08年语言学及应用语言学初试试题
四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题
四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题第一篇：四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题四川外语学院2008年研究生入学考试试题现代汉语与语言学概论答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷150分，3小时完成。
语言学概论试题（75分）一、术语解释（20分）1、语法范畴2、语言融合3、洋泾浜4、社会方言5、团音二、用国际音标给下列汉字注音（10%）随风潜入夜润物细无声三、判断下列表述的正误（21分）1、一切语言都至少有由名词性词语和动词性词语构成的句子。
2、思维离不开语言，必须在语言材料的基础上进行。
3、书面语完全脱离口语是违背语言发展规律的反常现象。
4、词是语言中音义结合的最小单位。
5、音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
6、屈折语比粘着语进步，粘着语比孤立语进步。
7、音高就是声音的高低，它取决于振幅。
四、论述（24分）1、词义的概括性。
2、语言发展的不平衡性。
现代汉语试题（75分）五、术语解释（20分）1、调值2、音位变体3、大篆4、语义场5、受事主语句六、用汉语拼音方案给下列汉字注音（10%）旅程精心金星影印品行亲近埋伏申明嗔怒造诣七、用层次分析法分析下列短语的层次和结构关系............第二篇：现代汉语与语言学概论 (150)语言学概论教学大纲一、课程说明《语言学概论》是“汉语言文学”专业本科的一门具有基础理论性质的必修课程。
本课程是“语言学及应用语言学”学科的概要理论。
本课程的任务：授予学生有关语言的基础理论和基础知识，为今后从事语文教学和研究工作打下理论基础。
本课程的培养目标：通过语言学理论的训练，使学生具有严密的思维能力，特别是认识新事物．新现象的能力；使学生在生活中．工作中自觉地科学地认识和使用语言；使学生能够自觉地认识和贯彻国家语言文字政策。
本课程的教学方法：以讲演课为主，辅以适量的练习，以巩固学到的知识并培养分析语言现象的能力。
上海大学08年语言学试题
上海大学研究生入学考试08年语言学试题I define the following terms.(20 points)1. Register2. Pigin3. Communicative competence4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5 . Lingua franca6. Diglossia7 Sociolect8. Speech community9. Standard language10: Speech variety questions.II. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put a T for true or F for false as a required on the answer sheet following the proper number. (15 points)1. Children acquiring their first language beyond the critical age hardly successful, such as the case of "Genie."2. Children acquiring a language simply as internalizing individual expressions of language.3. In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.4. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.5. The presence of a grammatical distinction in a languagethe ease of some cognitive processes, while the absence distinctions prevents these processes.6. A weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the pre- -?of linguistic categories influences the ease with which va-.?cognitive operations are performed.7. As a naturally occurring event, parlor refers to the actualized language which is specific to the situation in which it occurs.8. Chomsky regards competence as the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language, which is often influenced by psychological and social factors.9. “Domestic bird” is the superordinate, and “chicken”, “duck”, “turkey” and “goose” are co-hyponyms.10. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.11. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.12. Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called social dialects which are highly stratified in terms of social divisions, such as race, class, professional status, age and sex.13. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.14. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.15. The generic situation of the discourse is often defined in terms of tenor which is the category used to describe what language is being used for in the situation.III. Complete the following statements. (30 points)1. (1) means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.2. For many American English speakers, the best example, or the (2), of “bird” is the robin.3. We describe the relationship or the agreement between boy and his in the sentence the boy liked his dog in terms of (3) (4), mainly derived from a biological distinction between male and female.4. If someone tells you that Your uncle came back from the United States, there is an obvious (5) that you have an uncle.5. The children (6) the rule of adding–ed to form the verb past form such as goed.6. The term (7) refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations, while the term (8) applies to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language.7. The combination str is a (9) (10), i.e., it consists of more than one consonant.8. The phrase “a grief age”by Dylan Thomas breaks the rules of normal use of English. Such abnormal use is called (11).9. When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker. Such a personal dialect is referred to as (12).10. NASA or UNESCO are examples of (13), formed from the initial letters of a set of other words, and typically pronounced as (14) words.11. The verbs work becomes the noun worker if we add the (15) morpheme –er.12. The American TOEFL test is an example of (16) test.13. According to the principle of (17) (18) by George Kingsiey Zipf, language use is characterized by two competing forces: the force of unification, or the speaker's economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer's economy.14. When learning a second language, the learners will transfer the features of their mother tongue. Such transfer can be (19) when interference occurs and results in (20).15. The (21) syllabus is a grammar oriented syllabus based on a selection of language items and structures.16. In the tu/vous distinction, tu was used to signal either (22) or that the speaker was of (23) social status than the addressee.17. The strong version of (24) Hypothesis emphasizes the dicisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.18. Saussure's (25) linguistics is the study of language through the course of its history. “A Grammar of Modern Chinese” will usually claim to be a (26) grammar.19. We use the (27) to interpret what we experience and what we hear or read about. It is a conventional knowledge structure existing in memory, for example, the conventional supermarket feature includes food displayed on shelves, shopping carts and baskets, check-out counter, and so on.20. The study of “intended speaker meaning” is called (28).21. The pairs bank (of a river) and bank (financial institution) are examples of (29).22. The components of “thin, sharp, steel, instrument” would be a part of the (30) meaning of needle.IV Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statements. (15 points)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” ( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab” is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NPVP".( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical12.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Caserecipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter13.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence14.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speakerto some future course of action are called _______.( )misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives15.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approachwhich studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicparativeD.historicalcomparativeV. Briefly answer the following questions. (30 points)1.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? (10 points)2.Explain five basic categories of illocutionary acts by Seale with examples.3.What do you know about the Cooperative Principle and its maxims?VI. Essay questions (about 150 words for each essay) (40points)1.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linearstructure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements?Support your statement with examples.2.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production。
现代汉语历年真题题库
北京语言大学语言学与应用语言学研究生考试专业课试题真题题库科目：现代汉语75’整理人：王雪兰时间：2008年7月2008年现代汉语75’一画声韵配合简表8’二标严式国际音标并回答问题（音变也标出）：12’演讲喜欢早晨打鸣儿有趣儿画儿1 上声的变调规则2 儿化的含义和作用三什么是语素？举例说明语素与词、汉字的区别10’四写出下面词的结构类型，并总结汉语构词和印欧语系语言的构词相比有什么特点。
10’狐疑幼儿常常经商霜降买卖房间老乡五下列词在语法上有什么相同和不同10’1 上边刚刚2 大方大肆3 但却 4过去曾经 5男式难得六看下列短语，回答问题10’所闻儿童教育太麻烦红的院子里面教育儿童三十左右已经走了做好来人1找出非名词性短语2根据所给材料归纳汉语短语构成手段七比较下面两组句子语法上的相同和不同10’A A1 前几天还开着鲜红的花呢。
A2大厅正面的墙上挂了几幅山水画。
B B1 昨天来了几位客人。
B2 我们班转走了几位同学。
八标明下面各句子中划线成分的语义指向，并说明理由5’1 我给老张热热地沏了一杯茶2 填词谱曲我都会3 钱都花光了4 他打伤了客人5我们走早了2007现代汉语75，一、用严式国际音标标出带鼻音的韵母，并指出ong、iong在四呼中属于哪一呼（10分）二、用严式音标给下列词语注音，有音变的要标出音变情况，并回答想一想一块儿一伙儿砖头东西斧子问题：1 写出“一”的音变规律。
2 写出轻声对韵母的影响三、以下列词语为例，说明词义的构成（9分）授予忠诚春意四、什么是一般词汇？举例说明一般词汇所包含的主要内容？（9分）五、汉语中有一些词（如动词、形容词等）有重叠形式，请指出下列语言实体中词的重叠情况，并说出判定的理由。
走走停停研究研究吹吹打打来来来！高高兴兴是！是！红红绿绿大大小小徐徐人人慢慢聊聊2006年现代汉语1.按照发音方法写出汉语普通话的所有声母，并和英语或其他语言的声母相比，谈谈汉语普通话声母的特点（12分）2.严式标音，标出下面有音变的词，并回答问题（8分）嫂子将剪子放在了窗台上。
首都师范大学2008文学、语言学考研
首都师范大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷专业：英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目：英语专业知识研究方向：各方向 (请将答案注明题号写在答题纸上)英美文学部分（50分）I.Fill in the blanks. (10 points)1. The English Renaissance is a period during which _________introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.2. ―Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines‖ is a line taken from ―Sonnet 18‖ by William Shakespeare. The underlined phrase refers to _______.3. ―From the 1st of October to the 24th All these days entirely spent in many several voyages to get all I could out of the ship, which I brought on shore every tide of flood upon rafts.‖ This is the journal kept by the character _____________4. ―I wandered Lonely As a Cloud‖ is a poem written by the romantic poet _____.5. Ursula is the heroine both in The Rainbow and ________.6. Ichabod Crane, the schoolmaster, is a character in the short story______ collected in The Sketch Book.7. ________is regarded as the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the detective story.8. Tashtego, Daggoo and Queequeg are the three main harpoon_________.9. Mark Twain once described the theme of a book as the struggle between a healthy hearte and a deformed conscience, and he attributed this description to the character ________in that book.10. ―In a Station of the Metro‖ by Ezra Pound goes like this: The apparition of these faces in the crowd;_________________________.II.Choose the best answer.(10 points)1. Which of the following play is NOT written by Christopher Marlowe?A. RichardⅢB. TamburlaineC. The Jew of MaltaD. Doctor Faustus2. ―When I consider how my light is spent Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide and that one talent which is death to hide, Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent‖ is the sonnet written by _______.A. William ShakespeareB. John DonneC. John MiltonD.John Keats3. ―A Novel without a Hero‖ is the subtitle of _______.A. Pilgrim’s ProgressB. EmmaC. Oliver TwistD.Vanity Fair4. Kurtz is the caption in ______.A. White JacketB. Heart of DarknessC. Lord of FliesD. A Passage to India5. Waiting for Godot is a tragicomedy written by ________.A. Christopher MarloweB. George Bernard ShawC. Samuel BeckettD. Harold Pinter6. Henry James was fascinated with the ―international theme‖, according to which American innocence is conflicting with European sophistication. In the following novels, ______does not belong to the type.A. The Wings of the DoveB. The Turn of the ScrewC. The Golden BowlD. The Portrait of a Lady7. __________once declared himself a ―classical in literature, r oyalist in politics, and Anglo-Catholic inreligion‖.A. Walt WhitemanB. Emily DickinsonC. Wallace StevensD. T.S. Eliot8. In The Great Gatsby, Nick is the narrator who belongs the type of _______.A. participantB. non-participantC. UnreliableD. innocent eye9. Among the many novels written by William Faulkner, the title of ________is associated with the Bible.（没有选项）10. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXPECT___________.A. Lost GenerationB. Iceberg theoryC. American DreamD. ―grace under pressure‖III. Explain the following literary terms and works.(10 points) blank verseimagismstream of consciousnessParadise LostWinesburg, OhioIV. Read the following poems and answer the questions.(10 points) Poem One:Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village, though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.My little horse must think it’s queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year .He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there’s some mistake.The only other sound’s the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,Bu I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.1. The author of this poem is _______.2. ―Downy flake‖ in the third stanza means _________________.(1 point)3. In this poem, _____meter is most frequently used.(1point)4. Interpret the main idea of this poem.(2 point)Poem Two:The TygerTyger ! Tyger ! Burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eye.Could frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?And what shoulder, and what art,Could twist the sinews of my heart?And when thy began to beat,What dread hand? And what dread feet?What the hammer ? what the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?Whatthe anvil? what dread grasp?Dare its deadly terrors clasp?When the stars threw down their spears,And water’d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?Tiger!Tyger! Burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry?1. The author of this poem is _____________.2. ―Immortal hand or eye‖ in the first stanza refers to the ―hand or eye‖ of ____________.3. In the fifth stanza, the‖ Labmb‖ refers to ____________________.4. Interpret the main idea of this poem (2 points)V. Write a 150-word essay about your understanding of the novel Wuthering Heights.(10points)英美概况部分（50分）I. Choose the correct answer in each of the following questions.(20 points)1. Which of the following was the man who crushed various rebellions in Ireland and settled English and Scottish Protestants there by giving them land?A. Oliver CromwellB. King Charles IC. William ID. William III2. ―I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tear and sweat.‖ From which of the following speakers in the above statement quoted?A. Winston ChurchillB. Abraham LincolnC. Patrick HenryD. George Wahington3. Which of the following was NOT a historian?A. Edward GribbonB. Winston ChurchillC. Arnold ToynbeeD. Aldous Huxley4. Which of the following names is NOT mentioned in the Bible?A .Joseph B. Diana C. Abraham D .Job5. Which of the following was NOT an economic?A. Adam SmithB. Thomas MalthusC. Thomas Henry HuxleyD. John Maynard Keynes6. In which of the following years did Julius Caesar invade Britain?A. 55BCB. 54BCC. 54ADD. 43AD7. Which of the followi ng names of kings is often followed by ―the Great‖?A. William ⅠB. AlfredC. Henry ⅠD. Richard Ⅰ8. Which of the following groups of names of English monarchs is in a correct sequence?A. Henry Ⅷ, Edward Ⅵ, Mary Ⅰ, Elizabeth ⅠB. Mary Ⅰ, Edward Ⅵ, Elizabeth Ⅰ, Henry ⅧC. Edward Ⅵ, Henry Ⅷ, Elizabeth Ⅰ, Mary ⅠD. Henry Ⅷ, Mary Ⅰ, Edward Ⅵ, Elizabeth Ⅰ9. Which of the following kings believed the ―Divine Right‖ to govern,and was condemned to death during the English Civil War?A. James ⅠB. Charles ⅠC. King JohnD. James Ⅱ10. Which of the following cou ntries was England′s great enemy during the whole of the 18 century?A. SpainB. AmericaC. FranceD. Germany11. Which of the following Houses did Henry Ⅷ belong to?A. The house of YorkB. The House of TudorC. The house of StuartD. The house of Lancaste12. Which of the following peoples were the ancestor of the Irish?A. The CeltsB. The RomansC. The DanesD. The Anglo–Saxons13. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Victorian age?A. It was an age of national development and national optimism.B. It was an age of stability in family life.C. It was an age of imperialismD. It was an age of lack of belief in religion14. In which of the following countries was England became a Protestant county?A. The 14 th centuryB. The 15th centuryC. The 16th centuryD. The 17th century15. Which of the following was NOT a New England state?A. The state of ConnecticutB. The state of New YorkC. The state of New HampshireD. The state of Vermont16. Which of the following is NOT true?A. New York City is the commercial capital as well as one of the cultural centers of the US.B. Washington D.C. is the commercial capital as well as one of the cultural centers of the US.C. Boston and Philadephia are two of the cultural centers of the US.D. Washington D.C. is the political capital of the US.17. Which of the following descriptions of the Mississippo River is NOT true?A. It flows into the Great Lakes and wrence.B. It is the biggest river system in the US.C. It flows down to New Orleans and Gulf of Mexico.D. Ohio ana Missouri River are branches of the Mississippi.18.How many states were there at the time of independence of the United States?A.13B.18C.35D.4819. Which of the following was the last continental states added to the Unions?A. KentuckyB. ArizonaC. OregonD. Alasks20.Which part of the US remembles old England in many ways?A. The southB. New EnglandC. The WestD. Mid–Atlantic states21. Which of the following is the man whose teachings developed into Puritanism?A. Martin LutherB. John CalvinC. Thomas MoreD. John Wycliffe22. Which of the following is NOT a character in Greek Mythology?A. PygmalionB. HeraclesC. PandoraD. Solomon23. Which of the following is the author of Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism?A. Joseph NeedhamB. Raymond WilliamsC. Edward SaidD. Dick Hebdige24. In Greek mythology, Which of the following functioned as a manager of the gods?A. AplloB. PoseidonC. HermesD. Dionysus25. Which of the following is the British historian who believes that the failure of a civilization to surive was the result of its inability to respond to moral and religious challenges,rather than to physical or envirn\onmental challenges?A. Arnold Joseph ToynbeeB. Samuel P.HuntingtonC. Joseph NeedhamD. Edward Gribbon26. In Greek mythology,which of the following was the best Troian warrior in the Trojan War?A. OdsseusB. AjaxC. AchillesD. Hector27. Who was the first US President resigned from office?A. Andrew JohnsonB. Gerald FordC. Richard NixonD. Jimmy Carter28. Which of the following have their church headquarters in Salt Lake City,Utah?A. PuritansB. MormonsC. BaptistsD. Friends29. In which of the following languages was the New Testament written?A. HebrewB. AramaicC. GreekD. Latin30. How many seats does the senate of the congress of the US have?A. 100B. 345C. 435D. 53431.Which of the following influenced the Founding Fathers by his theory of division of power?A. John LockB. Benjamin FranklinC. MontesquieuD. Thomas Paine32.Which od the following places is not mentioned in the Bible?A. CanaanB. BethlehemC. IthacaD. Jerusalem33.Which of the following was not one of the authors bof the Constitution?A. Thomas JeffersonB. George WashingtonC. Benjamin FranklinD. James Madison34. Which of the following characters is not mentioned in the Old Testament?A. NoahB. DanielC. SamsonD. Peter35. Which of the following is the first 2 political parties in the late 18th century?A. The democratic and the RepublicanB. The democratic and the FederalistC. the Federalist and the RepublicanD. the Federalist and the Liberal36. Which of the following was a British philosopher,economist and jurist,who founded the doctrine of utilitarianism?A. David RicardoB. Adam SmithC. Thomas Robert MalthusD. Jeremy Bentham37. Which of the following is a list of rules for living and for worship that,according to the Bible, God wrote and gave to Moses on Mount Sinai?A. The 10 commandmentsB. The Sermon on the mountainC. The BeatitudesD. The Common Prayer38. Which of the following is a British philosopher,mathematician,and Nobel laureate, whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of 20th-century philosophy?A. Bertrand Russell B .Alfred North WhiteheadC. William QuineD. Hans-George Gadamer39. Which of the followingtaught at Peking University in China during1921 and 1922and Praised Chinese culture in his work The Probirm Of China?A. Jone DeweyB. William JamesC. Joseph NeedhamD. Bertrand Russell40.In which of thr following year did September 11Attacks happen in the US and killed more than 3000 people?A.2000B.2001C.2002D.2003II .Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words or expressions.(30 words)1. _1_, the most important Christmas festival of the year, celebrates the return to life of Jesus Christ the founder of _2_ after his Crucifixion. Jesus’ return to life is called _3_ .2. _4_ is a festival that takes place on October 31. In the United States, children wear costumes on the day and go _5_or _6_.many carve jack—o＇—lanterns out of _7_.3. The British government is established on the basis of _8_ monarchy.4. In the 17th century English philosopher developed theories of empiricism ofempiricism that emphasized the role of human experience in the pursuit of knowledge and truth. Many of his political theories influence the authors of the Constitution of the United States.5. _10_ was a vast region in North American purchased by the United States from France in 1803. Some 2,100,000 squares kilometers in area. This vast land lay between the Mississippi Rivers and the Rocky Mountains, stretching form the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border.6. The First _11__ to the Constitution of the United States guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom association and provides for the right to demand a chance in government politices.7. Wars of the _12_were a series of dynastic civil wars in England fought by the rival house of _13_ and _14_ between 1445 and 1485.8. The Constitutions defines distinct powers for the Congress of the United States, the president, and the federal courts. This division of authority is known as a system of _15_ and _16_It ensures that none of the branches of government can dominate the others.9. Quakers are members of a Christian church called the Society of__ that believe in simple manners and clothes and simple religious services.10. Saint George is the patron __ of England. The best –knowen legend tells hpw he killed a __with a lanc, thus savin g the king’s daughter who was being sacrificed to thsd monster.11. During__War between England and France,English Bewmen defeated the heavily armed franch knights in the battle of Crecy and the battle of Agincourt.12.__’s work An American Dictionary of the English Language, published in1828, was the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of its day. It was also the first dictionary to present distinctly American usage of English.13. The United States__is the building where congress meets. It stands on a hill in WashingtonD.C. Besides serving as a government office builging it is a symbol of the United States_.14. Scottish philosopher__is considered one of the greatest skepties in the history ofphilosophy.He thought that one can know nothing outside of experience, and experience—based on one’s subjectiye perceptions—never provides true knowledge of reality.15. __came to the throne after King___was killed in the battle of Bosworth Field.16. The__begins with these words:We hold these truths to be __that all menare created__, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable__, that among these are__, __and the pursuit of __.17. The most famous story of__’s youth tells of his battle with a Philistine warrior named Goliath. Armed only with a__and 5 stones,he killed the giant Goliath.18. There are 5grades of English peers.From the highest to the lowest,they are__, __, earl, __and__.19. King John of Englang set his seal to the __on June 15, 1215. The document limited the power of the Engk ish monarchy and granted rights to John’s Vassals.20. John Stuart Mill’s__is generally considered to be declaration of individualism.21 In the English Civil War, the Roundhead supported__while the cavalier supported___.22 .The battle of Waterloo was won by the Duke of__over Napoleon. Equally famous was the battle of__, the great naval victory over Napoleon’s flee, won by Lord___. 23. The longest reign in British history was the monarch of__, which lasted from the year 1837to 1901.24. After World War2, the first 2colonies of the old British Empire that became free were__and __.25.Most followers of Christianity,called Christians, are members of one of 3major groups__, __, or__.26.Trinity is a term used to express the belief that in the one God there are 3Nevine Persons__, __, and__.27. The central plain of the US is bounded by the __Mountains on the east and the__ Mountains to the west.28. The state of__is the largest in area while California is the biggest in __.29.__ are the first 4books of the New Testament.30.__was a British rock music group, which revolutionized popular music around the world in the 1960s by leading a movement in rock music.语言学部分Define the following terms used in linguistics1) Match the terms with their definitions1. phonology A. a variety of language related to occupation2. diglossia B. basic meaning units of meaning of a word3. cooperative principles C .rules that people followed in conversations4. allophone D. Two languages used in a community for differentpurposes5. semantic component E. meaning dissected into meaning componentsF. description of distinctive sound units of a languageG. any of the different forms of a phoneme2) Give short definitions to the following terms in EnglishBottom-up processingBroca’s areaBroad transcriptionEmotive meaningUtterancr meaningSynchronic linguisticsMentalismCritical Period HypothesisLearning strategiesacculturation3) Respond to the following terms with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding of these term.language acquisition deviceintralingual errorssuperordinate telegraphic speech。
2008年浙江师范大学考研真题851英语写作2008年试题
Despite all the current fuss and bother about the extraordinary number of ordinary illiterates who overpopulate our schools, small attention has been given to another kind of illiterate, an illiterate whose plight is, in many ways, more important, because he is more influential. This illiterate may, as often as not, be a university president, but he is typically a Ph.D., a successful professor and textbook author. The person to whom I refer is the straight-A illiterate, and the following is written in an attempt to give him equal time with his widely publicized counterpart.
As I have suggested, the major cause of such illiteracy is the stuff --- the textbooks and professional journals --- the straight-A illiterate is forced to read during his years of higher education. He learns to write gibberish by reading it, and by being taught to admire it as profundity. If he is majoring in sociology, he must grapple with such journals as theAmerican Sociological Review, journals bulging with barbarous jargon, such as“ego-integrative action orientation”and“orientation toward improvement of the gratificational-deprivation balance of the actor”(the latter of which monstrous phrases represents, to quote Malcolm Cowley, the sociologist’s way of saying“the pleasure principle”). In such journals, Mr. Cowley reminds us, two things are never described as being“alike.”They are“homologous”or“isomorphic.”Nor are things simply“different.”They are“allotropic.”In such journals writers never“divide anything.”They“dichotomize”or“bifurcate”thins.
大连外国语学院语言学考研真题及参考答案(2008)【圣才出品】
14. According to Saussure, the relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary.
(20 points) 1. “Language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language. 【答案】T
2. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. 【答案】T
ONSET.
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure.
【答案】T
【答案】T
5. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
produced is said to be voiced. 【答案】F 【解析】When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless.
南开大学2008年语言学概论考研真题
2008年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.聚合关系（知识点：书P42）聚合关系是具有某种共同特点的语言符号之间的关系。
可以从语音、语法、语义任何一个角度给语言符号分类，同一类中的各个语言符号之间的关系就是聚合关系。
汉语的“笨、布、帮、别、病、兵”等词的声母是“b”，“路、壶、粗、租、雇、俗”等词的韵母是“u”。
2.对立（知识点：书P67）两个或几个音素可以在相同的语音位置上出现且可以区别词的意义，这样的音素之间的关系就是对立的。
布[pu]、铺[pʰu]、木[mu]、富[fu]，音素[p]、[pʰ]、[m]、[f]都可以在[u]之前出现，且这几个词韵母、声调都相同，正是这几个不同的声母辅音，把这几个词的意义区别开来。
3.主动的发音器官（知识点：书P62）人的发音器官中能够灵活活动的叫主动的发音器官，在发音中起重要作用，可以和其他发音器官配合发出各种语音。
如：唇、舌、软腭、小舌。
4.内部屈折（知识点：书P104）利用词干内部的语音变化来构成词的不同语法形式，表达语法意义。
某些语言中一种重要的语法手段，屈折语中常见，其他类型语言中也存在。
英语man[mæn]的复数men[meŋ]5.基础方言（知识点：书P198）共同语往往在某个方言的基础上形成，作为共同语基础的方言叫基础方言。
汉语的北方话就是汉语普通话的基础方言。
二．判断并说明理由1.语言符号的任意性是就音义之间的关系而言的。
（知识点：书P38）正确语言符号的任意性指语言中音和义最初结合是任意的、约定俗成的，音和义之间没有必然的联系。
如“人”这一语音形式如何同高等动物联系起来是任意的，但是这种任意性只限于初始符号，一旦约定下来就有了强制性。
2.发鼻音的时候口腔不起作用。
（知识点：书P65）错误发鼻音包括两个阶段。
在成阻阶段，口腔某处完全闭塞，阻挡气流，同时软腭、小舌下降，打开鼻腔通路；持阻阶段，气流从鼻腔流出而发出声音。
如：双唇鼻音[m]。
2008年1月全国自考试卷语言学概论试题_1
2008年1月全国自考试卷语言学概论试题2008年1月全国自考试卷语言学概论试题试卷内容预览网站收集有1万多套自考试卷，答案已超过2000多套。
我相信没有其他网站能比此处更全、更方便的了。
全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.把词分为基本语汇和一般语汇所依据的是（）A.音节的长短B.语素的数量C.字的多少D.词的地位2.机器翻译可以分为四个层级，其中最高的一级是（）A.语境平面的翻译B.语义平面的翻译C.句法平面的翻译D.单词平面的翻译3.掌管人语言活动的部位是（）A.小脑B.大脑左半球C.大脑右半球D.大脑皮质4.舌尖前送气清塞音是（）A.[d‘]B.[t‘]C.[ts‘]D.[k‘]5.汉语北京话中，有的人把“一般儿大”(同样大)说成“一边儿大”，这种现象在语音学上叫（）A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.增音6.在“名”与“实”的关系上，我国哲学家荀子认为“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”。
这种观点属于（）A.名由人定论B.实由名定论C.名实相应论D.名不副实论7.“一板一眼”、“马后炮”、“泼冷水”、“老油条”都属于（）A.简缩词语B.成语C.谚语D.惯用语8.在语音和意义上跟文字所代表的语言单位都没有联系的字符是（）A.音符B.意符C.记号D.字母9.某一言语社团同时使用两种或两种以上的语言，这种现象叫（）A.语言接触B.语言迁移C.语言混同D.社会双语10.声音的高低决定于（）A.频率的大小B.说话的速度C.声音持续的时间D.振幅的大小11.中国人看见红色往往会觉得喜庆，这种心理活动属于（）A.直观思维B.逻辑思维C.发散思维D.表象思维12.语音中元音都是（）A.乐音B.噪音C.乐音和噪音的混合体D.纯音13.一般认为人大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是（）A.2至3岁B.6至8岁C.9至10岁D.12至13岁14.语言间亲属关系按由亲到疏顺序的排列是（）A.语系、语支、语族、语群B.语支、语族、语系、语群C.语群、语支、语族、语系D.语群、语族、语支、语系15.说英语的儿童能够说出“he play book”，说明他正处于获得语言的（）A.综合句阶段B.简单句阶段C.复杂句阶段D.成人句阶段16.脑桥的主要功能是（）A.连接大脑左右两半球B.负责内脏功能C.控制人体运动的平衡D.负责掌管记忆功能17.最小的有意义的能独立使用的语言单位是（）A.义素B.语素C.词D.音素18.文字起源于（）A.结绳B.图画C.结珠D.穿贝19.儿童最早的语义能力产生于（）A.非自控阶段B.单词阶段C.双词阶段D.咿呀学语阶段20.外语学习中，学习者往往会建立一种不同于母语也不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统，这就是（）A.交叉语B.辅助语C.混合语D.中介语二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
天津师大2008 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
天津师大2008 年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题名称：汉语基础理论专业名称：语言学及应用语言学研究方向：语言理论，实验语音学，汉语语音学，汉语修辞学，对外汉语教学试题编号：844一、2008 年2 月11 日是《汉语拼音方案》颁布50 周年纪念日，请你论述《汉语拼音方案》的重要意义和主要作用。
（20 分）二、韩国人说汉语时常常把“釜山”说成“普山” ，把“夫人”说成“仆人” 。
请你用汉语语音的发音部位和发音方法来分析以下这个现象。
（10 分）三、请标注下列带点的字实际读音的声调，并结合这些字的声调说说形容词重叠后的变调规律。
（注：轻声标“。
”12 分）慢慢．儿的、红彤彤．．、软绵绵．．、．．、整整齐齐四一个外国留学生对老师说：“老师，一会儿我要和您谈话。
”请你分析一下这句话的不当之处。
（10 分）五举例说明什么是区别词及区别词的主要语法特征。
（10 分）六指出下面的句子违背了“被字句”的哪些规律。
（13 分）1 小王被他骂。
2 那棵树被倒了。
3 一个苹果洗了。
4 他被妈妈终于说服了。
七说明下面句子中加点部分的语法特点（每小题 2 分，共10 分）1 公语之故，且告之悔．．．．．．．．．。
2 臣之壮也，犹不如人．．．．．．．．．；今老矣，无能为也已。
．．．．．．．．．．3 子是之学．．．．，亦为不善变矣。
．．．．4 卫君待子而为政，子将奚先．．．．？．．．．5 闻君行圣人之政，是亦圣人也．．．．．，愿为圣人氓。
．．．．．八举例说明古汉语否定词“不”“无”的用法（10 分）、九举例说明古汉语“而”的用法（10 分）十什么是古今字，什么是通假字，举例说明（10 分）十一阅读下面的古文，并回答下列问题（35 分）楚子为陈夏氏乱故伐陈申叔时使于齐反复命而退王使让之曰夏疏] 征舒为不道弑其君寡人以诸侯讨而戮之诸侯县公皆庆寡人楚县大夫皆僭称公○使所吏反[以诸侯讨而戮之○正义曰经无诸侯而云以女独不庆寡人何故对曰犹可辞乎王曰可哉曰夏诸侯讨之诸侯皆庆者时有楚之属国从行也征舒弑其君其罪大矣讨而戮之君之义也抑人亦有言曰牵牛以蹊人之而夺之牛牵牛以蹊者信有罪矣而夺之牛罚已重矣诸侯之从田抑辞也蹊径也○女音汝蹊音兮也曰讨有罪也今县陈贪其富也以讨召诸侯而以贪归之无乃不可乎王曰善哉吾未之闻也1 如何理解“疏”和“正义”？请以这段古文的注释为例谈谈古注的内容（5 分）2 请解释一下这段古文中“以”的用法（5 分）3 请把这段古文中的词类活用现象找出来加以分析（5 分）4 请给这段古文的正文加标点，并译为现代汉语（20 分）。
川大考博2008年语言学理论真题答案
2008年语言学理论一名词解释。
1经济原则：语言学中的“经济原则”这个术语是法国语言学家马丁内在其《普通语言学纲要》中提出来的,在此之前,语言学家用省力原则这个术语来解释语音中的同化现象（如浊音清化）、词尾的浊音清化、词尾的脱落等共时和历时现象。
马丁内在最初是把语言的经济原则看做语言演变的规律来看待，可以说这是“经济原则“的本质。
“经济原则”即是：在表意明晰的前提下，为了提高语言的交际效率，尽量采用简洁的语言符号形式，这一原则对语言的发展演变起着重要的制约作用。
在语言的构词、句法、修辞等方面都可以观察到经济原则的作用。
如：缩略词的广泛采用，“中国政协”是“中国政治协商会议”的简称。
复合词代替词组，如“蚕食”比喻“像蚕一样进食”，“冬眠”指“在冬天休眠”。
句子成分的省略，如“我的眉毛像姑姑（的眉毛）”。
借代的广泛使用，如“国手”中“手”代指“国家级优秀排球运动员”。
这些例子都是在语言的使用中采取经济、省略的方式达到高效率的交际而产生的语言形式的演变。
2 构式（09年）3 配价（09年）4 家族相似近代哲学家在传统范畴理论的基础上，完善并提出了家族相似性理论(Family Resembalance)。
他认为范畴的成员不必具有该范畴的所有属性，而是AB、BC、CD、DE式的家族相似关系，即一个成员与其他成员至少有一个或多个共同属性。
范畴成员的特性不完全一样，他们是靠家族相似性来归属于同一范畴。
而范畴没有固定的明确的边界，是随着社会的发展和人类认知能力的提高而不断形成和变化发展的。
家族相似性在语言研究的词类、句法、、修辞、语音等许多方面都有所体现。
举个例子，词类范畴的家族相似性，是一种比喻的说法。
意思是：属于同一词类的各个词在语法性质上有程度不同的相似性，其中有些词在分布上有较多的相似性，它们成为这一类词的典型成员，而有些词跟其他词在分布上相似性较少，它们成为这一类词的非典型成员。
这也就是说，词类是一种原型（prototype）范畴，是人们根据词与词之间在语法性质上的种种相似性而概括出来的。
华中师范大学汉语语言学2008真题及解析
华中师范大学2007年819汉语语言学真题壹、现代汉语部分（80分）一、名词解释（每小题4分，共20分）1.甲骨文2.押韵3.离合词4.兼类词5.拈连二、分析题（每题5分，共10分）1.用层次分析方法分析下面短语的层次和结构关系。
写出更多更好的具有生动气息的作品2.用划线法分析下面多重复句。
尽管古代的一些作家，并不完全是唯物主义者，但是他们既然是现实主义者，他们思想中就不能不具有唯物主义的成分，因而他们能够从艺术的描写中反映出一定的客观真理。
三、简述题（每题10分，共40分）1.方言与民族共同语的关系。
2.基本词汇的特点。
3.连动句与兼语句的联系和区别。
4.合作原则的内容。
四、思辩题从下面几段话中找出两个值得研究的语法或修辞问题。
每小题请用50-150字简要说明其值得研究的理由（每题5分，共10分）。
小时候，每到夏天，母亲就会带着我村西边的那块田里种上几分地的黄豆。
种黄豆比较省事，只需锄两遍地，然后就耐心地等待着秋后收割。
只不过，在有些黄豆地里会长出一种奇怪的植物——菟丝子。
它们柔长的茎蔓，像结实的铁链一样，将它攀缘过的黄豆芽紧紧地拢在一起。
有一次，我我跟母亲到黄豆地里去薅菟丝子。
我自以为是地说：“既然它们没有生根，长在长在豆地里就不会碍事，咱干吗还要费事呢？”母亲却告诉我：“它们可不像你说的这样轻巧，它们拢住哪一棵豆子，哪一棵豆子就会枯死。
”待薅到地头的时候，母亲故意留下了一小株菟丝子没有清除。
秋后，黄豆熟透的时候，母亲指着地头一小圈已枯死的黄豆桔对我说：“这次你看到了吧，即使一株小小的菟丝子，也会毁掉一片豆子。
”以后，每到黄豆生长的旺季，我都要和母亲一起到黄豆地里去，仔细清除掉里面的每一株菟丝子。
贰、古代汉语汉语部分（共70分）、五、指出下列各字在六书中所属的结构类型。
（每题2分，共10分）1.析2.字3.鹿4.枚5.本六、解释下列各句中加点之词的词汇意义或语法意义。
（10分）1.尔曹身于名俱灭。
武汉理工大学 语言学 2008
武汉理工大学2008年研究生入学考试试题课程代码815 课程名称英语语言学(共3页，共37题，答题时不必抄题，标明题目序号)Part I .Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. Each blank represents one word (1 x 20=20)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.2. _______ function is the one by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.3. ______ is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the internal organization of words.4. _____studies all the aspects of the relation between language and the society.5. A linguistic study is “______” if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior.6. The description of a language through the course of its history is a ______ study.7. _____ phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.8. ______ is a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved.9. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in _______ variation.10. _______are t he alternate shapes (and thus phonetic forms) of the same morpheme.11. ______ is a category used in the grammatical description of verbs, referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the very took place.12. ______ may be defined as the requirement that the forms of the two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.13. A(n) ______ construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole.14. A pair of _______ antonyms is characterized by the feature that the assertion of one member of the Pair implies the denial of the other. Like “alive” and “dead”.15. ______ analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyzes a word into a set of semantic features.16. Linguistic ______ means that many differences between men and women in language use are bought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.17. A difference in a speech between men and women is ____ difference.18. ______ competence refers to a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society.19. ______ means that meaning of one sentence is contained in that of order.20. ______ are utterances which are descriptive statements, capable of being analyzed in terms of truth values. Part II Define the following terms (4 x10 =40)1. duality2. recreational function3. langue4. performance5. minimal pair6. allophones7. free morpheme8. exocentric construction9. sense10. illocutionary actPart III Answer the following questions (10 x 5 =50)1. What is emotive function of language? Illustrate it with two exaples.2. What is paradigmatic relation? Use an example to explain the relation.3. What are two different readings of the sentence “The girl saw the man with the telescope”? Draw wo tree diagram for them.4. What is connotative meaning? Analyze the connotative meaning of the word “mother”.5. What is the maxim of quantity in Grice’s Cooperative Principle? What implicature might be drawn from the following dialogue?A: Where is John?B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left.Part IV Comment on the following (20 x 2= 20)1. arbitrariness in language2. referential theory。
2008语言综合卷
北京外国语大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试语言综合卷语言学概论((30分)一、填空题:(每题1分，共10分) 将题号抄写在答题纸上，依次填写相应的内容。
1、从研究目的的角度对语言学进行分类，得出的分类结果是__________________________,前者重在探索语言规律，后者着重解决语言实际问题。
2、普通语言学的奠基人是瑞士语言学家__________.3、中国第一部系统的语法学是著作是十九世纪末马建忠的________________.4、音素和音位的根本区别在于__________________5、基本词汇是一种语言的词汇的核心部分，具有全民常用、稳固性、__________等特点。
6、同样的语法结构规则可以层层嵌套，这体现的是语法结构的___________.7、_____________是由词的变化形式所表示的意义方面的聚合，包括性、数、格、体等。
8、我国境内主要分布在新疆地区的塔吉克语和俄语，属于_________语系。
9、词义演变的结果是_________________.10、语言发展的两大特点是_______________________.二、名词解释(每题2分，共10分)1.聚合关系2.语流音变3.表意文字4.屈折语5.类推作用三、简答题(每班5分，共10分)1.构词和构形有何不同?构词法和构形法分别有哪几种？请举例说明。
2.如何理解语言符号的系统性。
现代汉语(60分)四、判断题(每小题1分，共5分) 将题号抄写在答题纸上，你认为正确的就在题号后写“√“，反之写“x”1.普通话中两个上声字连读时，第一个上声字往往读作阳平，这属于语流音变中的异化现象。
( )2.按照四呼的理论，“绪”的韵母是撮口呼，“知”的韵母是齐齿呼。
（）3.“钻进地道”和“发音地道“里的”地道“是一词多义。
（）4.词的比喻义和被比喻义之间存在着相似联系，引申义和被引申义之间存在着相关联系。
( )5.“坐火车”、“吃大碗”、“得九十分”、“他是演员”中，从宾语的意义类型来看，都是当事宾语。
语言学及应用语言学考研初试真题(现代汉语)
辽宁大学语言学及应用语言学专业2008年考研初试真题（现代汉语）
一、解释术语
1、音位
2、会意字
3、义素
4、惯用语
5、词语的锤炼
6、复句
7、文学语言
8、语用分析
二、用严式音标给下列成语注音，列表分析音节结构，并按四呼给其韵母分类。
雍容华贵日新月异
三、对下列一组词进行义素分析。
父亲、伯父、舅舅、姑姑、姨妈
四、分析句子：是单句的，划分句子成分；是复句的，划分层次，并指出分
句间的关系。
1、你知不知道他在想什么？
2、为了你，他才没走。
3、几千个春天的翠绿，几百代人们的梦境，无数的神话传说，都浓缩和消
溶在这深深的湖里。
4、在延安，美的观念有更健康的内容，那就是整洁、朴素、自然。
五、语音四要素在普通话里有哪些作用？
六、举例说明转义产生的基础和途径。
七、下列句子的补语语义指向有什么不同？为什么不同？
1、我们打赢了球。
2、我们打破了球。
3、我们打完了球。
八、下列层次分析哪种正确，哪种不正确？为什么？
1、很︳有学问
2、很有︳学问
九、举例说明动态助词“的”和结构助词“的”的区别。
十、举例说明形声字形旁的作用和局限。
十一、现代汉语词汇能否构成系统？说明理由。
十二、谈谈修辞和语法的关系。
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08年语言学及应用语言学初试试题（完整）
经验大家都谈了很多，我就不说了。
08初试的题目我贴在自己空间估计看的人也不多，所以今天贴在这里。
考试时我的时间不紧，所以记得比较完整，（可以记在封信封的不干胶背面的黄纸条上），希望09年的同学不会找的很辛苦。
北京语言大学2008年语言学与应用语言学研究生考试专业课试题
语言学概论150’
一解释下列名词并做简要比较5’*6=30’
1 表音文字音意文字
2 民族共同语民族交际语
3 语流同化语流异化
4 隐喻换喻
5语言言语
6基本词汇一般词汇
二单项选择（1’*11=11’）sorry题干不完全是原话，选项不全顺序有变
1语言符号和语言符号进入组合之后最大的特点是？
A可论证性b任意性和可论证性c随意性和可论证性d随意性
2汉语声调由声音的什么特征决定？
A音长B音强C音重D音高
3被当作母语使用的语言是什么（或者是没有被当作母语的，不记得了）？
A克里奥尔语B世界语C共同语D皮琴语
4美国描写语言学派的代表人是谁？
A乔姆斯基B布隆菲尔德C萨痞D不认识
5臭：古汉里是名词，指各种气味；现在是形容词，指不好闻——臭的词义发生了？
A缩小B扩大C转移D缩小并转移
6中国语言文学-中文；united states of america-USA：缩略最小可以分割到？
A音位B语素C字D音素
7语言规范的对象？
A书面语B口语CD忘了
8―出租汽车‖有歧义是由于什么原因造成的？
A结构关系B结构形式C结构层次D忘了
9辅助性的交际工具有？
A语言文字电报语身势语B文字电报语身势语
C D忘了，反正就是这几个排列组合
10新语法学派的观点是什么？
A语音演变无例外B语音演变有例外
CD忘了
11普通话/a/的因为变体有哪些个？选项略
三判断（1’*12=12’）sorry缺3个，不记得原话的只列考点
1《普通语言学教程》的作者是索绪尔；
2词形变化丰富是日语的最大特点。
3阿拉伯语（弄明白它的语法特点即可）。
4语言融合的过程是：双语-竞争-排挤-替代。
5英语里skill kill的k有送气与否的区别特征对立。
6量词是如此这般出现的，量词的出现是语法化的过程。
7词义的核心是理性义和色彩义。
8主动句-把字句（有具体例子）的变换通过添加、移位实现。
9-n –m –ng韵尾的演变
四简答(6’*6=26)sorry不是原话
1 给了―锄禾日当午‖和―少小离家老大回‖这两首诗，问为什么第一首压韵，第二首不压韵，并举汉语的另一个例子来证明自己的观点。
2 为什么语言发展中会出现言文脱离的现象？
3 为什么舌头是最灵活有用的发音器官？举例说明
4 ―他们学习‖和―学习他们‖在语法意义上有什么不同？怎么产生的？再举别的例子说明？
5 给两句德语都是―我学汉语‖的意思，主语宾语位置可以互换，语义不变，问汉语为什么不可以这样？
6 给出古汉里一堆宾语前置句，问和现在语法结构比发生了什么变化，再举一个汉语结构变化的例子
五分析（8’*4=32’）
1 语言发展变化的特点
2 义素分析法的过程和意义
3 借词的类型和意义
4语言符号和一般符号的不同
六操作（6’+10’=16’）
1 列表写谱系分类和结构类型：法语，汉语，芬兰语，维吾尔语，英语。
2 画元音舌位图，标注所给的七个元音。
七论述语言研究的价值和功用。
13’
北京语言大学2008年语言学与应用语言学研究生考试专业课试题
现代汉语75’
一画声韵配合简表8’
二标严式国际音标并回答问题（音变也标出）：12’
演讲喜欢早晨打鸣儿有趣儿画儿
1 上声的变调规则
2 儿化的含义和作用
三什么是语素？举例说明语素与词、汉字的区别10’
四写出下面词的结构类型，并总结汉语构词和印欧语系语言的构词相比有什么特点。
10’狐疑幼儿常常经商霜降买卖房间老乡
五下列词在语法上有什么相同和不同10’
1 上边刚刚
2 大方大肆
3 但却 4过去曾经 5男式难得
六看下列短语，回答问题10’
所闻儿童教育太麻烦红的院子里面
教育儿童三十左右已经走了做好来人
1找出非名词性短语
2根据所给材料归纳汉语短语构成手段
七比较下面两组句子语法上的相同和不同10’
A A1 前几天还开着鲜红的花呢。
A2大厅正面的墙上挂了几幅山水画。
B B1 昨天来了几位客人。
B2 我们班转走了几位同学。
八标明下面各句子中划线成分的语义指向，并说明理由5’
1 我给老张热热地沏了一杯茶
2 填词谱曲我都会
3 钱都花光了
4 他打伤了客人
5我们走早了
古代汉语75’
九翻译句子，说明句式的特点20’
1若是其靡也，死不如速朽之愈也。
2将虢是灭，何爱于虞？
3问道百，以为莫己若。
4为之斗斛以量之，则并与斗斛而窃之
5 仁义修则见信，见信则受事
十翻译句子，写出通假字20’
1位尊而无功，奉厚而无劳，而挟重器多也
2困于心，衡于虑，而后作
3强自取柱，柔自取束
4乡原，德之贼也
5善哉，技盖至此乎？
十一翻译句子，找出读破的字，并用汉语拼音注音20’
1小自识之，苛政猛于虎也。
2非不说子之道也，力不足也。
3好从事而亟失时，可谓知乎？
4彼其于世，未数数然也。
5微管仲，吾其被发左衽矣。
十二标点短文，翻译，找出词类活用。
15’
予观弈于友人所一客数败嗤其失算辄欲易置之以为不逮己也顷之客请与予对局予颇易之甫下数子客已得先手局将半予思益苦而客之智尚有余竟局数之客胜予十三子予郝甚不能出一言后有招予观弈者终日默坐而已弈之优劣有定也一着之失人皆见之虽护前者不能讳也理之所在各是其所是各非其所非世无孔子谁能定是非之真然则人之失者未必非得也吾之无失者未必非大失也而彼此相嗤无有已时曾观弈者之不若已
ps:貌似试卷上把―困于心、衡于虑‖写成了―衡于心、困于虑‖不知道好有没有人记得？
2008语言学与应用语言学专业课试题回忆~
北京语言大学2008年语言学与应用语言学研究生考试专业课试题
语言学概论
一解释下列名词并做简要比较（顺序不一定对）
1 表音文字和音意文字
2 语流同化和语流异化
3 民族共同语和民族交际语
4 语言符号与一般符号
...(共6个)
二选择（11个）
大概有：美国描写语言学派的代表人是谁？新语法学派的观点是什么？没有被当作母语使用的语言是什么？语言在组合后的最大特性是什么？人类的辅助交际工具有什么？。
三判断（12个）
《普通语言学教程》的作者是索绪尔；日语是词形变化丰富的语言...
四简答
1 给了―锄禾日当午...‖和―少小离家老大回‖这两首诗，问为什么第一首压韵，第二首不压韵，并举个例子来证明自己的观点。
2 为什么语言发展中会出现言文脱离的现象？
3 为什么舌头是最灵活有用的发音器官？举例说明
4 ―他们学习‖和―学习他们‖在语法结构上有什么不同？怎么产生的？再举别的例子说明？（这个不太确定，大概意思是这样的）
5 给两句德语，看里面的词可以互相换位置，语义不变，问汉语为什么不可以这样？
6 。
五论述
1 借词的类型和意义
2 义素分析法的过程和意义
3 语言发展变化的特点
4
六操作
1 写谱系分类和类型：英语，芬兰语，法语，维吾尔语，汉语。
2 画元音舌位图，给了七个元音让你标在上面。
七论述语言研究的功用和价值。
现汉
一画声韵配合总表
二标严式国际音标并回答问题（音变也标出）：有趣儿，早晨，喜欢，画儿，演讲，（还有个韵母是ING，儿化的）
1 上声的变调规则
2 儿化的含义和作用
三什么是语素？简述语素词汉字的区别
四写出下面词的结构类型，并总结汉语构词和印欧语系语言的构词相比有什么特点。
1 狐疑
2 霜降
3 幼儿
4 买卖
5 常常 6
四看下列短语，回答问题
太麻烦，教育儿童，儿童教育，红的，所闻，做好，来人，三十左右，院子里面。
五下列词在语法上有什么相同和不同
1 大方大肆
2 过去曾经
3 男式难得
4 上边刚刚
5 但却
六比较下面两组句子语法上的相同和不同
A A1 前几天还开着好多花呢。
A2 墙上挂着一幅画。
B B1 昨天来了好多客人。
B2 我们班转走了好几个同学。
七标明下面各句子中划线成分的语义指向，并说明理由
1 我给老张热热地沏了一杯茶
2 钱都花光了
3 他打伤了客人
4 。
古汉（句子记不住了，大部分是书上的句子）
一翻译句子，写出句式的特点。
也，。
也
见信
予之斗。
二翻译句子，写出通假字
位尊而无功。
（奉）
强自取柱。
二翻译句子，找出读破的字，并注音
三标点短文，翻译，找出词类活用。
《观弈》：予观弈于友人所。