中国文化概况 Chapter 9
中国文化概况
第一章简论1. 泰勒的文化定义：文化是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗，和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。
2. 文化结构的四个层次：（1）物态文化层：指人的物质生产活动及其产品的总和，是看得见摸的着的具体实在的事物，如人们的衣、食、住、行等。
（2）制度文化层：指人们在社会实践中建立的规范自身行为和调节相互关系的准则。
（3）行为文化层：指人们在长期社会交往中约定俗成的习惯和风俗，它是一种社会的、集体的行为，不是个人的随心所欲。
（4）心态文化层：指人们的社会心理和社会的意识形态，包括人们的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式以及由此而产生的文学艺术作品。
3. 中国文化的特点：（1）外在特点A.统一性：中国文化在其历史发展的长河中，逐渐形成了一个以华夏文化为中心，同时汇集了国内各民族文化的统一体。
B.连续性：中国文化在历史发展中没有中断过，它是一环扣一环地连续发展的。
C.包容性：中国文化能够兼收并蓄。
D.多样性：中国文化虽然是一个完整的统一体，但因中国地域广大，民族众多，所以内部的区域文化和民族文化又呈现出丰富多彩的差异。
（2）内在特点A.中国文化突出人文主义精神，它不像西方文化那样依附于神学独断。
中国虽然也有宗教，但它并没有渗透到日常生活的各个方面。
相反，在中国人的生活里，宗法道德观念才是维系整个社会的根本纽带。
B.中国文化注重和谐与中庸。
C.中国文化富于安土乐天的情趣。
第二章地理概况1.世界屋脊：青藏高原2.四大盆地：塔里木盆地、准格尔盆地、柴达木盆地、四川盆地3.四大平原：东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原、珠江三角洲平原4.西藏在（元朝）归入中国的版图。
5.明代设（奴儿干都司）管理整个黑龙江流域和乌苏里江流域。
6.从秦汉到隋代实行（郡县制），从唐宋到辽金实行（道路制），元明清三代实行（行省制）。
7.汉武帝将国分为（十三刺史部（也称十三州）），属于监察性质，还不是行政区域，但却是中国行政区划史上设“州”的开始。
中国文化概况原文翻译
中国文化概况原文翻译《中国文化概况》是一部书籍，是从文化角度架起一座沟通中西的桥梁。
下面小编为大家整理了中国文化概况原文翻译，希望能帮到大家！一、The constitution of the people’s republic of china is the fundamental law of the state.中华人民共和国宪法是中国的根本法。
The NPC is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses are local organs of state power. The standing committee of the NPC is the permanent organ of the NPC. The term of office of the NPC and its standing committee is 5 years. The NPC and its standing committee are empowered with the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removal.全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。
地方各级人民代表大会是地方权力机关。
全国人民代表大会常务委员会是全国人大的常设机关。
全国人大及其常委会任期是五年。
全国人大及其常委会有立法，决策，监督，选举和罢免的权力。
The communist party is the sole party in power in china. Apart from it, there are eight democratic parties in china. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is the basic political system in china.共产党是中国唯一的执政党。
中国文化练习答案s
Chapter 11.Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)The People‟s Republic of China is______ largest country of the world.a. the secondb. thec. the thirdd. the fourth2)Chinese vast sea surface is dotted ________ more than 5,000 islands.a. atb. withc. ind. about3)As a written language, Chinese has been used for _______ years.a.6,000b. 5,000c. 4,000d. 7,0004)Chinese language, which belongs to the _______ language family.a. Uralicb. Indo-Europeanc. Austro-Asiaticd. Chinese-Tibetan5)Modern Chinese characters total more than 60,000 among which about__________are frequently used characters.a.1,000b. 2,000c. 3,000d. 4,0002.Fill in the blanks.6)In the world, there were originally ancient _______ and ancient ________letters. However, the two disappeared successively and only ____________ remain extant.7)The National Flag of the People‟s Republic of China is ______ in color,________ in shape, with________.8)Each Chinese character is made up of three basic elements: _______, _______and _______.9)The order of Chinese names is _______ first and then the _______. In ancientChina, one person usually had several names, and naming involved _______, _______, _______, and _______.3.Translate the following terms into English.10) a. 故宫______ b. 自然保护区______ c. 自治区____ d. 特别行政区_____11) a. 汉族______ b.道德传统_______ c. 社会地位________d. 汉字_______ 4.Explain the following in English.12)the “four great inventions”13)the main stages of the evolution of Chinese characters5.Answer the following questions.14)What are the four main ways of formation of Chinese characters?15)Why Hao is different from ming and zi?16) What is the general composition of a Chinese surname? Please illustrate withexamples.答案1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c2. Fill in the blanks.6) Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese characters7) red, rectangular, five stars8) form, sound, meaning9) family name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, zi3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. the Imperial palace/the Forbidden Cityb. nature reservec. autonomous regiond. special administrative region11)a. the Han nationalityb. ethical traditionc. social statusd. Chinese character4. Explain the following in English.12) paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.13) P95. Answer the following questions.14) Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs,indicatives, ideatives and harmonics.15) A person‟s ming and zi were normally given by his or her elders.Hao wasdifferent from both ming and zi in that it was chosen by oneself rather than by others. A person often had more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one another but as a signature in one‟s poetic and artistic works. Hao usually revealed one‟s aspirations and moral values.16) A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such asZhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are also two-syllable, three-syllable or even four-syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun, Buliugu, Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.Chapter 21．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)Primitive characters were invented and carved on _______.a. stonesb. bamboosc. potsd. rocks2)Li Bing and his son directed the construction of _______which made possiblerationalized irrigation supply, flood diversion and sand discharge.a. the Grand Canalb. the Great Wallc. the Silk Roadd. the Dujiang Dam3)During the _______, people learned how to smelt bronze and use iron tools.a. Shang Dynastyb. Qin Dynastyc. Han Dynastyd. Xia Dynasty4)The “times of prosperity” refers to the _______ reign periods.a. Genghis Khanb. Ying Zhengc. Li Shimind. Kangxi and Qianlong5)In the _______ Dynasty, remarkable progress was made in agriculturalproduction and handicrafts, and toward the end of the dynasty, the rudiments of capitalism appeared.a.Mingb. Qingc. Songd. Shang2. Fill in the blanks.6)In __________, Qin Shihuang, the First Emperor, established China‟s firstcentralized autocracy, the Qin Dynasty, thereby ushering Chinese history into feudalism.7)In the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), the Han regime reached the periodof its greatest prosperity. Emperor Wudi conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as ____________ from the Han capital__________ (today‟s Xi‟an，Shaanxi Province), through__________ and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the _____________.8)The __________ was the turning point in Chinese history which marked theclose of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history.9)The Bourgeois Democratic Revolution of 1911 led by __________ toppled therule of the Qing Dynasty and put an end to more than 2,000 years of__________________.3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. 旧石器时代____________ b. 新石器时代________________c. 奴隶社会______________d. 《红楼梦》________________11) a. 彩陶 _________________ b. 春秋战国时期 _____________c. 社会主义市场经济___________d. 鸦片战争__________________4. Explain the following in English.12)the Silk Road13)“a hundred schools of thought contend”5. Answer the following questions.14)Why the Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history?15)Why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chinese ancienttimes?16) What are the main contributions of Qin Shi Huang?答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) a2. Fill in the blanks.6) 221 B.C.7) Silk Road, Chang'an, Xinjiang, Mediterranean Sea8) Opium War9) Sun Yat-sen, feudal monarchical system3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of RedMansions11) a. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economyd. Opium War4. Explain the following in English.12) During the reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regimereached the period of its greatest prosperity: The emperor conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from the Han capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.13) During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and otherbranches of scholarship were unprecedentedly thriving, with the representatives of various schools vying with each other in writing books to discuss politics and analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which "a hundred schools of thought contended."5. Answer the following questions.14) The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked theclose of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history.15) The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chineseancient times is that it made possible rationalized irrigation supply, flood diversion and sand discharge.16) During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, and weightsand measures, established the system of prefectures and counties, and constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace, mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan and other places. In addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armored warriors excavated from sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of the world.Chapter 31．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)During the late Spring and Autumn Period, _______ started the trend byproviding private teaching.a . Xun Zi b. Mo Zi c. Mencius d. Confucius2)Ideologically speaking, both Confucius and Mo Zi were idealists, but there arenoteworthy elements of _______ in Mo Zi‟s theory of knowledge.a. socialismb. materialismc. capitalismd. idealism3)According to Xun Zi‟s theory of _______, the good qualities man had wereacquired through learning after birth.a.innate evilb. benevolent governancec. innate goodd. universal love4)_______ is the most important theoretician of the Legalist school of thought.a. Xun Zib. Han Feizic. Sun Zid. Mo Zi5)_______ was a well-known military strategist in late Spring and AutumnPeriod.a.Mo Zib. Han Feizic. Xun Zid. Sun Zi2. Fill in the blanks.6)It is said that Confucius had more than _______ students, _______ of whomwere considered to be excellent.7)Unlike Confucius, __________ did not deny the quest for________ (profits, orgains), but he attached more importance to ________ (righteousness) and considered ________ as his top priority.8)________ advocated universal love, the love for all without discrimination.9)________‟s concept of ________ was a step forward compared to the naive________ or ________ initiated during the Spring and Autumn Period.3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. 儒家思想___________________ b. 孙子兵法_____________c. 孔子语录___________________d. “亚圣”_____________11) a. 封建地主阶级_______________ b. 保守主义_____________c. 仁政 _______________d. 井田制_______________4. Explain the following in English.12)The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation13)Mencius‟“Good Nature Doctrine”5. Answer the following questions.14)What is the ideal moral personality according to Mencius‟ belief?15)What‟s the notable difference between Han Feizi and Confucius on the view ofhuman nature?16)What are the main contributions of Confucius?17)In Sun Zi‟s view, what factors are of pivotal importance in military affairs?答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) 3000, 727) li, yi, yi8) Mo Zi9) Xun Zi, nature, materialism, atheism3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Confucianism b. (Sun Wu‟s) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. SecondSage11) a. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. thenine-square field system4. Explain the following in English.12) The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi(The Book of Songs), Shu(Collection of Ancient Texts), Li(The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism. 13) Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that thisgoodness is innate and can be acquired without learning or thinking; one‟snatural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness, proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural goodness.5. Answer the following questions.14) According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is that one should never be“corrupted by neither riches nor honors, shaken by neither poverty nor adversity, faltered by neither threats nor force”.15) Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social ordercan be maintained only when the ruler imposes rules and his subjects must obey without questioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and ethical system, “ren” is the central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuses on human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is partially good and partially evil. Based on “ren”, Confucius objected to the fantastic powers that confused the human spirit.16) As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius‟contributions lie in the following three aspects.Firstly, he compiled and preserved literary works of three generations. The six documents (The Six Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), are considered as the classics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with “ren”(benevolence) as its fundamental virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic educational framework.Chapter 41．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)It is widely believed that _______was the author of Tao Te Ching.a. Confuciusb. Menciusc. Mo Zid. Lao Zi2)Politically, Lao Zi advocated ruling by _______.a. the governmentb. peoplec. godd. non-action or inaction3)From Zhuang Zi‟s poi nt of view, only _______ was absolute, while everythingelse was relative.a.loveb. the Wayc. “ren”d. god4)_______ was born at Ku Prefecture (today‟s Luyi County of Henan province)in the later years of the Spring and Autumn Period.a. Confuciusb. Lao Zic. Menciusd. Mo Zi5)Lao Zi was a philosopher of ancient China and is a central figure in__________.a.Buddhismb. Islamc. Daoismd. Confucianism2. Fill in the blanks.6)The idealistic state in Lao Zi‟s description is __________, even __________and in isolation.7)For Lao Zi, it was more important to “see _______________, to realize one‟s____________, to cast off __________, and to temper__________”.8)Lao Zi literally means "___________" and is generally considered anhonorific.9)Lao Zi‟s philosophy reflects the exploration of an intellectual for the ultimatesolution of _____________ and _____________.3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. 史前时期______________ b. 悲观主义______________c. 道教__________________d. 天人相应______________11) a. 中华武术______________ b. 占星学 _______________c. 中国炼丹术____________d. 社会秩序______________4. Explain the following in English.12)the Three Jewels of the Tao13)the “Four Sacred Daoist Mountains”5. Answer the following questions.14)What does Lao Zi‟s “Tao” mean?15)Why Taoism is so important in Chinese religion?16) How do you understand Lao Zi‟s “ruling by non-action or inaction”?答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c2. Fill in the blanks.6) naturalistic, primitive7) the simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desire8) Old Master9) the social order, individual freedom3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondence11) a. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c. Chinese alchemy d. social order4. Explain the following in English.12) compassion, moderation, and humility13) Mount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingchengin Sichuan Province, Mount Wudang in Hubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in Anhui Province.5. Answer the following questions.14) The core of Lao Zi‟s thought is “Tao” (the Way), by which he refered to thecondition of the universe before the creation of the heaven and the earth.Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived.Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development of anything brings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place.15) Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a varietyof related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists, in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and knowledge and thus helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history.16) Lao Zi‟s “ruling by non-action or inaction” reflects the exploration of anintellectual for the ultimate solution of the social order and individual freedom.His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his time, a period torn by ceaseless wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. Ona political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, itwas more important to “see the simplicity, to realize one‟s true nature, to cast off selfishness, and to temper desire”.Chapter 51．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)Buddhism originated in _______ in the 6th century BC. Sakyamuni is said tobe the founder of Buddhism.a . China b. Japan c. India d. Korea2)In 1996, Mount _______ was included in the List of the World FamousCultural Relics.a. Jiuhuab. Wutaic. Emeid. Putuo3)Buddhism is the number _______ religion in China.a. oneb. twoc. threed. four4)Mount _______ is known in and out of the country as “the most worshippedsacred place” and “the first mountain in Southeast China.”a. Jiuhuab. Wutaic. Emeid. Putuo5)Mount _______ has numerous temples and nunneries, and is therefore called a“Buddhist Kingdom on the Sea”.a. Jiuhuab. Wutaic. Emeid. Putuo2. Fill in the blanks.6)Buddhism was spread to China in 67 AD during ________________ (206 BC-220) from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China. During ________________ dynasties, Buddhism entered its golden age.7)Buddhism has always co-existed with __________ and ________.8)____________ is the most well-known one among the “Four Sacred BuddhistMountains” in China and th e only Chinese mountain mentioned in Buddhist scriptures. Standing at 3,058 meters above sea level, it was seen as the ______________________.9)The biggest attractions of Mount Wutai are the numerous _____________. Sofar there remain a total of ____________ here, ranking _______ in China.3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. 佛教____________________ b. 冥想________________c. 儒家思想________________d. 佛寺________________11) a. 大雄宝殿________________ b. 佛经________________c. (中国祭祀用之)香___________d. 避暑圣地____________4. Explain the following in English.12)The Four Wonders of Mount Emei13)the Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism5. Answer the following questions.14)What is the cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy?15)What does the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refer to?16)How did Mount Jiuhua obtain its fame?答案1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) the Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang7) Confucianism, Taoism8) Wutai, the “roof of northern China”9) Buddhist temples, 76 temples, first3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Buddhism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist temple11) a. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resort4. Explain the following in English.12) The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “Golden Summit Sunrise”, “Sea of Clouds”, “Buddha‟s Halo” and the “Holy Lamp”.13) The Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism are as follows:a. Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.b. Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School.c. Three Sastra School or San-lun School.d. The Lotus School or T'ien-t'ai School.e. The Garland School or Hua-yen.f. Intuitive School or Ch'an School or Dhyana School.g. Discipline School or Lu School or Vinaya School.h. Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.i. Dharmalaksana School or Ch'u-en School or Fa-siang School.j. Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-t'u School.5. Answer the following questions.14) The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.15) the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of sufferingis desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effor t, right mindfulness and right concentration.16) When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to MountJiuhua, he was overwhelmed by the scene of nine peaks that look like lotus blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: “Two forces preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua Mountain.” Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.Chapter 61 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) The comments about Classic of Changes are on the following EXCEPT .a. one of the oldest of the Chinese classic textsb. a symbol system used to identify order in random eventsc. sometimes regarded as a system of divinationd. a compilation of documentary records related to events in ancient history ofChina2) is the source of Chinese verse and the starting point of the Chinese epic.a. The Analects of Confuciusb. Classic of Historyc. Spring and Autumn Annalsd. The Classic of Poetry3)The comments about Shijing are on the following EXCEPT .a. It covers all aspects of the society of the Zhou Dynastyb. It is a mirror reflecting the Zhou Dynasty.c. it is the most valuable and important material in the study of the Chineselanguage from the 11th century to the 6th century B.C.d. it includes the basic theories of self-improvement and how to administrate thecountry.4) The Four Books refer to The Great Learning, The Analects, Mencius and .a. The Spring and Autumnb. The Classic of Historyc. The Classic of Ritesd. The Doctrine of the Mean2 Fill in the blanks.5) , , , , , are collectivelyknown as the “six divisions”.6)Five Classics refer to , , ,and .7)The poems in Shijing were divided into three categories,namely, , , and .3 Translate the following terms into English8) a.《大学》 b. 《论语》9) a. 《中庸》____ b. 《尚书》10) a. 《易经》 b. 四书五经4.Explain the following in English.11) “Confucian Way of the Heart”.12) “To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merelyto prefer it.”5.Answer the following questions.13) Can you give specific examples to illustrate what is Zhongyong?14)Confucius advocates universal love, do you think it is contradicted with principles? Chapter 71 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) When Yao was the leader of the confederation of tribes, suns appeared in thesky.a. tenb. ninec. eightd. thirteen2) taught people how to grow crops and thus brought agriculture to the earth.a. Yub. Yandic. Huang Did. Hou Yi3) is the hero of controlling flood.a. Yub. Yandic. Huang Did. Hou Yi4) It is said that Nuwa used to mend the cracks in the sky.a. five-colored stonesb. yellow clayc. cottond. cloth2 Fill in the blanks.5) Yu is the hero of . He was revered as of his achievement andselected to succeed to the throne by .6) It is said that there was no man when the sky and the earth were separated by .It was who made human being after with .3 Translate the following terms into English7) a.炎黄子孙 b. 大禹治水8) a.八仙过海____ b. 女娲造人9) a. 盘古开天 b.夸父追日4 Answer the following questions.10) Why does Chinese people call themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang?11) Do you know the story of Genesis? Are there any similarities and differencesbetween Genesis and Nüwa Creates Man?5 Retell the stories with the help of the following pictures.参考答案1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.1.controlling flood, Yv the Great, Shun2.Pan Gu, Nv Wa, her own modal, yellow clay3 Translate the following terms into English1) a. the descendants of Yan and Huang b. Yv the Great controlling the flood2) a. the Eight Immortals crossing the sea. b. Nv Wa creating man3) a. Pan Gu creating the world b.Kua Fu chasing the Sun4 Answer the following questions.1)Huang Di is resourceful in invention as well as in war and is credited with the invention of many things, like carts and boats, clothes, houses, writing and silkworm breeding and Silk weaving. Yan Di is credited with the invention of farming and medicine. He invented the wooden plow and taught people how to treat diseases. Wars urged the mixture and the assimilation of different tribes and eventually formed a tribal alliance of Huang Di and Yan Di. Traditions has itthat Chinese civilization originated from the era of Huang Di and Yan Di, for they are the ancestors of the Chinese people. That is why the Chinese call themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang.2)略5 Retell the stories with the help of the following pictures.略Chapter 8 Poetry1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) The three most famous poets in Tang dynasty were .a. Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fub. Wang Wei, Su Tung-po and Du Fuc. Su Xun, Ouyang Xiu and Li Qingzhaod. Su Tung-po, Li Qingzhao and Tao Yuanming2) Guti refers to the verse forms used in pre-Tang times, which includethe following EXCEPT:a. shijingb. chucic. yuefud. blank verse3) The following poems are written by Li Bai (712-770 ) EXCEPT:a. Thoughts of a Quiet Nightb. Seeing Meng Haoran Off at Yellow Crane Towerc. The Waterfall in Mount Lu Viewed from Afard. Wild Honey Suckle4) Which poem is Written by Du Fu？a. Happy Rain on a Spring Nightb. Leaving at Dawn the White Emperor Townc. The Peacock Flying Southeastd. The Goddess2 Fill in the blanks.5) Chinese Classical poetry is mainly classified in two categories:and . “Gu” (古) in Chinese means “”, “ti”(体) means “” ; “jin”(近，今) means “” .6) The earliest anthology of poetry is (Classic of Poetry, cf. pp48-49).7) is Qu Yuan‟s masterpiece and the most important lyric and romantic poem ofchuci.8) Du Fu (712 - 770), was crowned the “” by later generations. He is also regardedas of ancient China.9) There are two genres of ci in Song Dynasty. One is represented by , the otheris represented by .3 Translate the following terms into English10) a.唐诗 b.宋词11) a.元曲 b.楚辞4 Explain the following in English.12) Yuefu Folk Songs13) Ci14) Fu5 Answer the following questions15) Can you make a comparison between The Peacock flew to the Southeast and Romeo and Juliet?16) Can you list some literary works which reflect the progressive idea of “Letting all those in love be finally joined in perfect union”?参考答案:11) a 2)d 3)d 4) a25) the guti verse forms, jinti verse forms, classical, verse form, moder6) Shijing7) Li Sao8) Sage Poet, the greatest realist poet9) Su Shi, Li Qingzhao3.10) a. Tang Poems b. Songci11) a. yuanqu b. Chuci4.12) Y uefu originally referred to the “music bureau” in the Han Dynasty, responsible for collecting or writing poems, folk songs and ballads, and having them set to music. Later, poems, folk songs and ballads collected and compiled by yufu were given the name Yuefu.13) Ci is a kind of poetry written to certain tunes with strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, in fixed numbers of lines and words, originated in Tang Dynasty and fully developed in Song Dynasty.14) Apart from the above verse forms, there is also Fu, it‟s something between poetry and prose, similar to rhapsody: a descriptive poem, and much cultivated from Han times to the Six Dynasties. Examples are Su Shi's “Fu on the Red Cliff”, Ban Gu‟s Rhapsody on Two Capitals”, etc.5. 略Chapter 9 Chinese Fiction1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).。
中国文化概论 第9章 中国古代文学 ppt课件
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盛唐诗歌
以王维、孟浩然为首的 山水田园诗派
以高适、岑参为首的 边塞诗派
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盛唐气象最杰出的代表首推李白与杜甫， 在艺术风格上，李白诗飘逸奔放，杜甫诗 沉郁顿挫。
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中唐诗歌
中唐诗坛有两个主要流派，一个以白 居易为首，元稹、张籍等为羽翼，主要 继承了杜甫正视现实、抨击黑暗的精神， 强化了诗歌的讽谏美刺功能。另一个以 韩愈为首，孟郊、贾岛、李贺等为羽翼， 主要继承了杜甫在艺术上刻意求新、勇 于创造的精神，特别致力于在杜诗中稍 露端倪、尚未开拓的艺术境界。
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三、写意手法与中和之美
中国古代文学最重要的性知识抒 情。抒情性质使中国古代文学在 总体上具有诗的光辉。也正是抒 情性质使中国古代文学在写物手 法上不重写实而重写意。
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中国古代文学是古代中国社会的生动的 图卷，更是古代中国人的心灵记录，这 使它成为我们了解中华民族传统文化心 理的最好窗口。
Hale Waihona Puke ppt课件25元杂剧的主要体裁
爱情剧：《西厢记》《墙头马上》 公案剧：《窦娥冤》 水浒剧：《李逵负荆》 世情剧：《救风尘》 历史剧：《赵氏孤儿》
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明清小说
中国的小说经历了先唐笔记小 说、唐传奇小说和宋元话本小说 三个发展阶段后，到明清臻于极 盛，涌现出了《三国演义》《水 浒传》《西游记》《金瓶梅》 《儒林外史》《红楼梦》六部著 名长篇小说。前四部被称为明代 “四大奇书”，后两部则是清代 长篇小说的的双壁。
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《楚辞》
《楚辞》的主要作者是屈原， 其作品有《离骚》《九歌》 《九章》《天问》。
中国文化内容课件
二、中国传统文化的研究范围
中国传统文化是指在氏族社会晚期、至少是 周秦以来到五四时期所形成和发展起来的，以 汉族为主体、包括其境内56个民族长期创造的 精神财富，即中华民族共同创造的华夏文化。 它以封建文化为主导，以儒学文化为主干。
第二节 中国传统文化的流变和分期
一、原始文化──传统文化的孕育期
第二节 儒家思想的第一次改造
──两汉经学神学化
一、董仲舒的神学思想和三纲五常伦理观
儒学由先秦百家争鸣的一家变为“独尊儒术”，
由民间学说变为官方意识，经过了董仲舒的改造。 他以奉天法古为旗号，先王之道为楷模，宣扬王权神授，建构 了天人感应为核心、阴阳五行为骨架的神学体系。他写《春秋 繁露》，为三纲五常的始作俑者。他以君为臣纲、父为子纲、 夫为妻纲，仁、义、礼、智、信等道德规范，作为建立法度、 化民成俗的根本，为封建专制提供了理论根据，为以儒为宗的 文化提供了蓝本。其理论以父子夫妻的家庭关系为依据，以封 建宗法制为基础，以君亲、忠孝为纽带，以移孝作忠为目的， 实现家族政治化和国家家族化。在义利上，他提倡“正其谊不 谋其利，明其道不计其功”，维护统治阶级的整体利益。在政 治上，他主张礼乐教化、德政为主、刑罚为辅。在思想文化上， 他主张罢黜百家，独尊儒术，完成了统一思想的最后一道工序。
三、荀子的隆礼重法和性恶论
荀子（荀况）将先秦儒学发展 到新阶段，不仅承认事物发展有客 观规律，而且强调主体能动作用。 这种对社会历史责任感的弘扬，是 中华民族刚健进取精神的反映。他 从“性本恶”出发，认为经过学习 和教化，“人皆可以为尧舜”。他 主张“隆礼重法”，强调礼在为人、 做事、治国方面的作用，礼是法的 根据，法的总纲；法是礼的体现， 礼的确认。只讲礼义，不讲法度； 只重教化，不重刑罚，不足以维护 x x 统治。
中国文化概况
中国文化概况中国文化概况1.天何言哉？四时行焉，百草生焉，天何言哉？Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.2.生生之谓易。
Continuous creation of life is change.3.天地之大德曰生。
The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.4.获罪于天，无所祷也。
He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.5.仁者，人也，亲亲为大。
The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.6.父母在，不远游，游必有方。
Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.7.父母之年，不可不知也。
一则以喜，一则以惧。
Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel feel happy for the healthy and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.8.己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。
While fulfilling one’s own desires, allow others to fulfill theirs.9.己所不欲，勿施于人。
九堂中国文化课
这部分主要介绍了中国传统饮食文化，包括各种菜系的特点和发展历史，以及 酒文化、茶文化等方面的内容。这些内容对于了解中国文化的多样性具有重要 意义。
《九堂中国文化课》这本书的目录涵盖了中国文化的各个方面，从思想、艺术 到习俗、节庆和饮食文化，这些内容有助于读者全面了解中国文化。
作者简介
作者简介
从文学方面来看，作者介绍了中国文学的发展历程，以及各个时期的文学作品 和文学思潮。从中可以看出中国文学的多样性和丰富性，以及中国文学在世界 文学中的重要地位。
从艺术方面来看，作者介绍了中国艺术的种类和特点，以及中国艺术对中国文 化的影响。中国艺术具有多样性和独特性，其美学价值和文化内涵是中国文化 的重要组成部分。
在谈到中国文化中的礼仪时，作者提到了“礼之用，和为贵”。这句话表明了 中国文化中礼仪的重要性，而“和”则表达了中国人追求和谐、平衡的价值观。 这种价值观不仅体现在人际交往中，也贯穿了整个中国文化。
家庭在中国文化中占据着重要的地位。在《九堂中国文化课》中，作者提到了 “家国同构”的概念，即家庭和国家的结构是相似的。这种文化传统体现了中 国文化中对家庭的重视和对亲情关系的重视。
中国文化中的传统医学也是其文化的重要组成部分。在《九堂中国文化课》中， 作者介绍了中医的基本理论和方法，并强调了中医强调的整体观念和预防保健 的重要性。这种医学传统不仅为中国人民的健康做出了贡献，也体现了中国文 化中对自然和整体性的崇尚。
中国传统文化中有着丰富多彩的艺术形式。在《九堂中国文化课》中，作者介 绍了中国传统的书法、绘画、音乐、戏曲等艺术形式，并强调了中国传统文化 中的审美观念。这些艺术形式不仅具有极高的审美价值，也反映了中国文化的 独特性和多样性。
这是《九堂中国文化课》的读书笔记，暂无该书作者的介绍。
中国文化要略第九章知识点总结归纳
【我国文化要略第九章知识点总结归纳】一、我国文化要略第九章知识点总结我国文化要略第九章主要介绍了我国传统文化中的艺术。
通过对绘画、书法、音乐、舞蹈等多个方面进行了深入的探讨和介绍，让我们更加全面地了解了我国传统艺术的魅力和博大精深。
在这一章中，我们了解到了我国传统艺术的起源、发展历程、特点和在我国文化中的重要地位。
这一章也介绍了一些知名的我国传统艺术家和作品，让我们更加直观地感受到了我国传统艺术的独特魅力。
二、我国传统绘画和书法我国传统绘画和书法被誉为“东方艺术之冠”，其源远流长，具有深厚的文化底蕴和艺术魅力。
我国绘画和书法强调意境的表达和笔墨的运用，注重表达作者的情感和思想。
在我国文化要略第九章中提到了一些知名的我国画家和书法家，如顾恺之、米芾、张大千等，他们的作品在我国传统艺术史上具有重要的地位。
通过学习和了解这些艺术家的作品，我们可以更加深入地了解我国传统绘画和书法的特点和魅力，同时也能够感受到我国传统文化对艺术的独特追求和表达方式。
三、我国传统音乐和舞蹈我国传统音乐和舞蹈是我国文化的重要组成部分，具有丰富多彩的形式和内涵。
我国古代音乐以雅乐、庙堂音乐为代表，具有深厚的宗教、礼仪和宫廷背景。
而我国传统舞蹈则以民间舞蹈和宫廷舞蹈为主，包括了华族舞、少数民族舞等多种形式。
在我国文化要略第九章中，我们对我国传统音乐和舞蹈进行了全面的了解和介绍，从古代传统音乐舞蹈到现代的发展和传承，让我们更加全面地认识和感受到了我国传统音乐和舞蹈的魅力和意义。
四、对我国传统艺术的个人观点和理解我国传统艺术是我国文化的瑰宝，具有悠久的历史和深厚的文化内涵，其独特的表现形式和艺术魅力给人们带来了无尽的艺术享受和审美愉悦。
对于我个人而言，我国传统艺术是我国民族精神和文化基因的重要载体，通过对传统艺术的学习和了解，我们可以更加深刻地认识和理解我国文化的独特魅力。
我国传统艺术也具有很强的时代传承性和当代创新性，我们需要继承和传承我国传统艺术，同时也要推动其与时代的融合和创新，让我国传统艺术焕发出新的生机和活力。
中国文化概况(英汉对照版)
四端午节 Dragon Boat Festival
五中秋节 MidAutumn Festival
六重阳节 Double Ninth Festival
课后练习题 Practice
一春节 Spring Festival
（一）起源与发展 Origin and Development （二）春节的传说 Legend of Spring Festival （三）习俗 Customs
四中国环保制 度 China’s Environmenta l Protection
Systems
课后练习题 Practice
一国旗、国徽、国歌 National Flag, National Emblem, National Anthem
（一）中华人民共和国国旗 The National Flag of the People’s Republic of China
六重阳节 Double Ninth Festival
（一）起源与发展 Origin and Development （二）重阳节的传说 Legend of Double Ninth Festival （三）习俗 Customs
一书法
1
Chinese
Calligraphy
二京剧
2
Peking
Opera
三 “一带一路”倡议 The Belt and Road Initiative
（一）共建原则 Principles （二）合作重点 Cooperation Priorities
一社会变迁中的家庭 生活 The Family Concept in Social Change
二中国人的现代生活 The Modern Life of Chinese People
中国文化通览五-九单元提纲
中国文化通览提纲五．中国文化瑰宝1.四书五经。
●《诗经》我国第一步诗歌总集。
●《尚书》我国上古部分史料的汇编。
●“三礼”指《仪礼》、《周礼》和《礼记》。
●《周易》分《易经》和《易传》。
●《春秋》鲁国史书，也是世界上最早的一部编年史。
●《大学》作于汉初，是《礼记》中一篇论述在古代的“大学”阶段如何学习修身和治国之道的文章。
●《中庸》《礼记》中另一篇文章，讲儒家的处世哲学。
●《论语》是孔子及其弟子时人的言行录。
●《孟子》集中体现了孟子的哲学思想和政治思想。
2.京剧与地方戏曲●京剧：国粹●评剧：北方地方戏●越剧：源于浙江农村●豫剧：源于河南●黄梅戏：18世纪后期在安徽、湖北和江西三省毗邻地区以黄梅采茶调为主的民间歌舞基础上发展而成的一种小戏。
●河北梆子：河北省地方戏Chinese Culture:An Introduction五．Gems of the Chinese Culture1.The Fore Books and The Five Classics●The Book of Poetry:the first major collection of Chinese poems.●The Book of History:an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China.●The Book of Rites:includes Yi Li ,Zhou Li and Li Ji.●Zhou Yi or The Book of Changes:Yi Jing and Yi Zhuan.●The Spring and Autumn Annals:a canonical book of history which ,is a combination of cannot and history.●The Great Learning:written in the early Han Dynasty,is in fact an essay in The Book of Rites.●The Doctrine of the Mean:another essay in The Book of Rites.●The Confucian Analects:a collection of the sayings and teachings of Confucius and his disciples.●The Works of Mencius:a collection of anecdotes about the teachings of Master Meng Ke,or Mencius.2.Beijing Opera and Local Operas●Beijing Opera:a cultural symbol of China●Pingju:popular in North and Northest China●Y ueju:originated in shengxian County,Zhejiang Province●Yuju:originated in Henan●Huangmei Opera:based on the folk songs and dances in the bordering area of Anhui,Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in late 18th century.●Hebei Bangzi:major forms of local opera in Hebei Province.●吕剧：山东省地方戏●川剧：西南几省的地方戏3.中国书画●中国传统人物画：人物活动为只要描写对象●中国传统山水画：自然风景为只要描写对象●中国传统花鸟画：动植物为只要描写对象●中国书法：中国特有的具有悠久历史和民族特色的传统艺术4.生活中的文化符号文房四宝：笔、墨、纸、砚●中国对联：俗称对子，是我国一种独特的文学艺术形式●中国印章：即玺印篆刻，是依附于书法而又具有相对独立性的一种传统艺术形式六．中国民间艺术与竞技1.民间工艺木版年画，剪纸，风筝，刺绣，纺织，印染，陶瓷，金银玉器，竹木藤器，泥塑。
第9课中华文化
老子 墨子 孟子
孔子
庄子 韩非子 孙武
中和一中 史永静
曲 阜 三 孔
大思想家、大教育家孔子
圣人 孔子
孔子
名丘，字仲尼，春秋晚 期鲁国人，儒家学派创 始人，中国古代大思想 家，大教育家。其言论 被收集在由他的弟子整 理的《论语》一书中
论 语 残 页
儒家经典
四书：《论语》《孟子》《大学》《中庸》 五经：诗、书、礼、易、春秋。
孟子名片
孟子
亚圣 孟子
战国时期儒家学派的 代表人物，提倡“仁 政”治国，提出“春 秋无义战” ，倡导 “自然资源”持续利 用的思想。
墨子名片
墨子
名翟（di)，战国时期鲁 国人，墨家学派创始人， 主张“兼爱”“非攻”
墨子
韩非子名片
韩非子
韩非子
韩国人，战国时期法家学 派的集大成者 中央集权的封建国家。
孔子—儒家学派创始人
1.提出“仁”的学说
思想 方面
2.主张“爱人”， “为政以德”
3.反对苛政和任 意刑杀
1.创办私学，广收门徒
教育 方面
2.“因材施教”
3.教育学生学习态度 要 老实、谦虚
4.要求学生温故而知新
(二）道家 —“老庄之学”
老子名片
老子
春秋晚期楚
国人，道家
学派创始人，
善于从正反
转化
战国
《墨子》 兼爱；非攻
韩非子 战国 孙武 战国
《韩非子》 主张改革；提倡法治； 建立君主专制的中央 集权制
《孙子兵法》知彼知己，百战不殆
百家争鸣
学派 代表人物
主要思想
代表作
儒家
孔子、孟 子、荀子
中国文化概论课件完整版
REPORT
THANKS
感谢观看
CATALOG
DATE
ANALYSIS
SUMMAR Y
REPORT
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DATE
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SUMMARY
中国文化概论课件完 整版
目录
CONTENTS
• 中国文化概述 • 中国文化的物质层面 • 中国文化的制度层面 • 中国文化的精神层面 • 中国文化的艺术层面 • 中国文化的现代传承与发展
REPORT
CATALOG
DATE
ANALYSIS
饮食与养生
中国饮食注重食物的营养与药用价 值，强调饮食与养生的关系，如食 疗、食补等。
服饰文化
传统服饰
服饰变迁
中国传统服饰包括汉服、唐装、旗袍 等，具有独特的款式和图案，体现了 中华民族的审美观和文化传统。
中国服饰在历史长河中不断变迁，吸 收了外来文化的元素，形成了多元化 的服饰文化。
服饰礼仪
中国服饰礼仪体现了身份地位、场合 和礼仪规范的要求，如穿着打扮、颜 色搭配、饰品佩戴等。
中国文化的起源与发展
中国文化的起源
中国文化起源于黄河流域的华夏文明，经历了数千年的发展和演变。在漫长的 历史进程中，中国文化不断吸收外来文化，形成了独特的文化体系。
中国文化的发展
中国文化的发展经历了多个阶段，包括先秦时期、秦汉时期、三国两晋南北朝 时期、隋唐时期、宋元时期、明清时期等。每个时期都有其独特的文化特点和 代表作品。
官僚制度
中国历史上形成了庞大的官僚体系，各级官员按 照品级高低享有不同的权力和待遇，承担着管理 国家事务的职责。
教育制度
科举制度
自隋唐时期开始实行的科举制度是中国古代教育制度的重要组成部 分，通过考试选拔人才，打破了世袭贵族对权力的垄断。
中国文化概论课件第九章中国建筑文化
唐 代 长 安 里 坊 平 面 图
5. 宋 代
两宋宫殿建筑以精致复杂、细腻柔和为特色， 布局精巧而富于变化。 北宋李诫所著《营造法式》是当时世界上最完备的 建筑学专著。
3. 庙坛建筑
北京太庙
4. 中国传统民居的地方特色
二、 中国建筑的人文意蕴
中国建筑的三大特点：
1.群体的和谐性 2.组合的内向性
3.阴阳的融合性
巴黎圣母院、科隆大教堂、北京故宫
巴 黎 圣 母 院 科 隆 大 教 堂
北 京 故 宫
厢 房
正 房
内 院
中 堂
厢 房
西
东
外 客 堂
外 院
雕 花 门
大 门
匾额：悬在门楣上的题字牌 楹联：指门两侧柱上的竖牌 石刻：山石上的题诗刻字 作用：陶冶情操，抒发胸臆；点景作用，增添诗意， 拓宽意境。
苏州四大名园 沧浪亭（宋代）：未入园林先成景，复廊 狮子林（元朝）：假山 拙政园（明朝）：水池面积较大，水廊 留园（清代）：曲廊、冠云峰
宋代城市布局变封闭的里坊制为开放的的街巷制。 园林建造蔚成风气，尤以城市园林更为盛行；公 共自然景区最著名的当推杭州西湖十景。
北 宋 汴 京 平 面 示 意 图
《清明上河图》北宋汴京 （ 部分）
（三）明清: 壮丽与精致的古典顶峰
两朝帝都——北京
北京城市布局严谨周密、宫殿建筑壮丽 伟巨，代表了中国古典建筑的杰出成就。 紫禁城是世界上现存规模最大、保存最 完整的古代宫殿建筑群。
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1. Chinese Food (30 minutes) 2. Chinese Tea (15 minutes) 3. Chinese Wine (15 minutes)
讨论 (10 minutes)
学生课件展示 (30 minutes)
Chinese Food
The Features of Chinese Food Eight Regional Cuisines Table Manners
Fujian Cuisine, also known as Min Cai, is noted for its light taste and sweet and sour flavour. The cooking puts great emphasis on choosing the choicest ingredients, and is thus particularly apt in preparing seafood dishes.
Eight Regional Cuisines
Foods vary from north to south. Tastes also differ regionally because of the climatic differences. One popular summary of Chinese food is “sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east”.
Jiangsu Cuisine, also known as Su Cai, has characteristically sweet taste. It preserves the food’s original flavour, while emphasising strictly choice ingredients, exquisite workmanship, and elegant shapes.
Table Manners
Arrangement of seats At a formal banquet, the host prepares adequate seating for the guests. For a large number of guests, the elderly or people of high status are allocated specific seats. Special guests and the elderly sit on the north side of the table or directly facing the entrance to the room. The concept of “honoured south, humble north” is closely related with traditional Chinese etiquette.
The courses Serving order is from cold to hot. Hot entrees (主 菜) should be served starting on the left of the seat across from the main guests. The meal then begins with a set of at least four cold dishes followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup is served next (unless in Guangdong style restaurant) with the local staple food such as rice, noodles and dumplings being served last.
Anhui Cuisine, also known as Hui Cai, is highly distinctive not only for its elaborate choices of cooking ingredients but also for its strict control of the cooking process.
Zhejiang Cuisine, also known as Zhe Cai, has won a reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, and smoothness in its dishes with mellow fragrance.
The features of Chinese Food
Colour, Aroma, and Taste
Colour refers not only to the beautiful color of the food, but also to the layout and design. Aroma refers to the fragrant and appetising smell of the dishes served on the table before eating. Taste is not only associated with tasting the food itself, but also with the appreciation of seasonings and texture.
Cooking Methods Time and temperature play an important role in cooking. They include boiling (煮), stewing (煲/炖), braising (烧/焖/烩), frying (煎), stir-frying (炒), quick-frying (爆), deep-frying (炸), frying and simmering (扒), sautéing (快煎), simmering (煨), smoking (熏), roasting or barbecuing (烤), baking (烘), steaming (蒸) and scalding (白灼).
Yin-yang Principle
Each food has its own characteristics of yin or yang. Yin foods are thin, cooling and low in calories. Yang foods are rich, spicy, warming and high in calories. Boiling food makes them yin; frying them makes them yang.
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 9
Culinary Culture
本章教学的目的
1. 中国饮食文化的介绍
2. 中国茶酒文化的介绍
本章教学的重难点
1. 中国饮食特点 2. 中国八大菜系 3. 中国茶文化 4. 中国酒(60 minutes)
Medicinal Function
In China, people contend that a food tonic (食 补) is much better than a medicine in fortifying one's health. Based on traditional Chinese herbal medicine practice, medicinal cuisine combines strictly processed traditional Chinese medicine with traditional culinary (烹饪的) materials to produce delicious food with health-restoring qualities.
Toasts Once the guests are seated, the host proposes a toast to the guests whilst saying, “Drink first to show respect”(先干为敬). Then the host and guests empty their glasses, which are refilled in readiness for the next of many toasts. It is perfectly acceptable to have three toasts (traditionally signifying friendship) with the entire company, rather than one separate toast for every individual present. Some other toasts can be offered: “Toast for your health”, “Toast to our friendship”, etc.
Guangdong Cuisine is known as Yue Cai (粤菜). Tasting clean, light, crisp and fresh. It usually has fowl (家禽) and other meats to produce its unique dishes.
Seasonings