宾语和同位语从句

名词性从句的关联词

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：

连接词：that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which

连接副词：when, where, how, why

1.引导名词性从句的关联词有；连接词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。

1.1 that

连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。

I hear (that) he has joined the football club.

That light travels in straight line is known to all.

It so happens that I know the man.

Is it certain that they will win.

1.2 whether和if 做连接词

1.2.1 whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。

I didn't know whether he would attend the concert.（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）

The question is whether it s worth trying.（表语从句，不可用if代替whether）Whether she comes or not makes no difference.（主语从句，不可用if代替whether）

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.（同位语从句, 不可用代替）

1.2.2 whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语，而if则不能。

It all depends on whether they will support us. (不用if)

Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. (不用if)

1.2.3 if既可引导直接宾语从句，也可引导间接宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。

Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是宾语从句，if

表示是否）

Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果）

Please let me know whether you want t join us.（为避免引起歧义，可用whether 表示是否）

1.2.4 从句后有“or not”时

I wonder whether he will come or not.

1.2.5后接动词不定式时。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?

1.3 who, whom, whose, what, which

连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。

No one knows who he was waiting for.

We are worrying about what we should do next.

Tell me whose house it is.

Let me know which train you will be arriving on.

1.4 where, when, how, why

连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。

I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.

She always thinks of how she can work well.

What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum.

比较：

when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。

Please let me know when you arrive.（when引导时间状语从句，用一般现在时来表示将来。）

Please let me know when you will arrive.（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）

1.5whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whoever

连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡

是...，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。

Whoever comes to the club is welcome.

Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island.

You may do whatever you will.

I'll take whichever book interests me.

Whosever book is overdue will be fined.

比较：

连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。

You may offer the book to whoever wants it. （此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语）

You may offer the book to whomever you like（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）

1.6 “疑问词+不定式”的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

1.6.1 作主语

How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.

1.6.2 作宾语

1.6.

2.1 作动词的宾语

We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays.

1.6.

2.2 作介词的宾语

We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how to eat.

When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do, you can use should / ought to or should not /ought not to.

1.6.3 作表语

My question is where to find the answer.

1.6.4 从以上可以看出，“疑问词+不定式”构成的短语在句中相当于“名词”，因此有些可以转化成相应的从句。

I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table.

= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.