。
语言和言语语言的交际功能就是通过言语形式来实现的。
语言学中把对语言的运用及其成果成为言语，通俗点讲言语就是说话（或写作）和所说（所写）的话语言是从言语中概括出来的的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。
语言学重点试题及答案
一、名词解释1．音位:具体语言或方言里具有区别词得语音形式作用得最小语音单位。
2．音位变体:(处于互补关系中得各个音素无区别形式与辨义作用,可以被瞧成一个音位。
)这种处于互补关系中得各个音素就被瞧成同一个音位在不同位置上得代表,就是同一个音位得不同变异形式,叫音位变体。
3．语法规则得递归性:语法得组合结构一层套一层,所以同样得结构规则尽可以重复使用而不致造成结构上得混乱。
同样得结构规则可以层层嵌套,借用数学得术语来说,这就就是结构规则有递归性。
4．词义:由人们对现实现象得反映以及由此带来得人们对现实现象得主观评价,叫作词得词汇意义,简称词义。
5．语法范畴:就就是语法意义得类,同一性质得语法意义进一步概括成类,因而称为“语法范畴”。
6．亲属语言:从同一种语言分化出来得几种独立得语言,彼此有同源关系,我们称它们为亲属语言。
7．双语现象:指被融合民族得成员一般会讲两种语言:本族语与在融合中占优势得那种语言。
8．词义转移:如果原来得词义表示某类现实现象,后来改变为表示另一类现实现象,这种演变就就是词义得转移。
6．互补关系:音素之间得互补关系就是指几个不同得音素各有自己得出现环境,它们从不在相同得语音环境中出现与互相替换。
7．语流音变:在连续得语流中(音位与音位组合得时候),某个音由于受邻近音得影响,或者由于说话时快慢、高低、强弱得不同,可能发生不同得变化。
这种变化叫做语流音变。
8．语法意义:指词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予得词义之外得意义。
(指词在组合与聚合中所产生得关系意义。
)9．语言融合:指一种语言排挤与替代其她语言而成为不同民族得共同交际工具。
10．组合关系:语言符号与符号之间按照一定规律相互结合得关系就就是语言得组合关系。
这就是语言符号得一种配排连贯得横向关系。
11．内部曲折:也叫语音交替,指通过词内部词根中得语音得变化构成语法形式,表示某种语法意义,这种手段就就是内部曲折。
12．社会方言:各语言社团在全民语言得基础上产生各有自己特点得语言分支或语言变体,这就就是社会方言。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题1. 语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它主要关注语言的哪些方面？A. 语音和语法B. 词汇和语义C. 语音、语法、词汇和语义D. 语法和语用答案：C2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C二、填空题4. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的物理表现形式。
答案：语音5. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的抽象系统，包括语法规则和词汇。
答案：语法6. 语言学中的“_______”是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素三、简答题7. 简述语言学的主要研究方法。
答案：语言学的主要研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法等。
观察法是通过观察语言现象来收集数据；实验法是在控制条件下进行语言实验以验证假设；调查法是通过问卷、访谈等方式收集语言使用情况；统计法是利用统计学原理分析语言数据。
8. 描述语言学和历史语言学的区别。
答案：描述语言学关注的是特定语言在某一特定时间点的状态，它试图描述和解释语言的结构和功能；而历史语言学关注的是语言随时间的变化和发展，研究语言的起源、演变以及不同语言之间的亲缘关系。
四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
首先，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传递和保存文化信息。
其次，语言反映了文化的特点，不同文化背景下的语言会有不同的表达方式和词汇。
此外，语言的使用也受到文化规范和价值观的影响，例如礼貌用语、禁忌语等。
最后，语言的发展和变化也受到文化因素的影响，文化变迁往往伴随着语言的演变。
10. 分析语言的多样性对全球化的影响。
答案：语言的多样性对全球化有着复杂的影响。
一方面，语言多样性丰富了人类的文化生活，促进了不同文化之间的交流与理解。
另一方面，语言多样性也带来了沟通上的障碍，全球化进程中需要跨越语言障碍以实现信息的自由流通。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
45.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.
63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
50.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to sБайду номын сангаасciety is called sociolinguistics.
51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.
65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
47.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
48.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.
49.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.
Morphology 49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness53Productivity54.Displacement 55.Duality56.Design ngue60Parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
42.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.
43.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax..
69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
IV. Define the following terms:
41.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
nguage is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62.What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
胡壮麟 语言学 复习及答案
Chapter I Introduction
IV. Define the following terms:
41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics
nguage47.Phonetics48.
67.How do you understand competence and performance?
68.Saussure's distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?