(最新版)电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
电子信息科学专业英语翻译范文
UNIT 1 Microelectronics and Electronic Circuits1-1Introduction to Microelectronics首先学习KEY WORDS.学习课文英文翻译成中文，并注意学习专业词汇。
Para. 1对太空的探索以及人造地球卫星的发展，增强了人们对减少电子电路的重量和体积的重要性的认识。
另外，即使电流在计算机中流得相当快，但是由于电子元器件之间的互联所导致的信号的时间延迟是不能不考虑的。
如果这种互联在尺寸上能减小，无疑会使计算机的运行速度更快。
Para. 2微电子学主要是使常规电路微型化。
比如一个运算放大器，包括许多彼此互连的分立器件，有二极管，电阻，象这样一个完整的电路，可以制作在一个很小的基片上。
这个完整的微型化的电路就称之为集成电路（IC）。
Para. 3IC体积小，重量轻，坚固耐用，稳定可靠。
它们比同等宏观电路（分立元件电路）需要更少的功耗和更低的电压。
因此，它们可以工作在更低的温度下，而在这种温度下，分立器件可能都不能正常工作，因为温度没有达到正常工作温度范围。
相应地，几乎不会产生寄生电容和延时，因为在IC中，器件之间地互联非常短。
维护起来跟简单，因为，如果在一个IC里边地器件坏了，通常用一个新的IC来替换坏的。
表面技术的大规模生产技术已经降低了许多IC的成本，因此，它们就跟单个晶体管一样便宜。
最后的结果就是，大部分常用的分立器件电路被IC所取代。
Para. 4有两种基本类型的IC：一种是独立IC,一种是薄或厚的膜状IC. 独立IC是构建在单个的半导体晶体的基片里边，通常用的是硅。
薄或厚的膜状IC是形成在一种绝缘材料的表面，像玻璃或者陶器。
还有一种混合的IC所包含的不仅仅是单个的基片。
在这里，这个词“混合”同样也指独立IC和薄或厚的膜状IC结合体。
Para. 5也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。
数字IC（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，表示接通或关闭。
电子信息工程本科毕业中英文翻译
英语原文：Life of LED-Based White Light SourcesThe interest for using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for display and illumination applications has been growing steadily over the past few years. The potential for long life and reduced energy use are two key attributes of this rapidly evolving technology that have generated so much interest for its use in the above mentioned applications. Traditionally, the lamp life of light sources commonly used in illumination applications is determined by subjecting them to a predetermined on/off cycle until half the number of light sources cease to produce light. Unlike these sources, LEDs rarely fail catastrophically; instead, their light output slowly degrades over time. Even if an LED is technically operating and producing light, at some point the amount of light produced by the LED will be insufficient for the intended application. Therefore, the life of an LED should be based on the amount of time that the device can produce sufficient light for the intended application,rather than complete failure. Based on this argument, a recent publication from an industry group defines the life of an LED device or system for use in general lighting applications as the operating time, in hours, for the light output to reach 70% of its initial value.The most widely used white LEDs incorporate a layer of phosphor over a GaN-based, short-wavelength light emitter. Usually, the phosphor is embedded inside an epoxy resin that surrounds the LED die. Some portion of the short-wavelength radiation emitted by the LED is down-converted by the phosphor, and the combined radiation creates white light.Early white LEDs were packaged similar to the indicator-style colored LEDs, specifically 5 mm and SMD (surface mount devices). Although these products demonstrated the concept of a white light source, they did not produce sufficient light for display and illumination applications. Furthermore, these indicator-style white LEDs had a relatively short life, 5000–10 000h to reach 70% light level under normal operating conditions. To address the higher luminous flux requirements, manufacturers have started to commercialize high-power illuminator LEDs that are presently producing over one hundred times the flux compared to indicator-style white LEDs. The higher light output isachieved by using larger dies, higher drive currents,and improved heat extraction methods. In addition,some manufacturers are using better encapsulants to improve the life of white LEDs.There are several studies that have investigated the aging mechanisms of GaN-based LEDs. During the 1990s,Barton et al. investigated the degradation of GaN-based blue LEDs and showed that light output reduction over time occurred primarily due to the yellowing of the epoxy surrounding the die. In 2001, Narendran et al. observed that indicator-style white LED packages degraded very rapidly, with the LEDs reaching the 50% light output level within 6000 h. In that same study, it was shown that the chromaticity values of the white LEDs shifted toward yellow over time, and it was speculated that the yellowing of the epoxy was the main cause for light output degradation. Therefore, based on past studies,the primary reason for the degradation of indicator-style white LED packages is the yellowing of the epoxy that is caused by excessive heat at the p-n-junction of the LED. Some of the newer illuminator-style white LEDs use encapsulant materials that have lower photodegradation characteristics,and therefore have a lower degradation rate. However, there are factors such as the degradation of the die attaché epoxy, discoloration of the metal reflectors and the lead wires, and degradation of the semiconducting element that are influenced by heat, and these all contribute to the overall degradation of the white LED. Although the newer high-power white LEDs would have a lower degradation rate compared to the early indicator-style devices, it is the heat at the p-n-junction that most influences the degradation. The heat at the p-n-junction is caused by the ambient temperature and the ohmic heating at the bandgap.As stated earlier, long life is one key feature of LED technology that has attracted so many end-use communities. To benefit from the long-life feature, it is the final system that has to operate for a long time, not just the individual LED. As noted in past studies, heat at the p-n-junction is one of the key factors that determine the life of the white LED. Therefore, if systems are not properly designed with good thermal managemen techniques, even if they use long-life white LEDs the life of the final system would be short. Developing the relationship between junction temperature and life would be very usefulfor producing long-life systems.Although there are different methods available for estimating the junction temperature of LEDs, they are not very convenient,especially once the LEDs are integrated into a system . Furthermore, these methods are not direct; consequently, they are prone to erroneous results. Alternatively, it is much more convenient and direct to measure the heat at a location external to the LED package that is sufficiently close to the junction and where a temperature sensor can be directly attached. The temperature of this point should have a good relationship to the junction temperature. The point where a temperature sensor can be attached for this measurement could be the lead wire (cathode side) for the indicator-style LEDs and the board for high-power LEDs. Most manufacturers can recommend such a point,and we refer to this as the T-point in this manuscript.Since white LEDs in the marketplace are packaged differently, their ability to transfer heat from the die to the surrounding environment is different from product to product. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that different products have different degradation rates as a function of heat. A graph that shows the life of the LED as a function of T-point temperature is extremely useful for system manufacturers to build reliable, long-lasting systems. By knowing how much impact heat has on the degradation rate or life of the LED, the system manufacturer can select components and drive parameters, including the amount of heat sink and drive current, for a product being designed for a given application.Therefore, the objective of the study presented in this manuscript was to investigate the relationship between the T-point temperature and life of a white LED. A second objective was to understand the degradation rate of different high-power white LED products presently available in the marketplace.To understand the relationship between the T-point temperature and life, one type of high-power white LED that is commonly available in the marketplace was selected. Several of these LEDs were subjected to a life test under different ambient temperatures. The details of the experimental setup are described in the following paragraphs.Because the different LED arrays have to operate at a particular ambient temperature, the arrays were placed inside specially designed, individual life-test chambers. The test chambers had two different functions: 1) to keep the ambient temperature constant for the LED arrays and 2) to act as light-integrating boxes for measuring light output. Each individual LED array was mounted at the center of the inside top surface of a life-test chamber. A photodiode attached to the center of the left panel continuously measured the light output.A small white baffle placed over the photodiode shielded it from the direct light, allowing only the reflected light to reach the photodiode. A resistance temperature detector placed on top of the baffle measured the chamber’s ambient temperature and controlled the heater that provided the necessary heat to the chamber through a temperature controller. The temperature in-side the box remained within ±1℃.The heater was attached to a raised aluminum plate with a matte-white cover that sat on the chamber floor. The temperature was estimated using a J-type thin wire thermocouple soldered to the T-point of white LED. For each chamber, an external LED driver controlled the current flow through the LEDs. All life-test were placed inside a temperature-controlled room. The life-test chambers were staggered vertically and horizontally to ensure that heat rising from the bottom chambers did not affect the chambers above them.The results of this study underscore the importance of packaging white LEDs using proper thermal management to maintain light output, and thereby extend system life. Heat at the p-n-junction is one of the main factors that affect the life of white LEDs. Therefore, knowing the relationship between life and heat would be very useful for manufacturers who are interested in developing reliable, long-lasting systems.Results from the first experiment—conducted under various ambient temperatures to understand the relationship between T-point temperature and life—indicate that life decreases with increasing temperature in an exponential manner. Results from the second experiment—conducted to understand how different commercial white LEDs perform under identical operating conditions—show a large variation in life among the different packages, indicating that the packages used different heat extraction techniques and materials.As part of ongoing research, we hope to further investigate how the different commercial LEDs are affected by heat and finally develop a family of curves that illustrate the relationship between life and T-point temperature for the different products.中文翻译：基于LED的白色光源的寿命在过去几年中利用发光二极管(led)显示和作为照明应用的技术一直在稳步增长。
电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
电子信息工程电路编程中的AT89C51单片机译文标题电路编程中的AT89C51单片机AT89C51 In-Circuit Programming 原文标题作者Robert W.Sparks等译名国籍美国斯帕克等W.罗伯特Atmel Corporation原文出处摘要本应用说明的是ATMEL公司AT89C51的电路可编程闪存的微控制器。
为在电路可编程AT89C51的应用提出了与应用程序相关的例子，它的修改要求支持在线编程。
这种方法显示在该应用程序中的AT89C51单片机可通过商业电话线远程改编。
本应用笔记中描述的电路，仅支持5伏电压下编程，需要使用一个AT89C51-XX-5。
标准A T89C51的需要12伏电压。
该应用程序的软件可从ATMEL下载。
总论当不在进行程序设计的时候，在电路设计中的AT89C51设计将变得透明化。
在编程期间必须重视EA/VPP这一脚。
在不使用外部程序存储器的应用程序中，这脚可能会永久接到VCC。
应用程序使用的外部程序存储器要求这一脚为低电平才能正常运行。
RST在编程期间必须为高电平。
应该提供一种方法使得电路通入电源以后，使RST代替主要的复位电路起到复位的作用。
在编程过程中，PSEN必须保持低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用。
ALE/ PRO在编程过程中输出低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用在编程过程中AT89C5I / 端口是用于模式应用程序，地址和数据选择的，可能要该控制器从应用的电路隔离。
如何做到这一点取决于应用程序输入端在编程过程中，控制器必须与应用电路的信号来源隔离。
带有三个输出状态的缓冲区在应用程序之间插入电路和控制器，同时在编程时缓冲区输出三种状态。
一个多路复用器用于信号源之间进行选择，适用于任何一方的应用电路或编程控制器电路的信号输出端如果应用的电路可以允许端口在编程过程中的状态变化，则不需要改变电路。
如果应电路的状态，必须事先在编程过程中的保持不变，可能在控制器和应用电路中插入锁存。
电子信息工程专业英语写作范文
电子信息工程专业英语写作范文In the realm of electronic information engineering, the art of writing is as crucial as the circuitry itself. It serves as the bridge connecting complex ideas with practical applications.The field demands a clear and concise writing style, ensuring that technical specifications are communicated without ambiguity. Precision is key; a single misplaced word can lead to significant misunderstandings in project implementation.As we delve into the intricacies of electronic systems, writing becomes a tool for documenting research, detailing methodologies, and articulating innovative solutions. It is through well-structured essays that we can convey the subtleties of our work to both peers and laypersons.In crafting an English composition for this discipline, one must consider the audience's technical background. For fellow engineers, the language can be dense with jargon, whereas for a general audience, explanations must be simplified without sacrificing accuracy.The evolution of electronic information engineering is a testament to the power of written communication. From the early days of vacuum tubes to the sophisticated microchips of today, each breakthrough has been documented and sharedthrough the written word.A well-written report not only informs but also inspires. It can ignite the imagination of students, guide the research of professionals, and even influence policy decisions in the tech industry.The future of our discipline hinges on our ability to articulate our ideas effectively. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, our writing must evolve to match the complexity and innovation of our work.In conclusion, the role of English writing in electronic information engineering is multifaceted. It is a means of communication, a tool for documentation, and a catalyst for progress. As we refine our craft, we contribute to the ongoing dialogue that shapes the technological landscape.。
电子信息工程作文英文翻译
电子信息工程作文英文翻译下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
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专业英语(电子与信息工程类)翻译
1.As data networks advanced…also grew more complex.由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展, 执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。
2.An additional bit called a parity bit…during transmission.在每个字符的后面有时还包括一个称为奇偶校验位的附加位, 它们测试数据位在传输过程中是否被意外改变。
3.As already stated, with…downlink（FDD paired bands）.如前所述, 在非对称通信量应用中, TD-SCDMA利用可用频谱的效率比其他3G标准高, 因为它在只利用一个频带（TDD单一频带）而不是两个独立的频带（FDD成对频带）进行上行与下行通信。
4.Although often simpler to implement, …digital modulation.虽然光纤系统的模拟调制易于实现, 但其效率较低, 且要求在接收端有比数字调制高得多的信噪比。
5.At present, the bandwidth…electronics （）is possible.目前传输100km的几吉赫兹的调制信号和传输300km的几百兆赫兹的调制信号都是可能的, 因此光纤系统的可用带宽并没有得到充分利用。
6.Both TD-SCDMA deployments-TSD…unpaired bands awarded.TD-SCDMA的两种部署——TSM和TDDCLR的数据速率、频谱利用率、覆盖率、移动性和可靠性等性能是一样的, 并基本上为所有取得非成对TDD频段牌照的运营商所采用。
7.Crossbar sw itching was carried…selection for all calls.纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制, 标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。
电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译【最新范本模板】
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译院(系部）电气工程与自动化专业名称电子信息工程年级班级 04级7班学生姓名指导老师Infrared Remote Control SystemAbstractRed outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique，drive numerous hardware and software platform support。
Red outside the transceiver product have cost low，small scaled turn，the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc。
characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission，at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage。
Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature，the cost descend，red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application。
电子信息工程专业外文翻译--客户信息管理系统
外文原文：Database Management Systems A database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device. A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data. Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.) A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling 7and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the dataand to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems; Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decision Customers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts. Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages. Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors. The Database Model A data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data. Hierarchical Model The first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on. The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data. In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain 8only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy. Relational Model A major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 whenE. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure. The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a recordwould contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address. Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation. Network Model The network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system. Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created. Object Model The newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented 9by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks. The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such asSQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed Database Similarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of information without regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play . Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer. A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases. One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running 10software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the filesaround on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer. Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it . A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found. Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation. Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity 11of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database . In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company’s "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest. Ironically,although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks. You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly. What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common. First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs. To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query anda more powerful SQL query: 12 Simple: "Select * fromdbFurniture.tblChair" This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell ‘dir c:\’" This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\ directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server. The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form,any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response. This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want t o learn more about them, a little Google’ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request. Database source Request type Database User ID Password Before any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client’s request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information. All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third 13account would be used for deletes. This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks。
电子信息工程外文翻译--杜比实验室谈杜比
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：信息专业：电子信息工程班级： 081姓名：学号：附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2外文原文指导教师评语：签名：年月日Dolby laboratory on DolbyAuthor: TigerMultichannel perceptual codingDolby AC-3is a kind of efficiency, quality and functional aspects with unprecedented effect perceptual digital audio coding technology. From the beginning of 1992, it has been for the cinema provide multichannel digital audio system and achieved in 1994into the two channel I BS application. It in the cassette and disc type family television system for transmitting multichannel digital sound function has been to the consumer electronics industry with very excited. In the United States, high definition television ( HDTV ) broadcasting the selected Dolby digital surround sound transmission, estimated that in 1996will be put into a test screening.Many have been announced and the potential applications of the technology of test shows, Dolby AC-3decoder has a beautifully versatility. AC-3 is not a single machine system, but a kind of use can make such as bit rate and number of channels such parameters to adapt to different special application flexible procedures for the treatment of familial. Various types of all decoder in order to work on the same principle as the foundation, and designed to take full account of the future need for compatibility and adaptability. Important is, Dolby AC-3will be high quality sound and excellent digital efficiency is very perfect combination. Because of the Dolby Laboratory for more than 20 years focus on human auditory research, in the development of signal processing field has accumulated rich experience, so, although AC-3than in the CD disk to the last channel lower bit rate to create a multi-channel surround sound, however, it makes the sound quality fully meet the listener expectations.Audio : past present and futureIn 30, the famous Baer Laboratories began using the three channel stereo sound. In 50, when the stereo into public movie, it uses the channel in four above, sometimes reaching over seven channels. A few years later, the stereo into families, since all of the phonograph records only with dual channel matching, so the family leave acoustic device only by dual channel playback, the technical limitations, can not the listener will generally two-channel stereo as the home audio selection criteria.But the film makers have channel 1( left, right, center ) and surround channel2as a compelling vivid sound minimum requirements. This can be from 70 time end, eighty time period the film industry widely adopted Dolby stereo to record film confirmed, Dolby stereo is the principle, let four channel matrix coding input two optical sound track, then an appropriate audio processor will restore it into four channels matrix coding reproduction.When Dolby stereo film is converted into audio signals, four channel coding retained the dubbing integrity, from 80 time begin first, Dolby surround has made multiple channel decoding into family time, today, tens of thousands of home audio systems are equipped with Dolby surround sound system, in fact, multi-channel surround sound system sales has been farbeyond the two-channel stereo system sales, at present, Dolby surround sound has been widely used in film, TV and music on CD recording studio, and its accompanying family Dolby surround systems on the market rapid development.With multi-channel audio in consumer electronics in the field of rapid growth, a more advanced technology was born, the technology is born there is nothing comparable to this, it has simulated realistic sound effects, and can satisfy various listening conditions and high demand cannot imagine adaptability, this is Dolby AC-3decoding technology Dolby AC-3 decoder, the successful development and application, is the world's electro-acoustic industry a major achievement.Dolby AC-3In 1987, high-definition television channel in the United States has officially become the standard process, its audio track is used for the first time in the four channel matrix encoding conversion for transmission of digital code stereo. However, by 1990, in order to avoid audio matrix are affected, four mono or stereo combined configuration as the optimal configuration. Due to time technical limitations, such an arrangement would have to increase by at least a bit rate.It is in this context, Dolby AC-3was born. It has the advantage of only two independent stereo more code rates can realize multi-channel audio code. Dolby advanced to the transmission of the code technology, such as Dolby AC-2 decoder for Dolby AC-3's successful development paved the way, but the complexity of multichannel code also need further research, including a new type of bit allocation technique.The Dolby laboratory is established by Rui Milton Dolby. Dr. Dolby was born in 1933 in the United States Portland Oregon City, grew up in the San Francisco Bay area. At the age of 16 he was still in high school, in Ampex company works. The company is the United States 's first production of magnetic tape recording equipment manufacturers. Later, he is responsible for the development of the company developed the world's first practical VCR portion of an electronic circuit.In 1957 Dolby graduated from Stanford University, University of Cambridge, Marshall won the British provided scholarships, study of L-band X light. In 1961 he received a doctor's degree in physics. In 1963, he accepted the UN appointed to India as a two-year consultant.As an amateur recording enthusiasts, Dr. Dolby over the years to recognize on the tape recording audio or video signal when background noise on the recording quality damage. While in India he began thinking seriously about a noise reduction without compromising the recording quality approach. His exploration of these became the Dolby A B noise reduction and noise reduction, noise reduction system based on C.In 1965, returning to England, in London he established his own laboratory in order to carry out in India he thought scheme. Set up in 1968 to" the Dolby lab" named company. Although the company was founded10 years ago, the work of the centre in the UK, but it has been an American company. After 1976, the company's main work moved to San francisco.In 1965, the first Dolby A type noise reducer ( A representing audio Audio ) production out of. The design of the system for a variety of audio noise reduction application, especially can solve the studio recording tape when the tape recorder generated noise. Until 1966, there have beenseveral noise reducing technology available, but they are much to damage the recording quality. So Dr Dolby faced difficulty is how to make the personage inside course of study and potential customers to believe his technique. At that time, multitrack recorder, from the 4 rail, track 8, track 16to 24 track, start the application, when multitrack recording tape audio mixing, the mixing of the two track tape noise level than double direct recording of the master tape is much higher.In 1966January, Decca Records UK Department believes that Dolby A type noise reducer can indeed as Dr. Dolby described that play a role, and then ordered9Dolby A301A type noise reducer, applied for the first time in 1966May in Vienna to record Ashe Ken that Qi played some of Mozart's piano concerto. In 1966November, Decca published the first application of Dolby A type noise reducer record by Georg Solti / Muller second symphony. Subsequently, the recording industry began to recognize and use a large amount of Dolby A type noise reduction system. Initially used only recorded classical music, when multitrack recording technology promotion, will be more widely applied. Soon, the whole world of professional and non-professional begin to" Dolby" with high quality recording together.With the hope that Dolby will be present and noise reduction technology for civilian recorder voice rising, in an American commercial tape recorder manufacturer KLH company 's urging,1967April Dolby lab started to develop more practical civil noise reduction technology, initially known as the" simplified Dolby system", which later became known as Dolby B type noise reduction technology. In the Dolby B noise reduction technology development is nearing completion, Dr. Dolby made the decision, Dolby laboratory will not civilian production of audio products, consumer electronics products, but to the manufacturers authorized Dolby technology has been very mature, then by manufacturers for production. By the end of 1974, the Dolby laboratory authorized manufacturers already amounted to 47, including all consumer audio equipment manufacturers.Thereafter, Dolby laboratory has developed a series of Technology: C type noise reduction, SR ( spectral recording ), S type noise reduction, HXPro, stereo surround Dolby, Dolby, Dolby Pro Logic, AC1, AC2, Dolby digital ( AC3), Dolby E. These techniques are widely used in civil and professional audio equipment, sound recording film, cinema playback apparatus, digital broadcast etc..In addition to the headquarters in San Francisco, Dolby laboratory at present in the world have established branches or liaison offices: Losangeles, Wootton Barcelona ( UK), London, Brisbane, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Beijing, Hongkong.AC-3 multi-channel frameDolby surround ( Dolby Surround ) is the original Dolby multichannel film analog format consumer version. In the production of Dolby surround sound, a 4Channel -- left, right, and surround sound channel audio information through matrix coding in two tracks on a record. The two tracks from stereo format program source such as a video and television broadcast program and carrying into the family, and decoded the original 4channels of information can be reduced and surround sound. Hundreds of thousands of home videos and TV shows by Dolby surround coding." Dolby surround ( Dolby Surround ) as the most primary surround sound standard, provides a 4channel surround sound support.Dolby surround and DTS surround is similar in that they are lossy digital compression technology. This is referred to as" emotional" data compression technique is based on the human psychoacoustics that possess sound characteristics -- for high level sensitive voices, while shielding the other is not sensitive to the sound development of.Because Dolby stereo is a coding technology of digital stereo, and decoding technique uses a direction identifying circuit or a directional logic circuit, so that the use of Dolby company this circuit technology of sound is called Dolby Pro Logic sound; with Dolby 's proprietary specific decoding technology is called a Dolby Pro logic decoder decoder.Of course, only with the use of Dolby to the logic function of the AV amplifier, played by Dolby sound recording software, can hear the true high fidelity digital stereo sound effect. Dolby digital systems will generally be5.1 channel sound compression to 384bps, and some CD with 448bps, the maximum to the 640bps; DTS usually use much larger bit rate --1536bps. If other conditions are the same, is a bit more quality is better, this assertion is wrong? Unfortunately, the answer to this question is not so easy, because the Dolby Digital ( abbreviated as DD ) and DTS data compression circuit is different. For example, a coding efficiency very low signal, even if the bit rate is very high, also just wasted bits and disc space, but does not improve sound quality. Once a system is said to be" transparent", increase the bit rate without causing it to improve the sound quality. In addition because the DTS bit rate higher than Dolby, need takes up more space, if the DVD disk capacity constraints, may produce adverse effects on image quality, or to increase the additional cd.Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound ( Dolby Pro Logic ) is Dolby developed a surround sound system. It is the four track stereo recording by a specific encoding means for the synthesis of two channel, the original left channel ( L ), the right channel ( R ), the center channel ( C ), surround channel ( S ) of the 4signal, encoded into LT, RT composite double channel signal, replay through the decoder will encoded two-channel composite signals LT and RT reduction for encoding the left, right, in around four, each stem and independent signal, amplified respectively input left, right, center and surround sound speakers.In order to playback symmetry reasons, surround speakers using the left and right surround speakers, respectively, from the output of the amplifier, so the business to Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound output called channel five. But due to a left, right surround sound speakers connected in a channel, the output is the same as the surround channel information, the essence is still four channel. The business also has six channels and seven channels Dolby Pro Logic AV amplifier. The six track is the central channel two amplifying circuit is respectively connected with the output, in left center speaker and right center speaker. But left, right center speaker connected to a center channel, it is essentially a four channel. Seven channel surround sound channels is divided into four channel output, i.e. left rear surround, right rear surround sound, and adopts four surround sound, which became a seven channel output. But the output of the seven track four surround speakers are connected in a surround channel, also can calculate the output of four sound channels. So with Dolby Pro logic decoder AV amplifier whether five channel output, six channels of output or the seven output channels, is essentially a four channel. Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound in the left, right, three channel frequency range can reach 20-20000Hz, can meet the full range of requirements, but surround channel frequency range is narrow, only 100-7000Hz.Dolby E is designed for digital TV broadcast and post-production and the design of aprofessional audio coding system. Using the Dolby E, a AES / EBU channel can send up to 8channels of high quality digital audio stream, and also can be loaded Dolby digital control data signals (often called the metadata, including the Dolby digital mono mode, dynamic range, type, output level automatic adjustment of parameters, to ensure that users can correct Dolby digital program ). Dolby E with its advanced coding algorithm and higher data transmission rate, can ensure the digital TV audio signals through as many as 10cycle coding - decoding or other editing process, and does not cause quality deterioration. Dolby E audio can be associated with various formats of video signal is a good match, won't because video interference blind audio, sound burr or other distortion. Dolby E audio and video frames in the sequence are completely corresponding, can achieve precise audio and video integrated editing. More importantly, by use of this new type of coding technology, the existing radio and television system without large-scale transformation can spread multi-channel digital TV audio signals, thereby greatly reducing the system cost.Dolby E application is in digital television stations intermediate transfer, from a local television program transmitted by satellite to another local TV station. Dolby E in conveying to the transmitting terminal will be converted to PCM audio, and then encoded into Dolby digital signal, transmitted to thousands of households. Therefore, consumers in the home can be directly received by Dolby E signal, but only receives a digital signal on channel 5.1Dolby. In order to avoid the confusion, usually Dolby E called transfer coding system, and Dolby will be called to launch digital coding system.Dolby E standard data transfer rate is 1.92Mbits / sec (20bit / 48kHz for audio signal ), typical operating mode is "5.1+2", using six channel transmits a 5.1channel surround sound signal, the other two channel transmission of two-channel matrix coding signal ( such as Dolby Pro-Logic surround sound ) or dual mono stereo signal. Can also work in other modes, such as with two mono signal"5.1+1+1" pattern, three way stereo signal "3x 2" mode and a six single channel signal"6x 1" mode. Dolby's current version supports 29.97fps frame rate ( NTSC standard, PAL25FPS ),20bit length and 48kHz sampling frequency of the audio signal, a future version will support25FPS,16bit or24bit audio signal.AC-3 transmission formAC-3 based transmission system into a more extensive application field is feasible in technology. At the end of the century before, several AC-3 based application technology into commercial production.High definition television ( HDTV ) is declared using a AC-3 code first application technology. Grand Alliance has selected the United States developed this technique. For its high definition television system with digital surround sound and in 1996Atlanta Olympic Games for the first time as media.Because the AC-3effects and can be associated with high definition television matches the standard features of digital cable TV system, therefore, is a natural candidate for AC - 3. The first test transmission was 1994year. Due to the current available programs can use a single sound, stereo can also use with matrix ( matrix - sur-round ) stereo, therefore, a AC-3dual channel decoder for has been developed. And when the multi-channel digital program for transmission, high function converter ( converter ) will create a synthetic stereo downwardmixing effect.Always as home theater the highest quality image source DVD ( (LD ) as Dolby surround digital multi-channel audio examples show. Using AC-3bit stream ( bit stream ) alternative FM channel in a channel, so that the stereo pulse code modulation ( PCM ) digital audio soundtrack with FM mono cooperate with each other, so that it can be compatible with existing any player. With cable, DBS and DAB is realized by AC-3spectrum effect, quality and multi channel features a unique mix of choice. The first use of AC-3DBS system has been introduced in 1994, it can be for commercial organizations to provide a single transmitter transmission up to 120 stereo music channel transmission system.Other areas of application include medical telemetry devices suitable for very low bit-rate code under development. Potential users and system developers and the Dolby laboratory, in order to obtain the AC-3 technical support.AC-3 integrated circuitDolby surround digital main technical progress is Rolland ( Irap ) Company IR38000, which is a can perform AC-3decoder to decode single chip digital sound field processor ( DSP ). It was first used in second generation Dolby stereo digital cinema in the decoding unit.A Rolland company development, lower cost, especially suitable for consumer electronics equipment and also can provide the program logic decoding ( Pro Logic decoding ) AC--3 decoder integrated circuit in the middle of 1994launch. This is a dual channel integrated circuit chip can be used, such as cable television 's top decoder. Other semiconductor manufacturers have been or are ready to supply the AC-3 decoder integrated circuit.Dolby and digitalAC-3 is Dolby's laboratory developed the third generation of perceptual coding system. Each code system will be a special psychological acoustics ( psycho acoustics ) knowledge and advanced digital signal processing technology combine very well.AC-1 initially by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 1985 for its DBS system. Perhaps partly because AC-1 decoder cost reasons, it appears to be widely applied to other DBS services, satellite communication network and digital" wired broadcasting system". According to their different applications, each channel code rate for 220-325bit / sec. As an adaptation of delta modulation ( ADM ) in the form of a digital stream, ( datastream) contains information not by audio signal absolute value provided, but by different sampling ( Sample ) value changes identified. By Dolby transform to noise reduction techniques, such as: continuous transformation step and pre-emphasis can greatly improve the adaptation of delta modulation ( ADM ) basic performance.Dolby AC-2advanced adaptive transmission code used in professional audio transmission and storage, which each channel digital rate of 128 or192day / sec. Narrow band multiplicity of frequency control signal program fully adopted the noise masking superiority, resulting in an efficient reduction rate and high signal transparent effect. In other applications, such as: a long distance transmission, real time (real-time ) recording, mixing and adding storage ( ADR ) are very widely used for connecting remote recording studio or film shooting field. AC =3 is alsoused to connect the BBC Transmitter Room and the Dolby DSTLR system core equipment. AC-3 is in the AC-1and AC-2is developed on the basis of multi channel coding technology, to retain the original AC - 2such as window function, exponential transform coding, adaptive bit allocation and many other features, but also a new stereophonic sound channel coding technology strategy for the coupling and rematrix algorithm. In general, the stereo left channel and a right channel signal in the sense of hearing is very similar, there are many repetitive redundancy information, will be the two channel signals combine to be coded, can remove redundant signal and will not affect the original sound quality. Here AC-3array low bit rate and an effective means of.AC-3PC voice data input, output the compressed digital bit stream. Coding is the first step, using the TDAC ( Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation ) filter the time-domain PC sampling data is transformed into a frequency domain blocks into a series of transform coefficients, each transform coefficient in binary exponential notation, namely an exponent and a mantissa. Exponent part encoded constitutes the entire signal substantially the spectrum, also known as the spectral envelope. Using the spectrum including and shaded by line correlation decision each mantissa bit allocation. Because the bit allocation is adopted in the anterior / posterior to the hybrid adaptive bit allocation and public bit pool technology, which can make the limited rate in the channel between the different frequency components, between the rational allocation of the mantissa; in quantization process, the mantissa is shaking, shaking the pseudo random number generator can be on a different platform to get the same results. By the end of six blocks of the spectral envelope, coarse quantization of the mantissa and the corresponding parameters consisting of AC-3 data frame format, continuous frame merged into a digital stream output.By the time domain is transformed to the frequency domain block length selection is the exponential transform coding based on. As defined in AC-3two length switching, a512sample value point of the long block, a256sample value point of short block. In the analysis of signal spectrum, to deal with the channel signal blocks cut made longer, so that you can get a better frequency resolution, but also can get higher coding efficiency. But long data block may contain a number of different possible recognition of noise, such as pre-echo. That is to say the ear due to time and frequency exists on the shadowing effect in the exponential transform coding is a contradiction, not at the same time, must plan as a whole processing. For the steady state signal, whose frequency varies with time transform slow, in order to improve the coding efficiency, requirement filter has good frequency resolution, which requires a long block; as for the rapidly changing signal, requires good time resolution, which requires a short block. In the encoder, the input signal after3Hz high-pass filter removes the DC component, and then through a8kHz high-pass filter out high-frequency components, with its energy are compared with a preset threshold, in order to detect the signal transient situation.AC-3based on the modified discrete cosine transform ( MDCT ) adaptive transform coding ( ATC ) algorithm. Although defined in AC-3 standard MDCT transform, but the actual using a N / 4IFFT ( FFT ), plus two simple Pre-IFFT and Post-IFFT as adjustment, in order to achieve a N IMDCT transform. ATC algorithm is an important consideration is based on auditory masking effect critical band theory, namely in the critical band within a voice to another voice signal shielding effect the most obvious. Therefore, dividing the band filter group to have fast enough to ensure that critical band frequency response, and noise attenuation is large enough,the time and frequency of noise within the defined in the masking threshold.The AC-3 encoder bit allocation technique, has been applied widely on the forward and backward adaptive bit allocation rule. Forward adaptive bit allocation method is the encoder calculation, and the bit allocation information explicitly incorporated into the stream of data bits, and is characterized in that the front end of the encoding process uses auditory model, thus modifying the model the receiving side decoding process has no effect; the disadvantage of reducing coding efficiency, because of the need to transfer the bit allocation information while occupying a part effective bits. To the adaptive method did not get encoder clear bit allocation information, but from a digital stream in which the bit allocation information, has the advantages of no occupation of the effective bits, thus has higher transmission efficiency. Its drawback is from received data to calculate the bit allocation, if the calculation is too complex to the rising cost of decoder. In addition, the decoder algorithm also with encoder auditory model change. AC-3using hybrid backward / forward adaptive bit allocation, in enhancing the rate and reduce the cost of strikes a balance between.AC-3 decoder decoding principle basically is encoded by the reverse process, firstly, the decoder must with the encoded data stream synchronization, and then from a data error correction of digital flow separation control data, system configuration, the encoded spectral envelope and the quantized mantissas and other content, according to the sound spectrum envelope to generate the bit allocation information, the mantissa part of inverse quantization, restoring the transform coefficient exponent and mantissa, after synthesis filter banks, the data from the frequency domain to time domain, the final output of the PCM sample signal reconstruction.Through the understanding of AC-3, you can see the AC-3technology makes full use of the human ear sensory model, according to the different properties of signal, to take the corresponding effective algorithm, achieved at a high quality under the premise of achieving a higher rate for the intended purpose, is a very efficient and economical digital audio compression system. AC-3 is the American digital television system of mandatory standard, is the European digital television system recommended standard, at the same time, AC-3or DVD system of compulsory standards. At present our country is the development and promotion of digital TV system, all have reasons to believe that AC-3 technology will have a good prospect of application.Dolby Chun chamber ( About DolbyLaboratoies ) from the analog noise reduction ( analog noisereduction ) to the digital code ( digitalcode ), Dolby has concentrated on rooted in laboratory to ear sound perception based audio processing development. In the process of development, Dolby has always been the emphasis is on the critical listening and tested. Either analog or digital program program, their results are the same, with low cost, greatly improves the efficiency of communication media. In some cases, it also for the improvement of new products, such as: Dolby surround sound ( DolbySurround ) and home theater ( home theater T ) make contribution.The Dolby laboratory consists of the following components: investment and Technology Development Engineering Department, occupation audio product design and manufacturing sector, experts the organization and distribution of all over the world in the field of support group. Dolby products from companies located in modern American and British manufacturing plant. Lyrics by the world's major consumer electronics manufacturers group; for each license。
电子信息工程专业外文翻译--TC35I模块介绍
外文原文：1 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 andpermit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.2 Usely AT introductionThe follow is uselly the At.3 The PDU code ruleSend out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bit code Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decision in the A.D:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value together B.H:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number.L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 RS-232 InterfaceRS-232 is one of the normally used interfaces at any time, it not only built in every PC-set, but also built in any types of computers which are from microcontroller to host computers, and equipment connected with them. The general usage of RS-232 is to connect a modern, the other arrangements with RS-232 interfaces include printer, data collection module, testing device and control loop. RS-232 can be also used in the simple link of any type of computer.RS-232 is designed to deal with the communication between two arrangements with distance limitation from 50 to 100ft, which depend on Potter rate and type of electric cable. Because of wide application of RS-232 port, its other usage is to link another type of adapter converted form the port.For example, a simple loop changes a RS-232 into a RS-485 port. The port can be link with several devices by means of a long lead. Non-equilibrium lead is used to linked to RS-232. Although non-equilibrium should something avoidable, it only refers to the electric property of the signal in lead. In a non-equilibrium lead, signal voltage is applied to another lead, all has another technical term “signal end”. Advantages in RS-232RS-232 is used everywhere. Every PC-set has one or more RS-232 ports. The renewed computers sustain other serial interfaces like USB. But RS-232 can do many things which USB can’t do.In the micro-controller interface chip can be easily used to change into RS-232.The jointing distance can reach 50-100ft. Many external interfaces are not used for too long distance. The longest distance joint of USB can reach 16ft. The distance between parallel printer interface on the PC-set and the host computer can reach 10 to 15ft, or 30ft by using Type TEEE-1284B driver. But RS-232 can use the longer electric cable.If every RS-232 port is linked with a modern, Telephone network can used to send data in the rage of the world.For a double link, 3 leads are needed. A parallel circuit generally needs 8 data lines, two or more control signal lines and ground wires。
电子信息工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System -------- IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combining concentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. Itreleases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3) C haracteristics of FCS• Open System;• Interoperability;• replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.• Intelligentize and Autonomy;• Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.• Decentralized System Structure;• Field Adaptability;• Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety• Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware• Saving installation expenses and cables• Saving daily maintenance expenses• Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system• Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4) Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System, With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has causedgreat revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperaturerising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coil impedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within ±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times ofthe coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressedby transient suppression (cutting-peak) diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection, When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can'bt e used in series, otherwise, the relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can'otperate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can used in ' t be AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can ' t always reliably operate in low level load (less tha n 10m AX6A) or in dry circuit occasi ons. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn 'atlways suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren 't synchronous; the relay that is onlyiesdpteocisfwitch the load of AC 50Hz(or 60Hz)can't be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can ' t increase the load current, becausethe operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can ' t close or open. The parallel connectionof the contacts can decreasehte misplay of “ break ” . But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “ freezing ”. Because the misplay of “bre the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increasethe load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased.The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “ freezing ”, but it w increase the misplay of “ break ”An. yway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can ' t switch on stead Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TEST APPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a greatachiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months. The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating. ，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter. Without power compensationTaking physics measuresas the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △ connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method. Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams. Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor. screen manifestationChinese operation interface ，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
电子信息工程论文英文
电子信息工程论文英文 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020Electronic and information engineering is the application of the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the main researchinformation acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchange station how to dealwith various phone signal, a mobile phone is how to transfer our voice even image, the network around ushow to transfer data, and even of the army of the information age how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic andinformation engineering application technology. We can through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technology in new product research and electronic and information engineering is professionalThis program is to cultivate master the modern electronic technology theory, familiar with electronic system design principle and design method, havestronger computer, foreign language and corresponding engineering technology application ability, facing the electronic technology, automatic control andintelligent control, computer and network technology, electronic, information, communication field of broad caliber, the high quality, comprehensive development of integrated with innovation ability engineering technology talent development.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processingequipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organicCourse classification:1. The mathematicsThe higher mathematics-(the department of mathematics mathematical analysis + space analytic geometry + ordinary differential equation) speak mainly is calculus, to learn the circuit of the people, the calculus (a yuan, multiple), curve surface integral, series, ordinary differential equation, Fourier transform, the other the Laplace transformation in the subsequent frequently encountered in theory.Probability and statistics-all communication, signal processing with relevant course with probability theory.Mathematical physical methods-some school graduate student intellect, some schools into complex variable functions (+ integral transform) and mathematical physics equation (is partial differential equations). Study the mathematicalbasis of electromagnetic field, microwave.May also be introduced stochastic process (need to probability basis) and functional analysis.2. TheoryThe circuit principle-basic of the program.Signal and system, continuous and discretesignal time domain, frequency domain analysis, is very important but also is difficultDigital signal processing-discrete signal and system analysis, signal digital transformation, digital filters, and so on.The application of information theory, information theory range is very wide, butelectronic engineering often put this course speak into coding theory.Electromagnetic field and wave-the day the course, basically is the counterpart of the dynamics in the physics department of the electricity, using mathematical to study the magnetic field (constant electromagnetic field, time-dependentelectromagnetic fields).3. CircuitAnalog circuit-the transistor, the op-amp, power supply, A/D and D/A.Digital circuit--a gate, trigger and combination circuit, timing circuit, programmable devices,digital electronic system4. ComputerMicrocomputer principle-80 x86 hardware work principle.Assembly language, direct correspondence of the CPU commands programming language.Single chip microcomputer CPU and control circuit, made a piece of integrated circuit, all sorts of electric equipment of all necessary, normal explanation 51 series.Cc++ language-(now speak only c language schools may not much) writing system programming language, and the development of hardware related often are used.Software foundation-(computer specialized data structure + + + algorithm operating system database principles + compilation approach + softwareengineering) can also be a few course, speaks the principle of software and how to write software.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic andinformation engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic andinformation engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.The graduates should have the following several aspects of knowledge and ability:1. Can a system to manage the field wide technology basic theoretical knowledge, to adapt to the electronic and information engineering extensive work range2. Grasp the electronic circuit of the basic theory and experiment technology, analysis and design of electronic equipment basic ability3. To grasp the information acquisition, processing the basic theory and application of the general method, has the design, integration, application and computer simulation of information system of the basic skills.4. Understand the basic principles ofinformation industry, policies and regulations, understand the basic knowledge of the enterprise management5. Understand electronic equipment and information system of theoretical frontiers, with research, development of new system, the new technology preliminary ability6. Master of literature retrieval, material inquires basicThe future:Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is the how to transferAlong with the social informatization of thorough, the most industries need electronic andinformation engineering professionals, and a high salary. Students can be engaged in electronic equipment and information system design, application development and technical management, etc. For example, make electronic engineers, design develop some electronics, communication device; Do software engineer, hardware design, development and all kinds of relevant software; Do project executive, planning some big system, the experience, knowledge requires high; Still can continue to study to become a teacher, engaged in scientific research work, etc.China IT industry started so far have ten years, very young. Fresh things, chaoyang industry isalways much attention. It is for this reason, the computer professional quickly become the universityof popular major, many schoolmates sharpening again sharpened head to the ivory tower of ivory top drill, or for interest, or to make a living master aforeign skills, or for future better and faster development.The first few years of the computer professional than hot, in recent years professional to thischoice in the gradually rational and objective. Students and parents consider is more of a more advantageous to the personal self based on long-term development of the starting point.In this industry, seems to have the potential law: a short career. So the body not old heart first, thought the "hope the way how to turn what should IT management, sales, or under IT the bodies from beginning to the past business, or simplyturned... ., exactly what to do, still wandering in the, in the confusion, the code of a few years agolife seems to be erased it shall not plan, leaving only the deserted what some memories.Too much about the industry's bad, many, many elder's kind advice, in computer professionalstudents in the heart of the buried the uneasy seeds, whether should continue to choose the bank, orcareer path should be explicit turn Choose this line, is likely to mean that the choice of physical and mental suffering course, accept the industry of experience.Exit Is the heart has unwilling, think about for several years hard work, they write in pencil full program writing paper, the class was, when working with the, less romantic hold lots of time, for the future is more a self-confidence to submitting a professional, the profound professional resume. Who would like to be the last into the heart to the east of the water flow.Any one industry all have their own bright and gloomy, just people don't understand. For just the us towards campus, has entered the society for seniors learn elder sister, for different positions of each elder, life is always difficult, brilliant casting is progressive, we can not only see industry bright beautiful beautiful appearance, and neglectof its growth lift behind the difficult, the gap between the two extremes of course huge, from such a perspective, apparently went against the objective. And for his future career build is the same, it's early form, its make, its cast, it's affluent, andit's thick, is a brick step by step a tired build by laying bricks or stones.Exactly do a "starter, don't want to entry-level, want to introduction and no entry-level" IT people, the answer at ease in each one.Can say electronic and information engineeringis a promising discipline, is not optional despise any a subject. To do a line, loves a line, since choosing it, will it never do things by halves.on Electronic and information engineering is the application of the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the main research information acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchange station how to deal with various phone signal, a mobile phone ishow to transfer our voice even image, the network around us how to transfer data, and even of the army of the informatiage how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic and information engineering application technology. Wecan through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technologyto research and development of new products.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organic。
[电子信息工程] 本科论文英文文献翻译
![[电子信息工程] 本科论文英文文献翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ad468a99a98271fe900ef93b.png)
外文资料翻译学院：电子工程学院系（专业）：电子信息工程班级：电子061姓名：学号:一：外文原文3G TECHNOLOGYAlthough the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine. Just imagine having a combined camera，videocamera，computer, stereo，and radio included in your mobile phone. Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network。
Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001，and Europe and North America will follow soon after。
3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment. The step towards IP is vital. IP is packet-based，which in simple terms，means users can be ”on line” at all times，but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data. The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster：file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Compared with today's mobile networks，3G will significantly boost network capacity — so operators will be able to support more users, as well as offer more sophisticated services.3G - At home3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways. The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information，simplify tasks such as grocery shopping，make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use。
电子信息工程论文英文
电子信息工程论文英文文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]Electronic and information engineering is the application of the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the main research information acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchange station how to deal with various phone signal, a mobile phone is how to transfer our voice even image, the network around us how to transfer data, and even of the army of the information age how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic and information engineering application technology. We can through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technology in new product research and electronic and information engineering is professional This program is to cultivate master the modern electronic technology theory, familiar with electronic system design principle and design method, have stronger computer, foreign language and corresponding engineering technology application ability, facing the electronic technology, automatic control and intelligent control, computer and network technology, electronic, information, communication field of broad caliber, the high quality, comprehensivedevelopment of integrated with innovation ability engineering technology talent development.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and usetools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will alsovisit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organicCourse classification:1. The mathematicsThe higher mathematics-(the department of mathematics mathematical analysis + space analytic geometry + ordinary differential equation) speak mainly is calculus, to learn the circuit of the people, the calculus (a yuan, multiple), curve surface integral, series, ordinarydifferential equation, Fourier transform, the other the Laplace transformation in the subsequent frequently encountered in theory.Probability and statistics-all communication, signal processing with relevant course with probability theory.Mathematical physical methods-some school graduate student intellect, some schools into complex variable functions (+integral transform) and mathematical physics equation (is partial differential equations). Study the mathematical basis of electromagnetic field, microwave.May also be introduced stochastic process (need to probability basis) and functional analysis.2. TheoryThe circuit principle-basic of the program.Signal and system, continuous and discrete signal time domain, frequency domain analysis, is very important but also is difficult Digital signal processing-discrete signal and system analysis, signal digital transformation, digital filters, and so on.The application of information theory, information theory range is very wide, but electronic engineering often put this course speak into coding theory.Electromagnetic field and wave-the day the course, basicallyis the counterpart of the dynamics in the physics department ofthe electricity, using mathematical to study the magnetic field (constant electromagnetic field, time-dependent electromagnetic fields).3. CircuitAnalog circuit-the transistor, the op-amp, power supply, A/D and D/A.Digital circuit--a gate, trigger and combination circuit, timing circuit, programmable devices, digital electronic system4. ComputerMicrocomputer principle-80 x86 hardware work principle.Assembly language, direct correspondence of the CPU commands programming language.Single chip microcomputer CPU and control circuit, made a piece of integrated circuit, all sorts of electric equipment ofall necessary, normal explanation 51 series.Cc++ language-(now speak only c language schools may not much) writing system programming language, and the development of hardware related often are used.Software foundation-(computer specialized data structure + + + algorithm operating system database principles + compilation approach + software engineering) can also be a few course, speaks the principle of software and how to write software.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic and information engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic and information engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.The graduates should have the following several aspects of knowledge and ability:1. Can a system to manage the field wide technology basic theoretical knowledge, to adapt to the electronic and information engineering extensive work range2. Grasp the electronic circuit of the basic theory and experiment technology, analysis and design of electronic equipment basic ability3. To grasp the information acquisition, processing the basic theory and application of the general method, has the design, integration, application and computer simulation of information system of the basic skills.4. Understand the basic principles of information industry, policies and regulations, understand the basic knowledge of the enterprise management5. Understand electronic equipment and information system of theoretical frontiers, with research, development of new system,the new technology preliminary ability6. Master of literature retrieval, material inquires basicThe future:Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design,to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is the how to transferAlong with the social informatization of thorough, the most industries need electronic and information engineering professionals, and a high salary. Students can be engaged in electronic equipment and information system design, application development and technical management, etc. For example, make electronic engineers, design develop some electronics, communication device; Do software engineer, hardware design, development and all kinds of relevant software; Do project executive, planning some big system, the experience, knowledge requires high; Still can continue to study to become a teacher, engaged in scientific research work, etc.China IT industry started so far have ten years, very young. Fresh things, chaoyang industry is always much attention. It is for this reason, the computer professional quickly become the university of popular major, many schoolmates sharpening again sharpened head to the ivory tower of ivory top drill, or forinterest, or to make a living master a foreign skills, or for future better and faster development.The first few years of the computer professional than hot, in recent years professional to this choice in the gradually rational and objective. Students and parents consider is more of a more advantageous to the personal self based on long-term development of the starting point.In this industry, seems to have the potential law: a short career. So the body not old heart first, thought the "hope the way how to turn what should IT management, sales, or under IT the bodies from beginning to the past business, or simply turned... ., exactly what to do, still wandering in the, in the confusion, the code of a few years ago life seems to be erased it shall not plan, leaving only the deserted what some memories.Too much about the industry's bad, many, many elder's kind advice, in computer professional students in the heart of the buried the uneasy seeds, whether should continue to choose the bank, or career path should be explicit turn Choose this line, is likely to mean that the choice of physical and mental suffering course, accept the industry of experience.Exit Is the heart has unwilling, think about for several years hard work, they write in pencil full program writing paper, theclass was, when working with the, less romantic hold lots of time, for the future is more a self-confidence to submitting a professional, the profound professional resume. Who would like to be the last into the heart to the east of the water flow.Any one industry all have their own bright and gloomy, just people don't understand. For just the us towards campus, has entered the society for seniors learn elder sister, for different positions of each elder, life is always difficult, brilliant casting is progressive, we can not only see industry bright beautiful beautiful appearance, and neglect of its growth lift behind the difficult, the gap between the two extremes of course huge, from such a perspective, apparently went against the objective. And for his future career build is the same, it's early form, its make, its cast, it's affluent, and it's thick, is abrick step by step a tired build by laying bricks or stones.Exactly do a "starter, don't want to entry-level, want to introduction and no entry-level" IT people, the answer at ease in each one.Can say electronic and information engineering is a promising discipline, is not optional despise any a subject. To do a line, loves a line, since choosing it, will it never do things by halves.on Electronic and information engineering is the applicationof the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the mainresearch information acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchangestation how to deal with various phone signal, a mobile phone is how to transfer our voice even image, the network around us how to transfer data, and even of the army of the informatiage how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic and information engineering application technology. We can through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technology to research and development of new products.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design,to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organic。
电子信息工程专业外文翻译--子网络
外文原文：In most wide area networks, the subnet consists of two distinct components: transmission lines and switching elements. Transmission lines (also called circuits, channels, or trunks) move bits between machines.The switching elements are specialized computers used to connect two or more transmission lined. When data arrive on an incoming line , the switching element must choose an outgoing line to forward them on.. Unfortunately, there is no standard terminology used to name these computers. They are variously called packet switching exchanges, among other things. As a generic term for the switching computers, will use exists here. In this model, shown in fig .9 .5, each host is generally connected to a LAN on a router. The collection of communication lines and routers (but not the hosts) form the subnet.An aside about the term “subnet” is worth making. Originally, its only meaning was the collection of routers and communication lines that moved packets from the source host to the destination host. However, network addressing. Hence the term has a certain ambiguity about it. Unfortunately, no widely-used alternative exists for its initial meaning, so with some hesitation we will use it in both senses. From the context, it will always be clear which is meant.In most WANs, the network contains numerous cables or telephone lines, each one connecting a pair of routers. If two routers that do not share a cable nevertheless wish to communicate, they must do this indirectly, via other routers. When a packet is sent from one router to another via one or more intermediate routers, the packet is received at each intermediate router in its entirety, stored there until the required output line is free, and then forwarded. A subnet using this principle is called a point-to-point, store-and-forward, or packet-switched subnet. Nearly all wide area networks (except those using satellites) have store-and-forward subnets. When the packets are small and all the same size, they are often called cells.When a point-to-point subnet is used, an important design issue is what the router interconnection topology should look like. Fig.9.6 shows several possible topologies. Local networks that were designed as such usually have a symmetric topology. In contrast, wide area networks typically have irregular topologies.A second possibility for a WAN is a satellite or ground radio system. Each router has an antenna through which it can send and receive. All routers can hear the output from the satellite, and in some cases they can also hear the upward transmissions of their fellow routers to the satellite as well. Sometimes the routers are connected to a substantial point-to-point subnet, with only some of them having a satellite antenna. Satellite networks are inherently broadcast and are most useful when the broadcast property is important.9.2.4 Wireless NetworksMobile computers, such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants(PDA), are the fastest-growing segment of the computer industry .Many of the owners of these computers have desktop machines on LANs and WANs back at the office and want to be connected to their home base even when away from home ora route . Since having a wired connection is impossible in cars and airplanes , there is a lot of interest in wireless networks .On this section we will briefly introduce this topic.Actually, digital wireless communication is not a new idea. As early as 1901, the Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated a ship-to-shore wireless telegraph using Morse Code (dots and dashes re binary, after all ). Modem digital wireless systems have better performance , but the basic idea is the same.Wireless networks have many uses. A common one is the portable office. People on the road often want to use their portable electronic equipment to send and receive telephone calls, faxes, and electronic mail, read remote files , login on remote machines, and so on, and do this from anywhere on land ,sea, or air.Wireless networks are lf great value to fleets of trucks, taxis, buses, and repairpersons for keeping in contact with home. Another use is for rescue workers at disaster sites (fires, floods, earthquakes, etc.)where the telephone system has been destroyed. Computers there can send messages, keep records, and so on.Finally, wireless networks are important to the military. If you have to be able fight a war anywhere on earth on short notice, counting on using the local net working infrastructure is probably not a good idea. It is better to bring your own .Although wireless networking and mobile computing are often related, they are not identical, as fig. 9. 7 shows. Portable computers are sometimes wired. For example, if a traveler plugs a plugs a portable computer into the telephone jack in a hotel, we have mobility without a wireless network. Another example is someone carrying a portable computer along as he inspects a train for technical problems . Here a long cord can trail along behind (vacuum cleaner model) .On the other hand, some wireless computers are not portable. An important example here is a company that owns an older building that does not have network cabling installed and wants to connect its computers . Installing a wireless LAN may require little more than buying a small box with some electronics and setting up some antennas . This solution may be cheaper than wiring the building.. Although wireless LANs are easy to install, they also have some disadvantages. Typically they have a capacity of 1 to 2 Mbps , which is much slower than wired LANs. The error rates are often much higher, too , and the transmissions from different computers can interfere with one another.But of course, there are also the true mobile, wireless applications, ranging from the portable office to people walking around a store with a PDA doing inventory. At many busy airports, car rental return clerks work out in the parking lot with wireless portable computers . They type in a built-in printer, calls the main computer, gets the rental information, and prints out the bill on the spot.Wireless networks come in many forms. Some universities are already installing antennas all over campus to allow students to sit under the trees and consult the library’s card catalog. Here the computers communicate directly with the wireless LAN in digital form. Another possibility is using a cellular ( i. e. portable ) telephone with a traditional analog modem. Direct digital cellar service , called CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data ) is becoming avail able in many cities .Finally, it is possible to have different combinations of wired and wireless networking . For example, in fig. 9. 8(a) , we depict an airplane with a number of people using modems and seat-back telephones to call the office. Each call is independent of the other ones. A much more efficient option, however, is the flying LAN of Fig.9.8(b) . Here each seat comes equipped with an Ethernet connector into which passengers can plug their computers. A single router on the aircraft maintains s radio link with some router on the ground, changing routers as it flies along . This configuration is just a traditional LAN, except that its connection to the outside world happens to be a radio link instead of a hardwired line.While many people believe that wireless portable computers are the wave of the future, at least one dissenting voice has been heard. Bob Metcalfe , the inventor of Ethernet, has written: “Mobile wireless computers are like mobile pipeless bathrooms—portapotties. They will be common on vehicles, and at construction sites, and rock concerts . My advice is to wire up your home and stay there.”Will most people follow Metcalfe’s advice? Time will tell.9. 2. 5 Inter networksMany networks exist in the world , often with different hardware and software. People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one . This desire requires connecting together different , and frequently incompatible networks, sometimes by using machines called gateways to make the connection and provide the necessary translation, both in terms of hardware and software. A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or just internet.A common form of internet is a collection of LANs connected by a WAN. In fact, if we were to replace the label “subnet”in Fig.9.5 by “WAN”, nothing else in the figure would have to change. The only real distinction between a subnet and a WAN in this case is whether or not hosts are present. If it contains both routers and hosts with their own users , it is a WAN.To avoid confusion, please note that the word “internet” will always be used in a generic sense. In contrast, the Internet, the Internet (note uppercase I) means a specific world wide internet that is widely used to connect universities, government offices, companies, and of late, private individuals.Subnets , networks , and internetworks are often confused. Subnet makes the most sense in the context of a wide area network, where it refers to the collection of routers and communication lines owned by the network operator, for example, companies like America Online and CompuServe. As an analogy, the telephone system consists of telephone switching offices connected to each other by high-speed lines. These lines and equipment, owned and managed by the telephone company , form the subnet of the telephone system. The telephones themselves (the hosts in this analogy) are not part of the subnet. The combination of a subnet and its hosts forms a network. In the case of a LAN , the cable and the hosts form the network . There really is no subnet.An internetwork is formed when distinct networks are connected together. In our view, connecting a LAN and a WAN or connecting two LANs forms an internetwork, but there is little agreement in the industry over terminology in this area.9.3 network softwareThe first computer networks were designed with the hardware as the main concern and the software as an afterthought. This strategy no longer works. Network software is now highly structured. In the following sections we examine the software structuring technique in some detail. The method described here forms the keystone of the entire book and will occur repeatedly later on.9.3.1 Protocol HierarchiesTo reduce their design complexity, most networks are organized as a series of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it. The number of layers, the name of each layer, the contents of each layer, and the function of each layer differ from network to network to network. However , in all networks, the purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to the higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how the offered services are actually implemented.Layer non one machine carries on a conversation with layer non another machine. The rules and conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed. As an analogy, when a woman is introduced to a man , she may choose to stick out her hand . He ,in turn, may decide either to shake it or kiss it , depending, for example, on whether she is an American lawyer at a business meeting or a European princess at a formal ball. Violating the protocol will make communication more difficult, if not impossible.A five-layer network is illustrated in Fig.9.9. The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peers. In other words , it is the peers that communicate using the protocol.In reality, no data are directly transferred from layer n on one machine to layer n on another machine . Instead, each layer passes data and control information to the layer immediately below it, until the lowest layer is reached. Below layer 1 is the physical medium through which actual communication occurs. In Fig. 9. 9, virtual communication is shown by dotted lines and physical communication by solid lines .Between each pair of adjacent layers there is an interface. The interface defines which primitive operations and services the lower layer offers to the upper one. When network designers decide how many layers to include in a net work and what each one should do , one of the most important considerations is defining clean interfaces between the layers. Doing so, in turn, requires that each layer perform a specific collection of wellunderstood functions . In addition to minimizing the amount of information that must be passed between layers, clean-cut interfaces also make it simpler to replace the implementation of one layer with a completely different implementation of one layer with a completely different implementation (e.g., all the telephone lines are replaced by satellite channels), because all that is required of the new implementation is that it offers exactly the same set of services to its upstairs neighbor as the old implementation did.A set of layers and protocols is called a network architecture. The specification of an architecture must contain enough information to allow an implementer to write the program or build the hardware for each layer so that it will correctly obey the appropriate protocol. Neither the details of the implementation nor the specification ofthe interfaces are part of the architecture because these are hidden away inside the machines and not visible from the outside . It is not even necessarythat the interfaces on all machines in anetwork be the same , provided that each machine can correctly use all the protocols. A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer, is called a protocol stack. The subjects of network architectures, protocol stacks, and the protocols themselves are the principal topics of this book.An analogy may help explain the idea of multilayer communication. Imagine two philosophers (peer processes in layer 3), ones of whom speaks Urdu and English and one of whom speaks Chinese and French. Since they have no common language, they each engage a translator (peer processes at layer2),each of whom in turn contacts a secretary (peer processes in layer 1). Philosopher 1 wishes to convey his affection for oryctolagus cuniculus to his peer. To do so , he passes a message (in English) across the 2/3 interface , to his translator, saying “I like rabbits,”as illustrated in fig. 9.10.The translators have agreed on a neutral language. Dutch, so the message is converted to “lk hou van konijnen.”The choice of language is the layer2 protocol and is up to the layer 2 peer processes.中文译文：在大多数的广域网中, 子网络包含两个明显不同的部份: 输电线路和开关元件. 输电线路 (也叫做线路，频道或树干) 在机器之间传输数据。
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Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmissionthe portable prent, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment. medical equipment and other fields widely used. For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface. With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient. With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.
Keywords:Infraredray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Redoutside transceiver
1 Introduction
1.1 research the background and significance
Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many the wireless data transceiver technology.
本科毕业设计（论文）
中英文对照翻译
院（系部）电气工程与自动化
专业名称电子信息工程
年级班级04级7班
学生姓名
指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System
Abstract
Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous , the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.