加拿大与维多利亚时代【英文】
维多利亚时代【英文】 victorian period
Victorian Period
• Women for suffrage – did not succeed until 1918 (30 & over) • Universal adult suffrage 1928 extended vote to women at age 21 • Factory Acts – limited child & women labor • State supported schools est. in 1870; compulsory in 1880; free in 1891 • Literacy rate increased from 40% to 90% from 1840-1900.
• First Reform Bill in 1832 extended vote to all men who owned property worth 10 lbs • Second Reform Act in 1867 gave the right to vote to working-class men (except agricod
• Intellectual Progress
• Understanding of earth, its creatures & natural laws (geology, Darwin – theory of evolution) • Industrialization of England depended on and supported science and technology.
Victorian Period
• Paradox of progress
• Victorian – synonym for prude; extreme repression; even furniture legs had to be concealed under heavy cloth not to be “suggestive”
Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
TYPICAL INCOMES (YEARLY)
Aristocrats £30,000 Merchants, bankers £10,000 Middle-class (doctors, lawyers, clerks) £300-800 Lower middle-class (head teachers, journalists, shopkeepers, etc.) £150-300 Skilled workers (carpenters, typesetters,etc.) £75100 Sailors and domestic staff £40-75 Laborers, soldiers £25
19TH CENTURY ENGLAND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It accelerated the migration of the population from country to overcrowded c 1876 the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell The radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. The camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were all created during the Victorian Era. Factories began to be powered by steam. The police force was created during this period.
Great Expectations
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
4. often have happy ending or an important compromise to current society 5. So far as the literary form or genre is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) • Silas Marner • Middlemarch
Emily Bronte Charlotte Bronte
Thomas Hardy
Victorian Poetry
Always seems inferior when compared to Romanticism Develop new ways to tell stories—e.g. dramatic monologue Do not share Romantics’ confidence in the imagination Emphasis on visual imagery and sound
Critical Realism
A realistic presentation of the sufferings of the working class, to the criticism of English institutions, and to the education of the masses.
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
维多利亚时代【英文】
The Victorian Age (1830-1901) Sambourne House, London.❑Victoria became queen atthe age of 18; she wasgraceful and self-assured.❑Her reign was the longestin British history.Franz Xavier Winterhalter, The young Queen Victoria, 1842❑In 1840 she married aGerman prince, Albert ofSaxe-Coburg.❑They had nine children andtheir modest family lifeprovided a model ofrespectability.❑During this time BritainFranz Xavier Winterhalter, The young Queen Victoria, 1842changed dramatically.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•England grew to become the greatest nation on earth “The sun never sets on England”.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•British Empire included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Kenya, and India.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•Great Britain imported raw materials such as cotton and silk and exported finished goods to countries around the world.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•By the mid-1800s, Great Britain was the largest exporter and importer of goods in the world. It was the primarymanufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country in the world.British Empire throughout the World, 19th century, Private Collection.•Because of England’s success,the British felt it was their duty to bring English values,laws,customs,and religion to the“savage”races around the world.•1832: The First Reform Act granted the vote to almost all male members of middle-class.•1833: The Factory Act regulated child labour in factories.•1834: Poor Law Amendment established a system of workhouses for poor people.•1867: The Second Reform Act gave the vote to skilled working men.•1871: Trade Union Act legalised trades unions.•1884: The Third Reform Act granted the right to vote to all male householders.•Women‟s suffrage did not happen until 1918.The Rights of Women or Take Your Choice (1869)4. The woman’s questionSuffragettesIndustrial revolution: factorysystem emerged; for the firsttime in Britain’s history therewere more people who lived incities than in the countryside.Technological advances:introduction of steam hammersand locomotives; building of a Workers in a Tobacco Factorynetwork of railways.Economical progress:Britainbecame the greatesteconomical power in the world;in 1901 the Usa became theleader, but Britain remainedthe first in manufacturing.Workers in a Tobacco FactoryCrystal Palace was built forthe Great Exhibition of1851; it was destroyed byfire in 1936.The Crystal PalaceIt was made of iron andglass, exhibited hydraulicpresses, locomotives,machine tools, power looms,power reapers andsteamboat engines.The Crystal PalaceIt had a political purposeit showed British economicsupremacy in the world.The Crystal PalacePollution in towns due to factory activity.Homeless Boys (1880)London in 1872Lack of hygienic conditions: houses were overcrowded, most people lived in miserable conditions; poor houses shared water supplies.Homeless Boys (1880)London in 1872•Epidemics , like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the Great Stink of 1858.•This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames .•The “Miasmas”, exhalations from decaying matter, poisoned the air.8. The “Great Stink”Caricature appearing on the magazine «Punch»in18589. The Victorian compromise •The Victorians were greatmoralisers theysupported: personal duty,hard work, decorum,respectability, chastity.W. H. Hunt, The Awakening Conscience,1853-4, London, Tate Britain.•…Victorian‟, synonym for prude, stood for extremerepression; even furniturelegs had to be concealedunder heavy cloth not to be“suggestive”.•New ideas were discussed &debated by a large part of society.W. H. Hunt, The Awakening Conscience, 1853-4, London, Tate Britain.•The middle-class wasobsessed with gentility,respectability, decorum.•Respectabilitydistinguished the middle fromthe lower class.John Lamb, Victorian family portrait, 1879.Decorum meant:a.Victorian private lives weredominated by an authoritarianfather.b.Women were subject to maleauthority; they were expected tomarry and make home a “refuge”for their husbands.John Lamb, Victorian family portrait, 1879.John Stuart Mill and hisideas based on Bentham’sUtilitarianism.John Stuart MillKarl Marx and his studiesabout the harm caused byindustrialism in man’s life. Karl MarxCharles Darwin andthe theory of naturalselection.Charles Darwin•There was a communion of interests and opinions between the writers and their readers.•The Victorians were avid consumers of literature. They borrowed books from circulating libraries and readvarious periodicals.•Novels made their first appearance in instalments on the pages of periodicals.•The voice of the omniscient narrator provided a comment on the plot and erected a rigid barrier between «right»and «wrong», light and darkness.•The setting chosen by most Victorian novelists was the town.•Victorian writers concentrated on the creation of characters and achieved a deeper analysis of their inner life.12. PoetryAlfred, Lord Tennyson:the most popularVictorian poet. He wrotenarrative poems.Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, by George FredericWatts (died 1904), given to the National Portrait Gallery,London in 1895.Robert Browning: heraised the dramaticmonologue to new heightsmaking it a vehicle for adeep psychological study.Robert BrowningElizabeth Barrett Browning:she wrote love sonnets valuedfor their lyric beauty.Elizabeth Barrett Browning。
The Victorian Age 维多利亚时代
Late-Victoria (1868-1902)
The predominant theme in the early Victorian literature.
The Progress of Reform
Political &Social Background
Charlotte Bronte
• Famous work: Jane Eyre
• Promoted the development of feminism.
• Pseudonym: Currer Bell
William Makepeace Thackeray
• Feature of his writing: His novels contain satirical portrayal of the upper stratum of society。
lawer’s clerk: full of self-conceit, prudishness, petty tyranny and ignorance Conclusion: They are pinned on that class, that it was
servile to its social superiors and despotic to its social inferiors.
• Works: Oliver Twist, The Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfeild, Great Expectations.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities
街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那 桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。
维多利亚时代The Victorian Age
Factory Children
• • • Mill owners said that they had to keep their prices down. That was why workers' hours had to be long, and wages low. Women and children got lower wages than men, so the owners employed a lot of women and children. Children as young as six or seven worked up to fourteen hours a day in the mills. Their pay was about three shillings (15p) a week. Many were killed or injured by the moving parts of the machines they had to clean. Others were maimed by a foreman's fist or strap. Sadly, many of them were forced to work by their own parents. Their fathers were out of work, and the family needed the few shillings that they could earn. Some decent employers paid their workers a fair wage. Some even built good houses for them, and ran schools for their children. Some mill-owners took part in a movement for factory reform. Most mill-owners were against the reformers, though. They said that shorter hours for children would put up their costs, and bring them to ruin. Mill-owners did not obey Parliament's first acts cutting mill hours. But an act passed in 1833 said that inspectors would enforce the law. The act banned all children under nine from cotton mills. Children over nine were allowed to work, but there were strict controls on their hours. By 1847, ten hours per day was the limit for boys and all female workers.
victorian era 维多利亚时期介绍
• Population of England
Ireland
•House of Commons
Whigs Tories
1850s Liberals Conservatives
The population of Britain in
Hale Waihona Puke populatioVictorian era
n/million
35
30.5
The sun never sets
• “Russia and the North American plains is our corn, Chicago and Odessa is our granary, Canada and the Baltic Sea is our forests, our Australian sheep farms, Argentina and North American prairie to the west of our cattle grazing, and sent Peruvian silver, gold sent Australia and South Africa, India and China has provided us with tea, East Indies to provide us with coffee, sugar and spices. "
Victorian era
------ BRIEF INTRODUTION
•a long period of prosperity
overseas British Empire
•profits
industrial improvements at home
英语研究生-维多利亚时代Victorian era
hairstyle
hat
183018Βιβλιοθήκη 019001900
Darkness-About Women
The Victorian era women 's social status were low.They had no action right,voting right and property right.They were limited by Victorian Ethics,including magnificent clothing,asceticism and so on.
the harm of Corset（束腰）
The Angel in the House
Man must be pleased; but him to please Is woman's pleasure; down the gulf Of his condoled necessities She casts her best, she flings her breast ... As grass grows taller round a stone.
Magnificence-Fashion
Lace（蕾丝）
Flounce（荷叶边）
Ribbon（缎带）
Magnificence-Fashion
High waist Frill（抓褶）
Magnificence-Fashion
Gigot sleeve（羊腿袖）
Bustle Dress（撑裙）
Magnificence-Fashion
the ideal wife
Darkness-Imperialism
When the middle and later period of the era,the country changed from laisser-faire capitalism to monopoly capitalism--imperialism.It invaded other countries and competed against other imperialist countries.And then,finally,First World War broke out.
维多利亚时代
婚 礼
婚姻是传统的型式，无 论甚么阶级 在教堂举行，透过神父 的福證，戴上婚戒表ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 礼成。 英國人崇尚白色，象徵 爱情纯洁
小 结
维多利亚女王的名字，象征着一个时代。 在维多利亚统治期间，英国国民空前团结，英国成为 一个强大的帝国，并不断壮大发展。这是女王给英国人留 下的最好遗产，也是对她一生政绩最有力的评价。 极少有坐上帝位的女人，能像维多利亚一样，如此出 色地完成了女王的职责，同时又拥有如此平凡的作为女人 的幸福。 她统治的时期，特别是1851年以后，在英国历史上 被称为维多利亚时代。她在位的六十余年正值英国自由资 本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡到垄断资本主义的转 变时期，英国极度强盛，经济、文化空前繁荣，科学、艺 术都有很大的发展，君主立宪制得到充分成熟. 维多利亚女王的名字成了英国和平与繁荣的象征.
家具
中期家具
早期家具的特点： 维多利亚早期生产 的一些家具没有可 明确辨认的风格特 点，许多19世纪40 年代和50年代的家 具主要关心使用者 体感的舒适，以商 业化的方式进行生 产。
后期作品
贵族的生活
乡间别墅是上流社会生活的重心 所在，有一定的历史、健全的生 活机能，也是权力的象征
乡村别墅生活很单调无聊，贵 族会出外打猎，女仕们会举办 家庭派对。
交通工具
18-19世纪，搭乘 马车拥有马车的人大 多收入较高。 中产阶级和平民只能 做出租马车或公共马 车
1840年后，铁路普及，仍是貴族在搭乘。 1860年後，地下鐵開通，搭乘的人越來越 多。
建 筑 特 点
著 名 建 筑
维多利亚建筑时期通常是指1825年至 1900年这段时期，维多利亚时代的建筑 师广泛从历史、自然、几何学和理论中 吸取创作灵感进行设计。
维多利亚时期
Some important events
• 1837:Victoria becomes queen • 1850:Tennyson succeed Wordsworth as poet laureate • 1851:The Great Exhibition in London • 1859:Darwin's The Origin of Species published • 1901:The death of Victoria
• It can be divided into 3 periods:
Early Victoria Period （1837-1848） Middle Victoria Period (1848-1870) Late Victoria Period （1870-1901）
Politically
• The early period is a period of great social unrest动荡的局面 (Chartist Movement 1838-48); • Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class.
The situation of men was very different,they could read the ancient Greek and Latin works which contained many descriptions of sex, homosexuality in colleges. For the middle-class and upper-class men , premarital sex would have been with servants and prostitutes, the result of this double standard was that there were about 80,000 prostitutes only in London in the Victorian Age , which standed for the hypocrisy and bad conscience of the Victorians.
Victorian era
Victorian Era 1837–1901--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tudor period (1485–1603)Elizabethan era (1558–1603)Stuart period (1603–1714)Jacobean era (1603–1625)Caroline era (1625–1642)Georgian era (1714–1830)British Regency (1811–1820)Victorian era (1837–1901)Edwardian era (1901–1910)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen V ictoria's reign from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901.[1] The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed an educated middle class to develop. Some scholars extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the V ictorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.The era was preceded by the Georgian period and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the V ictorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and the Gilded Age of the United States.The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanzibar War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.The population of England had almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901.[2] Ireland’s population decreased rapidly, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901.[3] At the same time, around 15 million emigrants left the United Kingdom in the Victorian era and settled mostly in the United States, Canada, and Australia.[4]During the early part of the era, the House of Commons was headed by the two parties, the Whigs and the Tories. From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberals; the Tories became the Conservatives. These parties were led by many prominent statesmen including Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, William Ewart Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later V ictorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement. Indeed these issues would eventually lead to the Easter Rising of 1916 and the subsequent domino effect that would play a large part in the fall of the empire.The reign of Victoria is the longest in British history; it would be exceeded if the present monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) remains on the throne to 2017.CultureSee also: Victorianism, Victorian architecture, V ictorian decorative arts, and V ictorian fashion Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant in the period, leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals. Charles Barry's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster, which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire, built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall, the surviving part of the building. It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity, set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France, a comparison common to the period, as expressed in Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. Gothic was also supported by the critic John Ruskin, who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values, as opposed to Classicism, which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation.The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure - the first of its kind. It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design, but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture. The emergence of photography, which was showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen V ictoria being the first British Monarch to be photographed. John Everett Millais was influenced by photography (notably in his portrait of Ruskin) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists. It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl.Events1832Passage of the first Reform Act.[5]1837Ascension of Queen V ictoria to the throne.[5]1840New Zealand becomes a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi.1840Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield. He had been naturalised and granted the British style of Royal Highness beforehand. For the next 17 years, he was known as HRH Prince Albert1840Birth of the Queen's first child The Princess V ictoria. Within months she was granted the title Princess Royal1841Birth of the Queen's heir-apparent The Prince Albert Edward, Duke of Cornwall (Duke of Rothesay). He was swiftly made Prince of Wales1842Massacre of Elphinstone's Army by the Afghans in Afghanistan results in the death or incarceration of 16,500 soldiers and civilians.[6] The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining.[5] The Illustrated London News was first published.[7]1843Birth of The Princess Alice1844Birth of The Prince Alfred1845The Irish famine begins. Within 5 years it would become the UK's worst human disaster, with starvation and emigration reducing the population of Ireland itself by over 50%. The famine permanently changed Ireland’s and Scotland's demographics and became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment that pervaded British politics for much of the following century.1846Repeal of the Corn Laws.[5]1846Birth of The Princess Helena1848Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic.1848Birth of The Princess Louise1850Restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Britain.1850Birth of The Prince Arthur1851The Great Exhibition (the first World's Fair) was held at the Crystal Palace[5], with great success and international attention. The Victorian gold rush. In ten years the Australian population nearly tripled.[8]1853Birth of The Prince Leopold1854Crimean War: The United Kingdom declared war on Russia.1857The Indian Mutiny, a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the British East India Company, was sparked by sepoys (native Indian soldiers) in the Company's army. The rebellion, involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well, was largely quashed within a year. In response to the mutiny, the East India Company was abolished in August 1858 and India came under the direct rule of the British crown, beginning the period of the British Raj. Prince Albert was given the title The Prince Consort1857Birth of The Princess Beatrice1858The Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, responded to the Orsini plot against French emperor Napoleon III, the bombs for which were purchased in Birmingham, by attempting to make such acts a felony, but the resulting uproar forced him to resign.1859Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which led to various reactions.[5] V ictoria and Albert's first grandchild, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, is born — he would later become William II, German Emperor1861Death of Prince Albert[5]; Queen Victoria refused to go out in public for many years, and when she did she wore a widow's bonnet instead of the crown.1863The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor.1866An angry crowd in London, protesting against John Russell's resignation as Prime Minister, was barred from Hyde Park by the police; they tore down iron railings and trampled on flower beds. Disturbances like this convinced Derby and Disraeli of the need for further parliamentary reform. 1867The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada. 1875Britain purchased Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal[5] as the African nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts.1877The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse1878Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus becomes a Crown colony. The Princess Alice dies. Princess Louise's husband The Marchioness of Lorne is appointed Governor-General of Canada1879Victoria and Albert's first great-grandchild, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, is born.1882British troops began the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal, in order to secure the vital trade route and passage to India, and the country became a protectorate.1883Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada1884The Fabian Society was founded in London by a group of middle class intellectuals, including Quaker Edward R. Pease, Havelock Ellis, and E. Nesbit, to promote socialism.[9] Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany dies.1886Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill, but the bill is rejected by the House of Commons.1888The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murdered and mutilated five (and possibly more) prostitutes on the streets of London.[5] V ictoria's eldest daughter, the Princess Royal becomes German Empress when her husband succeeds as Frederick III, German Emperor. Within months, Frederick dies, and their son becomes William II, German Emperor. The widowed V icky becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as "Empress Frederick".1870 - 1891Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education became free for every child under the age of 10.[10]1891Victoria and Albert's last grandchild, Prince Maurice of Battenberg, is born.1892The Prince of Wales' eldest son Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence dies of influenza. His place in the succession is taken by his brother Prince George of Wales (later Duke of Y ork and eventually George V).1893The Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his uncle dies. The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy.1900Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dies. His nephew Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany succeeds him, because his brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and nephew Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights.1901The death of Victoria saw the end of this era, and the ascension of her eldest son, Edward, began the Edwardian era, another time of great change.EntertainmentPopular forms of entertainment varied by social class. V ictorian Britain, like the periods before it, was interested in theatre and the arts, and music, drama, and opera were widely attended. There were, however, other forms of entertainment. Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period: so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling, drinking, and prostitution.Brass bands and 'The Bandstand' became popular in the V ictorian era. The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point, but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather. It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands. At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty.Another form of entertainment involved 'spectacles' where paranormal events, such as hypnotism, communication with the dead (by way of mediumship or channelling), ghost conjuring and the like, were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants. Such activities were more popularat this time than in other periods of recent Western history.Natural history becomes increasingly an "amateur" activity. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology/conchology), beetles and wildflowers. Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Many people used the train services to visit the seaside, helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 which created a number of fixed holidays which all sectors of society could enjoy. Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing, Brighton, Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres, and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses.An important development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication links. Stage coaches, canals, steam ships and most notably the railways all allowed goods, raw materials and people to be moved about, rapidly facilitating trade and industry. Trains became another important factor ordering society, with "railway time" being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain. Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade, so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials such as corn from the America and meat from Australia. One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black, the first postage stamp, which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent.Even later communication methods such as cinema, telegraph, telephones, cars and aircraft, would have an impact. Photography was realized in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in the UK. By 1900, hand-held cameras were available.Technology and engineeringBrunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge in BristolSimilar sanitation reforms, prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869, were made in the crowded, dirty streets of the existing cities, and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising. A great engineering feat in the V ictorian Era was the sewage system in London. It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858. He proposed to build 82 mi (132 km) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of street sewers. Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed. After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. During the same period London's water supply network was expanded and improved, and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s.The V ictorians were impressed by science and progress, and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology. The model town of Saltaire was founded, along with others, as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic, educational andrecreational facilities, although it lacked a pub, which was regarded as a focus of dissent. During the V ictorian era, science grew into the discipline it is today. In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science, many V ictorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history. This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Glasgow slum in 1871Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century, gas lighting became widespread during the V ictorian era in industry, homes, public buildings and the streets. The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s. Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country. In 1882, incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets, although it took many years before they were installed everywhere.Health and medicineAlthough nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy, it wasn't until 1846 when an American Dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession.[11] In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Y oung Simpson[12]. Chloroform was favored by doctors and hospital staff because it's much less flammable than ether, but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack.[12] Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after Dr. John Snow gave Queen V ictoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child (Prince Leopold).[13] By 1920, chloroform was used in 80 to 95% of all narcoses performed in UK and German-speaking countries.[12]Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible. At the same time the European diet grew a great deal sweeter as the use of sugar became more widespread.[14] As a result, more and more people were having teeth pulled and needed replacements. This gave rise to "Waterloo Teeth", which were real human teeth set into hand-carved chunks of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws.[14][15] The teeth were obtained from executed criminals, victims of battlefields, from grave-robbers, and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished.[14]Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of Carbolic acid (phenol).[16] He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and, in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery.[16]PovertyWorking class life in Victorian Wetherby, West Y orkshire19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanization stimulated by the Industrial Revolution. The large numbers of skilled and unskilled people looking for work kept wages down to barely subsistence level. A vailable housing was scarce and expensive, resulting in overcrowding. These problems were magnified in London, where the population grew at record rates. Large houses were turned into flats and tenements, and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings slum housing developed. Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows: "Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room." (The V ictorian Underworld)。
维多利亚时代的价值观【英文】
Victorian society was
distinctly Christian They placed a high value on personal modesty and on “gravity”
Victorian Attitudes and Values
Victorian values included a strict moral code and an
fever, influenza, tuberculosis
Little was known about
disease or hygiene Prior to the discovery of germs and antiseptics, doctors often infected patients during operations
and substantial
Indication of importance
Large houses were also
necessary because large families were common Victorians loved decorated furniture, heavy curtains, and knick-knacks The poor lived in small houses in the poorer sections of town
obsession with social status
Occupation and social standing was determined by family background and social connections
They were also materialistic The Victorian era was not grim, but very optimistic
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Native Peoples/First Nations
The Native Peoples
Native peoples were pushed to the outskirts of society. They were forgotten and ignored unless the Europeans wanted to buy “Indian” lands to employ “Indian” labourers. The Indian way of life was changed due to this displacement. For example Algonquians, had traditionally relied on hunting and fishing for food. However, they had to turn to small-scale fruit and vegetable gardening and even started to shop at the local food stores due to the growth of immigrant settlements throughout the Eastern woodlands.
The Native Peoples Many Native bands had to rent out their prime reserve land due to dire living conditions. Despite many measures to assimilate Native peoples into White society, Native cultures stayed alive by oral histories and traditions passed down by the eles (cont’d)
Land claims and territorial disputes were common.
The Ojibwa were embroiled in a land dispute as several mining companies got the go-ahead by the Canadian government to investigate mineral wealth in the Shield. Mining operations continued even though the government accepted the fact that the development was encroaching the Ojibwa territory.
Victorian Attitudes and Values
Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, while still in her teens. Her tastes, values, and behaviours set the standards for many British subjects, including Canadians and Americans. The Victorians had what we call “attitude”, being sure of themselves and having few doubts about their values and beliefs. Victorian society was distinctly Christian and placed a great value on morality. The British Empire grew military and expanded the British Empire around the world. New discoveries in medicine, science, and technology were almost reported daily.
Much like our society today Canada in the 1850’s could be luxurious or burdensome. The upper class which possessed money, education, and social standing lived a splendid life. While thousands others worked long hours with little reward.There was no employment insurance, no universal health care, and no government assistance, as we know it today. Many new immigrants to Canada came from Ireland and Scotland. These desperately poor people worked as manual labourers, or soiled over the cheapest and hardest land they could get their hands on.
Religion
Religion was very important to Victorians (someone who lived during the era of Queen Victoria, from 1837-1901). Most towns had at least one Anglican (mostly for British people), Presbyterian (mostly for Scottish people), Methodist, and Catholic (mostly for Irish people) church. The leaders of the church made decisions about education, schools, and community matters, and church congregations served as agencies that aided the destitute.
Canada and the Victorian Era
Immigrants, First Nations and the Victorians
Queen Victoria
Immigrants, Rich and Poor
The Reign of Queen Victoria Immigrants, Rich and Poor