高中语法省略讲解及练习

省略
省略的使用主要是为了避免重复。

句子中的某个词、短语甚至整个从句都可以省略。

严格来说，凡是省略的成分都可以被添补出来，使省略句变成完整的句子。

省略可以使语言简洁、紧凑、重点突出、表达有力，原则是不损害结构、不引起歧义。

一、功能词的省略
没有意义的功能词如冠词、介词、助动词等，常被省略。

（1）冠词的省略：
两个并列名词前面的都有冠词时，第二个名词前的冠词常可以被省略
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?
但若省略了第二个冠词后会误认为是同一个人或物时，就不可省略
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.
as 引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的名词提前时，冠词要省略。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.
（2）介词的省略：
Of在与age，size，colour，height，shape等名词连用时可以省略。

The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.
一些固定结构中，介词常被省略：
be busy/occupied (in) doing sth.
have trouble/difficulty/fun (in) doing sth.
spend one’s time (in) doing sth.
There is no use/point/sense (in) doing sth.
stop/ prevent …(from) doing sth.
二、基本句子种类的省略
1. 陈述句中的省略
（1）句子成分的省略
为了避免重复或是使句子更简洁，在不引起歧义的情况下，常把某些成分省略，构成省略结构。

(I) Beg your pardon for what I did.
（我）请你原谅我做的事。

（省略主语）
Some of us study English, others (study) French.
我们中有些人学习英语，有些人学习法语。

（省略谓语）
The little girl is eating (food).
这个小女孩在吃东西。

（省略宾语）
（2）年龄和钟点等的省略。

主要省去年龄或者钟点的相关名词。

He is thirty (years old). 他二十（岁）了。

It is five (o’clock). 现在五点（钟）了。

（3）名词所有格后面的名词，如果是表示住宅、店铺、教堂或者上下文已经暗示或明确指出过的事物时常省略。

Jack and his sister stayed in his uncle’s (home) during the summer vacation.
The girl’s handwriting is much better than her brother’s (handwriting).
（4）标签、新闻标题、说明书等要求简练醒目，需要根据上下文推敲其省略部分。

No smoking=No smoking is allowed here.
Do not bend=Do not bend the envelope.
Opera Ok, costumes great=The opera was ok, and the costumes were great.
（5）答句的省略。

—Which language are you studying? —(I’m studying) Chinese.
—Are you a student? —Yes，I am (a student).
（6）并列句中，省略相同的成分。

This beeper works well, but that one doesn’t (work well)
I’m willing to meet her when (she likes) and where she likes.
2. 疑问句中的省略
（1）在一般疑问句中，可部分省略主语、助动词，使问句更简洁明了。

(Do you) Mind if I sit down?
(Is there) Anything else?
(Have you) Been here before?
(I beg your) Pardon?
（2）在特殊疑问句中，多进行一些次重省略，也就是在某些特殊疑问句中，将次重要部分省略，以突出重点。

常见的是why not do?或why do?
Why (do) not (you do that)?
Why (do) not (you) join us?
3. 祈使句中的省略，常省略主语you。

(You) Open this window.
(You) Don’t give up when you meet with trouble.
4. 感叹句中的省略，常对非感叹部分进行省略，即突出感叹的部分，省去非感叹的部分。

What a lovely autumn day (it is)!
How amazing (it is)!
三、比较结构的省略
在“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中，可以省略其余部分。

由than和as引导的比较句式中的承前部分也可省略。

The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
He is cleverer than any other boy (is).
He is not so busy as he was (busy) last year.
四、不定式的省略
1. 如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，通常保留be，have和have been。

They may go if they wish to (go).
The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to (play in the street).
—Are you a sailor? —No, but I used to be.
—He hasn’t finished yet. —Well, he ought to have.
2. 在动词expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, would like, agree, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边跟动词不定式作宾语时，不定式承前时省略动词原形只保留不定式符号to。

I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film).
—Will you go to the cinema with me? —Well, I’d like to (go with you).
3. 在某些形容词，如glad, happy, pleased, willing, eager, delighted等后面，承前时省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。

—Will you join in the game? —I’d be glad to (join in the game).
4. 有些动词，比如tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形，保留动词不定式符号to。

He didn’t come, though we had invited him to (come).
5. believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be+n. /adj.中的to be可以省略。

I consider him (to be) lazy.
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.
6. 感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。

I saw the girl cross the street. The girl was seen to cross the street.
7. 并列结构中为了避免重复，省略第二个不定式中的to，但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，后一个to不可省略。

I’m really puzzled how to think or say.
I came not to scold but to praise you.
8. 作为介词but, except, besides等后的宾语，前面出现了实义动词do的某种形式时，常省略不定式符号to，否则要带to
We have nothing to do now but wait.
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
can’t help but do sth.
9. 主语部分有to do或者暗含to do，且谓语动词是is或was时，作为表语的不定式通常省去to。

The only thing you have to do is press the button.
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard.
五、主从复合句的省略
1. 名词性从句中的省略
（1）在that引导的宾语从句中，通常可省略第一个that，其余的不能省。

The girls told him (that) they were on a train trip across Canada and that they had only one day in Montreal.
I’m sure (that) you will win the game.
（2）在which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句中，常可省略与主句相同的部分，仅保留一个连词。

My teacher will go to London, but I don’t know when (he will go to London).
She can’t come, but is don’t know why (she can’t come).
（3）在对话中，答语有时是一个包含宾语从句的复合句，尤其以I’m afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess, I expect, I suppose等开头的答句中，后面常用so、not或其他方式来省略上文或替代问句中的一部分或整个句子。

—Will it snow tonight? —I hope (it will) not (snow tonight).
—Is Mr. King in his office? —Sorry, I don’t know (whether he is in his office or not).
—I think so/ I think not/ I don’t think so.
（4）有形式主语it的主语从句可以省略that
It seems (that) Joe is out, not Jack.
It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.
（5）表虚拟的名词性从句中should的省略
a. 一坚持（insist），二命令（order, command），三建议（suggest, propose, advise），四要求（demand, require, request, desire）后的宾语从句中：
I insisted that he (should) do the job.
b. 一个主意（idea），一个计划（plan），一个命令（order），三个建议（suggestion，proposal，advise）等后的表语从句、同位语从句中：
The worker’s demand is that their wages (should) be increased by 15%.
c. It is necessary/important/impossible/strange/natural/a pity/ no wonder that…句式中的主语从句中：
It is necessary that you (should) be present at the meeting.
2. 定语从句中的省略
（1）定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词一般可以省略。

She is the one (whom) we saw the other day.
（2）先行词为the way时，关系代词应用that或者in which，或将其全部省略。

（3）在非正式文体的定语从句中，关系代词as后面的主谓成分或助动词be也可以省略。

She gave the same answer as (she had given) before.
3. 状语从句中的省略
（1）有些表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句，如果谓语动词含义be动词，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和be动词省略。

If (it is) so, you must go back and get it.
Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if (she was) angry.
As (he was) a young man, he studied law and become a lawyer.
She advised me not to say anything unless (I was) asked.
（2）在以than或as引导的状语从句中，一些成分常可以省略或用do进行替代省略。

There is more salt in it than (there is) sugar (in it).
I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a dairy as most people do (=set down a series of facts). （do为替代省略）
（3）if引导的非真实条件句中含有were, had, should时，可以将if省略，并用倒装结构。

Were I you (=if I were you), I wouldn’t go with him.
省略专项练习
1. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ______ accompanied by an adult.
A. once
B. when
C. if
D. unless
2. Though ______ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A. surprise
B. was surprised
C. surprised
D. being surprised
3. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A. press
B. to press
C. pressing
D. pressed
4. Always ________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
A. to keep
B. to have kept C．keep D. have kept
5. Give me a chance, ________ I’ll give you a wonderful surprise.
A. if
B. or
C. and
D. while
6. The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, , reaching 30C in summer.
A. if not
B. if ever
C. if any
D. if so
7. To the couple’s great surprise, the house was in a mess as if ______.
A. breaking into
B. having broken into
C. broken into
D. being broken into
8. If properly, medical waste from hospitals may contribute to spreading diseases.
A. not handled
B. not being handled
C. not to be handled
D. not having been handled
9. The kids, who are brought up on a diet of soap operas and online games, seldom, _______ participate in a variety of activities.
A. if any
B. if not
C. if ever
D. if so
10. Nelson Mandela is，__________ the greatest man of the 20th century，certainly among the most extraordinary leaders．
A．if there B．if any C．if not D．if so
11. ________for the rain, the construction work would have been faster.
A. If it were not
B. Were it not
C. Had it not been
D. If it hasn’t
12. The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than_______.
A. ours
B. those of ours
C. it had for ours
D. it did for us
13. —Mary had a wonderful time at the party.
—_______, and so did I.
A. So she had
B. So had she
C. So she did
D. So did she
14. _______ we move the couch over there. Don’t you think the room will look larger?
A. What about
B. What if
C. How far
D. How come
15. John plays football_______, if not better than, David.
A. so well
B. so well as
C. as well
D. as well as
16. Are you free tonight? ______, I'd like you to meet Tom, my new friend from the States.
A. Even so
B. When necessary
C. If not
D. If so
17. “Sorry, sorry...,” he whispered, _____ talking to himself.
A. while
B. even if
C. as if
D. when
18. Not a single word did he say when________ about his step-mother.
A. being asked
B. asked
C. asking
D. was asked
19. —It looks as if a storm is coming up.
—Yes, _______.
A. it certainly does
B. it certainly is
C. it looks so
D. it’s coming
20. ____ today, he would get there by Sunday.
A. Would he leave
B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave
D. If he leave
21. —I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do?
—Don’t speak until _____.
A. speaking
B. spoken to
C. spoken
D. speaking to
22. —How are you getting on with your work?
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans
B. planning
C. planned
D. to plan
23. I wonder why you won't do it as_____. It's the third time you have done so.
A. told to
B. be told
C. told you
D. you told
24. The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are, not how they ought ____.
A. to
B. to be
C. be
D. have been
25. Though_______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked
B. lacking of
C. lacking
D. lacked in
26. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if________ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing
B. having seen
C. to have seen
D. to see
27. —I didn’t attend Tom’s wedding yesterday.
—I ________, either, if my friend hadn’t reminded me.
A. wouldn’t
B. wouldn’t have
C. didn’t
D. hadn’t
28. —Do you think you will get a pay rise next year?
—__________.
A. I hope so
B. I’m afraid so
C. I believe not so
D. Who says it?
29. —________ the film you saw yesterday?
—It was wonderful.
A. What do you feel seeing
B. How did you find
C. What do you think
D. How do you think of
30. We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse.
A. not if dealt carefully with
B. if not carefully dealt with
C. if dealt not carefully with
D. not if carefully dealt with
31. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just ________ they are—all we have to do is clean or peel them.
A. the way
B. in the way that
C.in the way which
D. the way which
32. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
33. I haven’t decided to go home or ________ at school.
A. to stay
B. stay
C. staying
D. to staying
34. If the weather is fine, we will go. If _______, ________.
A. not, not
B. no, not
C. not, no
D. no, no
35. —How about the number of students playing on the playground?
—_________.
A. Small
B. Many
C. Little
D. Most。