topic-sentence电子教案
topic-sentencePPT课件
e.g.
1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare.
2) Alcoholic beverages should be banned from college campuses for two reasons.
.
9
• There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro.
• Animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of countries.
topic and a controlling idea.
The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea
3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.
.
6
Examples: 1) The importance of reading widely.
3.Concluding sentence. (论句/结尾句 ) sentences to give more
detailed information about
the topic sentence.
a sentence to end a paragraph or
to summarize(总结. ） the ideas.
topic sentence
主题句的写作技巧
• Practice : We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs.
Examples
• 96.1 CET-4 The Two-day Weekend • 中文：双休日给大学生带来的好处 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 我应如何过好双休日 English: There are many advantages of two-day weekend. However, two-day weekend also brings some problems. As for me,
• College life is an important stage in our life. It is in college that we begin to live and study by ourselves. It is in college that we learn to be independent of our parents. It is in college that we, like Newton, are searching for beautiful shells on the beach of knowledge. Meanwhile, it is in college that we become matured and fully grown up, both physically and mentally. Consequently, we should cherish it and make the most of it.
When in Rome, do as Romans do. As an English learner, you’d better imitate the way in which native writers put their thoughts together into words and sentences and try to make your writing as acceptable (native like) as possible.
第一册主题句写作模式及范文TopicSentence
1) As one of my most rewarding experiences, doing something has brought a lot of benefitsto my life.Detail 1 2) For onething, …(理由I) 3)Unlike…,it offers me much freedom to。
Detail 2 4) For another…(理由II) 5)Through…, I have more chances to…Detail 3 6) And the most amazing result of doing so is that…(理由III) 7)Now I tend to …Conclusion 8) In sum, there is not anything in …(my life) that is more beneficial than doing sth.Reference model:Chatting Online —My Most Rewarding Experience1) As one of my most rewarding experiences, chatting online has brought a lot of benefits to my life. 2) For one thing, it helps me avoid nervousness and embarrassment I used to feel in regular talks. 3) Unlike the face-to-face conversation, it offers me much freedom in time to think out my ideas and prepare them well before posting them on the screen. 4) For another,it adds no little to the improvement of my English. 5) Through online chatting, I have more chances to speak with native speakers, thus bathing myself in the sea of genuine English. 6) The most valuable result of chatting online is that it gives me insights into other cultures and keeps my mind open to better ways of seeing things. 7) Now I tend to see things from a more objective perspective. 8) In short, there is not anything in my free time that is more beneficial than chatting online.写作模式（影响分析）（unit3）1) The effects / influences / impacts / mark of sth. on our life / society are (is) positive/ negative/ profound/ far-reaching / a mixed one.（主题句）. 2) On the one hand, ……(分析I).3) ……(进一步阐述). 4）On the other, (分析II). 5) …… (进一步阐述). 6) On the whole,_______ (分析III). 7)……(进一步阐述). 8) Therefore, _________(结尾句).Reference model:The Effects of SARS upon Our Society1) The effects of SARS on our society are both negative and positive. 2) On the one hand, it has brought about a heavy loss to our economy. 3) According to the official report, it is a foregone conclusion that there is a great loss in such industries as transportation, food, recreation, and tourism. 4) On the other, it will serve as a reminder of what the healthy lifestyle should be like. 5) We will think of it when we spit anywhere, when we help ourselves to wild game, and when we are careless of our personal hygiene. 6) On the whole, SARS has made a great difference to our long-honored ways of seeing things. 7) Despite our efforts, for example, our wish to better economy has invited heavy losses in it as a result of our ignorance of other factors, such as the attack of SARS. 8) Although SARS is bound to die out, therefore, its influences will not fade away in the years to come.1) The importance of sth. is now drawing more of our concern than ever before.Analysis 1 2) T o begin with, it has a strong hold on …3)…(进一步阐述)Analysis2 4) Besides, it serves as a litmus test for…5)…(进一步阐述)Analysis3 6) And most of all, it has the power to determine whether or not…7)…(进一步阐述)Conclusion 8) In short, where there is a better employment of sth., there will be more hope of…Reference model:The Importance of Body Language to Our Success in Social Contact1) The importance of body language to our success in social contact is now drawing more of our concern than ever before. 2) To begin with, it has a strong hold on the reactions of others to us . 3) What we tend to show through our eyes, faces, bodies and gestures often brings about a chain of reactions from others, ranging from appreciation to disgust. 4) Besides, it serves as a litmus test(试金石)for our true feelings. 5) Every time we make insincere remarks, our facial expressions, the tones of our voices and even our posture may reveal more to others than our speech. 6) And most of all, it has the power to determine whether or not we will succeed in social contact. 7) If you have a decisive date with a girl / boy and your manners or the way you conduct yourself doesn’t match your social status, for example, your chances of winning the other’s heart will be slim. 8) In short, where there is a better exercise of body language in social contact, there will be more hope of success.写作模式T opic Sentence （unit 5）（1）If you find it hard to get rid of sth., you are not alone, for many people have tried to break with sth. but without any success.Problem 2) Like other things, sth., once you have become addicted to it, is hard to break.3) For instance, ...Solution 4) If there is every reason for you to rid yourself of it, here is how:5)…(方法I) 6)…(方法II) 7)…(方法III)Evaluation 8) As long as you cling to the steps, you will be amazed at how effective they are.Reference model:How to Break with Y our Bad Habit of Smoking1) If you find it hard to get rid of your bad habit of smoking, you are not alone, for quite a few smokers have tried to break with it but in vain. 2) Like other bad habits, smoking, once you have become addicted to it, is very hard to break. 3) For instance, one friend of mine, a chain smoker, has done everything he could to give up smoking but now he is still living with it.4) But if there is every reason for you to rid yourself of it, here is how: 5) Build up your will to abandon it by frequently reminding yourself of its harmfulness. 6) Replace your bad habit with a good one, such as coffee drinking or bubble-gum chewing. 7) And listen to the regret the victims of smoking express from the bottom of their hearts. 8) As long as you cling to the steps as mentioned above, you will be amazed at how effective they are.1)Doing sth. / S th. is so popular in our society that many people regard it as a natural thingwe have to live with.(错误观点) 2) Underlying their view is the ground that …(理由I) 3) Furthermore, they argue that …(理由II) 4) A deeper insight into the problem, however, can find that …(批驳分析I) 5）If allowed to run its course, it would …(进一步阐述) 6）On the other hand, …(批驳分析II) 7) It must be kept in mind that … (进一步阐述)8) Thus, no room is to be left for (doing) sth. in our society.Reference model:Should W e Leave Some Room for Cheating on Exams in Our Society?1) Nowadays, cheating in exams is so popular on campus that many people regard it as a natural thing we have to live with. 2) Underlying their view is the ground that any struggle against it will give rise to more sophisticated methods of cheating, like burning the grass that comes back to life in spring winds. 3) Furthermore, they argue that the cheaters’ success in the college entrance examinations did not come by easily and they will forever lose the chance of further education if they are expelled from school. 4) A deeper insight into the problem, however, can find that those keen on this have formed a raging current, which is eating away at the foundations of our values and moralities in education. 5) If allowed to run its course, this current, with more and more students getting involved in it, would become stronger and stronger until there would be little that we can do about it. 6) On the other hand, a severe punishment for cheating on exams can bring both honesty and fair competition back into our campus life. 7) It must be kept in mind that the purpose of our education is not to preserve every student’s false mask but to build up their self-confidence for the sake of future competition. 8) Thus, no room is to be left for cheating on exams in our society.课堂上练习的主题句写作：Laid-off workers have to face realityid-off workers have to find jobs to support their family, yet many are reluctant to takethe chance of re-employment.2.What restrict their prospect lies in their mind: their understanding of job andself-esteem.3.The re-employment should be solved through the joint effort of the government,enterprises and individuals.Job-hopping1.Many people are inclined to do one job in their lives, while others may not hesitate tohop to a more suitable one.2.Some stick to doing his best in one job so as to be professional in the field, whereasothers argue that change means challenge and progress.3.In my opinion, fixed or flexible job does not count. Rather, one’s job must fit to hisinterest and ability.。
公开课：topic_sentence
5. My hometown is famous because it’s located by Wheaton River, which is
wide, and because it is built near an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill.
➢ water bottle ➢ sweater ➢ compass ➢ sandwiches ➢ camera
hike
things/items...
I need many items to be ready for a safe, enjoyable hike.
Step 5 Homework
Write topic sentences according to the topics give below
2. The importance of reading widely.
3. American food is terrible.
4. Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life
in recent years.
9. Many things are needed.
Good topics are _______________
小讲座：主题句写作的基本原则 Check Problem？
Step 3 Consolidation
1. Directions: Each question below contains a general topic and specific items to support that topic. Please choose the general topic in each question.
研究生英语写作 Topic Sentence
Find Your Soul-mate". • 【redundant】" Find Your Soul-mate" is a very interesting
match-making program that I enjoy watching.
• IV. Controlling idea(s) are words that concern what aspects you want to develop the topic, which will decide the content, method and direction of a paragraph or an article. e.g.:
A writing Course for Postgraduate Students
研究生英语写作课件
南京工业大学外语学院
A writing Course for Postgraduate Students
Unit 1
How to Write a Good To Write a Good Topic Sentence
Example paragraph 1
Learning a foreign language well requires time and effort. Unlike one's mother tongue which is heard and practiced almost at any time, a foreign language is only learned and taught in class. The time arrangement is usally about 2 to 4 periods a week, which is obviously not enough for fluency and proficiency. Ideally, an extra two or more hours are needed if you really want to see improvement. You need to read more, listen more, speak more to make some progress every day.
英语写作topic sentence
英语写作中的主题句在英语写作中，主题句是一个非常重要的概念，能够帮助读者更好地理解文章的主题和结构。
本文将介绍主题句的定义、作用和写作技巧。
下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的5篇《英语写作中的主题句》，供大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
《英语写作中的主题句》篇1一、主题句的定义主题句是英语写作中的一个重要概念，指的是每个段落的第一句话，用于概括该段落的主题和内容，同时为读者提供指引，让他们更好地理解文章的结构和主题。
主题句通常是一个简明扼要的句子，它应该清晰地表达出该段落的主题和重点。
二、主题句的作用主题句的作用非常多，主要包括以下几个方面:1. 概括段落内容：主题句应该能够概括该段落的主要内容，让读者对该段落的主题有一个清晰的了解。
2. 指引读者：主题句应该能够为读者提供指引，让他们更好地理解文章的结构和主题。
通过阅读主题句，读者应该能够了解该段落在整篇文章中的位置和作用。
3. 突出重点：主题句应该能够突出该段落的重点，让读者更好地理解文章的重点和主旨。
三、主题句的写作技巧写作主题句需要掌握一些技巧，主要包括以下几个方面:1. 简明扼要：主题句应该简明扼要，不要使用过多的词汇和复杂的句子结构。
2. 突出重点：主题句应该突出该段落的重点，不要包含太多无关的信息。
3. 与文章内容相呼应：主题句应该与文章内容相呼应，不要出现矛盾或不相关的内容。
4. 避免使用结论性词语：主题句应该避免使用结论性词语，如“因此”、“所以”等，因为这些词语可能会误导读者对该段落的理解。
英语写作中的主题句是一个非常重要的概念，能够帮助读者更好地理解文章的主题和结构。
《英语写作中的主题句》篇2英语写作中的主题句是指在文章或段落中，用来表达主题或中心思想的句子。
主题句通常出现在文章或段落的开头，用于引入和概括后续内容。
在写作中，主题句的运用可以帮助读者更好地理解文章结构和主题，同时也可以帮助作者更好地组织文章思路。
一个好的主题句应该具有以下特点：1. 简洁明了：主题句应该用简短的语言表达出文章或段落的主题，不宜过于复杂或冗长。
英语写作 主题句 Topic sentence
Writing a topic sentence
➢ water bottle ➢ sweater ➢ compass ➢ sandwiches ➢ camera
1. I need a water bottle for the hike(徒步旅行) in case I get thirsty.
attractive places.
Writing a topic sentence
I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty. A sweater is useful if it gets cold. A compass will help me go in the right direction. Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack. I can use a camera to take pictures of unusual or attractive places.
Example 2
Developing part— content (1--4): a. Secretary skills—type & dictation b. Work experience in similar jobs c. Evaluation in previous jobs.
• (1)I began the letter of my application by pointing out my secretarial skills. (2)Specifically I noted that I type ninety words per minute and take dictation at one hundred and thirty words per minute. (3)Next, I indicated my past work experience on three similar jobs. (4)Finally I gave a summary of the evaluations of my immediate superiors on the three previous jobs. (5)In short, I stressed my secretarial skills, my experience, and my evaluations in the letter of application.
topic-sentence
• Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons.
• Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons.
sentences to give more detailed information about
the topic sentence.
a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结） the ideas.
The Topic Sentence
• The characteristics of a topic sentence • The positions of a topic sentence
3) American food is tasteless and greasy. (suitable)
Group 2 1) Many voters supported the candidate. (too general)
2) Many voters passively supported the candidate.
The Characteristics
1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2) The topic sentence should always contain both a
topic and a controlling idea.
教你怎么写topicsentence
• Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons.
• Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons.
• Animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of countries.
• Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop.
Generally speakwinhga, tthtehseeptharreaegdraifpfehreinst
types of sentences paragraph:
plamy adiifnfelyreanbt orouopic sentence; (主题句 ) 2.Supporting sentences;(扩展句/阐述句 ) 3.Concluding sentence. (结论句/结尾句 )
The Characteristics
1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2) The topic sentence should always contain both a
topic and a controlling idea.
sentences to give more detailed information about
Unit 1 Topic Sentence
Content
I. English Conventions
II. Contrast with Chinese and Negative Transfer III.Student Writing Analysis
IV.Assignments
Warming Up
1.2.1 One Single Idea
An effective topic sentence covers only one single
idea. In English a paragraph is supposed to elaborate on only one aspect of the subject. A topic sentence dealing with two or more points is weak. Look at the following example: Finding the right job is important and can lead to rewarding experiences. Finding the right job can lead to an improved sense of self-esteem.
1.2.2 One Controlling Idea
An effective topic sentence is a focused one with a
controlling idea, limited enough to be supported in one paragraph. A too general statement leads to vague generalities, carrying little substantial information. A too specific one leaves little room for further development. Look at the examples: Throughout history people have tried to define intelligence. American food is terrible because Americans use too many prepackaged foods and everything is fried in oil or butter.
Reading comprehension topic sentence
is interested in cooking. My sister likes
watching TV, and my grandparents enjoy
traveling.
Example 3 3.Topic sentence should
主题范围恰当
not bet_o_o_b_r_o_a_d_(宽_ )or _t_o_o_n_a_r_ro_w_.(窄）
4.Topic sentence should be _s_im__p_le_ and_c_le_a_r_.
பைடு நூலகம்
Homework
Writing: City designers.
Internet
What are you going to do to make Zhengzhou cleaner and greener? Complete the composition . About 70 words.
主要意思
Example 2
2.Topic sentence tells the main idea of a paragraph.
My family members have different hobbies. My father loves collecting stamps. My mother
Summary
1.Topic sentence is usually the f_ir_s_t _sentence of a paragraph.
2.Topic sentence should _te_l_l _th_e__m_a_in__id_e_a_ of a paragraph.
3.Topic sentence should not be _to_o__b_ro_a_d_or_t_o_o_n_a_r_ro_w_.
Unit 3 Topic Sentence
• 1. What is a topic sentence ? How many parts are there in the topic sentence?
•Topic sentence— the sentence expresses the main idea or point of the whole paragraph. •It usually consists of two parts: a subject and a controlling idea.
• 2. Where can a topic sentence appear?
At
the beginning of a paragraph In the end of a paragraph In the middle of a paragraph
Example on 18 & 19
More Examples:
--- Topic Sentence in the Middle Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility--both physical and psychological---has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. Topic sentence: But they are very different in their ways of life.
教你如何写topicsentence
Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentence • People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions.
The topic tells the reader what the paragraph is about. (general)
The controlling idea is a key word or phrase that expresses the basic point of a paragraph.(specific)
sentences to give more detailed information about
the topic sentence.
a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结）the ideas.
The Topic Sentence
• The characteristics of a topic sentence • The positions of a topic sentence
Note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the topic.
e.g.
1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare.
高中英语写作topic_sentence
• Riding a bicycle gives pleasure.
• There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro.
The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea
3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.
Examples: 1) The importance of reading widely.
The topic tells the reader what the paragraph is about. (general)
The controlling idea is a key word or phrase that expresses the basic point of a paragraph.(specific)
Reading widely is very important in improving one’s reading comprehension. 2) Fire accidents in big cities. Recently years have witnessed a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities in our country. 3) To make all the decisions for children. Parents in China tend to make all the decisions for their children.
PPT for 4.1 Topic sentence and thesis statement
Thesis statement
1. Mark Twain depicted life on the shore as decimating, corrupting and corrupted.
1st Topic sentence
2. On the contrary, life on the river in novel is cheered as liberating, healing and purifying.
At the end of the introduction
Make point clear and save readers’ time
4. What makes a good topic sentence /a good thesis statement?
Narrow down
Manageable
Topic Sentence Specific Support Specific Support Specific Support Topic Sentence Specific Support Specific Support Specific Support Topic Sentence Specific Support Specific Support Specific Support
destroyed, when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions. Give your opinion.
Limited subject
The writer’s attitude toward or idea about the limited subject
topic sentence英语主题句教学文案
t o p i c s e n t e n c e英语主题句讲解主题句是一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述或说明该段落的主旨大意。
每一个段落只能有一个主题，全段的其他文字都应围绕它展开。
主题句通常由两部分组成，即主题 (topic) +中心思想（controlling idea）。
中心思想的作用是导向 (control) 和制约 (limit) 主题。
所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。
没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。
下面的8个句子都是很漂亮的主题句，其中红色加粗的文字为主题，绿色斜体的文字为中心思想：1. People can avoid burglaries（入室行窃）by taking certainprecautions.( 接下来作者将围绕着“防范措施”展开段落)2. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town.( 接下来作者将围绕着“优点”展开段落)3. Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for anumber of reasons.( 接下来作者将围绕着“原因”展开段落)4. Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.( 接下来作者将围绕着“步骤”展开段落)5. There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US andQueretaro.( 接下来作者将围绕着“方法”展开段落)6. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone candevelop.( 接下来作者将围绕着“品质”展开段落)7. Industrial waste poured into Pearl River has led to dramaticchanges in its ability to support marine life.( 接下来作者将围绕着“变化”展开段落)8. In order to fully explore the wreck（残骸） of the Titanic,scientists must address several problems.( 接下来作者将围绕着“问题”展开段落)通过对上面8个主题句的分析可见：段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来实现的。
02-What is Topic Sentence (PDF)
Unit 7 Personality Jing LinGoals for Unit 7♐1.How to talk about personality.♐2.Master the reading skill and writing skill about topic sentence.♐3.Keep all the useful language points in mind and know how to use them.Unit 7 Personality ---------Topic SentenceJing LinContent♐1. What is topic sentence?♐2. Where can we find topic sentence?♐3. Exercises for finding topic sentence.What is topic sentence?A topic sentence is the most important sentence in theparagraph.Topic sentence ReadingWritingMain ideaGoodDevelopmentReasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough. For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger at McDonald’s, for example, costs about one-half as much as a similar meal at a regular “sit-down” restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is their convenience. For busy working couples who don’t want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative. And, judging by the fact that customers return in increasing numbers, many Americans like the taste of the food.Reasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough. For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger at McDonald’s, for example, costs about one-half as much as a similar meal at a regular “sit-down” restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is their convenience. For busy working couples who don’t want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative. And, judging by the fact that customers return in increasing numbers, many Americans like the taste of the food.1. At the beginning of a paragraphReasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough. For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger atMcDonald’s, for example, costs about one-half as much as a similar meal ata regular “sit-down” restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is theirconvenience. For busy working couples who don’t want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative. And,judging by the fact that customers return in increasing numbers, manyAmericans like the taste of the food.Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal law. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility-both physical and psychological –has made a great impression on the culture of Californians, while lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.2.In the middle of a paragraphCalifornians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal law. But they are very different in their ways of life.Mobility-both physical andpsychological –has made a great impression on the culture ofCalifornians, while lack of mobility is the mark of the customs andmorality of New Englanders.Our students’ dining hall is spacious and bright. Its walls are painted a cheerful color. The ceiling is high, and so it is airy here. The floor is clean and the tables and chairs are plentiful. Since there are many windows on either side of the hall for serving food, we can quickly get our meal. Food here has rich variety and dishes are delicious. The music from the speaker system is beautiful. No wonder it is an enjoyment to have a meal here.Our students’ dining hall is spacious and bright. Its walls are painted a cheerful color. The ceiling is high, and so it is airy here. The floo r is clean and the tables and chairs are plentiful. Since there are many windows on either side of the hall for serving food, we can quickly get our meal. Food here has rich variety and dishes are delicious. The music from the speaker system is beautiful. No wonder it is an enjoyment to have a meal here.3. At the end of a paragraphOur students’ dining hall is spacious and bright. Its walls arepainted a cheerful color. The ceiling is high, and so it is airy here.The floor is clean and the tables and chairs are plentiful. Sincethere are many windows on either side of the hall for serving food, we can quickly get our meal. Food here has rich variety and dishes are delicious. The music from the speaker system is beautiful. No wonder it is an enjoyment to have a meal here.Conclusion♐1. At the beginning of a paragraphMain idea Details♐2 . In the middle of a paragraphOne idea Changes Another idea♐3. At the end of a paragraphDetails Main ideaFind topic sentences for the following passage.Colours can be described in terms of temperature, such as “warm” or “cool” according to the dominant wavelength of the colour.The cool colours (blue, green and purple)are of low wavelength and energy and are considered to be restful and quiet. They are associated with sedate (安静的),mood state，slow arousal（唤起）, soothing, relaxation and contemplation（沉思）. selective in responses to stimuli（刺激）, less distracted by noise detached, cold, reserved, difficulty adapting to new circumstances.Blue is the lowest wavelength colour and is the opposite to red. Experiments have found that blood pressure decreases under blue light and increases under red light. The same applies to speed of respiration, blinking and brain waves. Blue is the colour most preferred by men.The warm colours (red, orange yellow)are of high wavelength and high energy. They are active and stimulating. People who like these colours tend to have shorter reaction times, and are more open and responsive to stimuli. They need to have their needs gratified and can be more aggressive. Preference for the colour yellow declines with age, less older people preferring yellow.Colours can be described in terms of temperature, such as “warm” or “cool” according to the dominant wavelength of the colour.The cool colours (blue, green and purple)are of low wavelength and energy and are considered to be restful and quiet. They are associated with sedate mood states, low arousal, soothing, relaxation and contemplation. selective in responses to stimuli, less distracted by noise detached, cold, reserved, difficulty adapting to new circumstances.Colours can be described in terms of temperature, such as “warm” or “cool” according to the dominant wavelength of the colour.The cool colours (blue, green and purple)are of low wavelength and energy and are considered to be restful and quiet. They are associated with sedate mood states, low arousal, soothing, relaxation and contemplation. selective in responses to stimuli, less distracted by noise detached, cold, reserved, difficulty adapting to new circumstances.Blue is the lowest wavelength colour and is the opposite to red. Experiments have found that blood pressure decreases under blue light and increases under red light. The same applies to speed of respiration, blinking and brain waves. Blue is the colour most preferred by men.The warm colours (red, orange yellow)are of high wavelength and high energy. They are active and stimulating. People who like these colours tend to have shorter reaction times, and are more open and responsive to stimuli. They need to have their needs gratified and can be more aggressive. Preference for the colour yellow declines with age, less older people preferring yellow.Blue is the lowest wavelength colour and is the opposite to red. Experiments have found that blood pressure decreases under blue light and increases under red light. The same applies to speed of respiration, blinking and brain waves. Blue is the colour most preferred by men.The warm colours (red, orange yellow)are of high wavelength and high energy. They are active and stimulating. People who like these colours tend to have shorter reaction times, and are more open and responsive to stimuli. They need to have their needs gratified and can be more aggressive. Preference for the colour yellow declines with age, less older people preferring yellow.ExercisesBlue is the lowest wavelength colour and is the opposite to red.Experiments have found that blood pressure decreases under blue light and increases under red light. The same applies to speed ofrespiration, blinking and brain waves. Blue is the colour most preferred by men.The warm colours (red, orange yellow)are of high wavelength and high energy.They are active and stimulating. People who like these colours tend to have shorter reaction times, and are more open and responsive to stimuli. They need to have their needs gratified and can be more aggressive. Preference for the colour yellow declines with age, less older people preferring yellow.。
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• Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of reasons.
• Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons.
The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea
3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.
Examples: 1) The importance of reading widely.
3) There are quite a few unusual superstitions in China about marriage.
Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentence • People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions.
Reading widely is very important in improving one’s reading comprehension. 2) Fire accidents in big cities. Recently years have witnessed a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities in our country. 3) To make all the decisions for children. Parents in China tend to make all the decisions for their children.
topic-sentence
The Topic Sentence
Supporting sentences
The concluding sentence
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• Industrial waste poured into Lake Michigan has led to dramatic changes in its ability to support marine life.
• In order to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic, scientists must address several problems.
sentences to give more detailed information about
the topic sentence.
a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结） the ideas.
The Topic Sentence
• The characteristics of a topic sentence • The positions of a topic sentence
The Characteristics
1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence. 2) The topic sentence should always contain both a
topic and a controlling idea.
• Animals in danger of becoming extinct come from a wide range of countries.
• Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop.
• Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.
• Riding a bicycle gives pleasure.
• There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro.
The topic tells the reader what the paragraph is about. (general)
The controlling idea is a key word or phra point of a paragraph.(specific)
types of sentences paragraph:
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1.Topic sentence; (主题句 ) 2.Supporting sentences;(扩展句/阐述句 ) 3.Concluding sentence. (结论句/结尾句 )
Note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the topic.
e.g.
1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare.
2) Alcoholic beverages should be banned from college campuses for two reasons.