2013.8.25托福考试真题回忆(坚果整理)
【托福真题】2013年7-8月北美托福写作真题解析
【托福真题】2013年7-8月北美托福写作真题解析7月13日托福写作真题：When choosing living place, which factor is the most important one for you?living in an area that is not expensiveliving close to relativesliving in an area with many shops and restaurants此题重复2012年9月7日NA口语题，再次证明基本上口语第二题和独立写作在共用题库，大家平时准备口语第二题的时候遇到3选1或者比较抽象的命题，都应该留意下是否写作可以写的出来。
回头来讲3选1的题目，有一个比较讨巧的做法，从ABC三个选项当中选择A选项，然后解释为什么A选项可以既有自身的功能，也能实现BC选项各自的功能。
对应题目来说，三个选项的功能分别是：便宜；家人；方便。
我选择家人，三段理由分别是：1.Close to family—spend time with families—share with each other, chat—deepen the bond among families2.Close to family—receive the care and help from families—cover some expense by eating at home and so on—save money—also not expensive3.Close to family—homemade food, delicious, safe, better than restaurants; grocery and other stuff from home, save time, convenience—don’t have to live close to shops and restaurants7月26日托福写作真题:If your teacher says something incorrect in a class, what will you do?interrupt your teacher right awaykeep silentcorrect your teacher after class选correct after class留学改变人生，教育改变中国！1.Interrupt—jeopardize the integrity and the pace of the teacher and class—negative image for teacher—students will start to doubt the teacher’s ability or lose faith in the teacher—subconsciously choose not to listen2.Keep silent—teacher may not be aware of the mistake—students may suffer from the wrong explanation of knowledge3.incorrectness is debatable, sometimes it may only be a misunderstanding or misinterpretation—after class, sufficient amount of time to fully discuss with teacher—figure out the right answer—bring the solid one to students some other time with a comprehensive version—avoid the recklessness8月10日托福写作真题:Some people like to record their life by sharing pictures and other information onsocial-networking sites. Others keep this information to themselves and never share itonline.(NA13年的新题)记录与分享的功能：回忆；分享喜悦，让他人开心；现代社会不可或缺的交友方式不分享的功能：安全；面对面讲述更能产生上面产生的那些功能同学们根据性格和自身特点来选择吧。
2012年8月25日托福考试听力回忆
2012年8月25日托福考试听力回忆考生1回忆：Conversation1：女生去了一个research，过程中对那个地方的风土人情感兴趣了，于是回来跟教授商量想要改改努力方向，不研究education了，但是她又想正常毕业，所以不能换major。
教授给她一些建议，比如在论文中体现之类的。
Lecture1：玛雅文明的发现与科技。
一开始某某科学家先发现了一个遗址，里面各种壁画文字人形，很激动，发表了文章。
NASA一工作人员看见了很感兴趣，正好刚刚卫星拍摄了那一片地区的卫星图，而且是红外线拍摄的，就寄给了科学家。
发现照片上亮黄色的位置竟然都是遗址，寺庙之类的。
之后种种...Lecture2：一个科学家认为如果两个物种在完全相同环境中而且还吃同一种食物的话，一种必然会最终把另一种赶出栖息地。
教授说但这种观点貌似有反例，比如wabler（tpo里这词很多但忘了怎么拼了- -），五只，总能共协同生活。
但实际上他们是在不同的时间和地点进食的，比如在一棵树的上中下三个位置进食。
所以这个例子没法反驳理论。
之后引入Niche和Habitat的概念，在Biology中，小生态环境包含更多东西。
如果1v1的时候占劣势，不改变自己的habitat其实也可以改变niche（小生态环境）。
逐步进化，对面吃什么你就不吃他的，吃别的。
对面喝水太多水源不够，你就进化成耐旱的。
考生2回忆：1.conversation老师问她的summer break.学生说很好，好像是做一个project.她打算下学期做一个semester 的Internership 去继续做这个项目。
第一个listening 状态不太好，比tpo慢很多，居然不习惯了，然后就听得凌乱了。
大意觉得是老师不太赞成学生花太多的时间去做，因为这个项目好像是anthology的，学生的专业是socialogy。
老师说你可以做education 的research,好像这个会两方面都结合。
新托福真题：2013托福阅读考试真题及答案解析(3)
任何饮食习惯都无法违反热力学定律，即使现在充斥各种神奇的减重方法，减轻体重的唯一方法只有消耗的热量。
但新的研究指出增加体重的身体位置可以提供线索来决定那种饮食习惯将最适合你。
【Section One】ArticleNo diet has ever been able to defy the laws of thermodynamics. Whether you go low carb, low fat, low this or low that, the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories than you consume. Even the new "it" diet, volumetrics—which uses fancy terms such as energy density and satiety to describe why filling up on certain low-calorie, water-based foods like celery makes you less hungry—can‘t mir aculously melt away fat. But new research indicates that where on your body you pack onextra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.It is already widely accepted that even the most rigorously adhered-to diet will not produce the same results from person to person. Some of us are simply genetically predisposed to burn more calories more efficiently than others. Restricting those calories, as you do on a diet, will similarly lead to differing results. But the biggest wild card in the diet game may be how you crank out insulin.As digestion breaks down much of what we eat into sugary,energy-rich fuel that helps keep us on the go, insulin triggers the body to store excess sugar floating around the bloodstream as fat. Insulin was particularly important in our caveman days, when we needed theenergy from one meal to last as long as possible, until we had hunted down the next. "Insulin is the hormone of feast," says Gary D. Foster, director of the center for obesity research and education at the Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia.But nowadays, with food so plentiful that groups like Weight Watchers are making a fortune promoting portion control, our insulin is often forced to work overtime, sweeping up the excess carbohydrates we pour into our system from candy bars or fruit juice or starchy foodslike pasta. Sometimes insulin can do such a good job of responding to a spike in blood sugar that it causes those levels to quickly drop. Thisin turn can lead to feelings of hunger shortly after a big meal. Forthis reason, many scientists think insulin‘s ride on the blood-sugar roller coaster may be a stimulus for overeating and, as a result, weight gain. It would be nice if there were an easy way to determine howaggressive your particular insulin response is, and now it appears there is.In a study of 73 obese adults published last month in theJournal of the American Medical Association (J.A.M.A.), Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at the Children‘s Hospital Boston, and his colleagues looked at high- and low-insulin secretors. People who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. People who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat aroundtheir hips—the pear shape. Those differences are more thanaesthetic.Low-secreting, pear-shaped people will do equally well oneither type of diet. But the results went deeper than simply how much weight was lost.Over the course of six months, high-secreting, apple people lost an average of 6 kg on a low-glycemic diet and just 2.3 kg on a low-fat diet. Low-secreting, pear people lost about 4.5 kg on both diets. At the end of 18 months, however, the pear-shaped people had gained back halfof the weight they had lost on either diet. Apple-shaped people gained back almost 1.4 of the 2.3 kg they lost on the low-fat diet but kept off all the weight they lost on the low-glycemic diet. While the study isre vealing, almost nothing about it is simple. It‘s not clear just what the mechanism is that links body shape and insulin levels—a crucial detail if scientists are going to understand the full implications of their findings. More important, nothing suggests that apple-shapedpeople should simply dash out to sign up for an Atkins-type low-carbohydrate diet.True, a large report published in J.A.M.A. earlier this year showed that regardless of body shape, Atkins produces the greatestshort-term weight loss. ("If you want to look good in your wedding gown, I would go for Atkins," says Dr. Anastassios Pittas, assistant professor of medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine.) But adherents tend to fall off the low-carb wagon and quickly gain back unwanted kilograms. What‘s more, the Atkins diet allows only a small fraction of caloriesto come from carbs, compared with 40% on the new study‘s low-glycemic regimen. The more balanced diet allows—indeed, encourages—people toeat whole-grain cereals and other complex carbs that take longer to digest and thus don‘t cause the rapid fat production that accompanies spikes in blood sugar. Atkins‘ more restrictive regimen may reduce fateven faster, but people lose weight on both diets. "Atkins just does it with a bludgeon instead of a chisel," says Ludwig.What‘s clearer from the study is that apple-shaped people should probably not choose low-fat diets, because the white rice or other types of simple carbs they are still allowed to eat may have a yo-yo effect on blood-sugar levels, making them hungrier sooner. The study didn‘t evaluate whether these people would do better on an Ornish-style vegetarian diet that restricts fat intake and has dieters make up the difference by eating lots of complex carbs, such as brown rice and oats—which are high in fiber and tend to make people feel fuller longer—as well as low-sugar fruits like blueberries.。
2013年托福考试写作真题
2013年1月12日An effective leader should try to make others feel that they are part of the decision making process.2013年1月13日It is important to make sure that others know about your strengths and accomplishments; if you are not so, you will be never successful in life.2013年1月26日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people today are more likely to help others than young people in the past.2013年1月27日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: the place people choose to live has more effect on happiness than the job people choose.2013年3月2日Do you agree or disagree: The world is busy and crowded; we should not expect people to be polite to others.2013年3月3日Do you agree or disagree：young people today are more likely to give time and effort to improve the world than young people were in the past.2013年3月16日Movies and TV programs made in one’s own country are more interesting than those made in other countries.2013年3月17日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A leader should admit if they made a bad decision. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.2013年3月24日It is easier for parents to raise children today than it does 50 years ago2013年3月30日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Though many countries nowadays pay special attention to environmental problems (such as pollution or global warming), the environmental situation will not be improved in the future. 2013年4月14日Which of the following do you think contributes the most to an enjoyable vacation?A. Good FoodB. Good LocationC. Good Friends to travel with2013年4月20日Do you agree or disagree that with the following statement? It’s more important for the government to spend money to build art museums and music performance centers than to build recreational facilities (such as swimming pool and playgrounds).重复2009.9.19北美.2013年5月11日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should spend money on scientific research even if it has no practical value?2013年5月26日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The personal andwork-related challenges that young people face today are not very different from the challenges their parents and grandparents faced in the past.2013年6月8日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more fun to see a movie in the cinema with other people than see a movie at home.2013年6月15日Do you agree or disagree with the statement? The way a person dresses is a good indication of his/her personality and character.2013年6月30日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People will be happier if they have fewer possessions?2013年7月13日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People rely on their neighbors less now than they did in the past.2013年7月14日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are more friendly in the past than today.2013年7月20日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents now spend too much time on determining the futures of their children; children should be allowed to make their own choices.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is impossible to be completely honest with your friends.2013年8月17日Would you rather your school spend money social events and facilities or on improving the cafeteria menus? Use specific examples to support your answer. 2013年8月24日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important to have rules about the types of clothing that people are allowed to wear at work and at school.2013年8月25日第一套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It’s less important to eat with families regularly nowadays.第二套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Some scientists are responsible for the negative impacts that are made by their discoveries.2013年9月1日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only movies that can teach us something about real life is worth watching.2013年9月8日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To increase economic growth, the government should ignore environmental concerns. Use specific examples to support your answer.2013年9月14日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who keep their room neat and organized are more likely to be successful in the future.2013年9月28日When you are assigned an important presentation for work or school, you prefer to work on it right away so that you can work on it a little bit every day, or wait until you have a good idea about the presentation.2013年9月29日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University students should be required to take history courses no matter what filed they study.第一套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to succeed, we should be more like others than be different from others.2008.10.12NA/2010.2.7ML第二套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who move out of native village or town are more successful and happier than people who stay in their native village or town. 2011.2.20ML.2013年10月20日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is always better to purchase in large stores than in several small shops that specialize in different items.2013年10月27日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Student activities do as much benefit as academic study. (重复2012.7.6NA)2013年11月2日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for people to have friends who are intelligent than to have friends who have a good sense of humor.2013年11月23日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers’ performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers.2013年11月24日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who leave home for the city are more likely to be successful and happier than people who remain in village. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.2013年12月1日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to update their knowledge. 2013年12月7日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government must make choice about how to spend its money on amusing the people. Given the choice between spending tax dollars on art or sports, it should choose to spend those dollars on art.第一套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier to maintain good health nowadays than it was in the past.第二套Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students nowadays do not respect teachers as much as they did in the past.2013年12月21日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is less honest than in the past. For this reason, it is not useful for people to choose products to buy.2013年12月28日Should children spend most time playing and studying, or they should be required to help the family with household chores, like cooking and cleaning?。
完整版2013年英语专八考试真题原文 参考答案
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013)GRADE EIGHTTIME LIMIT：195 MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture．You will hear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, take notes on the important points．Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture．When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap．Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable．You may refer to your notes while completing the task．Use the blank sheet for note-taking．Now, listen to the mini-lecture．What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) ________II. (2) ______ and critical in thinkingi.e. information processing, e.g.-- connections between the known and the new information-- identification of (3) ______ concepts-- judgment on the value of (4) _____.III. active in listeningA.ways of note-taking: (5) _______.B.before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA.reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ______.B.Reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) ______.VI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-- active learners: accept-- passive learners: (8) _______B. attitude toward (9) ______-- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour-- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ______.Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer thequestions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview．At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions．Now listen to the interview．1．According to the interviewer, which of the following best indicates the relationship between choice and mobility?A．Better educatio n →greater mobility →more choices．B．Better education →more choices →greater mobility．C．Greater mobility →better education →more choices．D．Greater mobility →more choices →better education．2．According to the interview，which of the following details about the first poll is INCORRECT? A．Shorter work hours was least chosen for being most important．B．Chances for advancement might have been favoured by young people．C．High income failed to come on top for being most important．D．Job security came second according to the poll results．3．According to the interviewee，which is the main difference between the first and the second poll?A．The type of respondents who were invited．B．The way in which the questions were designed．C．The content area of the questions．D．The number of poll questions．4．What can we learn from the respondents’answers to items 2，4 and 7 in the second poll? A．Recognition from colleagues should be given less importance．B．Workers are always willing and ready to learn more new skills．C．Psychological reward is more important than material one．D．Work will have to be made interesting to raise efficiency．5．According to the interviewee，which of the following can offer both psychological and monetary benefits?A．Contact with many people．B．Chances for advancement．C．Appreciation from coworkers．D．Chances to learn new skillsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY．Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news, At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions．Now listen to the news．6．According to the news item，“sleep boxes”are designed to solve the problems of A．airports．B．passengers．C．architects．D．companies．7．Which of the following is NOT true with reference to the news?A．Sleep boxes can be rented for different lengths of time．B．Renters of normal height can stand up inside．C．Bedding can be automatically changed．D．Renters can take a shower inside the box．Question 8 is based on the following news．At the end of the news item，you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question．Now listen to the news．8．What is the news item mainly about?A．London’S preparations for the Notting Hill Carnival．B．Main features of the Notting Hill Carnival．C．Police's preventive measures for the carnival．D．Police participation in the carnival．Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news．At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions．Now listen to the news．9．The news item reports on a research finding aboutA．the Dutch famine and the Dutch women．B．early malnutrition and heart health．C．the causes of death during the famine．D．nutrition in childhood and adolescence．10．When did the research team carry out the study?A．At the end of World War II．B．Between 1944 and 1945．C．In the 1950s．D．In 2007．PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．TEXT AThree hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or 1etter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters．“The coffee houses particularly are．very roomy for a free conversation，and for reading at an easier rate all manner of printed news，”noted one observer．Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun，pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news，thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience．The penny press，followed by radio and television，turned news from a two-way conversation into a one—way broadcast，with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media．Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house．The internet is making news more participatory，social and diverse，reviving the discursive characteristics of" the era before the mass media．That will have profound effects on society and politics．In much of the world．the mass media are flourishing．Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009．But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries．Over the past decade，throughout the Western world，people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways．Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling，sharing，filtering，discussing and distributing news．Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing．Classified documents are published in their thousands online．Mobile·phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts．Social-networking sites help people find，discuss and share news with their friends．And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite．Technology firms including Google，Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news．Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks；many countries now make raw data available through“open government”initiatives．The internet lets people read newspapers or watchtelevision channels from around the world．The web has allowed new providers of news，from individual bloggers to sites，to rise to prominence in a very short space of time．And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism，such as that practiced by WikiLeaks，which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents．The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets．In principle，every liberal should celebrate this．A more participatory and social news environment，with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources，is a good thing．The transformation of the news business is unstoppable，and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure．As producers of new journalism，individuals can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources．As consumers，they can be general in their tastes and demanding in their standards．And although this transformation does raise concerns，there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse，vociferous，argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the internet．The coffee house is back．Enjoy it．11．According to the passage，what initiated the transformation of coffee-house news to mass-media news?A．The emergence of big mass media firms．B．The popularity of radio and television．C．The appearance of advertising in newspapers．D．The increasing number of newspaper readers．12．Which of the following statements best supports“Now, the Hews industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house”?A Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6％between 2005 and 2009．B．People in the Western world are giving up newspapers and TV news．C．Classified documents are published in their thousands online．D．More people are involved in finding，discussing and distributing news．13．According to the passage，which is NOT a role played by information technology? A．Challenging the traditional media．B．Planning the return to coffee-house news．C．Providing people with access to classified files．D．Giving ordinary people the chance to provide news．14．The author’S tone in the last paragraph towards new journalism isA．optimistic and cautious．B．supportive and skeptical．C．doubtful and reserved．D．ambiguous and cautious．15．In“The coffee house is back”，coffee house best symbolizesA．the changing characteristics of news audience．B．the more diversified means of news distribution．C．the participatory nature of news．D. the more varied sources of news．TEXT BParis is like pornography．You respond even if you don’t want to．You turn a corner and see a vista，and your imagination bolts away。
2013年专八试卷真题、详细解析
专业英语八级真题2013年There are differences between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:Ⅰ. reading with purposeA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1)Ⅱ. (2) and critical in thinkingi.e. information processing, e.g.-connections between the known and the new information-identification of (3) concepts-judgment on the value of (4)Ⅲ. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5)B. before note-taking: listening and thinkingⅣ. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6)B. reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesⅤ. be ing able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7)Ⅵ. last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-active learners: accept-passive learners: (8)B. attitude toward (9)-active learners: evaluate and change behaviour-passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.SECTION B1、 According to the interviewer, which of the following best indicatesthe relationship between choice and mobility?A. Better education → more choices → greater mobility.B. Better education → greater mobility → mo re choices.C. Greater mobility → better education → more choices.D. Greater mobility → more choices → better education.2、 According to the interview, which of the following details about the first poll is INCORRECT?A. Job security came second according to the poll results.B. Chances for advancement might have been favoured by young people.C. High income failed to come on top for being most important.D. Shorter work hours was least chosen for being most important.3、 According to the interviewee, which is the main difference between the first and the second poll?A. The type of respondents who were invited.B. The way in which the questions were designed.C. The content area of the questions.D. The number of poll questions.4、 What can we learn from the respondents' answers to items 2, 4 and 7in the second poll?A. Recognition from colleagues should be given less importance.B. Workers are always willing and ready to learn more new skills.C. Work will have to be made interesting to raise efficiency.D. Psychological reward is more important than material one.5、 According to the interviewee, which of the following can offer both psychological and monetary benefits?A. Contact with many people.B. Appreciation from coworkers.C. Chances for advancement.D. Chances to learn new skills. SECTION C6、 According to the news item, "sleep boxes" are designed to solve the problems of A. airports. B. passengers. C. architects. D. companies.7、Which of the following is NOT true with reference to the news?A. Renters can take a shower inside the box.B. Renters of normal height can stand up inside.C. Bedding can be automatically changed.D. Sleep boxes can be rented for different lengths of time.8、 What is the news item mainly about?A. London's preparations for the Nothing Hill Carnival.B. Main features of the Nothing Hill Carnival.C. Police's preventive measures for the carnival.D. Police participation in the carnival.9、 The news item reports on a research finding aboutA.early malnutrition and heart health.B.the Dutch famine and the Dutch women.C.the causes of death during the famine.D.nutrition in childhood and adolescence.10、 When did the research team carry out the study?A. At the end of World War Ⅱ.B. Between 1944 and 1945.C. In the 1950s.D. In 2007.TEXT AThree hundred years ago news traveled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. "The coffee houses particularly are very roomy for a free conversation, and for reading at an easier rate all manner of printednews," noted one observer. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the discursive characteristics of the era before the mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries.Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere, report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends.And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through "open government" initiatives. The internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets.In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. The transformation of the news businessis unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. As producers of new journalism, individuals can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be general intheir tastes and demanding in their standards. And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the internet. The coffee house is buck. Enjoy it.11、 According to the passage, what initiated the transformation of coffee-house news to mass-media news?A. The emergence of big mass media firms.B.The popularity of radio and television.C. The increasing number of newspaper readers.D. The appearance of advertising in newspapers.12、 Which of the following statements best supports "Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house"?A. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009.B. People in the Western world are giving up newspapers and TV news.C. More people are involved in finding, discussing and distributing news.D. Classified documents are published in their thousands online.13、 According to the passage, which is NOT a role played by information technology? A. Challenging the traditional media.B. Planning the return to coffee-house news.C. Providing people with access to classified files.D. Giving ordinary people the chance to provide news.14、 The author's tone in the last paragraph towards new journalism isA. doubtful and reserved.B. supportive and skeptical.C. optimistic and cautious.D. ambiguous and cautious.15、 In "The coffee house is buck", coffee house best symbolizesA. the participatory nature of news.B. the more varied sources of news.C. the changing characteristics of news audience.D. the more diversified means of news distribution.TEXT BParis is like pornography. You respond even if you don't want to. You turn a corner and see a vista, and your imagination bolts away. Suddenly you are thinking about what it would be like to live in Paris, and then you think about all the lives you have not lived. Sometimes, though, when you are lucky, you only think about how many pleasures the day ahead holds. Then, you feel privileged.The lobby of the hotel is decorated in red and gold. It gives off awhiff of 19th-century decadence. Probably as much as any hotel in Paris, this hotel is sexy. I was standing facing the revolving doors and the driveway beyond. A car with a woman in the back seat - a woman in ashort skirt and black-leather jacket - pulled up before the hotel door. She swung off and she was wearing high heels. Normally, my mind wouldhave leaped and imagined a story for this woman. Now it didn't. I stood there and told myself: Cheer up. You're in Paris.In many ways, Paris is best visited in winter. The tourist crowds are at a minimum, and one is not being jammed off the narrow sidewalks along the Rue Dauphine. More than this, Paris is like many other European cities in that the season of blockbuster cultural events tends to begin in midto late fall and so, by the time of winter, most of the cultural treasures of the city are laid out to be admired.The other great reason why Paris in winter is so much better than Paris in spring and fall is that after the end of the August holidays and the return of chic Parisian women to their city, the restaurant-opening season truly begins hopping. By winter, many of the new restaurants have worked out their kinks (不足; 困难) and, once the hype has died down, it is possible to see which restaurants are actually good and which are merely noisy and crowded.Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being, Lincoln said. In Paris it doesn't take much to be happy. Outside the hotel, the sky was pale and felt very high up. I walked the few blocks to the Seine and began running along the blue-green river toward the Eiffel Tower. The tower in the distance was black, and felt strange and beautiful the way that many things built for the joy of building do. As I ran toward it, because of its lattice structure, the tower seemed obviously delicate. Seeing it, I felt a sense of protectiveness.I think it was this moment of protectiveness that marked the change in my mood and my slowly becoming thrilled with being in Paris.During winter evenings, Paris's streetlamps have a halo and resemble dandelions. In winter, when one leaves the Paris street and enters a cafe or restaurant, the light and temperature change suddenly and dramatically, and there is the sense of having discovered something secret. In winter, because the days are short, there is an urgency to the choices one makes. There is the sense that life is short and so let us decide on what matters.16、 According to the passage, once in Paris one might experience all the following feelings EXCEPTA. regret.B. condescension.C. expectation.D. impulse.17、 Winter is the best season to visit Paris. Which of the following does NOT support this statement?A. Fashionable Parisian women return to Paris.B. There are more good restaurants to choose from.C. More entertainment activities are staged.D. There are fewer tourists in Paris.18、 "Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being." This statement means that most peopleA. expect to be happy.B. hope to be as happy as others.C. would be happier if they want.D. can be happy if they want.19、 In the eyes of the author, winter in Paris is significant because of A. its implications for life. B. the atmosphere of its evenings.C. the contrast it brings.D. the discovery one makes.20、 At the end of the passage, the author found himself in a mood ofA. joyfulness.B. thoughtfulness.C. loneliness.D. excitement. TEXT CIf you want to know why Denmark is the world's leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen - mind the bicyclists - to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. You'll feel it as you cross the 6.8 kin-long Great Belt Bridge: Denmark's bountiful wind, so fierce even on a calm summers day that it threatens to shove your car Into the waves below. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size ofaircraft hangars build the wind turbines sold by Vestas, the Danish company that has emerged as the industry's top manufacturer around the globe. The work is both gross and fine; employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building, and assemble engine housings (机器外罩) that hold some 18,000 separate parts. Most impressive are the turbine's blades, which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution. As smooth as an Olympic swimsuit and honed to aerodynamic perfection, each blade weighs in at 7,000 kg, and they're what help make Vestas' turbines the best in the world. "The blade is where the secret is," says Erik Therkelsen, a Vestas executive. "If we can make a turbine, it's sold."But technology, Like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmark's dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leader - and to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government began a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. Copenhagen covered 30% of investment costs, and guaranteed loans for large turbine exporters such as Vestas. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential price - thus guaranteeing investors a customer base. Energy taxes were channeled into research centres, where engineers crafted designs that would eventually produce cutting-edge giants like Vestas' 3-megawatt (MW) V90 turbine.As a result, wind turbines now dot Deunlark. The country gets more than 19% of its electricity from the breeze (Spain and Portugal, the next highest countries, get about 10%) and Danish companies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch. "They were out early in driving renewables, and that gave them the chance to be a technology leader and a job-creation leader," says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director for the New York City-based Natural Resources Defense Council. "They have always been one or two steps ahead of others."The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. Beyond wind, the country (pop. 5.5 million) is a world leader in energy efficiency, getting more GDP per watt than any other member of the E.U. Carbon emissions are down 13.3% from 1990 levels and total energy consumption has barely moved, even as Denmark's economy continued to grow at a healthy clip. With Copenhagen set to host all- important U.N. climate change talks in December - where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol - and the global recession beginning tohit environmental plans in capitals everywhere, Denmark's examplecouldn't be more timely. "We'll try to make Demnark a showroom," says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. "You can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, and achieve economic growth."It's tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green, with the kindof Scandinavian good conscience that has made it such a pleasant global citizen since, oh, the whole Viking thing. But the country's policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmark's energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Buffeted by the same supply shocks that hit the rest of the developed world, Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation, to the point of introducing car-free Sundaysand asking businesses to switch off tights during closing hours. Eventually the Mideast oil started flowing again, and the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more thanself sufficient. But unlike most other countries, Denmark never forgot the lessons of 1973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency anda more diversified energy supply. The Danish parliament raised taxes on energy to encourage conservation and established subsidies and standards to support more efficient buildings. "It all started out without any regard for the climate or the environment," says Svend Auken, the former head of Denmark's opposition Social Democrat Party and the architect of the country's environmental policies in the 1990s. "But today there's aconsensus that we need to build renewable power."To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. "Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful," says NRDC's Schmidt. The real pain could come from failing to follow in their footsteps.21、 Which of the following is NOT cited as a main reason for Denmark's world leadership in wind power?A.Geographical location.ernment drive.C. Technology.D. Wind.22、 The author has detailed some of the efforts of the Danish Government in promoting the wind industry in order to showA. the country's subsidy and loan policies.B. the importance of export to the country.C.the role of taxation to the economy.D. the government's determination.23 What does the author mean by "Denmark's example couldn't be more timely"?A. Denmark's energy-saving efforts cannot be followed by other countries.B. Denmark can manufacture more wind turbines for other countries.C. Denmark's energy-saving success offers the world a useful model.D. Denmark aims to show the world that it can develop even faster.24、 According to the passage, Denmark's energy-saving policiesoriginated fromA. the country's long tradition of environmental awareness.B. the country's previous experience of oil shortage.C. the country's grave shortage of natural resources.D. the country's abundant wind resources.25、 Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?A. Not to save energy could lead to serious consequences.B. Energy saving efforts can be painful but positive.C. Energy saving cannot go together with economic growth.D. Denmark is a powerful leader in the global wind market.TEXT DThe first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered not just the usual coffee or tea but a complimentary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity wouldslow the growing inclination of women to stretch each haircut to last four months while nursing our hair back to whatever natural color welong ago forgot.Then there was the appliance salesman who offered to carry my bags as we toured the microwave aisle. When I called my husband to ask him tocheck some specs online, the salesman offered a pre-emp- tive discount, lest the surfing turn up the same model cheaper in another store. That night, for the first time, I saw the Hyundai ad promising shoppers that if they buy a car and then lose their job in the next year, they can return it.Suddenly everything's on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. During the flush times, salespeople were surly, waiters snobby. But now the customer rules, just for showing up. There's more room tostretch out on the flight, even in a coach. The malls have that serene aura of undisturbed wilderness, with scarcely a shopper in sight. Every conversation with anyone selling anything is a pantomime of pain and bluff. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $2,000,it's time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really don't even have to say anything pitiful before he'll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off.Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wail Street: Trinity Place offers $3 drinks at happy hour any day the market goes down, with the slogan "Market tanked? Get tanked! " -which ensures a lively crowd for the closing bell. The "21" Club has decided that men no longer need to wear ties, so long as they bringtheir wallets. Food itself is friendlier: you notice more comfort food, a truce between chef and patron that is easier to enjoy now that you can get a table practically anywhere. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as "extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation." "You need to hug the customer," one owner told him.There's a chance that eventually we'll return all this kindness with the extravagant spending that was once decried but now everyone is hoping will restart the economy. But human nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Is the store with the super cheap flat screens going to go bust and thus not be there to hour the "free" extended warranty? Is there something wrong with that free cheese? Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn. These store owners wince as they sense bad habits forming: Will people expect dis- counts forever? Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose alluredepends on their being ridiculously priced?There will surely come a day when things go back to "normal"; retail sales even inched up in January after sinking for the previous six months. But I wonder what it will take for us to see those $545 Sigerson Morrison studded toe-ring sandals as reasonable? Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habit, like my 85- year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet "the bomb shelter." The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the "greatest generation." As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste, and there is value in practicing conservation that goesfar beyond our own bottom line.26、According to the passage, what does "the first clue" suggest?A. Women tend to have their hair cut less frequently.B. Shops, large or small, are offering big discounts.C. Shops try all kinds of means to please customers.D. Customers refrain from buying things impulsively.27、 Which of the following best depicts the retailers now?A. Over-friendlyB. Bad-tempered.C.Highly motivatedD.Deeply frustrated.28、 What does the author mean by "the newly perfected art of the considered pause"?A.Customers now rush to buy things on sale.B. Customers have learned how to bargain.C. Customers have higher demands for service.D. Customers have got a sense of superiority.29、 According to the passage, "shoppers... flaunt their new power at every turn" means that shoppers wouldA. like to show that they are powerful.B. keep asking for more discounts.C. like to show off their wealth.D. have more doubts or suspicion.30、 What is the author's main message in the last two paragraphs?A. The practice of frugality is of great importance.B. Extravagant spending would boost economic growth.C. One's life experience would turn into lifelong habits.D. Customers should expect discounts for luxury goods.31、 The full official name of Australia isA. The Republic of Australia.B. The Union of Australia.B.The Federation of Australia. D. The Commonwealth of Australia.32、 Canada is well known for all the following EXCEPTA. its mineral resources.B. its heavy industries.C. its forest resources.D. its fertile and arable land.33、 In the United States community colleges offerA. two-year programs.B. four-year programs.C. postgraduate studies.D. Ｂ．Ａ．or Ｂ.Ｓ.degrees.34、 In ______, reference in Scotland and Wales set up a Scottishparliament and a Wales assembly. A. 2000 B.1946 C. 1990 D. 199735、 Which of the following clusters of words is an example ofalliteration?A. A weak seat.B. Knock and kick.C. Safe and sound.D. Coat and boat.36、 Who wrote Mrs. Warren's Profession?A.George Bernard Shaw.B.William Butler Yeats.C.John Galsworthy.D. T.S. Eliot.37、 Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser is a(n)A. autobiography.B. short story.C. poem.D. novel.38、 Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A. Unlock.B. Government.C. Goes.D. Off-stage.39、 ______ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what theyrefer to.A. Collocation B. Onomatopoeia C. Denotation D. Assimilation40、 The sentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performsa(n) ______ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directivePART Ⅳ PROOFREADDING & ERROR CORRECTIONPsycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychologicalprocess involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding,production, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with(1) listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually(2) happens so effortlessly, and, most of time, so accurately.(3) Indeed, when you listen to someone speaking, or looking at thispage, (4) you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only inexceptional circumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced(6) their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if(7) we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; orif we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples(8) of what might be called "language in exceptional circumstances"reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking,(9) listening, writing, and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful。
8月日托福口语真题解析
2013年8月25日托福口语真题解析第一套:Talk about the things you do that keep you healthy. Give examples and details in your explanation.There are many things that I do to keep myself healthy. I’d like to talk about a few of them. First of all, I try to go to the gym as often as possible. I love to run in the gym not because I’m training for a marathon or anything. I just love doing it. It makes me feel good about myself. I feel more energetic after running. Second, I stick to cold foods in the for breakfast in the morning. Cold foods like fruits and yogurt are much healthier than many of the warm food most people have for breakfast.Do you think it’s important to learn from our ancestors? Give examples and details in your explanation. I think it’s very important that w e learn from our ancestors for the following reasons. First of all, we learn from them so we don’t repeat the mistakes that we make. For one thing, we can never truly get how horrible people suffered in the two World Wars if my generation didn’t learn about it in history class. Lessons like these have to be learned so they serve as a reminder of how irrational human beings can be. Learning from our ancestors is important on a personal level as well. I find it fascinating to listen to my grandpa telling his stories. It helps me better understand who I am and lots of the decisions that I make in life.Task 3Reading: University will not allow students to do common activities like playing soccer on the grass any moreReason 1: it ruins the grassReason 2: people are too loudListeningThe man agreesReason 1: he once saw the old pictures of the university and the grass here used to be beautiful, also students can find other places to do activitiesReason 2: people always shout when they play soccer and that doe sn’t help with students’ concentration on studyTask 4Definition: Specialization means animals only live on one sourse of food Example: Koalas live on only one kind of trees, this kind of trees are poisonous to other animals, this way other animals won’t fight for food with koalas thus help them to survive, but due to the construction of more buildings and roads, this kind of trees are decreasing, so it’s getting dangerous to koalasTask 5Problem: the man should give a book as a gift to the graduates at the last literaturediscussion class, but he forgot to order the bookSolution 1: he can pay 25 dollars to place a rush orderPro: it will be delivered tomorrowCon: expensiveSolution 2: tell the truth and send the book to the professor’s office next we ek Pro: /Con: graduates won’t be there by next weekTask 6Topic: Children’s development of creative thinkingExample 1: a 1-year-old put a ball over his head as a hatExample 2: a 3-year-old on a blanket, he pretends he’s driving, he would make the sound of the car and put his hands up as if he were driving第二套:1. Talk about a thing you friends did that surprised you. Explain your answer in examples and details.The thing my friends did that surprised me was they took me to a bungee site last summer. I had a fear of height ever since I was a kid. But I’ve always wanted to overcome it. I probably brought it up at a party. I guess my friends heard, andapparently they decided to help me with that. So they drove me to a bungee site without telling me where we were going. When I got there I was scared to death. I even got a little mad at them for getting me there. At the end, I beefed up and jumped. It wasn’t as bad as I thought it would be. Actually I kinda liked it. I was a very freeing experience.2. Do you agree of disagree with the statement that it’s essential for high school students to study Economics?I think it’s very important to study Economics in high school. Economics is the study of Human action and, the allocation of resources. What could be more important than understanding why people make the choices they make when faced with the situations they are faced with. Economics, is a role in every-bodies life whether people are aware of this or not. We purchase items, economize our time and, make decisions about how we could best remove our uneasiness and better our situation in the future.Task 3Reading：The university requires students to take part in at lease 2 activities related to music and art next semester and write papers after the activitiesListening：The man disagreesReason 1：no one is going to like it because they will be forced to participate in the activitiesReason 2: they already have a lot of papers to write, there’s no time to finish moreTask 4Definition: Over-confidence effect, it can stimulate people’s learning ability, but it might disappoint them as wellExample: The professor’s son was working very hard because he wanted a job in a good news press, but in the end he failed, but his efforts weren’t in vain, later he became the top student in the class and thus offered another very good jobTask 5Problem: the interview the man arranged got canceled so now there are two empty pagesSolution 1: ask his friend John to write some poemsPro: interesting since the university newspaper never published poems before Con: /Solution 2: public information about summer jobPro: /Con: not enough timeTask 6Two tests companies do before broadcasting their commercialsTest 1: concept testing, for instance tooth paste companies ask two groups people to watch their commercials and then do the test to find out if they care more about whitening effect or taste of the tooth pasteTest 2: copying testing, broadcast two versions of commercials on TV and then interview audiences by phone to see which version left the deepest impression on them。
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2013.8.25托福考试真题回忆（这次考试有两套题目）版本一：阅读第一篇Ottoman Empire帝国，前面主要讲了这个国家几个朝代的更迭，比较了不同时期的君主对于权力的掌控。
文章后面提到了君主时期，手下的两个党派通过通婚等方式来夺取政权。
还有就是后来随着罗马帝国的兴趣，Ottoman Empire暂时停止了领土的扩张，反而派遣了更多的军队去驻守各个地方，以此来保全领土。
最后提到了它的衰落，在政治、经济方面都没有一个合适的solution来挽救。
第二篇完全是高中生物课本里的知识，讲R,S病毒，来探究生物体内的遗传物质到底是DNA还是protein。
文章开头讲某某科学家（具体名字忘了，可以百度）做实验，把R病毒高温杀死，注入老鼠体内，老鼠没死。
后来又加入了S，然后那些R病毒变成了S，以此得出结论说遗传物质是DNA。
但后来又有两个科学家怀疑可能是老鼠体内的物质导致了R病毒的转化，所以他们就做实验，把细菌提取出来，分别摧毁细菌的DNA、蛋白质等等，来看到底是哪部分在遗传过程中发挥了作用。
然后通过他们的实验，他们argue在遗传过程中主要还是protein起了作用。
做这篇文章的时候LZ努力回忆高中生物课学的这个，但是大脑一片空白。
因此建议同学们准备这篇文章之前好好看一下当初这个实验是怎么做的，后来的人是怎么反对的。
第三篇讲动物的基因隔绝genetic isolation。
文章开头说长时间以来，一个地区的动物可能会产生基因隔绝，这样的现象使得物种之间不会再有交配现象。
第二段开头，文章说这种基因的隔绝可能与地形差异有关系，距离说某种鱼，只能生活在比较浅的地方，因此与其他物种就形成了基因隔绝。
第三段，文章继续讨论，说基因隔绝可能也与物种的个体大小有关系，越大的动物跨越地形的本领就越强，因此相较体型较小的动物，就没有那么容易产生基因隔绝。
文章在这里有道题，问美国的两个体型较小的松树之间有什么共同点，LZ 看了好久都没找到答案，最后选的是尾巴都是白色，仅供大家参考。
最后文章说,island和其他island的距离也有可能是造成基因隔绝的因素，因为这些岛比较孤僻，一般都是有小鸟飞过，带来一个新的物种，然后在这里繁衍，同时也没有什么其他的物种可以和其竞争。
听力第一篇conversation讲男生去找老师，对于他的textbook里的formula不太明白。
老师说那个textbook 太简单了，不能用来解答太复杂的问题（后面有题，就是问为什么老师对这个textbook的评价，选too simple to explain complex problems）。
然后说着说着，老师说要这个学生去火车站接一个教授，因为一个说好要去接那个教授的人不去了。
（后面有双选题，问老师为什么要提到接教授的事情，选老师暗示自己去不了，和希望这个男同学去接那个教授。
），后面BALABALA都不太重要。
第二篇geology lecture教授讲最早的geologist如何使用rock的温度来测地球的年龄，教授举了一个例子，说土豆，把它放到freezer里，再拿出来，表面的温度和最里面的温度是不一样的，这样的不同是由于最里面到最外面的距离不同造成的。
然后某个geologist就是用这样的方法推算出地球的年龄的，他推算出地球大概是100million years。
但是，教授说后来有人提出这个方法并没有考虑到radiation decay所产生的热量的观点。
还有人说，最开始的geologist认为地球内部是solid的，所以才用那个方法。
但实际上是liquid或者是semi-liquid的，然后就推翻了之前那个geologist的观点第三篇lecture讲人的记忆分为两种。
教授着重介绍了第二种。
第一种记忆方式，人们倾向于记住发生了什么，而不会刻意去记住when and where。
第二种记忆，就是会去记住when and where，并且这种记忆一般都是基于experience的。
教授举了个例子，说假如你在一个阳光明媚的春天，在巴黎吃着美食，享受着美景。
你就能记住自己是在什么时候，什么地点做的这件事的。
然后教授重点介绍了第二种记忆，说人们想知道这种记忆是否其他动物也会有，然后讲人们拿jay这种鸟做实验，实验目是在一个盒子里（听力有图）放上花生，然后另一个地方放虫子。
鸟就会去吃虫子，然后人们把盒子拿走。
过了4小时以后，再把盒子拿回来，jay就又会去当时吃虫子的地方找虫子吃。
可是如果人们隔了5天再把这个盒子拿回来，鸟就只会去吃盒子里的花生了，证明它不记得以前吃虫子的地方了。
因此，结论就是说，这个实验还是不能确定其他动物是否有和人相似的记忆。
第四篇conversation学生本来是计算机专业的，但他觉得之前参加的program很无聊。
然后就去找老师说想要参加有wild animal的program。
聊着聊着，学生说最开始不知道要学什么，后来发现计算机的课都很简单，就学了。
但现在觉得自己对wild animal 更感兴趣，就想转专业。
老师说好啊，我们学校的wild animal专业就是闻名全国的（这里有题会考），但是学生觉得自己以前什么基础都没有，学wild animal 可能会很难。
老师然后就建议学生去找wild animal的教授谈一谈，并且让他约个时间，下周再跟她讲一讲跟教授谈的怎么样（后面有题会考，问为什么要再见面，原因就是老师想知道他跟教授谈得怎么样）。
加试是女学生ID卡，神经元细胞+浪漫主义诗歌口语1．Describe a pleasant surprise your friend gave you.2. 高中生是否应该学习economic classes?3. 学校要求学生参加两次艺术活动并写paper4. OVERCONFIDENCE EFFECT5. 校报预定的interview取消了，然后用诗还是job材料去填two page blank6. 广告公司发布广告前两种测试方法写作综合写作米开朗琪罗造假问题。
独立写作Do you agree or disagree, it is not that important for families to regularly eat meals together?版本二：阅读第一篇Egypt的political center选址问题...为什么要选在Memphis首先是能够联系上下埃及，方便控制尼罗河旁，交通方便，且适合房展经济然后还有一个是desert的trade，这个记不大清了，应该还是说Memphis有经济发展的优势词汇就记得有一个是aprreciate，前文是说Memphis好像比他们原先认为的更好，因此楼主选了expect第二篇计算地球的真实年龄，一共讲到了4种方法1.是通过计算温度的，好像是说达到现在的温度需要多少年以此推断，这个不大记得了2.通过计算海水和盐的关系，楼主记不大清是已经有的盐经过多久才得到还是什么的...大致推出了100m但是大家觉得这些都是assumption，他们需要更可靠的，此处考了一个词汇（楼主选的是definitive）于是就有了新的方法3.通过算地球上岩石里的helium含量，因为像放射铀衰变之后会产生helium，然后元素的半衰期一定，根据含量就推断出年龄了这里还问了个问题问什么要说blablabla不受temperature，pressure什么的影响（楼主选的是说明这种方法可靠），后来又有一个人找到了据说是世界上最老的石头，算出是3.75b year，这里有题目的样子...不大记得了但是呢，虽然这种方式被广泛认可，但是用地球上的来算合适吗？（没看明白这句描述的逻辑....无力了...哪位亲要是知道我在说什么麻烦告知下...谢）然后人们又想到去outer space找些从地球诞生之初就一起存在的物质来计算，于是Meteorite就躺枪了...然后大家就得出地球应该4.55b 岁了，关于这几个有个题目（题不记得了..就记得我选的是通过radiation来计算的方法促使了得出正确的年龄是4.55b year，似乎是summary）第三篇两幅图...又是人文的呀！尼玛！最后人文了！！！讲的是哪个地方有群原始民？的文化...有道题是问mutual unintelligence language是指他们彼此都不懂，还是tribe间不懂，又或是有相同的origin的society 能懂！（不管他们懂不懂，楼主一点也搞不懂，根据后文的分析...应该是指有相同origin的就能彼此理解...所以语言没什么研究价值，于是就研究visual的文化了）接着下午就全是讲totem pole和mask的作用，有纪念先祖啊，动物spirit保护之类的...具体内容大概就是绕着这些讲，还说了style的问题...人文的从来无法过脑听力顺序记不清了...大家对付着看加试是大王花和ragtime music？+鸟类迁徙找不到足够资料正文部分...1.学生去library借书可是没有卡（题：问她咋了，卡是掉了呢还是放哪了...楼主听到的是放在她university了）然后她没卡的原因是因为整理了书包，因为想要更organized，后面说真真是个好主意啊！（题：为什么妹子要这么说）接着就是解决问题的环节了...妹子问她能不能补办个卡，管理员说要一周哦～然后妹子得赶paper，需要add info，很急（有题，为什么要借书），接着管理想到了个好办法...她可以办个replacement card，立办立取（题：replacement和补办卡有什么区别）然后需要能证明身份的证件+mail地址，这里好像扯到了父母家、杂志接收的问题（题：女孩一会最可能去干嘛...我选了回车上那杂志，我猜是不是要看地址还是怎样？）接着事情就圆润的解决了2.biofilm的介绍...这个真是跪了..连主要讲的是什么我都犹豫了超级久...主要就是说细菌怎么attached to surface形成community，然后其过程啊之类的(细节无能...请原谅）最后提到了biofilm对pollution治理效果极佳（题：为什么prof要强调biofilm的research）有排序题，biofilm的形成3.prof曾经是个actor，他的agent说他you are not acting, u just being u。
他几年之后回想这话惊觉这是对他最高的评价（题：对agent的态度！真是尼玛啊！开小差没捕捉到...排除法分析觉得应该是insulted到flattered...因为实在不觉得有respect呀！）然后就说，其实演员的最高境界就是natural，让观众忘了你在演戏这事，接着又说道了stage和film里的区别（有题）4.学生暑期实习，需要prof给推荐信，然后prof惊讶为什么他现在才开始（prof 说了个”...the end of may"问为什么，我觉得应该是他应该在之前就开始）然后学生说这是同学介绍在家公司做，可以把他在CS课上学的应用进去很有帮助（有题）然后prof说好大概下周给他，学生又说需要周五之前，然后prof还是勉强答应了，但是告诉他下次记得早点要给她足够的时间（有题，问下次学生做这事的时候应该怎么做）5.social evaluation 有学生问这是born还是learned，prof就开始说两个research，对6个月的婴儿做的（题：男生说他虽然不怀疑可能性，但是六个月的婴儿...他是怎么想的？楼主答：好奇scientist怎么做的实验）首先是给他们circular，rectangular，triangle三个block，第一组的放了模拟人眼的东西，观察小孩对helper和hinder的选择，然后体现出小孩有SE第二组实验去掉了模拟人眼的部分，让他们觉得这些not alive，然后小孩就比较漠不关心了，进一步证明他们是真的有SE而不是因为喜欢让东西往上走或是某个形状（有题）然后prof说这个实验证明出婴儿有SE的结果并不是最重要的，重点是婴儿对自己没involved的事业能表现出趋利避害的态度（好像是这个意思，有题）6.征服月球的可行性，然后说到要能获取物资，如氧气。