教学课件 国际贸易实务(第三版)黎孝先
完整版国际贸易实务教程.课件
（五）国际贸易线长面广，中间环节多
在国际贸易中，交易双方相距遥远，在开展 交易过程中，包括许多中间环节，涉及面很 广，除了双方当事人外，还涉及各种中间商、 代理商以及为国际贸易服务的商检、仓储、 运输、保险、金融、车站、港口、海关等部 门，若一个部门、一个环节出了问题，就会 影响整笔交易的正常进行。
（五）合法原则
只有依法订立的合同，才对双方当事人具 有法律约束力。当事人订立、履行合同是一 种法律行为，有效的合同是一项法律文件。 因此，当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法 律，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序， 损害社会公共利益。否则，合同就失去法律 效力，就得不到法律的保护。
在当前国际贸易中影响很大和广泛使用的国际 贸易惯例有国际商会制定的《2000年国际贸易 术语解释通则》和《跟单信用证统一惯例》 （1993年修订本，即第500号出版物）。
当买卖合同中作了与国际贸易惯例相抵触的 规定，本着法律优先于惯例的原则，在履行 合同和处理争议时，应以买卖合同的规定为 准。（国际贸易惯例本身虽不是法律，它对 合同当事人不具有强制性，）
（四）诚实信用原则
当事人在订立、履行合同和行使权利、履行 义务时，应当遵循诚实信用的原则。此项原 则将道德规范与法律规范融合为一体，并兼 有法律调节与道德调节双重功能。
在这里，需要强调指出，诚实信用原则是一 项强制性规范，不允许当事人约定排除其适 用，任何违反诚实信用原则的行为，都是法 律不允许的。
（三）合同的商订和履行
买卖双方通过函电洽商或当面谈判就各项交易条件 取得一致协议后，交易即告达成，一般地说，合同 即告成立。
订立合同的过程，可能包括邀请发盘、发盘、还盘 和接受各环节。其中发盘和接受是合同成立不可缺 少的基本环节和必经的法律步骤。合同订立后，买 卖双方就应重合同、守信用，各自享受合同规定的 权利和承担约定的义务。
国际贸易实务课件(黎孝先)
海关及通关实务
税额=数量×完税价格×关税税率 （7）填发统一制式的关税税款缴纳凭证，到指定银行按 时足额缴纳。 三、关税的征收依据 海关税则又称关税税则。 1、含义 是一国对进出口商品计征关税的规章及对进出口应税和免 税商品加以系统分类一览表的汇总，它是一国关税制度 的重要内容，是国家关税政策、经济政策和其它政策的 具体体现，并通过一定的立法程序制订和公布实施。
海关及通关实务
八、海关代征国内税 （一）海关代征进口货物消费税、增值税 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》和《中华人民共 和国消费税暂行条例》的规定，所有申报进口的货物均应 缴纳增值税、消费税，进口货物的收货人或其代理人或负 责向海关办理报关手续的单位和个人为纳税义务人。 1、消费税应纳税额的计算 （1）实行从价定率办法的应税消费品的应纳税额计算 应纳消费税额=消费税的组成计税价格×消费税税率 其中：消费税的组成计税价格=（关税完税价格+关税）÷ （1－消费税税率） （2）实行从量定额办法的应税消费品的应纳税额计算
海关及通关实务
六、关税的追征、补征和退还制度及呆账的处理
1、关税的追征和补征 核定关税额少于应征关税额的构成短征，海关有权追或补缴。 造成短征原因在纳税义务人的为追征，时效为三年；造成短征 原因不在纳税义务人的为补征，时效为一年。 2、关税退还制度 即纳税义务人缴纳关税后，因法律规定的某种原因，海关将原 缴纳关税税款的全部或部分返还给原纳税义务人的海关管理制 度。分两种情形： （1）复出口退税 （2）溢征退税 3、呆账的处理 核销
海关及通关实务
五、关税征收管理
1、关税缴纳制度 2、关税缴款期限、缓纳和强制执行制度 （1）关税缴款期限 自海关填发关税缴款书的次日起七日内，遇第七天为法定节假 日顺延至下一个工作日。 （2）关税缓纳 需申请和审批，且自第二月起要按7‰按月交纳利息。 （3）关税强制执行制度 超过规定期限即为滞纳，海关可按日征收0．1%的滞纳金， 超过3个月拒不缴纳时可强制执行，方式有两种：一是自行或 向法院申请从纳税义务人银行存款中强行划拨；二是拍卖形 式变卖货物。
课件
$1280/MT CFR TOKYO $1300/MT CIF TOKYO
二、国际贸易术语的作用
表示进出口商品价格的构成。 风险、责任和费用的划分标准。 促进了国际贸易的发展。 简化交易手续，缩短谈判时间，节约费用开支。 有利于妥善解决贸易争端。
三、国际贸易术语的产生与发展
18世纪末、19世纪初的海上贸易 19世纪中叶CIF为代表的单据买卖方式 1936年国际商会制订最早的《国际贸易术语解释通则》 1953年增加适用航空运输的贸易术语 1980年增加国际多式联运和电子单证 1990年规范13种术语，2000修订至今
（三）国际货物买卖合同的商订与履行
1、交易前的准备
2、交易的磋商 3、国际货物买卖合同的订立 4、出口合同的履行
5、进口合同的履行
（四）国际贸易方式
1、经销与代理
2、寄售与展卖 3、招标投标与拍卖 4、期货交易与套期保值 5、对销贸易
6、加工贸易
7、国际电子商务
六、学习本课程的注意事项
把握国际贸易特点，有针对性地学习 从法律角度来研究国际贸易实务 本着同国际接轨角度的要求
E组
EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT CIP DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP
国际贸易 职业岗位 外贸业务 员 外销员 跟单员 单证员 货代员 报关员 报检员
• • • •
1.国贸特点 2.必备能力 3.职业岗位 4.职业规划
贸易公 司
• 三、相关网站（Related Websites ）
• • • • • • • • • • 1. / 中华人民共和国商务部 2. / 国际贸易网 3. / 全国外贸跟单员考试中心 4. /全国国际商务单证员考试中心 5. / 中国报关员考试网 6. / 中国报检员考试网 7. / 阿里巴巴 8. / 外贸网址之家 9. / 外贸精英网 10./lqq1128/blog/item/5de530825a0 041b56c8119fb.html 外贸英语学习网站 • 11. / B2B网站大全 • 12. / 全球贸易网
国际货物运输保险-黎孝先 国际贸易实务
（二）救助费用
被保险货物在遭受了承保责任范围内的灾害事故时， 被保险货物在遭受了承保责任范围内的灾害事故时，由保险人和 被保险人以外的第三者采取了有效的救助措施，在救助成功后， 被保险人以外的第三者采取了有效的救助措施，在救助成功后， 由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬。 由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬。
（三）其他费用
船舶中途遭遇海上风险，为了防止或减轻货物的损失， 船舶中途遭遇海上风险，为了防止或减轻货物的损失，在中途港 货避难港，由于卸货、存仓和运送货物所产生的费用， 货避难港，由于卸货、存仓和运送货物所产生的费用，以及保险 索赔成立时，对保险货物进行检验、查勘、公证、 索赔成立时，对保险货物进行检验、查勘、公证、清算和拍卖受 损货物等所支付的额外费用， 损货物等所支付的额外费用，保险人均负责赔偿
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第六章 国际货物运输保险
第一节 第二节 第三节 第四节 第五节 第六节 国际货物运输保险的性质与作用 海洋运输货物的承包范围 我国海洋运输货物保险条款 海伦敦保险协会海洋运输货物保险条款 陆运、 陆运、空运货物与邮包运输保险 买卖合同中的保险条款
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第一节 国际货物运输保险的性质与作用
国际货物运输保险是随着贸易， 国际货物运输保险是随着贸易，特别是国际贸 易的发展而发展起来的，它属财产保险的范畴， 易的发展而发展起来的，它属财产保险的范畴， 其性质为商业保险。 其性质为商业保险。 国际货物运输保险是应对自然灾害和意外事故 而采取的一种经济措施。 而采取的一种经济措施。
烟草： 烟草：部分损失 茶叶： 茶叶：实际全损 精密仪器： 精密仪器：推定全损 亚麻： 亚麻：共同海损 纺织品： 纺织品：共同海损
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三、保障的费用
（一）施救费用
被保险的货物在遭受承保责任范围内的灾害事故时， 被保险的货物在遭受承保责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人或 其代理人与受让人，为了避免或减少损失， 其代理人与受让人，为了避免或减少损失，采取了各种抢救或防 护措施而所支付的合理费用。 护措施而所支付的合理费用。
国际货物运输保险黎孝先国际贸易实务
第六章 国际货物运输保险
第一节 国际货物运输保险的性质与作用 第二节 海洋运输货物的承包范围 第三节 我国海洋运输货物保险条款 第四节 海伦敦保险协会海洋运输货物保险条款 第五节 陆运、空运货物与邮包运输保险 第六节 买卖合同中的保险条款
国际货物运输保险黎孝先国际贸易实 务
国际货物运输保险-黎孝 先国际贸易实务
2020/11/10
国际货物运输保险黎孝先国际贸易实 务
导读案例
• 我某公司按CIF条件向中东某国出口一
批货物，投保了水渍险附加偷窃提货不 着险。但在海运途中，因海湾战争，船 被扣押。尔后进口商因提货不着便向我 保险公司索赔。我保险公司认为不属于 保险责任范围，不予赔偿。
三、保障的费用
（一）施救费用
• 被保险的货物在遭受承保责任范围内的灾害事故时，被保险人或
其代理人与受让人，为了避免或减少损失，采取了各种抢救或防 护措施而所支付的合理费用。
（二）救助费用
• 被保险货物在遭受了承保责任范围内的灾害事故时，由保险人和
被保险人以外的第三者采取了有效的救助措施，在救助成功后， 由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬。
运输延迟引起的损失 n 属于海洋运输货物战争险和罢工险规定的保险自然范
围和除外责任
国际货物运输保险黎孝先国际贸易实 务
•案例思考
•某外贸公司按CIF术语出口一批货 物，装运前已向保险公司按发票总 值 110％投保平安险， 6月初货物 装受顺利开航。载货船舶于6月13 日在海上遇到暴风雨，致使一部分 货物受到水渍，损失价值2100美元。 数日后，该轮又突然触礁，致使该 批货物又遭到部分损失，价值为 8000美元。问：保险公司对该批货 物的损失是否赔偿？为什么？
国际贸易实务黎孝先共160页
第一篇：国际贸易术语
第一章 贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 第二章 适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语 第三章 适用于水上运输方式的贸易术语
第一章 贸易术语与国际贸易惯例
第一节 贸易术语的概念及其发展
一、洽商时必然考虑的五点： 1、货交地点、货交方式 2、风险转移问题 3、运输方式 4、通关手续问题、运输合同和保险合同、相关费用 5、买卖双方需交接的相关单据
第三章适用于水上运输方式的贸易术语
FAS free alongside ship (insert named port of shipment)
船边交货
插入指定装运港
关于双方义务的规定： 风险转移问题（以货交地点为界） 通关手续问题（卖方负责出口，买方负责进口） 运输合同和保险合同（买方负责） 主要费用的划分（以货交地点为界） 适用的运输方式 （海运和内河航运）
FOB free on board (insert named port of shipment )
船上交货
插入装运港
关于双方义务的规定： 风险转移问题（以货交地点为界） 通关手续问题（卖方负责出口，买方负责进口） 运输合同和保险合同（买方负责） 主要费用的划分（以货交地点为界） 适用的运输方式 （海运和内河航运）
DDP delivered duty paid (insert named place of destination)
完税后交货
插入目的地
关于双方义务的规定： 风险转移问题（以货交地点为界） 通关手续问题（卖方全权负责） 运输合同和保险合同（卖方负责运输合同，买方负责保险 合同） 主要费用的划分（以货交地点为界） 适用的运输方式 （各种运输方式）
FCA free carrier (insert named place of delivery) 货交承运人 插入交货地点
黎孝先国际贸易实务
黎孝先国际贸易实务THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEProgrammer: Zhou MingzhiMajors applicable: International Economics and International Trade Hours planned: 48Reference books: Wang Haiyan, Liu Yingchun, The Practice of International Trade DalianMaritime University Press, first publication 2004.黎孝先《国际贸易实务》，对外贸易教育出版社，2000年。
吴百福《进出口贸易实务教程》，上海人民出版社，2001年第三版。
Preface:1( Main tasks of this courseThe main tasks of this course are studying and analyzing from both the economic and legal points of view the various practice of international commodities exchange, summerizing China’spractical experience of doing international trade, so that students are able to, after learning this course, do import and export business flexibly in the ways acceptable internationally while carrying out our foreign trade policy properly and create the best economic efficiency. 2( General goals to be achievedSpecifically, the following contents are to be mastered when studying this course: the basic procedures and methods of international trade, the contents of an import and an export contract, including thename and specification of commodity, the price and trade terms, transportation, insurance, payment terms, claim and arbitration, and force majeure clause, and ways of negotiating (offer, counter-offer and acceptance) and execution of an international contract. Building up the students’ actual operational ability of doing business and making out documents for settling payment is the basic requirement and the general goal of this course. 3( Principle of editingThis outline is based on the 2005 teaching program for the international economic and trade majors of ZZIA.4( Suggestions, This course should be preceded by western economics, international laws, internationalfinance and merchandizing, Case-analyzing teaching method and operation-mock aided teaching system should to beused in teaching process., More teaching ours should be added for this course when using the above teachingmethod5( Teaching ours’ arrangem entChapters Contents Total Remarkshours Class PracticeteachingChapter 1 Preface 2 2Chapter 2 Commodity and description 6 6Chapter 3 Trade terms and price 6 4 2Chapter 4 Transportation of goods 6 4 2Chapter 5 Insurance of goods in transit 4 4Chapter 6 Payment 6 4 2Chapter 7 Inspection, claims, arbitration 4 4and force majeureChapter 8 Business Negotiation and 6 4 2conclusion of a contractChapter 9 Performance of a contract 4 4Chapter 10 Modes of int’l trade, new int’l 2 2standards & E-commerce6( Main content of each chapterChapter 1 preface (2 hours)Aim of teaching:To provide the students with a general profile of this course by briefly introducing the development of international trade, the main contents and methods of teaching, the significances and ways of international trade, so as to arouse their interest in learning this course and lay a solid foundation for further teaching and studying.Content of this chapter:This course, the practice of international trade, is an applied course, which involves incontacts with foreign countries, thus foreign trade policies and international trade laws and practices as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods andChina’s Contract Law. So, it is much more complicated, risky, time consuming and difficult than doing domestic trade. Therefore, we should keep a keen eye on the development of both international and our country’s policies and China’s foreign trade practice. Difficult and importantpoints: the characteristics of international trade.Chapter 2 Commodity and Description (6 hours)Aim of teachingStudy the ways of describing commodities in contracts and relevant laws on description. Content of this chapter:Section 1 Name of commodity and quality, The name of the commodity in a contract must be clearly defined,in detailsand with specifications if needed, and should be in conformity with international practice., The quality of goods refers to the inner quality, constructions, chemicalcontents and its outer features as color, shape and so on. Different quality andname of commodity has different value and price. The description of goodsand their quality in the contract are the basic conditions on delivery., The subsequent consequences of violation of the contract clauses of name andquality in performing contract., Ways of specifying the quality in contract(1) Sales by sample: by the sellers’, the buyers’ or counter-sample(2) Sales by description: by specifications, standard, brand, grade, origindescription in words or diagram etc.Section 2 Quantity of commodity, The clause concerning the quantity of goods is one of the most important ones in the sales contract and serves as the bases of delivering and accepting., Legal consequences of violating the quantity clause of thecontract by the sellers., Measuring units commonly used in contracts of internationalsales: the British system, American system, metric system and the international system., Ways of measuring goods by weight: gross weight, net weight,conditioned weight and theoretical weight., Quantity tolerance: approximate, more or less in quantity and price.Section 3 Packing1. Packing has the following functions: protecting cargo,facilitating handling and transportation and promoting sales. Packing can be divided into transportation packing and sales packing according to the purpose of packing. On the surface of packing, there are usually marks which are classified into shipping marks, indicative marks and warning marks. The standard shipping marks recommended by the ISO.2. Main content of the packing clause in a sales contract: packing materials, methods of packing and packing fees. The cost pf packing is usually included in the price of the goods quoted, but, if the buyer has special requirements in excess of the usual packing, the extra fees are usually born by the buyer and the contract should be so stipulated.Important and difficult points:Quality tolerance and quality latitude: conditioned weight, approximate weight and quantity latitude, shipping marks and neutral packing.Chapter 3 Trade Terms and Pricing (6hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Trade terms are important points in this course. Students are required to master at least the most frequently used three terms: FOB, CFR and CIF in international trade and other three newer terms: FCA, CPT and CIP which are becoming more and more popular in world trade. Students should be able to use these terms freely and make offers correctly in accordance with the international trade practices.Main content of this chapterSection 1 definition of trade terms and the relevant international practices1. trade terms are used to divide the risk liabilities between the buyer and the seller,determine the bearers of fees and the time and place of transferenceof the title tothe goods.2. the most influential international trade practices on trade terms.(1) Warsaw- Oxford Rules 1932. It was worked out and revised by the InternationalLaw Association to explain CIF term with details on the essence ofthe CIFcontract; risks, liabilities and fees born by both parties, and waysof transferenceof title to the goods.(2) the Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941. It includes six trade termsand defined FOB in detail with six different definitions. It has a certain influencein North America and Latin America.(3) International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000-InternationalCommercial Terms for Short (Incoterms2000). This is the most frequently usedand most popular international practice in the world today. It is the latest revisionby the International Chamber of Commerce. It includes 13 trade terms that areusually divided into four groups namely the E, F, C, D group which stand forDeparture, Main carriage unpaid, Main carriage paid and Arrival respectively. Section 2 Main trade termsThis section mainly introduces six main terms: FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT and CIP of the Incoterms 2000. Under the first three terms the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment while under the last three ones the seller delivers the goods when they are handed over to the carrier nominated by him. The important points are the first three terms which are usually called “the old three terms”,but the last three ones are becoming increasingly important with the development of containerization and combined modes of transportation in international trade. 1. the three most popular terms: FOB, CFR and CIF We should pay attention to their definitions, variation forms and their difference with the explanations of FOB term in the Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941.When using FOB term special attentions should be paid to thedefinition of “pass theship’s rail”, the connection of goods with the carrying vessel and the problem of bearing the fees of loading when chartering a ship.Under CFR, as the seller delivers the goods at named the port of shipment, the problem as to who bears the unloading charges should be made clear under a chartering party, and it is of vital importance for the seller to notice the buyer the exact time of shipment when completed so that the buyer won’t lost time to effect insurance for the goods delivered.With CIF, the coverage of insurance, booking shipping space, bearing of unloading fees under voyage charter party and symbolic delivery are important issues that must be clarified to both parties.2. three commonly used trade terms under which the seller deliversto the carriernominated by him.Definitions of FCA, CPT and CIPPoints to note using FCA, CPT and CIP:Different places of delivery under different modes of transportation, transfer of risks, fees and responsibilities relating to delivery under FCA;Places of transferring risks from the seller to the buyer,clarification of fees and responsibilities, difference between CPT and CFR under CPT; andCorrect understanding of risks and insurance, reasonable pricing and the difference between CIP and CIF.Section 2 Other seven trade termsThey are EXW, FAS, DAF, DES, DEQ, DEU and DDP, out of which 5 belong to arrival terms, i.e. delivered at a place in the importing country, such as the frontier, port or an inland place of the buyer’s cou ntry. They are less popular than the previous sixones although they can meet some of the needs of the dealers, and therefore not the important points of this unit.Section 3 The price clause in a sales contractImportant points: principles of pricing i n our country’s foreign trade, currencyselection, value protection, ways of pricing, fixed price and non-fixed price, adjustment of price and trade terms selection.Section 4 Formation and evaluation of cost, commission and discount of import and exportFormulas used in evaluation of the cost of a product ( profit rate, foreign exchange earning cost rate); commission and rebate, commission included price and net price. Key and difficult points:The six most commonly used trade terms—FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT and CIP; pricechanges with the use of different trade terms; evaluation of cost of import and export.Chapter 4 International cargo transportation (6hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Transportation is one of the most key procedures in international trade. Students are require to learn in this chapter knowledge about different modes of transportation, calculation of freight, shipping documents and procedures in effecting international trade.Main content:Section 1. Modes of transportation and their featuresMarine transport, railway transport, transport by air, by container and multimode transport.Section 2 Marine transportLiner transport, charter transport; ways and standard of calculating liner freight. Section 3 Shipping documentsDifferent shipping documents and their characteristics underdifferent modes of transport; the essence, classification and characteristics of ocean bill of lading. Key points: on board B/L, clean B/L, direct B/L, to order B/L, ante-dated B/L and advanced B/L Section 4 The transportation clause in a foreign trade contract.Shipping and delivery, symbolic delivery, port/place of loading and port/place of discharge(or port/place of shipment and port/place of destination); shipping validity and shipping advice; demurrage and discharge money.Key and important points:Liner transport and charter transport, liner’s freight, demurrage and discharge money,ocean B/L, actual and symbolic delivery.Chapter 5 International Cargo Transportation Insurance( 4hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Insurance is one the indispensable key links in international trade. Contents to be mastered in this chapter are: the character of insurance, different liabilities of different coverage of risks, procedures of taking insurance and premium calculation. Main content:Risks covered by marine transportation insurance; loses and fees; insurance categories undertaken by PICC; premium calculation, warehouse to warehouse clause. Section 2 Insurance of other modes oftransportationOverland transportation, aviation transportation insurance post parcel insurance Section 3 Insurance documents and practices Insurance policy and insurance certificate, open policy andinsurance clause in a contract.Key and difficult points:Risks and loses, CIC and ICC insurance clauses, warehouse to warehouse clause and insurance documents.Chapter 6 International Payment (8hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Payment of proceeds is another key part of this chapter. So, after learning this chapter, students are required to have a thorough knowledge of the different terms of payment, including theircharacteristics and usual practices as well as the stipulations of a payment clause in a contract.Main content:Payment is one the most important concerns of both parties to a contract. Contents in this part include payment documents, types of payment and time of payment. Section 1 Payment tools (documents) International payment and settlement are usually conducted through transference of commercial and/or financial documents (rather than by the flow of cash) and among those financial documents draft is the most popular one.Definition of draft, indispensable parts of a draft, circulation of a draft, transfer, discount, dishonor and recourse of a draft, document law and international trade practices are important parts of this chapter.A brief introduction of promissory note and checksSection 2 Remittance and collectionRemittance, collection and L/C are the three main payment methods commonly use d in our country’s foreign trade apart from a minor part by inter-government accounts on the bases of payment settlement agreements between our country and a few other countries.Remittance is a one- way method, which means that the draft flowsthe same direction as the money. In this way, the buyer take the initiative to remit the money directly to the seller. Remittance belongs to commercial credit. It includes mail transfer(M/T),telegraphic transfer(T/T) and demand d raft(D/D). In international trade, it is usually used to remit advance payment, down payment, sample fees and commission, etc. Collection is a return method which means that the creditor (usually the seller) issues a draft and entrusts a local bank to send it to a relative bank or its bran ch in the debtor’s country to collect the money from the debtor (usually the buyer). It also belongs to commercial credit.Collection should be conducted in compliance with the Uniform Rules for Collection, ICC Publication No.522 (URC 522).Documentary collection is more popular than clean collection in international trade and documents against acceptance (D/A) is riskier than documents against payment (D/P) to the seller.Section 3 Letter of CreditLetter of credit (L/C) payment is also a return method. In L/C payment the issuing bank takes the primary liabilities for payment and thus L/C payment belongs to bank credit. There might be eight parties to an L/C.The basic procedure of L/C paymentThe characteristics of L/C payment: the issuing bank has the primary and independent liabilities for payment; an L/C is a self-sufficient instrument although it is issued on the bases of a sales contract; anL/C is simply a document transaction; documents must be strictly incompliance with the relevant L/C with each other.Ls/C can be classified into many different types based on their characteristics, forms, time of payment and usages.Main contents of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 1993 Revision (ICC Publication No.500)Content of L/C payment clause: time of issuing, type of L/C, date of payment, amount of L/C, expiry place etc.Section 4 Banker’s Letter of Guarantee (L/G) and Standby L/CDefinition of banker’s L/G, parties to an L/G, main content of it, its utilization and characteristics;Characteristics of standby L/C;The differences between banker’s L/G and standby L/C;The differences between standby L/C and documentary L/C;Section 5 other payment methods and utilization of payment methodsin a contract Other payment methods include factoring and deferred paymentIn order to facilitate a successful conclusion of a transaction, flexible utilization of payment terms and a combination of two or more payment methods can be used, such as a combination of L/C with remittance, L/C wi th collection and remittance with banker’s L/G etc.Section 6 International factoringDefinition of factoring; content of international factoring; types of international factoring; procedures of international factoring; export factoring agreement. Key or difficult points:Payment instruments and methods, financial documents and utilizationof financial documents, L/C and banker’s L/G. International factoring Chapter 7 Inspection , claims, arbitration and Force Majeure (4hrs) Aim of teaching and requirements:To introduce to the students the provisions and some knowledge on inspection, claims arbitration and Force Majeure which are usually included in the sales contract as clauses.Main content:Section 1 Inspection of commoditiesIn international trade, inspection refers to inspection or authentication conducted by a third qualified party as arranged on the goods sold or to be sold so as to determine their quality, quantity and packing as to whether they are up to the standard or provisions in the sales contract. Documents issued by the inspection party can be used as evidences of delivery, payment or claims and settlement of claims.Contents of an inspection clause in the international sales contract: Provisions on the title of inspection, time and place of inspection and reinspection, inspection institutions, inspection certificates, inspection standard and method. In an international sales contract, the inspection clause usually stipulates that inspection be conducted in the seller’s country and reinspection in the buyer’s country.A brief introduction of the Inspection Law of the People’s Republicof China on theImport and Export Commodities.Section 2 Claims and settlement of claimsClaim refers to the act of the affected party asks the liability party for compensation for the loses he sustained while settlement of claims refers to the act of accepting the claims.There are two kinds of claims in international sales contract: oneis discrepancy and claim clause, mainly including evidences and validity of claim, and the other is penalty clause which stipulates if one party fails to fulfill its obligation, he must pay an appointed amount of penalty to the other party. Penalty clause primarily applies to cases as the seller’s delay in delivery, the buyer’s delay in opening the L/C and inpayment.Section 3 ArbitrationThere are generally four ways in settling international disputes: friendly negotiation, mediation, arbitration and lawsuit.International arbitration is conducted on the bases of an agreement between both parties in which stipulates that they are willing to submit to the arbitration institution in case of a dispute arises and cannot be settled through friendly negotiation, and that the arbitration award is final and binding upon both parties.Arbitration agreement is the basis on which the arbitrationinstitution accepts the case. It can be made in advance in the form of an arbitration clause in the contract or after a dispute has occurred. Main contents of an arbitration clause includes: place of arbitration,selection of arbitrators and arbitration institution, arbitration procedures,authentication of arbitration and bearing of arbitration fees.Execution of an arbitration award; the UN Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.Section 4 Force Majeure clause in the contractForce Majeure refers to those accidents or natural calamities happened after the conclusion of the contract that not for the reason of the negligence or mistakes of the party but because of those natural or social forces that cannot be controlled, anticipated, or overcome by the party, and on account of which the contract cannot be executed further or completely. In this case, the affected party is exempted from bearing liabilities of executing the contract.Content of Force Majeure clause in the contract:The range of Force Majeure, the consequence of it, period and method of notification of such a case to the other party, evidential documents required and institutions issuing such documents.Key or difficult points:The authentication of inspection, claims and settlement of claims, Force Majeure clause.Chapter 8 Business Negotiation and Conclusion ofinternational sales contract (8hrs)Aim of teaching and requirements:Students are required to learn the techniques and skills of business negotiation and all the legal procedures and practices in concluding an international sales contract. Main contents:Business negotiation involves profound knowledge in politics, strategies and technology andthus should get well prepared before starting one. Preparation may include selection of negotiationgroup members, clients, market, making out operation and negotiation plans.Section 1 business negotiationBusiness negotiation can be carries out through face to face talk or exchange of correspondence like letters, faxes, phone calls and e-mails or through a combination of both. Contents of business negotiation include all the business terms and conditions in regard to the sales contract (quality, quantity, packing, price, shipment, insurance, payment, inspection, claims, arbitration and Force Majeure). The negotiation procedures generally consists of enquiry, offer, counter-offer and acceptance, in which offer and acceptance are indispensable.1. offer:Conditions for an offer, the implications of offer, its legal effect and ways of expressing, validity of offer, withdrawal or cancellation of offer; implication of counter-offer, its legal effect and ways of making counter-offers.2. acceptance:Definition of acceptance, conditions for acceptance, conditioned acceptance andacceptance with non-critical variation of conditions, going into effect of acceptance and withdrawal of acceptance.Section 2 Award of contractContent s of a written form of contract and contract’s roleKey or difficult points:Offer and acceptance.Chapter 9 Execution of import and export contract (4hrs)Aim of teaching and requirements:Students are required to learn skills and knowledge about the contents of procedures and methods in execution of import and export contract.Main contents:Section 1 Execution of export contractIn doing international trade, it is preferable for the seller to conclude the contract under CIF or CFR terms and payment by L/C. Executing an export contract can be divided into the following four steps: getting the goods ready (including having the goods inspected ), opening the L/C (including urging the buyer to open the L/C, checking the L/C and amendment of it), arranging shipment and settlement of payment(including making out documents and presenting to the bank for negotiation).Section 2 Executing an import contractIf the import contract is concluded under FOB term and payment byL/C, which is usually followed in our import trade, the procedures of executing it should include the following steps: opening L/C, arranging shipment, i.e. to book shipping space or send a ship or ships to pick the goods, covering insurance, clearing customs and taking delivery of goods, having the goods inspected and transferred to the end users, lodge a claim or submit for arbitration if any disputes arise and cannot be settled through friendly negotiation.Key or difficult points:Knowledge and skills on the execution of import and export contract.Chapter 10 Modes of international tradeAim of teaching and requirements:This chapter offers other modes of international trade apart fromthe most popular and traditional buying and selling method, so that learners of international trade will have a broader mind in developing trade in the future.Main content:Section 1 Exclusive salesDefinition of exclusive sales, relationship between the two parties to the contract of exclusive sales, the nature of such a contract, main contents of exclusive agreement and pros and cons of this method.Section 2 AgencyDefinition of agency, relationship between the agent and the principal, types of agency,exclusive agency, general agency and commission agency, maincontents of agency agreement.Section 3 Open Account sales (O/A)Definition and characteristics of O/A, difference between O/A and agency, main contents of an O/A agreement.Section 4 Tender and biddingDefinitions of tender and bidding, general procedures of tender and bidding, main contents of tender and bidding documents.Section 5 AuctionDefinition and characteristics of auction, general procedures of auction, way of bidding.Section 6 HedgingCharacteristics and nature of hedging in international trade, types of hedging, hedging and price transfer risks.Section 7 Barter tradeDefinition of barter trade and its development, modes of barter trade: exchange of goods, counter purchasing, compensation trade.Section 8 Processing supplied material and assembling supplied parts and components.Processing supplied or imported material and assembling supplied or imported parts and components and then export the finished products is a kind of labour trade through which the processing and assembling party receives the processing and assembling fees only. The pros and cons of this kind of trade.Section 9 Introduction to ISO9000, ISO14000, SA8000 and E-commerce Key and difficult points:The difference between traditional way of trading and those flexible ways of trading.。
国际贸易实务-第2章 国际贸易惯例
通常是指国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一 般习惯做法制定成文的规则
且这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上 普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
<一>国际贸易适用的法律和惯例
国际贸易惯例
通常是指国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一 般习惯做法制定成文的规则
若买卖双方没有在进出口合同中约定解决合同争议所适用的 法律，则由受理合同争议的法院或仲裁机构，依据与合同有最 密切联系的国家的法律来处理合同项下的争议。考虑到本案合 同的签约地、标的物和仲裁地都在都在中国，根据最密切联系 的原则，可以裁定本案应按中国国内有关法律来裁决。
<一>国际贸易适用的法律和惯例
但是，在本案中，由于双方营业地都在中国香港，所以不 满足“营业地分处于不同缔约国”这个条件，由此看出，本案 不适用《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》。
案例分析
2、我国《合同法》第26条规定：“涉外合同当事人可以选择处 理合同争议所适用的法律，但法律另有规定的除外。涉外合同 当事人没有选择的，适用于合同有密切联系的国家的法律”。
➢ 国际货物买卖《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》 （我国核准时，对其适用范围提出了保留）
应仅限于营业地分处于不同缔约国的当事人之间所订立 的货物买卖合同，才适用此公约。
<一>国际贸易适用的法律和惯例
如果A国/B国的国内法与A国B国之间所签署的双 边协定产生了矛盾，应该优先遵循？
案例分析
2017年1月2日，营业地均在香港的交易双方在中国 内地签订买卖2万公吨锰矿的合同，合同在签署时没有约 定处理合同争议的准据法，后在履约中发生争议。卖方提 请中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。申请人认为，本案 不适用《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，而被申请人则 主张本案应该优先使用该《公约》，你认为，本案应该适 用什么法律？并说明理由。
国际贸易实务(黎孝先) 第四章 国际货物运输
国际贸易实务(黎孝先) 第四章国际货物运输第四章国际货物运输国际贸易实务第四章国际货物运输河北理工大学经济管理学院国际经贸系徐静珍概述教学目的：通过本章学习，让学生了解国际海洋货物运输方面的基本知识，掌握国际海洋货物运输中两种运输方式的基本特点；国际海洋货物运输条款的写作方法、写作技巧；运输费用的计算；了解OCP条款的应用条件和其他运输方式相关内容。
教学重点与教学难点：国际海洋货物运输中两种运输方式的基本特点；国际海洋货物运输条款的写作方法、写作技巧；运输费用的计算。
教学方法：精讲教学法和案例教学法。
国际贸易实务第四章国际货物运输第一节运输方式主要的运输方式有：海洋运输、铁路运输、航空运输、邮政运输、联合运输等据美国运输杂志统计:各种运输方式的货运量分别占：我国：海运货物运输量75-80% 85-90%相邻国路上运输量 20-22% 5-8%航空运输2-3% 2-3%其他（管道运输等）1-2% 1-2%第四章国际货物运输第一节运输方式一、海洋运输（一）? 海洋运输的基本知识1、海洋运输的特点运载量大通过能力强运费低货物的适应性强航行速度慢风险较大第四章国际货物运输第一节运输方式一、海洋运输2、海洋运输的船舶种类1）? 干货船Dry Cargo Ship（1）?????? 杂货船 General Cargo Ship （2）?????? 干散货船 Bulk Cargo Ship（3）?????? 冷藏船 Refrigerated Ship（4）?????? 木材船 Timber Ship（5）?????? 集装箱船 Container Ship----（<#004699'>6）?????? 滚装滚卸船 Roll on/Roll off Ship （7）?????? 载驳船 Barge Carrier“拉希”型：LASH：Lighter Aboard Ship“西比”型：SEABEE2）? 油槽船：（1）?油轮Oil Tanker（2）?液化天然气船 Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier?第四章国际货物运输第一节运输方式一、海洋运输船舶的吨位：1）船舶的重量吨位Weight Tonnage排水量吨位Displacement Tonnage（1）? 轻排水量Light Displacement（2）? 重排水量Full load Displacement（3）? 实际排水量Actual Displacement载重吨位 Dead Weight Tonnage D.W.T(1)总载重吨Gross Dead Weight Tonnage(2)净载重吨 Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage---D.W.C.T2)船舶的容积吨位Registered Tonnage注册总吨:Gross Registered Tonnage----G.R.T注册净吨Net Registered Tonnage-----Net registered Tonnage---N.R.T? 第四章国际货物运输第一节运输方式一、海洋运输船籍和船旗:Ship’s Nationality and FlagFlag of convenience(二)海洋运输船舶的经营方式1、班轮运输Liner Transport（1）班轮运输：班轮运输是指船舶在固定的航线上和港口间按事先公布的船期表（Sailing Schedule）航行，从事客货运输业务并按事先公布的费率收取运费。
国际贸易实务黎孝先共161页
31、别人笑我太疯癫，我笑他人看不 穿。(名 言网) 32、我不想听失意者的哭泣，抱怨者 的牢骚 ，这是 羊群中 的瘟疫 ，我不 能被它 传染。 我要尽 量避免 绝望， 辛勤耕 耘，忍 受苦楚 。我一 试再试 ，争取 每天的 成功， 避免以 失败收 常在别 人停滞 不前时 ，我继 续拼搏 。
33、如果惧怕前面跌宕的山岩，生命 就永远 只能是 死水一 潭。 34、当你眼泪忍不住要流出来的时候 ，睁大 眼睛， 千பைடு நூலகம்别 眨眼!你会看到 世界由 清晰变 模糊的 全过程 ，心会 在你泪 水落下 的那一 刻变得 清澈明 晰。盐 。注定 要融化 的，也 许是用 眼泪的 方式。
35、不要以为自己成功一次就可以了 ，也不 要以为 过去的 光荣可 以被永 远肯定 。
6、最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎 7、自知之明是最难得的知识。——西班牙 8、勇气通往天堂，怯懦通往地狱。——塞内加 9、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。——赫尔普斯 10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。——笛卡儿
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二、缔约自由
缔约自由是指根据当事人意思自治的原则订立合同，这 是国际上一般通行的准则。《国际统一私法协会国际商 事合同通则》第1条第1款中明确规定：当事人有权自由 订立合同并确定合同的内容。我国《合同法》第4条规 定：“当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位 和个人不得非法干预。”在此需要说明的是，缔约自由， 并不意味着当事人可以随意订立合同，而是要依法订立 合同，即订立合同的程序和合同的内容都应遵守法律和 行政法规。具体地说，当事人在法定范围内，有权根据 自己的意愿决定是否签订合同、与谁签订合同、合同包 括哪些内容以及采取何种合同形式，任何单位和个人都 不得非法干涉。
第一节国际贸易的特点
一、国际货物贸易是一项具有涉外性质的商务活动由于国际货物 贸易具有这一特点，故在对外交往中，不仅要考虑经济利益，还 应配合外交活动，认真贯彻对外方针政策，切实按国际规范行事， 恪守“重合同、守信用”的原则，对外树立良好的形象。
二、国际货物贸易情况比较复杂在国际货物贸易中，交易双方处 在不同的国家和地区，各国的政治制度、法律体系不同，文化背 景互有差异，价值观念也往往有别，在洽商交易和履约过程中还 涉及各自不同的政策措施、法律规定、贸易惯例和习惯做法，情 况千差万别，错综复杂。
第二节国际贸易法律与惯例
在国际货物贸易中，买卖双方订立、履行合同和处理合同争议时， 都应遵循相关的法律与惯例。由于交易双方所处国家不同，其所 在国的法律体系和法律制度不同，它们对外缔结或参加的国际条 约与协定以及对国际贸易惯例的选择与运用情况，也都彼此有别， 因此，每笔交易、每个合同和处理每项争议所适用的法律与惯例， 互有差异。归纳起来，国际货物贸易所适用的法律与惯例，一般 有下列三种类型。 一、适用合同当事人所在国国内的有关法律进出口合同双方 当事人都要分别遵循各自所在国国内的有关法律。 二、适用有关的国际条约或公约在国际货物贸易中,各国政府 和一些国际组织为消除国际贸易障碍和解决国际贸易争议， 便相继缔结和订立了一些双边或多边的国际条约或公约，其 中有些已为大多数国家所接受，并且行之有效。 三、适用国际贸易惯例国际贸易惯例通常是指由国际组织或 商业团体根据国际贸易长期实践中逐渐形成的一般贸易习惯 做法而制定成文的国际贸易规则，它是国际贸易法律的重要 渊源之一。
三、国际货物贸易易受国际局势变化的影响国际货物贸易易受国 际政治、经济形势和各国政策及其他客观条件变化的影响，尤其 在当前国际局势动荡不定、国际金融市场变化莫测及市场价格瞬 息万变的情况下，国际货物贸易的不稳定性更加明显。
四、国际货物贸易的风险较大在国际货物贸易中，交易双方的成 交量通常都比较大，而且交易的商品往往需要通过长途运输。在 远距离的运输过程中，可能会遇到各种自然灾害、意外事件和各 种其他外来风险，加之国际市场情况复杂，千变万化，从而更加 大了国际货物贸易的风险程度。
第一，交易条件必须由交易双方当事人平等地协商确定，合 同内容确是双方真实意思的表现。
第二，合同一旦依法成立，交易双方当事人都必须严格履行 约定的义务，未经双方协商一致，任何一方不得擅自变更或 解除合同。
第三，任何一方当事人违约，都必须承担相应的违约责任， 并在追究违约责任时都适用同一法律，不得区别对待。
第一章 绪论
第一节 国际贸易的特点 第二节 国际贸易法律与惯例 第三节 国际贸易遵循的准则 第四节 国际货物贸易的基本做法 第五节 本课程的研究对象和基本内容 第六节 学习本课程的方法和注意事项
学习目标
国际贸易实务是一门主要研究国际货物买卖的 具体过程及相关活动内容与商务运作规范的学 科，也是一门具有涉外商务活动特点的实践性 很强的综合性应用学科，国际经贸类专业都把 本课程作为一门必修的专业基础课程。为了学 好这门课程，必须了解国际贸易的特点，掌握 国际贸易适用的有关法律与国际惯例，把握本 课程的性质、研究对象及其涵盖的内容，并采 取正确的学习方法，才能达到预期的效果。
21世纪高职高专规划教材·国际经济与贸 易系列
国际贸易实务（第二版）
全书目录
第一章 绪论 第二章 合同的主体与标的 第三章 国际贸易术语 第四章 国际货物运输与交接 第五章 国际货物运输保险 第六章 进出口商品的价格 第七章 国际货款的收付 第八章 进出口商品检验 第九章 争议的预防与处理 第十章 合同的洽商与订立 第十一章 合同的履行与违约救济 第十二章 国际贸易方式
第三节国际贸易遵循的准则
一、当事人法律地位平等 在订立进出口合同和履约过程中，交易双方当事人的法律地位平
等，不论其背景如何，也不论其势力强弱，都处于平等的法律地 位，都同样受到法律的约束和保护。我国《合同Байду номын сангаас》第3条明确 规定：“合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强 加给另一方。”这一规定的精神，主要体现在下列几点：
从事国际商务活动的要求高、难度大，加之国 际市场广阔、从业机构和人员情况复杂，故易 产生争议和欺诈活动，频繁发生纠纷案件，稍 有不慎，即可能受骗上当，甚至蒙受严重的经 济损失。这就要求国际经贸从业人员，不仅必 须掌握国际贸易的基本原理、基本知识和基本 技能与方法，而且还应具备开拓创新的能力、 驾驭市场的能力和善于应战与随机应变的能力。
五、国际货物贸易线长面广在国际货物贸易中，交易双方相距遥 远，交易过程中间环节多，涉及面很广，除了双方当事人外，还 涉及各种中间商、代理商以及为国际货物买卖服务的商检、仓储、 运输、保险、金融、车站、港口、海关等部门，若一个部门、一 个环节出了问题，就会影响整笔交易的正常进行。
六、国际货物贸易的市场竞争异常激烈在国际货物贸易中，一直 存在着争夺市场的激烈竞争，有时甚至达到白热化的程度。竞争 的形式虽表现为商品竞争、技术竞争和市场竞争，但归根结底， 竞争的实质还是人才竞争。因此，我们必须增强竞争意识，提高 外经贸人员的整体素质和竞争能力，才能在国际市场竞争中立于 不败之地。