2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc
2009考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1习惯是一件有趣的事。
我们是无意识地在进行我们的习惯，它们是我们的大脑进入自动航行模式，轻松的体会熟悉行为的无意识的舒适。
威廉姆·沃德华兹在19世纪说过：“我们毫无选择，但是习惯也主宰着无意识的兽群。
”在变化不断的21世纪，即使“习惯”这个词都有消极的含义。
所以当将谈论习惯有创造性和创新性的内涵时是恰恰是相反的。
但是大脑研究者已经发现当我们有意识的形成新的习惯的时候，我们创造了相似的突触路径甚至是全新的脑细胞，我们可以将我们的思考跳跃到完全新的不一样的路径。
但是不要麻烦去去除旧习惯；一旦这些程序的路径进入海马体，它们就会留在那里了。
我们刻意养成的习惯会形成类似的路径且能绕过旧路径。
“创新首先要对好奇着迷，”《开放性思维》的作者及专业思考合伙人的行政改革顾问当娜·马克沃说，“而我们却被教去‘决定’，我们的总统成他自己为‘决裁者’。
”然而她还说，“做决定是只留下一个可能而否定其他所有的。
一个好的创新性思维的人总是探索许多其他的可能性。
”她说，我们所有人有通过我们了解的方式解决问题。
19世纪70年代后期的研究者认为人类生来就有四种解决问题应对挑战的能力：分析，程序，关联和创新。
然而在青春期大脑会关闭一半的能力，只留下对我们前十来年左右用的思考模式。
现在的标准化考试的重点强调分析和程序，意味着我们几乎不会因其使用创新和关联的思考模式。
“这可能会打破美国信念体系中的主要规则——每个人能做所有事，”2006年的一本书《这些年，我将...》的作者M.J.Ryan以及马克沃小姐的工作伙伴解释说“这是一个们已经延续下去的谎言，这回培养平凡。
知道你自己的长处并且更多的去开发它将会创造卓越。
”这是培养习惯的由来。
6paragraphs（6个段落，以及每个段落的总结）解释习惯习惯的积极意义和习惯的作用机制新旧习惯的关系对好奇着迷是一种习惯，而我们被教育做决定，而不是创新性的思考，探索各种可能性人类有四种应对挑战的能力现在的教育注重于前两个能力。
2009年考研英语真题原文与答案完整版
2009年考研英语真题原文及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off allpossibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system - that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23." ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK's ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one's birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literarycompositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of humanassociation under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 答案Section I Use of English1-5 BADBC 6-10 ADCBD11-15 DBCDA 16-20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 ABCAA 26-30 ACDAB31-35 DBBAC 36-40 BBDACPart B41-45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
考研英语2009年 TEXT3 阅读翻译
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。
2009年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析
2009年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是（社会）联系的直接原因。
46可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力；家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下；而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
47制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而这种效应被视为制度运转的指导性因素则需要更加缓慢的过程。
即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，除了勤俭和节约等某些价值观之外，与物量产出相比，让世界得以前行的人类不同形式社会关系中所存在的智识和情感反应却受到极少关注。
但是在与年轻人接触时，交往事实本身作为一项直接的人类事实，日益重要。
48虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
培训的必要性显而易见；改变他们态度和习惯的要求如此迫切，我们不能对这些后果置之不理。
49既然我们的主要职责在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们这种能力的力量。
如果人类有所进展，意识到每项制度的终极价值在于它独特的人类效应的话，我们可以认为这个教训很大程度上源于与年轻人的接触。
50因此，我们可以在上文所述及的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。
在落后的社会群体中，我们几乎看不到正规的教育和培训。
这些群体主要依赖于培养年轻人各种必需的品质，而正是这种同样类型的社会联系保持着成年人对自身群体的忠诚。
４６、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.结构分析：并列分句及形式主语结构//It may be said主语从句//that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect 介词短语作后置定语/in enlarging and improving experience; 并列分句//but this effect is not a part of its original motive.词义推敲：the measure of 对……的衡量social institution社会制度effect效果，效应，影响enlarging and improving experience扩展（或扩大）和改进（或提升）经验original原始的，最初的motive动机，目的参考译文：可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
2009年考研英语真题答案及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。
从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B]Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。
选项A、D同义，故排除。
选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。
【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。
2.[A]tended(to)倾向于……[B]feared害怕[C]happened(to)碰巧……[D]threatened(to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。
再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。
3.[A]thinner较细的[B]stabler较稳定的[C]lighter更明亮的[D]dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。
下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。
4.[A]tendency趋向[B]advantage优势[C]inclination倾向[D]priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。
考研英语2009年 TEXT4 阅读翻译
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much im portant attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。
根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区“更重视对学术的追求。
”据许多书籍及文章认为，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church —— important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的独特看法——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。
2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻
Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.习惯是件有趣的事情。
我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。
“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉•华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。
在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
考研英语2009年 TEXT2 阅读翻译
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom——or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore——and another $120 to get the results.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子，但是如今男人可以提升其为人之父的智慧，至少可以确认他是孩子的父亲。
他所要做的就是在当地药店里支付30美元买一个父子关系测试包（PTK），然后另支付120美元以获得该测试的各项结果。
注：第一句话为什么这么翻译，请看：/s/blog_4982ed5c0100dumb.html More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Doug Fogg是Identigene (生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他说，自从去年PTK不需要处方就能购买以来，已经有超过6万人购买了该产品。
2009年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析
2009年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析真题：There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate（故意的，蓄意的）educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express（明白的，明确的；专门的，特别的）reason of the association. （46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify（满足；使高兴）appetites and secure family perpetuity（稳定，永远）; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. （47）Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. （48）While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. （49）Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.（50）We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.解析：1、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 【译文】虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用，但这种作用不并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。
2009考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1习惯是一件有趣的事。
我们是无意识地在进行我们的习惯，它们是我们的大脑进入自动航行模式，轻松的体会熟悉行为的无意识的舒适。
威廉姆·沃德华兹在19世纪说过：“我们毫无选择，但是习惯也主宰着无意识的兽群。
”在变化不断的21世纪，即使“习惯”这个词都有消极的含义。
所以当将谈论习惯有创造性和创新性的内涵时是恰恰是相反的。
但是大脑研究者已经发现当我们有意识的形成新的习惯的时候，我们创造了相似的突触路径甚至是全新的脑细胞，我们可以将我们的思考跳跃到完全新的不一样的路径。
但是不要麻烦去去除旧习惯；一旦这些程序的路径进入海马体，它们就会留在那里了。
我们刻意养成的习惯会形成类似的路径且能绕过旧路径。
“创新首先要对好奇着迷，”《开放性思维》的作者及专业思考合伙人的行政改革顾问当娜·马克沃说，“而我们却被教去‘决定’，我们的总统成他自己为‘决裁者’。
”然而她还说，“做决定是只留下一个可能而否定其他所有的。
一个好的创新性思维的人总是探索许多其他的可能性。
”她说，我们所有人有通过我们了解的方式解决问题。
19世纪70年代后期的研究者认为人类生来就有四种解决问题应对挑战的能力：分析，程序，关联和创新。
然而在青春期大脑会关闭一半的能力，只留下对我们前十来年左右用的思考模式。
现在的标准化考试的重点强调分析和程序，意味着我们几乎不会因其使用创新和关联的思考模式。
“这可能会打破美国信念体系中的主要规则——每个人能做所有事，”2006年的一本书《这些年，我将...》的作者M.J.Ryan以及马克沃小姐的工作伙伴解释说“这是一个们已经延续下去的谎言，这回培养平凡。
知道你自己的长处并且更多的去开发它将会创造卓越。
”这是培养习惯的由来。
6paragraphs（6个段落，以及每个段落的总结）解释习惯习惯的积极意义和习惯的作用机制新旧习惯的关系对好奇着迷是一种习惯，而我们被教育做决定，而不是创新性的思考，探索各种可能性人类有四种应对挑战的能力现在的教育注重于前两个能力。
2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, proce durally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he n eeds to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancest ry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inher ited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[A]locate one‘s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the developme nt of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lac k of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the fir st line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he hear d in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness o f all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rit uals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and impor tant, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associa tions began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more graduallyBut in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the p owers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose表示―假设‖，observe表示―观察‖，image表示―想象‖，Consider―考虑‖，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
2009年考研英语真题及解析-09考研英语答案
7.[A] incredible ［B］spontaneous ［C］inevitable ［D] gradual8.[A] fight [B］doubt [C］stop [D] think9。
［A] invisible ［B］limited [C］indefinite [D］different10。
［A］upward ［B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11.［A］features ［B］influences [C］results ［D］costs12。
［A］outside ［B］on [C] by [D］across13.［A] deliver ［B] carry ［C] perform [D] apply14.[A］by chance ［B] in contrast [C］as usual [D］for instance15。
[A] if [B］unless ［C］as [D] lest16。
[A] moderate [B］overcome ［C］determine [D] reach17。
[A］at [B] for [C] after [D] with18.［A] Above all [B] After all [C］However ［D］Otherwise19。
[A] fundamental [B］comprehensive ［C］equivalent [D] hostile20.［A］By accident ［B］In time ［C］So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A], [B], ［C］or ［D］。
20092009年考研英语真题翻译
例 1.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机 构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面 所起的作用,但这种作用并不是我们当初 的动机的组成部分.(2分) 例 2.有人说,对社会制度价值的衡量在于 扩大与提高人生经验上的效果,但这种效 果却不是该制度昀初想要实现的目的之一. (1.5分)
例 3. 对社会制度价值的衡量标准在于能够 扩展提高经验,但这种结果却不是当初的 想法. (1分) 例 4.有人说,制度价值能够扩展提高经验, 但不是当初的想法. (0.5分) 例 5.测量价值效果,提高经验,原始动机 的部分. (0分)
【考核知识点】倒装句的译法 【结构分析】本句是由 and连接的两个简单句,这 两个分句均是以 Only开头的倒装句, and表示并列. 在第一个句子中,主干部分为 the by product of the institution was noted,其中 only gradually是副 词,修饰 noted.在第二个句子中,主干部分为 this effect was considered,其中only more gradually 修饰considered, as a directive factor是主语 this effect的补足语, in the conduct of the institution是 介词短语作后置定语,修饰 directive factor.
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析（原MBA）
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析（原MBA）2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明文，摘自2008 年6 月26 日The New York Times。
文章主要介绍了世界石油价格的变化的原因以及给世界带来的改变。
第一段主要介绍了近年来石油价格的上涨以及其背后的原因。
第二、三段主要介绍了石油价格的改变对国家相互之间的关系带来的影响。
第四、五段分别具体的介绍了世界石油价格的变化给德国与美国来带的影响。
二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考查词义辨析和熟词生义，A 项come，B 项gone，D 项arrived 都表示“到，到达”的含义。
C项cross 意为“穿过”，这里是引申含义“突破”。
这句话指“价格已经突破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。
2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动词与介词词组的搭配。
解题重点在于空后面的一个介词词组from …to…表示一个范围。
A 项covered 意为“覆盖”一般指地理范围；B 项discovered 发现；C 项arranged 安排；C 项D 项的动词都与介词词组搭配不合理。
D 项ranged 意为涉及的“范围延伸”。
与后面的from…to…搭配合理。
本句句意是：价格上涨的原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range from A to B。
因此，选项D正确。
3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答要根据上下文来推理，四个选项中A 项intensity 强度；B 项infinity；无穷大；C 项insecurity不安全；D 项instability 不安定，不稳定性。
后面说到了“伊拉克与尼日利亚的三角洲地区”，我们知道这两个地区的局势长期不稳定。
所以D 答案与此相符。
4.【答案】B【解析】本题考核的重点是与名词的搭配的相关动词，后面的宾语是一个名词结构，the economic and political做map 的定语，而of the world 做了map 的后置定语，所以中心词是map。
2009年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析
在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是（社会）联系的直接原因。
46可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力；家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下；而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
47制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而这种效应被视为制度运转的指导性因素则需要更加缓慢的过程。
即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，除了勤俭和节约等某些价值观之外，与物量产出相比，让世界得以前行的人类不同形式社会关系中所存在的智识和情感反应却受到极少关注。
但是在与年轻人接触时，交往事实本身作为一项直接的人类事实，日益重要。
48虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
培训的必要性显而易见；改变他们态度和习惯的要求如此迫切，我们不能对这些后果置之不理。
49既然我们的主要职责在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们这种能力的力量。
如果人类有所进展，意识到每项制度的终极价值在于它独特的人类效应的话，我们可以认为这个教训很大程度上源于与年轻人的接触。
50因此，我们可以在上文所述及的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。
在落后的社会群体中，我们几乎看不到正规的教育和培训。
这些群体主要依赖于培养年轻人各种必需的品质，而正是这种同样类型的社会联系保持着成年人对自身群体的忠诚。
４６、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.结构分析：并列分句及形式主语结构//It may be said主语从句//that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect 介词短语作后置定语/in enlarging and improving experience; 并列分句//but this effect is not a part of its original motive.词义推敲：the measure of 对……的衡量social institution社会制度effect效果，效应，影响enlarging and improving experience扩展（或扩大）和改进（或提升）经验original原始的，最初的motive动机，目的参考译文：可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2009年考研英语二真题Section II Close(10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, ithad(21)the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and socialcosts.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central(28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,(32) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40.A. for B. from C. across D. OverPart III Reading ComprehensionDirection: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Henric Ibsen, author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affectsare still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female, according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck, head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience, "be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enoughexperience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen, who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44. The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks atcancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her (Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. "There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed,sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. "People you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr.Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power”, based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard power”, based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved.”In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, the observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modem companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Mr.Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power”, is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “transformational leadership pattern”. Anyone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr.Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slimvolume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Also, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership, in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-points summary of his conclusion. A resuming theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.51. From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is ______.A. well accepted by Joseph NyeB. very influential till nowadaysC. based on sound theoriesD. contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A. Coercion is widespread.B. Morality is devalued.C. Power is no longer concentrated.D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53. In his book the Powers to lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A. authorityB. contextC. approachesD. morality54. Mr. Nye’s book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A. makes little use of management termsB. summarizes various studies conciselyC. serves as an exit for leadership researchersD. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye’s book lies in his _____.A. view of changeable leadershipB. definition of good leadershipC. summary of leadership historyD. discussion of moral leadershipQuestions 56 to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on howyou define just what a war is. There are shooting wars—the kind that test patriotism and courage—and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wishlists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like—one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. “I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming,”says Fred Krupp. “But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before.”56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and thestability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word “rub”(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisSection IV TranslationDirections:In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s,and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.Part BDirections: it is known that text message( 手机短信)has both advantages and disadvantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.2009MBA联考英语试卷参考答案Section I V ocabulary and Structure1-5 BACDD 6-10CBAAC 11-15 BBABD 16-20 DBACBSection II Cloze21-25 CDDBC 26-30BDDBA 31-35 BACDA 36-40DBCACSection III Reading Comprehension41-45 BBAAC 46-50 CCBCC 51-55 DCABD 56-60CAAACSection IV Translation (参考译文)由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.Part BDirections: it is known that text message( 手机短信)has both advantages and disadvantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.审题谋篇：MBA联考英语试卷是考研英语二试卷的前身，就写作部分来讲，MBA联考主要有图表和话题作文两个形式。
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2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.docText1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth sai d in the19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.习惯是件有趣的事情。
我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。
“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉•华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。
在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deli berately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。
相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。
“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She a dds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”《开放思想》一书的作者Dawna Markova说：“革新所需要的第一样东西，就是一种对好奇的着迷。
然而我们被教导去做‘决定’，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为‘决策者’那样。
”她补充道，“但是，决定意味着否决一切可能性而只保留一种。
一个优秀的具有革新精神的思想者总是在探寻许多其它的可能。
”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。
研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战。
这四种方法是分析法，程序法，关联（或合作）法和创新法。
但是在青春期结束的时候，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最有价值的思维方式。
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s alie that we have perp etuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.目前标准化测试主要强调分析和程序的能力，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。
M.J.Ryan是2006年出版的著作《今年我将......》一书的作者以及Markova女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：“这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则——任何人都可以做任何事。
这是一个我们已经使之永恒的谎言，这造就了平庸。
了解你擅长什么并且多去实践就会成就卓越。
”这就是培养新习惯的目的。
Text 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子，但是如今男人可以提升其为人之父的智慧，至少可以确认他是孩子的父亲。
他所要做的就是在当地药店里支付30美元买一个父子关系测试包（PTK），然后另支付120美元以获得该测试的各项结果。
Doug Fogg是Identigene (生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他说，自从去年PTK不需要处方就能购买以来，已经有超过6万人购买了该产品。
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .超过24家公司直接向公众出售DNA检测工具，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。
其中最受欢迎的是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的有血缘关系的亲属，而家庭也可以用它来找到被人收养的孩子。
DNA 检测也得到了许多热心的家谱学专家的推崇，还为那些寻找家族地域根源的服务公司提供了支持。
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptica l, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.多数测试需要从口腔唾液中获取细胞，并将唾液送至公司进行检测。