应用化学专业英语----外文化学核心期刊共49页

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化工专业英语

化工专业英语————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学 Geｎｅrａl Cheｍiｓtry 分析化学Ａnalｙtical Ｃｈeｍistｒy 有机化学ＯrganiｃChemistｒy 物理化学 Phｙｓｉcal Ｃhｅｍisｔｒy 谱学导论Ｉnｔrod ｕctｏn of Spectroscoｐy 无机化学Iｎｏrganｉc Cheｍistry 普通化学和分析化学实验Exｐeriｍｅnts of ＧeneｒａｌａnｄAnａlytiｃａl Cｈeｍistrｙ现在基础化学 The Prｉｎciｐｌe oｆＭordeｒn Cｈemisｔry 现在基础化学实验 Exｐeｒｉmeｎｔｓｏf Ｍodｅrn Fｕｎdaｍｅnｔａl Cｈeｍistry 有机化学实验Ｅxpeｒiｍenｔs ｏf OrganiｃＣｈemｉstｒy 仪器分析和物理化学实验 Exｐｅriments of Instｒumｅntal Analysis and Ｐhyｓｉｃal Ｃｈeｍiｓtrｙ合成化学实验 Expeｒimｅｎtｓ of Syntｈｅtｉc Chemｉstrｙ现代化学专题 Topic oｆ Mｏdern Ｃhemistry 化学综合实验 Exｐerimeｎts of CoｍprｅhensivｅCｈｅmistry 化工原理 Prｉｎｃiple of C ｈemical Engineeｒing 化工原理实验 Expeｒiｍentｓ of Chemical Eｎｇiｎeeｒing 应用化学实验Exｐeriｍｅnts of Aｐｐlｉeｄ Chemisｔry 无机合成化学Ｓynthｅｔic Inorgａniｃ Cｈemistｒy 近代分析化学 Modern Anａlyｔｉｃal Ｃhｅmisｔｒy 分离分析化学 Sｅparatioｎ Analytical Ｃhemisｔrｙ有机化合物波谱鉴定 Sｐecｔrｕm Idｅnｔiｆiｃaｔｉｏn oｆ Orgａｎｉｃ Compounds 有机合成及反应机理 OrgａniｃSyntｈeｓiｓ anｄ Mechanics 化学进展 Proｇreｓs ｉｎＣhemｉstｒｙ化学反应工程 Chemiｃaｌ Reaｃtｉｏn Ｅnｇiｎeerｉng 应用电化学 Aｐpliｅd Ｅlecｔｒochｅｍistrｙ工业催化 Induｓｔｒｉaｌ Catalysｉs 环境化学Ｅｎvironmeｎｔal Cｈemiｓｔry 环境监测 Envｉｒonmenｔal Ｍoniｔｏring 化学科技英语Sｃｉentific E ｎglish for Ｃhemiｓtry 数理方法在化学中的应用Mathemaｔical Statistics ｆor Cheｍｉｓtry 化工制图CｈｅｍiｃaｌＥngｉｎeｅｒing Ｃartｏgraｐhy 计算机与化学测量实验Computｅr ａnd CｈemicaｌMeａsureｍent 化学信息学 Chemoinｆormａt ｉcs oｒ ChemicaｌInfｏrmatｉcs 应用化学专题Special Ｔopicｓin AｐplｉeｄChemisｔry化工装置常用词汇 1一概论 introductｉｏn 方案(建议书) ｐroposal 可行性研究ｆeａsibiｌity ｓtｕd ｙ方案设计 concepｔ design 工艺设计 procesｓ design 基础设计baｓiｃ design详细设计 deｔail ｄeｓigｎ开工会议 kｉck－oｆf meetinｇ审核会议 rｅviｅｗmeetinｇ外商投资 fｏｒeｉｇｎ inｖｅstｍent 中外合资joint ventｕrｅ中外合营ｊoiｎt ｖｅnture 补偿贸易ｃoｍpensatiｏｎ trade 合同合同附件ｃoｎｔｒacｔ卖方 vｅndor 买方 buyer 顾客 clｉｅnt 承包商ｃoｎtrａcｔor 工程公司 compaｎy 供应范围scope of sｕｐply 生产范围prｏductiｏn scopｅ生产能力ｐroduction caｐaciｔy 项目 prｏject 界区ｂaｔtｅry lｉmit 装置 planｔ公用工程 utiliｔieｓ工艺流程图 process flｏw diａgram 工艺流程方块图ｐrocess bｌocｋ dｉaｇr ａm 管道及仪表流程图 pipiｎg ａnｄ iｎstｒuｍent drａｗing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat bａlance diａgｒaｍ蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steaｍ & coｎdensate ｂalance ｄiaｇram 设备布置图 equipment layout 设备表eqｕiｐmeｎt lｉsｔ成品(产品) ｐroducｔ(final product) 副产品ｂy-ｐｒoduct 原料 raw-ｍateriaｌ设计基础数据basｉc daｔa for desiｇｎ技术数据technical data 数据表ｄatａ sheet 设计文件dｅsｉgn docuｍent 设计规定ｄesｉgn ｒｅgulａtion 现场服务 sｉｔe ｓervice 项目变更ｐrｏject ｃｈanｇe 用户变更ｃｌienｔchange 消耗定额ｃo ｎsuｍｐtｉoｎ qｕotａ技术转让tｅcｈnｉcaｌ traｎsfer 技术知识 technical knoｗ-how ｔｅchnｉｃal ｋｎowleｄge 技术保证technｉｃal guaｒanteｅ咨询服务 cｏnｓultaｔive ｓerｖｉces 技术服务ｔecｈｎical ｓｅrvicｅs 工作地点locaｔiｏn 施工现场consｔrｕction field 报价ｑuoｔation 标书 bidding book 公司利润coｍpany pｒofit 固定价合同ｆｉxｅd pｒｉｃe contract 固定单价合同fixeｄ unit pricｅ conｔrａct 成本加酬金合同 cost plus awarｄ fee contｒａct 定金ｍobiｌizaｔｉｏｎ银行保证书 bａnk ｇuarａｎteｅ letter 保留金ｒeten ｔiｏn 所得税ｉncoｍe ｔａxｅs 特别承包人税ｓpeciaｌcontractｏr's taxes 城市和市政税 city and ｍunｉcipaｌ tａxes 工作手册ｗork manｕａl 工作流程图work ｆlｏw diaｇrａｍ质量保证程序QA/QC procｅdurｅs 采购计划 procuｒeｍent ｐｌaｎ施工计划ｃonstructiｏn plan 施工进度construｃtion ｓｃhedule 项目实施计划ｐrｏjeｃt ｅxecutiｏn plan 项目协调程序prｏjeｃt coordinａtioｎ p ｒoceduｒｅ项目总进度计划ｐroject ｍａsteｒｓcheｄule 设计网络计划ｅｎgineering ｎetｗoｒk logic 项目质量保证pｒoject qualiｔｙａssuｒance 项目质量控制ｐrojｅｃｔ qualｉtｙcontrｏl 采购pｒｏcｕremｅnt 采购周期ｐrocｕremeｎt ｐeｒiod 会签 the squad checｋ计算书cａlculation shｅets 询价inquiry 检验ｉnspectｉｏn 运输transｐortatｉon 开车 start ｕｐ/ ｃｏｍmiｓsiｏｎ验收ｉnspection & accｅptanｃｅ校核 check 审核 review 审定 approｖe 版次 versｉon 部门 depaｒｔｍent 专业 sｐecialty 项目号 projeｃt ｎuｍｂeｒ图号ｄrawing nｕmｂeｒ目录 cｏｎtｅnts 序言 foreword 章 chaｐter 节sｅction 项iteｍＭR matｅriaｌｒequisｉtｉon ＳPEＣ engiｎｅeｒing sｐeciｆic ａｔｉon DATA SHEET（技术表）ｔechnｉcal ｄata sｈeet TBA（技术评标） techｎica ｌｂｉｄanaｌyｓis PDＰpｒeliｍｉnary desｉgn paｃkage ＰＭ (项目经理) prｏject ｍａnagｅr LＤE（专业负责人) ｌｅad ｄiscｉplｉne enｇineｅｒ Maｔer ｉaｌrｅquiｓｉtioｎ for qｕotatiｏn MRQ(材料询价单) MＲP（材料采购单) mａterial ｒｅｑuｉsition for pｕrｃhasｅ BEP(基础工程设计包）ｂasic eｎgiｎee ｒｉng ｐackaｇe P＆ID(管道及仪表流程图）ｐｉping and instruｍenｔｄrawing(ｄｉaｇram) PＦD proceｓs flow dｉａgrａm NNF normally no fｌow FＯ failurｅope ｎ FC faｉｌurｅｃloｓe C/Ｓ/Ａｃivil/structure/arcｈitecture detail ｄｅsig ｎ pｈaｓe ＤDP（详细设计阶段)二. 工艺流程连续过程 continｕoｕs procｅｓｓ间歇过程ｂatch procｅss 工艺叙述 procｅｓｓdescrｉpｔion 工艺特点process featuｒe 操作oｐeraｔｉon 反应 reａctｉon 副反应 side ｒｅactｉoｎ絮凝ｆloｃcｕlａｔiｏn 浮洗 flotatｉｏｎ倾析dｅcantaｔioｎ催化反应 cａtalyticａl reactｉon 萃取 extｒａction 中和neｕtralization 水解 hydrｏlysis 过滤fｉltratioｎ干燥drｙing 还原reductiｏn 氧化 oｘidａtioｎ氢化hydrogenａtiｏn 分解 dｅcｏｍpoｓition 离解diｓｓｏciatｉoｎ合成ｓynthｅtｉcs 吸收 absｏrｐｔｉｏn 吸附 adsoｒptiｏn 解吸desorpｔion 结晶cｒyｓtallizaｔioｎ溶解 solutｉｏn 调节ｍｏdulａtｅ控制conｔrｏl 悬浮 sｕspeｎsion 循环ciｒcｕlａｔion 再生 regｅneｒａtiｏn 再活化ｒｅａcｔiｖatioｎ沥取 lｅacｈinｇ破碎 cｒuｓhiｎg 煅烧 caloinatioｎ沉降ｓｅdｉmentatｉｏｎ沉淀ｐrecipｉtatｉon 气化 gａｓｉfication 冷冻 refriｇeratioｎ固化、结晶sｏlｉdiｆiｃａtiｏn 包装 paｃkage 升华suｂlimation 燃烧comｂustion 引烧ｉgniｔiｏn 蒸馏 distillaｔiｏn 碳化 carｂonizatioｎ压缩 com ｐｒeｓｓioｎ三、化学物质及特性固体 sｏliｄ液体 liｑuiｄ气体 gas 化合物cｏｍpoｕｎd 混合物ｍiｘturｅ粉pｏｗder 片状粉未flake 小粒 gｒanule 结晶 crｙstａｌ乳化物 emulsiｏn 氧化物oｘidｉｚing agｅnt 还原剂 reducing ａgent 有机物ｏｒgａｎic ｍaｔerial 真空vacuum 母液ｍasｔer liquｏr 富液 rich liquｏr 贫液ｌean liquor 萃出物extract 萃余物rafｆｉnａｔｅ絮凝剂 flｏcculants 冷冻盐水ｂｒine 酸度 acidi ｔy 浓度 concentｒａtｉon 碱度 alkaliｎitｙ溶解度 solubility 凝固点ｓolidi ｆicaｌioｎｐoｉnｔ沸点 boiling point 熔点mｅlｔing poiｎt 蒸发率evaporatiｏn rate 粘度 vｉsｃｏsｉｔy 吸水的 watｅr absorbeｎt(a) 无水的ａnhydrous(a）外观 apｐｅaranｃe 无色的 colｏrless（a) 透明的 transparｅnt(ａ) 半透明的 tｒansluｃent 密度 dｅnsity 比重 specific gｒavity 催化剂caｔａｌysｔ燃烧 coｍbｕｓｔioｎ引燃 ignｉｔioｎ自然点 selｆ-ｉgniｔiｏn temperatｕrｅ可燃气体combusｔiblｅgas 可燃液体 iｎflammable liｑuｉd 易燃液体vｏlaｔile ｌiquｉd 爆炸混合物ｅxｐｌosivｅｍiｘturｅ爆炸性环境ｅxplosｉvｅ atm ｏspｈｅｒe（environment) 爆炸极限 exｐｌosｉｖe ｃoｎcentratｉｏn liｍｉt 废水ｗasｔe waｔｅr 废液ｗasｔe liquid 废气 oｆf-gas 噪声 nｏise polluｔioｎ成分 cｏｍposｉtion 挠度 deｆlｅction 力和力矩 force and ｍoment 弯矩beｎdｉng momenｔ应力-应变曲线 sｔress-straｉｎdｉaｇｒam 百分比 perceｎｔage 环境温度ａmbieｎｔｔemｐeraturｅ工作温度operａting 设计温度 desiｇn tempｅrature(pressuｒe) 相对湿度 RH=relａtｉve humｉditｙ油渣、淤泥 sludge 杂质impuriｔy四、化工设备泵 pump 轴流泵ａxｉal ｆlow pump 真空泵 vacuｕm ｐump 屏蔽泵canneｄ pump 柱塞泵pｌunger pump 涡轮泵 turbｉne pump 涡流泵 vorｔeｘｐump 离心泵 cｅntｒifugal pｕmp 喷射泵ｊet ｐump 转子泵rotaｒy ｐump 管道泵 iｎlｉne pumｐ双作用往复泵 dｏｕｂle acｔioｎ rｅciprocａting pump 计量泵 meｔeｒing pｕｍｐ深井泵ｄｅep welｌpumｐ齿轮泵ｇear ｐump 手摇泵 haｎd(wｏbble) pump 螺杆泵sｃｒｅw (spirａｌ） pｕmp 潜水泵 suｂmeｒsibｌe ｐump 斜转子泵 incliｎeｄ rot ｏr puｍｐ封闭式电磁泵 hermetically ｓealed mａgｎetic ｄrｉve ｐｕｍp 气升泵air-ｌifｔ-ｐｕmp 轴承beａring 叶轮 impelｌer 虹吸管sipｈｏn 高压容器hｉgh pressｕｒe vｅｓsel 焚化炉incineｒator 火焰清除器fｌamｅ arrester 工业炉ｆuｒnace 烧嘴 buｒnｅr 锅炉 bｏｉｌeｒ回转窑 rotaｒｙ kilｎ加热器heater 电加热器ｅlｅctric hｅａter 冷却器ｃooleｒ冷凝器conｄenser 换热器ｈｅaｔ exchａｎｇer 反应器ｒｅactor 蒸馏釜 still 搅拌器agitatoｒ混合器mixer 静态混合器 sｔatic mixers 管道混合器lｉne miｘers 混合槽mixiｎg tａｎks 破碎机crusher 磨碎机grｉnder 研磨机 pulｖeriｚeｒ球磨机 ballmilｌ过滤器 filｔer 分离器 sepaｒａｔor 干燥器 drｉer 翅片fiｎs 烟囱 staｃk 火炬ｆlare 筛子 sｃｒeen 煅烧窑 calcinｅr 倾析器 decanteｒ蒸发器 evaporaｔoｒ再沸器 rｅｂoiler 萃取器 exｔｒacｔor 离心机 cｅnｔrifugeｒ吸附（收)器 adsorbｅｒ结晶器 cｒystａllizer 电解槽eｌecｔroｌｙzｅｒ电除尘器ｅlectｒiｃpｒecipitatｏr 洗涤器 scruｂbｅｒ消石灰器 slaker 料仓 bｉn 料斗hoｐpeｒ加料器ｆｅeｄeｒ增稠器thickeneｒ澄清器clａrifier 分级器ｃlａsｓｉfiｅｒ浮洗器ｆｌｏccuｌatoｒ废液池sump 喷射器 ejector 喷头sprayｅr 成套设备 packａge uｎiｔ仪器设备 appａratus 附属设备 accｅｓsory 旋转式压缩机rｏtａrｙｃompr ｅｓｓor 往复式压缩机rｅcｉproｃatinｇ compｒessor 水环式压缩机nａｓｈcoｍｐｒessｏr 螺杆式压缩机hｅｌical sｃrew comｐreｓsor 离心式压缩机cｅntrifuｇａｌｃｏｍpresｓor 多级压缩机 mutipｌe ｓtａgeｓ compresｓor 固定床反应器 fixed ｂｅd ｒeacｔｏr 流化床反应器 fｌuidizｅｄ bed reａctor 管式反应器ｔubular reacｔｏr 列管式换热器 tｕbulａr ｈeat eｘchanger 螺旋板式换热器spiral pｌate ｈeat eｘｃhａｎgeｒ萃取塔 exｔｒaｃｔｉon coｌumｎ板式塔plate ｃolumn 填料塔packed cｏlumｎ洗涤塔sｃrubber 吸收塔 absorｂer 冷却塔cｏolinｇtowｅｒ精馏塔fractｉonaｔinｇ toweｒ汽提塔ｓtripper 再生塔ｒeｇeneratｏｒ造粒塔ｐrｉlｌ toｗer 塔附件 tｏwer ａcｃessoriｅs 液体分配（布)器 liｑuiｄｄistributor 填料支持板sｕｐpｏrt pｌatｅ定距管 spａcer 降液管ｄownｃoｍer 升气管 chimnｅy 顶（底）层塔盘 tｏp (boｔｔom) traｙ挡板ｂａfflｅ抽出口 draw nozｚle 溢流堰ｗeir 泡罩 bubblｅ cａp 筛板 sieve ｐlａｔｅ浮阀 float valｖe 除沫器 dｅｍiｓｔer pad 塔裙座 skirt 椭圆封头 elｌｉptical heaｄ高位槽 heaｄｔank 中间槽iｎｔermediaｔe ｔaｎk 加料槽feｅｄtank 补给槽ｍake-ｕp tanｋ计量槽 measuriｎg tａｎｋ电解槽 celｌ溜槽 chut ｅ收集槽 collecｔing taｎk 液滴分离器 knｏcｋout ｄrum 稀释罐 tｈｉｎｎing tank 缓冲罐 sｕｒｇｅ drum 回流罐ｒeｆlux druｍ闪蒸罐ｆlaｓh ｄruｍ浮顶罐floating rooｆtanｋ内浮顶罐ｃovereｄ flｏatinｇｒoof tａnk 球罐 spheroi ｄ气柜gａs hoｌder 湿式气柜 wet gas-hoｌder 干式气柜 dry gaｓ-holdｅr 螺旋式气柜 heｌical ｇaｓ-hｏlder 星型放料器,旋转阀 rｏｔaｒy valvｅ抽滤器mutche filter 压滤器 filteｒ press 压滤机 pｒｅsｓure filter 板框压滤器plａｔe-ａnd-fram filter ｐreｓs 转鼓过滤器ｒotaｒy druｍfilter 带式过滤器 belt ｆilｔeｒ翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag ｆｉltｅr 旋风分离器 cyｃｌoｎｅ seｐａratｏr 盘式干燥箱cｏmpaｒtment tray drier 真空干燥器vaｃuum drieｒ隧道式干燥器tunｎel ｄrier 回转干燥器 roｔａｒy drｉer 穿流循环干燥器 tｈroｕgｈ circｕlａtion drｉer 喷雾干燥器ｓpray ｄｒiｅｒ气流干燥器pneumaｔｉc cｏnveyｏｒ dr ｉｅr 圆盘式加料器ｄish feｅdeｒ螺旋式加料器ｓcrew feｅder 颚式破碎机 jａw cｒusheｒ回转破碎机gyraｔorｙcrｕsher 滚洞破碎机 roｌl ｃrｕsheｒ锤式破碎机hａmmer ｃｒuｓheｒ冲击破碎机ｒotor ｉmpａcｔｂｒeaker 气流喷射粉碎机ｊｅt pulveriｚｅr 棍磨机 rod mｉll 雷蒙机 rayｍonｄｍill 锤磨机 hammｅr mill 辊磨机 roller milｌ振动筛vｉbｒａｔｉng scrｅeｎ回转筛 rotary sｃｒee ｎ风机faｎ罗茨鼓风机起重机桥式起重机电动葫芦发电机电动机汽轮机ｒoot＇s blower crａｎe ｂridge ｃrａne ｍotor hoｉst geｎｅrａtｏr motor steam ｔu ｒｂｉｎe五、管道工程piｐiｎｇengiｎｅering1 阀门ｖalve阀杆stem 内螺纹阀杆insiｄe ｓcｒｅw 阀座vaｌve sｅａt (body seaｔ）阀座环、密封圈 sealing riｎｇ阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等）ｔriｍ阀盘ｄisc 阀体 bｏdy 阀盖 bonnet 手轮 hanｄ wheel 手柄 hand levｅl (handle) 压盖 gｌａnd 闸阀ｇate valｖｅ平行双闸板 dｏｕble disc paｒａｌlel ｓeat 楔形单闸板ｓpｌiｔwedｇｅ截止阀ｇlobe ｖalve 节流阀 tｈrｏttle valｖe 针阀 nｅedle vａlve 角阀(角式截止阀) anglｅ valve Ｙ型阀（截止阀）Ｙ-ｖalve(Y-bｏdy gｌobe valve) 球阀 balｌ valve 三通球阀３-wａy bａｌl ｖalｖe 蝶阀ｂutｔerfly ｖalve 对夹式(薄片型) wafｅr ｔyｐe 偏心阀板蝶阀 offset diｓc (eccｅnｔrｉc) ｂｕtterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 cａnted disc butｔｅｒfly valvｅ连杆式蝶阀ｌiｎｋｂutterf ｌy valｖｅ止回式蝶阀ｃombined nｏn-reｔurn ｂuttｅｒfly valve 柱塞阀ｐiston type ｖalve 旋塞阀 pluｇ valve 三通旋塞阀 threｅ-ｗａy ｐｌug valve 四通旋塞阀 fouｒ-wａy plｕg vａlve 旋塞 cock 衬套旋塞 slｅeve cocｋ隔膜阀diaphragm ｖalve 橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphｒagｍ valve 直通式隔膜阀ｓt ｒaiｇｈｔway diaphragｍ valve 夹紧式胶管阀ｐinch vａlｖe 止回阀cheｃk ｖalve 升降式止回阀 liｆｔｃheck vａlve 旋启式止回阀 swinｇｃｈeck ｖaｌve 落球式止回阀 ball ｃheck ｖalｖe 弹簧球式止回阀 spring bａll chｅｃk valve 底阀 fｏot valvｅ切断式止回阀stｏｐ cheｃk valve 活塞式止回阀pisｔon chｅｃk ｖalve 翻板止回阀 flａｐ cheｃk valｖe 蝶式止回阀 buttｅｒfly cheｃｋ vａlve 安全泄气阀saｆety[SV］安全泄放阀 reｌief vａlve[RV] 安全泄压阀 safeｔｙｒeｌief vａlve 杠杆重锤式 lever and ｗeiｇhｔｔｙpe 罐底排污阀 flｕsh－bot ｔom tank vａlve 波纹管密封阀ｂeｌｌow sealｅｄvalｖe 电磁阀soｌeｎｏid (operａteｄ) vａｌve 电动阀ｅlectrically（electric－mｏｔor)operａｔｅd valve 气动阀ｐnｅｕmatiｃoperated valve 低温用阀 cryogenic ｓerｖicｅｖalve 蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap 机械式疏水阀 mｅchａniｃal traｐ浮桶式疏水阀 open （top) buckｅt trａｐ浮球式疏水阀float trａp 倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bｕckｅt ｔra ｐ自由浮球式疏水阀ｌｏose float ｔｒap 恒温式疏水阀 thｅrmostａtiｃ trａp 压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 bａlanced pｒesｓure thermｏsｔatic tｒap 热动力式疏水阀 the ｒmodynamic tｒａp 脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀imｐulse steａm tｒap 放汽阀(自动放汽阀）(ａｕｔｏmａtic) aｉｒ vｅｎt ｖalve 换向阀ｄiｖerｔiｎg (rｅｖeｒｓing）ｖａlve 呼吸阀 breather ｖalve 减压阀 pｒeｓsurｅreducinｇ vａlve 控制阀 cｏntｒol vaｌvｅ执行机构 actuatｏｒ差压调节阀difｆerenｔial ｐrｅｓsurereguｌatｉnｇ valｖe 切断阀 block (sｈut-ofｆ, stｏp) ｖalve 调节阀regulａting vaｌve 快开阀 quiｃk openinｇ vａlve 快闭阀ｑｕick cloｓing valvｅ隔断阀isoｌatiｎg valvｅ三通阀thrｅe ｗａy valｖe 夹套阀 jａcketｅd valve 非旋转式阀 non-ｒoｔａry valve2 管子,管件,法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管） tubｅ(不按标准规格制造的其它用管) 钢管steel ｐｉpe 铸铁管 cast iron pｉpｅ衬里管 lｉned pipe 复合管cｌad ｐiｐe 碳钢管carbon steel[Ｃ.Ｓ.]ｐipe 合金钢管alloy sｔeeｌ pｉpｅ不锈钢管sｔａinlｅs ｓ sｔｅeｌ[S.S.]pｉpｅ奥氏体不锈钢管 aｕｓteｎitic staｉnleｓs steel piｐe 铁合金钢管 fｅrrｉtｉｃ alloy stｅｅl pipｅ轧制钢管 wrouｇhｔ－ｓteel ｐipe 锻铁管 wrought-ｉron pipe 无缝钢管seａmｌｅss[ＳＭLS] steeｌ piｐe 焊接钢管ｗelded ｓteｅl pipe 电阻焊钢管 electrｉc－reｓｉsｔance-welｄed ｓｔｅel pipe 电熔(弧）焊钢板卷管 eleｃtric-ｆｕsiｏn(arc)-wｅldeｄｓtｅeｌ-pｌate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管ｓｐiral wｅｌded stｅel pｉpe 镀锌钢管ｇalvanized ｓteｅl pipe 排污阀ｂlowdｏwn valｖe 集液排放阀dｒiｐｖａlvｅ排液阀dｒａｉn valve 放空阀 v ｅnｔ valｖｅ卸载阀uｎloａding vａlve 排出阀ｄisｃhａｒｇe vaｌvｅ吸入阀suction valvｅ取样阀sampｌiｎg ｖaｌvｅ手动阀 haｎd opeｒated(manualｌy－operated) vaｌve (水)龙头ｂibb;bｉb；ｆaucｅt 抽出液阀(小阀) blｅed vaｌｖｅ旁路阀bｙ-pass valvｅ软管阀hoｓe vaｌvｅ混合阀miｘing ｖalvｅ破真空阀vacｕuｍ bｒeaker 冲洗阀ｆｌush valvｅ根部阀ｒoot （priｍaｒｙ，header) valve 水煤气钢管wateｒ－gas sｔｅｅl pipｅ塑料管plastic ｐipｅ玻璃管ｇｌass tuｂｅ橡胶管ｒubbｅr tuｂe 壁厚 wａll thiｃkness[ＷT] 壁厚系列号 scｈｅdule numbｅr[ＳCH.NO．] 加厚的,加强的 eｘtra heavy (strong) 双倍加厚的,双倍加强的ｄｏuble extra heavy (strong) 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducｉｎg elbow 长半径弯头 long radｉus elbow 短半径弯头 sｈort radｉuｓｅlbow 长半径 1８0°弯头ｌoｎg ｒaｄius rｅturn 短半径 180°弯头 shｏrt radｉus returｎ三通 tee 异径三通ｒeｄuciｎg ｔee 等径三通 strａight teｅ带支座三通 bａse ｔee 45°斜三通４5°lateraｌ trｕｅ"Y" Y 型三通四通ｃｒoss 异径管 rｅdｕcer 同心异径管concentric ｒedｕcer 偏心异径管 eｃｃｅｎtric reducｅr 管接头couｐｌiｎg;ｆulｌcouplｉｎｇ活接头ｕniｏn 短管 niｐplｅ预制弯管 fabｒiｃateｄ pipe ｂeｎd U 型弯管 "Ｕ"bend 法兰端flangｅｄ enｄ万向接头 uniｖersaｌ jｏint 对焊的 bｕtt ｗelded[BW］螺纹的 tｈｒeadeｄ[ＴＨD] 承插焊的 sｏcｋet ｗelｄeｄ[S Ｗ] 法兰 fｌaｎｇe［FLＧ] 整体管法兰ｉntegｒal piｐｅflangｅ钢管法兰 steel pｉpe ｆlａnge 螺纹法兰 tｈreadｅd flange 滑套法兰sliｐ-on flange 平焊法兰slip-on-weldiｎg flange 承插焊法兰socket ｗeldinｇflａngｅ松套法兰ｌａｐjoint fｌaｎge[LJF］对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF］法兰盖 blinｄflａngｅ；bｌind 异径法兰 reｄuｃing fｌaｎge 压力级 pressure ｒatｉｎg（claｓs) 突面r ａiseｄｆace[RF] 凸面 male ｆace 凹面femａle fａce 全平面;满平面ｆlat faｃe；fｕｌl faｃe[FＦ］3．管道特殊件pｉping sｐecｉaliｔy粗滤器ｓｔｒａinｅr 过滤器 filter 临时过滤器ｔｅmｐoraｒy sｔrａiner(ｃonｅtypｅ) Ｙ型过滤器Y-ｔｙpe strａｉnｅｒT 型过滤器 T-tｙpe stｒainer 永久过滤器 permａnent ｆilｔer 洗眼器及淋浴器eye wａsｈer and shoｗer 视镜 siｇｈt glasｓ阻火器 fｌame arrｅster 喷咀;喷头spray nozzle 喷射器ｅjｅctor 取样冷却器 saｍｐle cooler 消音器 silencer 膨胀节expanｓｉon joｉｎt 波纹膨胀节b ｅlｌow 补偿器 cｏmpenｓaｔor 软管接头 hosｅｃonｎｅctioｎ［HＣ］快速接头 q ｕick coｕｐliｎｇ金属软管 metal hose 橡胶管 rubｂer hose 挠性管 flexｉbｌe ｔube 特殊法兰 speｃial flanｇe 漏斗fuｎnel ８字盲板 spｅctacｌe (figure ８) blind 爆破板 rｕpturｅdiｓk４,其它材料碳素钢 cａrbon steel [C．S.]不锈钢stａinlｅｓs sｔｅeｌ[S.S．] 铸铁ｃａsｔ i ｒoｎ［Ｃ.I.] 铝ａlumｉnｕm 铜,紫铜coｐper 钛ｔｉtａniuｍ抗拉强度ｔｅｎs ｉｌe strengtｈ非金属材料nｏn-mｅtaｌlic matｅriaｌ塑料 plastic 陶瓷 cera ｍic 搪瓷ｐorｃelain ｅnameｌ玻璃 gｌaｓs 橡胶ruｂｂer 垫片ｇaskeｔ[GSＫT］平垫片 flat gasket 填料ｐaｃkinｇ型钢 shａped steｅｌ角钢ａngle steel 槽钢ｃhannel 工字钢 I－beam 宽缘工字钢或 H 钢 wｉｄe flaｎｇed ｂeam 扁钢 f ｌａt bar 圆钢ｒｏuｎd stｅel; rod 钢带 straｐ stｅel 网络钢板ｃheｃkered pla ｔe 材料表ｂill of ｍatｅriａｌ[BOM] 材料统计 material ｔake－off[ＭTO] 散装材料bulｋｍaterial 综合管道材料表ｃonｓolｉｄaｔed piｐｉｎｇmａterial suｍmａry ｓｈeeｔ[CPMSS] 汇总表 suｍｍary ｓheeｔ5.设备布置及管道设计中心线 centeｒlｉne 装置边界ｂoｕndary limit[BＬ] 区界 area ｌiｍiｔ设备布置eｑuiｐment arｒanｇｅment (layout)；plｏt ｐlan 标高，立面 elevａtioｎ［ＥＬ] 支撑点 poｉｎt oｆ supporｔ[ＰOＳ] 工厂北向 plａnt north 方位ｏｒienｔa ｔiｏｎ危险区 hazａrｄｏuｓ area ｃlassifｉcation 净正吸入压头ｎet pｏsitive sｕctｉｏn ｈeaｄ绝对标高ａbsolute eｌｅvation 坐标ｃooｒdｉｎａt ｅ管道研究 pipｉnｇ study 管道布置平面 pｉpｉng aｒrａngｅment pｌan[ＰAP] 管道布置 piping ａssembｌｙ; layouｔ详图ｄetａil "Ｘ"视图ｖiew "Ｘ" ＂A-A" 剖视 seｃtioｎ "A－Ａ" 轴测图 isomｅtric ｄrawiｎg 索引图 keｙ plａn 管道及仪表流程图 pｉｐing and iｎｓtrｕｍent diaｇram[P&ID] 管口表liｓt of nozzles 地上管道 above grｏｕnd ｐiping 地下管道 under gｒouｎd pipiｎg 管线号line ｎumbeｒ总管 heａder; manｉfｏlｄ旁路 bｙpａss 常开 normally oｐen 常闭 noｒmally closeｄ取样接口ｓampｌing conｎection 伴热管 trａcｉng pipe 蒸汽伴热ｓteam tracing 热水伴热ｈｏt-water tｒａｃｉｎg 电伴热 elｅctｒicａl tracing 夹套管jacketeｄ linｅ全夹套管 full jaｃkeｔｅd 比例 scaｌe 图 fiｇurｅ草图sｋetch 图例 legeｎd 符号 sｙｍbol 件号ｐart ｎ。

应用化学专业英语复习资料全

一单词短语1.Molecule 分子molecular 分子的2.chemical process 化学过程 element 元素3.atom 原子attraction 吸引力4.repulsion 排斥力 distillation 蒸馏、n5.distill 蒸馏v rectification 精馏position 构成 structure 结构7.property 性质 mass 质量8.atomicweight 原子量 atomic number 原子序数9.ionization energy 电离能 period 周期10.g r o u p族f a m i l y族11.transition group 过渡族 main group 主族12.ion 离子substitution 取代反应13.elimination 消除反应nucleophilic 亲核的14.nucleophilie 亲核试剂electrophilie亲电试剂15.alkyl 烷基的 functional group 官能团16.halides 卤素的 leaving group 离去基团17.transition state过渡态 intermediate 中间体18.reactant 反应物product 生成物19.concentration 浓度 rate equation 速率方程20.constant 常数ether 醚21.endothermic 吸热的substrate 反应底物22.mechanism 机理 reagen 试剂23.alkene 烯烃 exothermic 放热的24.A n i o n阴离子n i t r o g e n氮气25.Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 carbonhydrate 碳水化合物26.Alkane 烷烃substituent 取代基27.Isomerism 同分异构现象isomer 同分异构28.Vinyl 乙烯基derivatives 衍生物29.acid halides 酰卤 acid anhydrides 酸酐30.e s t e r s酯a m i d e酰胺31.ammonia NH3 Acetic anhydride 乙酸酐32.phenol 芬acid—base titration 酸碱滴定33.precipitation 沉淀analyses 化学分析员34.IR 红外 UV紫外 MS质谱 GC色相色谱HPLC高效液相色谱 TLC薄层色谱 X—rayX射线衍射二选词填空1、We can now easily account for many things, whichwere thought to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is givenoff.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of lookingat matters4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect oncolligative properties than do nonelectrolytes. 5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the samerate as fresh water ,both would nearly dry upin a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with afresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relativeamounts of solute and solvent is know as acolligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （polarcovalent）are classified as electrolytes because they form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl aredissolved in water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes outbecause the circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged batteryand then to a light bulb ,the light shinesbrightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water areexamples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricityand are known as nonconductors or insulators. 14、it has long been known that the presence of asolute in water may affect its ability toconduct electricity.15、when the collection of papers was first broughtout ,it was well received by the reviewers.16、in the same way the dozen or so most commonkinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to makemolecules .17、elements are made up of tiny fundamentalparticles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further dividedby any chemical metheods.18、each element has atoms that is different fromthe atoms of other elements.19、it would not be quite round; on the contraryit would consist of three parts represented byspheres.20、it is not to be summed up in a singleproduct or word ,but in an idea or basicconcept.21、the chemical symbol of an element may stand theelement for.22、the rate of a chemical reaction is influencedby several factors such as temperature ,concentration of reagents , particlesize ,light ,and catalyst.23、all forms of life in earth are very dependenton chemical reactions or chemical changes.24、a chemical reaction occurs when elements andcompounds react together to produce differentcompounds , or when compounds break down intosimpler compounds or elements.三无机物的命名H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na SodiumK Potassium Mg Magnesium Ca CalciumMn manganese Cu copper Zn zincFe iron Hg mercury Ag silver Au gold C Carbon Si SiliconPb Lead Al Aluminium F FluorineCl Chlorine Br Bromine I IodineO Oxygen S Sulfur N NitrogenP Phosphorus1.直呼其名，即读其元素名称 + ion如：Na+ sodium ionK+ potassium ion2.对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous 表示低价，-ic 表示高价如：Cu+ copper (Ⅰ) ion 或 cuprous ionCu2+ copper (Ⅱ) ion 或 cupric ionFe2+ iron (Ⅱ) ion 或 ferrous ionFe3+ iron (Ⅲ) ion 或 ferric ion3.含氢酸根：酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono- di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa-hepta- octa- nona- deca-举例：CO32- carbonate ionHCO3- hydrogen carbonate ionPO43- phosphate ionHPO42 hydrogencarbonate ionH2PO4- dihydrogenphosphate ion4.结晶水读做hydrate ，结晶水的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-CuSO4· 5H2O copper(Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrateAlCl3 · 6H2O aluminum chloride hexahydrate5.测试Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide AlCl3 aluminum chlorideFeBr2 iron(II) bromide CaSO4 calcium sulfate ZnCO3 zinc carbonate HF hydrofluoric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid NO2 nitrogen dioxide CuO copper(II) oxide Al2O3 aluminum oxide NaHSO3 sodium hydrogen sulfiteKMnO4 potassium permanganateNaClO sodium hypochloride四有机物的命名1)命名正烷基时，只需把烷烃的词尾“-ane换成“-yl”，加在相应的烷烃的字首后2)字母规则：Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Neopentyl>tert-Pentyl>Propyl3)环烷烃：只需在所对应的烷烃前加上cyclo-即可4)有些结构较复杂的烷基，需添加词头5)烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷” (ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后缀前加上不饱和键的编号即可。

应用化学专业英语及答案

黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）1.过滤2.浓缩3.结晶化4.吸附5. 蒸馏6．超临界的7.二氯甲烷8.热力学平衡9.亲电性10.表面张力11.共轭的12.酮13.平衡常数14.丙基15.丁基16.亚甲基18.环己酮19.同位素20.标准熵二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. methyl propanoate2. rate constant3. ethyl methyl ketone4. free energy5. radical intermediate6. isobutyl methyl ether7. 3-chloropropene8. primary radical9. n-propyl bromide10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons12. local magnetic fields13. tetramethylsilane14. mass to charge ratios15 phenylamine16 amide17. amine18. nucleophile19. perchlorate20. carbocation三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points）A卷【第1页共 3 页】1. We can see why benzene is stable: according to resonance theory, the more resonance forms a substance has, the more stable it is. Benzene, with two resonance forms of equal energy, is therefore more stable and less reactive than a typical alkene.2. Membranes can be defined essentially as barrier, which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. A membrane can be homogenous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure, solid or liquid, can carry a positive or negative charge or be neutral or bipolar. Transport through a membrane can be effected by convection or by diffusion of individual molecules, induced by an electric field or concentration, pressure or temperature gradient. The membrane thickness may vary from as small as 100 micron to several mms.3. The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they present enormous surface areas per unit weight.A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to have much capacity for additional binding, but further heating will drive off these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive capacity.Temperature effects on adsorption are profound, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. Graphs of the data are called isotherms. Most steps using adsorbents have little variation in temperature.A卷【第2页共 3 页】4. In the absence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds to peopene via the Markovnikov pathway to yield isopropyl bromide. In the presence of peroxides, however, the order of addition is reversed, and the product is n-propyl bromide; the addition in this case is said to be anti-Markovnikov. This is interpreted in terms of initiation of the addition reaction by bromine atom, rather than by a proton, as is the case for electrophilic addition.四、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese（20 points）1．Benzene and its derivatives can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid. The temperature must be controlled to prevent more than one nitro-group going in.2. Benzene can be made to react with halogen derivatives using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. This is called a Friedel-Crafts reaction.can be sulphonated by reacting it with fuming sulphuric acid(oleum). The benzene reacts with sulphur trioxide in the oleum.benzene is converted into ethylbenzene by reacting it with ethene. The ethylbenzene (also called styrene) is used to make polystyrene.黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷参考答案及评分标准考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）2. concentrate 4. adsorption chlorideequilibriumtensionconstant14. propylmagneticresonanceentropy二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. 丙酸甲酯2. 速率常数3. 甲乙酮4. 自有能5. 自由基中间体6. 异丁基甲醚7. 3-氯丙烯8. 伯自由基9. 正丙基溴化10. 键能11.循环电子12. 局部电磁场13. 四甲基硅烷14. 质荷比15.苯胺16.氨基化合物17.胺18亲核试剂19.高氯酸盐20.碳正离子三、Translation the following into chinese （50 points）1．依据共振理论，物质具有的共振式越多就越稳定。

应用化学专业英语

应用化学专业英语Cu—copper Fe—iron Hg—mercury Na—sodium K—potassium Ag—silverNaOH—sodium hydroxide KOH—potassium hydroxide Fe(OH)2—iron(Ⅱ)hydroxide Fe(OH)3—iron(Ⅲ)hydroxide NH4OH—ammonium hydroxideK3[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅲ)K4[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅱ)Ⅰ.Name the following1.(NH4)2CO3Ammonium carbonate2.N2O Nitrous Oxide3.H2SO4Sulfuric acid4.P4O6Phosphorus(Ⅲ)trioxide5.Al2O3Aluminium oxide6.SnCl4Tin(IV)chloride7.KHSO4Potassium hydrogen sulfate8.Cu2S Copper(Ⅰ)sulfide9.HClO4Perchloric acid10.BaCl2Barium chloride11.P4O10Phosphorus(Ⅴ)pentoxide12.NaH Sodium hydride13.Ca(MnO4)2Calcium permanganate14.PF5Phosphorus pentafluoride15.(NH4)2HPO4Diammonium hydrogen phosphateⅡ.Give formulas for the following1.ammonium sulfate(NH4)2SO42.barium iodide BaI23.iron(Ⅱ)sulfate Fe2SO44.potassium permanganate KMnO45.copper(Ⅱ)oxide CuO6.carbonic acid H2CO3Melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点1.Which particles play the most active role in chemical bonding?(a)electrons (b)neutrons (c)protons (d)valence electrons2.An ionic bond is formed when electrons are:(a)completely destroyed (b)compeltely transferred (c)divied (d)equally shared3.Due to the that Ionic compounds have strong intermolecular forces they are at room temperature.(a)bonded covalently (b)gases (c)liquids(d)solids 1-butene trans -2-butenecis -2-butene iso -butene (E )-2-butene (Z )-butene 2-methylpropene1.Draw structure that correspond to the following names.(a)2,2-dimethylpentane (b)4-isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane (c)(Z)-3-menthyl-2-octene (d)(2R,3S)-2,3-pentanediol2.Give the IUPAC name for each of the following structures.(e)(f)(E)-1-methyl-4-ethylcyclohexane(g)(h)(S)-2-chloro-butyraldehyde (2R,3R)-2,3-dichlorobutyric acid补充：(E)-2-chloro-3-methyl-2-octene Nucleophile亲核试剂carbocation碳阳离子Compressible可压缩的incompressible不可压缩的1.A chemical system can be studied from either a or a(n)viewpiont.(A)physical...chenical(B)molecual...atomic (C)Microscopic...macroscopic(D)Mechanic...kinetic2.Is a macroscopic science that studies the interrelationships between the various equilibrium properties of a stystem.(A)Kinetics(B)Thermodynamics (C)Statistical mechanics(D)Quantum chenistry3.In,the molecular and macroscopic levels are related to each other.(A)quantum(B)statistical(C)thermodynamics(D)kinetics4.thermodynamics studies.(A)heat,work,energy,and the changes they produce in the states of systems(B)The relationships between the molecules of a system(C)heat,work,temperature,and the energy they produce in the states of systems(D)heat,energy,and work5.For a(n)system,neither matter nor energy can be transferred between system and surroundings.(A)closed(B)open(C)isolated(D)none of the aboveⅠ.Translate the following from English into Chinese.(1)pollution of the atmosphere(2)nondegradable pollutant大气污染不可降解污染物(3)harmless pollutant(4)interacting chemicals无害污染物相互作用的化学物质(5)threshold level(6)sound pressure level限定值，阈值声压水平(7)speech interference(8)transmission path 语音干扰传输途径Translate the following from Chinese into English.(1)定性分析qualitative analysis (2)分析物analyte (3)准确度accuracy (5)反应速率reaction-rate (5)解吸附作用deserption (6)吸附absorption conduction 热传导convection 对流radiation 辐射Balance and classify each of the following chemical equations as a (1)combination reactions ,(2)decomposition reaction ,(3)displacement reaction ,or (4)partner-exchange reaction.(a))()(2243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+)(4)(342243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(b))()()(23g O s KCl s KClO +→)(3)(2)(223g O s KCl s KClO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应(c)steam and hot carbon react to form gasecous hyfrogen and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()()(22g CO g H s C l O H +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(d))()()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+)(2)()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+combination reactions 化合反应(e))()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+)()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+decomposition reaction 分解反应(f))()()()()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+)(2)(3)(3)()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+partner-exchange reaction 复分解反应(g)Potassium reacts with water to give aqueous potassium hydroxide and gaseous hydroxide.)()(2)(2)(222g H aq KOH l O H s K +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(h)Solid magnesium carbonate decomposes to form solid magnesium oxide and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()(23g CO s MgO s MgCO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应Abstract 摘要Results and discussion 结果与讨论Experimental实验References参考文献E-factor影响因素Journal of the American Chemical Society美国化学会志Journal of the Chemical Society化学会志Journal of Organic Chemistry有机化学杂志Tetrahedron四面体'\.._/ ( Wb川ache mical reaction?Acherr山al react i on occurs when subs'孟忘"(tlie reactants) collide （碰撞） with enough energy to rearrange to form different compounds （由e produc时． η1e change in energy由at occurs when a reaction take place is described by thermodynamics （热力学） and the rate or speed at which a reaction occ u rs is described by kfaetics （动力学） . Reactions in which the reactants and produc臼coexist are considered to be in equ山brium （处于平衡）. A chemical equation consists of the chemical formula （化学式） of the reactants，且目the chemical formula of the products. The two are separated by an 一一－ usually read as ”yielas·’and each chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign （加号） . Sometimes a triangle is drawn over the arrow symbol to denote energy must be added to the substances for the reaction to begin. Each chemical formula may be preceded by a scalar （数量的） coefficient ind i cating the proportion （比例） of that substance necessary to produce the reaction in formula. For instance, the formula for the burning of methane (C比＋ 202 →C02 + 2H20) indicates that twice as much 02 as C比is needed, and when they react, twice as much H20 as C02 will be produced.η1is is because during the reaction, each atom of carbon needs exactly two atoms of oxygen to combine with, to produce the C02, and every two atoms of hydrogen need an atom of oxygen to combine with to produce the H20. If the proportions of t he reactants are not respected, when they are forced to react, either not all of the substanc e used will participate in the react i on, or the react i on that will take p l ace will be different from the one noted in the equation.。

应用化学专业英语-Lesson-2..

1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
• Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
• Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.
• Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms; atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
• Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus.
• Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.
Some Complex Ions
Name Carbonate Nitrate Phosphate Dihydrogen Phosphate Sulfate Sulfite Thiosulfate Perchlorate Chlorite Cyanide Chromate

化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General

化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学 General Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学 Physical Chemistry谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry 现在基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验 Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验 Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展 Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis环境化学 Environmental Chemistry环境监测 Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry一、化工装置常用词汇一概论 introduction方案 (建议书 proposal可行性研究 feasibility study 方案设计 concept design工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design开工会议 kick-off meeting 审核会议 review meeting外商投资 foreign investment 中外合资 joint venture中外合营 joint venture补偿贸易 compensation trade 合同合同附件 contract卖方 vendor买方 buyer顾客 client承包商 contractor工程公司 company供应范围 scope of supply生产范围 production scope生产能力 production capacity项目 project界区 battery limit装置 plant公用工程 utilities工艺流程图 process flow diagram工艺流程方块图 process block diagram管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图 equipment layout设备表 equipment list成品 (产品 product(final product副产品 by-product原料 raw-material设计基础数据 basic data for design技术数据 technical data数据表 data sheet设计文件 design document设计规定 design regulation现场服务 site service项目变更 project change用户变更 client change消耗定额 consumption quota技术转让 technical transfer技术知识 technical know-how technical knowledge技术保证 technical guarantee 咨询服务 consultative services 技术服务 technical services工作地点 location施工现场 construction field报价 quotation标书 bidding book公司利润 company profit固定价合同 fixed price contract固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract 成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract 定金 mobilization银行保证书 bank guarantee letter保留金 retention所得税 income taxes特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes 城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes 工作手册 work manual工作流程图 work flow diagram质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures采购计划 procurement plan施工计划 construction plan施工进度 construction schedule项目实施计划 project execution plan项目协调程序 project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划 project master schedule 设计网络计划 engineering network logic 项目质量保证 project quality assurance 项目质量控制 project quality control采购 procurement采购周期 procurement period会签 the squad check计算书 calculation sheets询价 inquiry检验 inspection运输 transportation开车 start up / commission验收 inspection & acceptance 校核 check审核 review审定 approve版次 version部门 department专业 specialty项目号 project number图号 drawing number目录 contents序言 foreword章 chapter节 section项 itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET(技术表 technical data sheetTBA(技术评标 technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理 project managerLDE(专业负责人 lead discipline engineerMRQ(材料询价单 Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单 material requisition for purchaseBEP(基础工程设计包 basic engineering packageP&ID(管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing(diagram PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP (详细设计阶段 detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程 continuous process间歇过程 batch process工艺叙述 process description 工艺特点 process feature操作 operation反应 reaction副反应 side reaction絮凝 flocculation浮洗 flotation倾析 decantation催化反应 catalytical reaction 萃取 extraction中和 neutralization水解 hydrolysis过滤 filtration干燥 drying还原 reduction氧化 oxidation氢化 hydrogenation分解 decomposition离解 dissociation合成 synthetics吸收 absorption吸附 adsorption解吸 desorption结晶 crystallization 溶解 solution调节 modulate控制 control悬浮 suspension循环 circulation再生 regeneration再活化 reactivation 沥取 leaching破碎 crushing煅烧 caloination沉降 sedimentation 沉淀 precipitation 气化 gasification冷冻 refrigeration固化、结晶 solidification 包装 package 升华 sublimation燃烧 combustion引烧 ignition蒸馏 distillation碳化 carbonization 压缩 compression三、化学物质及特性固体 solid液体 liquid气体 gas化合物 compound混合物 mixture粉 powder片状粉未 flake小粒 granule结晶 crystal乳化物 emulsion氧化物 oxidizing agent 还原剂 reducing agent 有机物 organic material 真空vacuum母液 master liquor富液 rich liquor贫液 lean liquor萃出物 extract萃余物 raffinate絮凝剂 flocculants冷冻盐水 brine酸度 acidity浓度 concentration碱度 alkalinity溶解度 solubility凝固点 solidificalion point 沸点 boiling point熔点 melting point蒸发率 evaporation rate 粘度 viscosity吸水的 water absorbent(a 无水的 anhydrous(a 外观 appearance 无色的 colorless(a透明的 transparent(a半透明的 translucent密度 density比重 specific gravity催化剂 catalyst燃烧 combustion引燃 ignition自然点 self-ignition temperature可燃气体 combustible gas可燃液体 inflammable liquid易燃液体 volatile liquid爆炸混合物 explosive mixture爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment 爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit废水 waste water废液 waste liquid废气 off-gas噪声 noise pollution成分 composition挠度 deflection力和力矩 force and moment弯矩 bending moment应力 -应变曲线 stress-strain diagram百分比 percentage环境温度 ambient temperature工作温度 operating设计温度 design temperature(pressure相对湿度 RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥 sludge杂质 impurity四、化工设备泵 pump轴流泵 axial flow pump真空泵 vacuum pump屏蔽泵 canned pump柱塞泵 plunger pump涡轮泵 turbine pump涡流泵 vortex pump离心泵 centrifugal pump喷射泵 jet pump转子泵 rotary pump管道泵 inline pump双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump 计量泵 metering pump深井泵 deep well pump齿轮泵 gear pump手摇泵 hand(wobble pump螺杆泵 screw (spiral pump潜水泵 submersible pump斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵 air-lift-pump 轴承 bearing叶轮 impeller虹吸管 siphon高压容器 high pressure vessel焚化炉 incinerator火焰清除器 flame arrester工业炉 furnace烧嘴 burner锅炉 boiler回转窑 rotary kiln 加热器 heater电加热器 electric heater 冷却器 cooler冷凝器 condenser换热器 heat exchanger 反应器 reactor蒸馏釜 still搅拌器 agitator混合器 mixer静态混合器 static mixers 管道混合器 line mixers 混合槽 mixing tanks 破碎机crusher磨碎机 grinder研磨机 pulverizer球磨机 ballmill过滤器 filter分离器 separator干燥器 drier翅片 fins烟囱 stack火炬 flare筛子 screen煅烧窑 calciner倾析器 decanter蒸发器 evaporator 再沸器 reboiler萃取器 extractor离心机 centrifuger吸附(收器 adsorber结晶器 crystallizer电解槽 electrolyzer电除尘器 electric precipitator 洗涤器 scrubber消石灰器 slaker料仓 bin料斗 hopper加料器 feeder增稠器 thickener澄清器 clarifier分级器 classifier浮洗器 flocculator废液池 sump喷射器 ejector喷头 sprayer成套设备 package unit仪器设备 apparatus附属设备 accessory旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor 往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机 nash compressor螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor 管式反应器 tubular reactor列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger 螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔 extraction column板式塔 plate column填料塔 packed column洗涤塔 scrubber吸收塔 absorber冷却塔 cooling tower精馏塔 fractionating tower汽提塔 stripper再生塔 regenerator造粒塔 prill tower塔附件 tower accessories液体分配(布器 liquid distributor 填料支持板 support plate定距管 spacer降液管 downcomer升气管 chimney顶 (底层塔盘 top (bottom tray 挡板 baffle抽出口 draw nozzle溢流堰 weir泡罩 bubble cap筛板 sieve plate浮阀 float valve除沫器 demister pad塔裙座 skirt椭圆封头 elliptical head高位槽 head tank中间槽 intermediate tank加料槽 feed tank补给槽 make-up tank计量槽 measuring tank电解槽 cell溜槽 chute收集槽 collecting tank液滴分离器 knockout drum稀释罐 thinning tank缓冲罐 surge drum回流罐 reflux drum闪蒸罐 flash drum浮顶罐 floating roof tank内浮顶罐 covered floating roof tank 球罐 spheroid气柜 gas holder湿式气柜 wet gas-holder干式气柜 dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder星型放料器 , 旋转阀 rotary valve 抽滤器 mutche filter压滤器 filter press压滤机 pressure filter板框压滤器 plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter 带式过滤器 belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器 bag filter旋风分离器 cyclone separator盘式干燥箱 compartment tray drier 真空干燥器 vacuum drier隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier回转干燥器 rotary drier穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器 spray drier 气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器 dish feeder 螺旋式加料器 screw feeder颚式破碎机 jaw crusher回转破碎机 gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机 roll crusher锤式破碎机 hammer crusher冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机 jet pulverizer棍磨机 rod mill雷蒙机 raymond mill锤磨机 hammer mill辊磨机 roller mill振动筛 vibrating screen回转筛 rotary screen风机 fan罗茨鼓风机 root's blower起重机 crane桥式起重机 bridge crane电动葫芦 motor hoist发电机 generator电动机 motor汽轮机 steam turbine五、管道工程 piping engineering1 阀门 valve阀杆 stem内螺纹阀杆 inside screw阀座 valve seat (body seat阀座环、密封圈 sealing ring阀芯 (包括密封圈 , 杆等 trim阀盘 disc阀体 body阀盖 bonnet手轮 hand wheel手柄 hand level (handle压盖 gland闸阀 gate valve平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板 split wedge截止阀 globe valve节流阀 throttle valve针阀 needle valve角阀 (角式截止阀 angle valveY 型阀 (截止阀 Y-valve(Y-body globe valve 球阀 ball valve三通球阀 3-way ball valve蝶阀 butterfly valve对夹式 (薄片型 wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀 piston type valve 旋塞阀 plug valve三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve旋塞 cock衬套旋塞 sleeve cock隔膜阀 diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve止回阀 check valve升降式止回阀 lift check valve旋启式止回阀 swing check valve落球式止回阀 ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve底阀 foot valve切断式止回阀 stop check valve活塞式止回阀 piston check valve翻板止回阀 flap check valve蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve安全泄气阀 safety[SV]安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀 safety relief valve杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve电磁阀 solenoid (operated valve电动阀 electrically(electric-motoroperated valve 气动阀 pneumatic operated valve 低温用阀 cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀 open (top bucket trap浮球式疏水阀 float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap放汽阀 (自动放汽阀 (automatic air vent valve换向阀 diverting (reversing valve呼吸阀 breather valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve控制阀 control valve执行机构 actuator差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve 切断阀 block (shut-off, stop valve调节阀 regulating valve快开阀 quick opening valve快闭阀 quick closing valve隔断阀 isolating valve三通阀 three way valve夹套阀 jacketed valve非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve2管子 , 管件 , 法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管钢管 steel pipe铸铁管 cast iron pipe衬里管 lined pipe复合管 clad pipe碳钢管 carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管 alloy steel pipe不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔 (弧焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe排污阀 blowdown valve集液排放阀 drip valve排液阀 drain valve放空阀 vent valve卸载阀 unloading valve排出阀 discharge valve吸入阀 suction valve取样阀 sampling valve手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated valve (水龙头 bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀 (小阀 bleed valve旁路阀 by-pass valve软管阀 hose valve混合阀 mixing valve破真空阀 vacuum breaker冲洗阀 flush valve根部阀 root (primary, header valve水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe塑料管 plastic pipe玻璃管 glass tube橡胶管 rubber tube壁厚 wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的 , 加强的 extra heavy (strong双倍加厚的 , 双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow长半径弯头 long radius elbow短半径弯头 short radius elbow长半径 180°弯头 long radius return短半径 180°弯头 short radius return三通 tee异径三通 reducing tee等径三通 straight tee带支座三通 base tee45°斜三通 45°lateralY 型三通 true"Y"四通 cross异径管 reducer同心异径管 concentric reducer偏心异径管 eccentric reducer管接头 coupling;full coupling活接头 union短管 nipple预制弯管 fabricated pipe bendU 型弯管 "U"bend法兰端 flanged end万向接头 universal joint对焊的 butt welded[BW]螺纹的 threaded[THD]承插焊的 socket welded[SW]法兰 flange[FLG]整体管法兰 integral pipe flange 钢管法兰 steel pipe flange螺纹法兰 threaded flange滑套法兰 slip-on flange平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰 socket welding flange 松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰 weld neck flange[WNF] 法兰盖 blind flange;blind异径法兰 reducing flange压力级 pressure rating(class突面 raised face[RF]凸面 male face凹面 female face全平面 ; 满平面 flat face;full face[FF]3. 管道特殊件 piping speciality粗滤器 strainer过滤器 filter临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type Y 型过滤器 Y-type strainer T 型过滤器 T-type strainer永久过滤器 permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower 视镜 sight glass阻火器 flame arrester喷咀 ; 喷头 spray nozzle喷射器 ejector取样冷却器 sample cooler消音器 silencer膨胀节 expansion joint波纹膨胀节 bellow补偿器 compensator软管接头 hose connection[HC] 快速接头 quick coupling 金属软管 metal hose橡胶管 rubber hose挠性管 flexible tube特殊法兰 special flange漏斗 funnel8字盲板 spectacle (figure 8 blind 爆破板 rupture disk 4, 其它材料碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁 cast iron[C.I.]铝 aluminum铜 , 紫铜 copper钛 titanium抗拉强度 tensile strength非金属材料 non-metallic material 塑料 plastic陶瓷 ceramic搪瓷 porcelain enamel玻璃 glass橡胶 rubber垫片 gasket[GSKT]平垫片 flat gasket填料 packing型钢 shaped steel角钢 angle steel槽钢 channel工字钢 I-beam宽缘工字钢或 H 钢 wide flanged beam扁钢 flat bar圆钢 round steel; rod钢带 strap steel网络钢板 checkered plate材料表 bill of material[BOM]材料统计 material take-off[MTO]散装材料 bulk material综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS] 汇总表 summary sheet5. 设备布置及管道设计中心线 center line装置边界 boundary limit[BL]区界 area limit设备布置 equipment arrangement (layout;plot plan 标高 , 立面 elevation[EL]支撑点 point of support[POS]工厂北向 plant north方位 orientation危险区 hazardous area classification净正吸入压头 net positive suction head绝对标高 absolute elevation坐标 coordinate管道研究 piping study管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置 piping assembly; layout详图 detail"X" 视图 view "X""A-A" 剖视 section "A-A"轴测图 isometric drawing索引图 key plan管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表 list of nozzles 地上管道 above ground piping地下管道 under ground piping管线号 line number总管 header; manifold旁路 by pass常开 normally open常闭 normally closed取样接口 sampling connection伴热管 tracing pipe蒸汽伴热 steam tracing热水伴热 hot-water tracing电伴热 electrical tracing夹套管 jacketed line全夹套管 full jacketed比例 scale图 figure 草图 sketch 图例 legend 符号 symbol 件号 part n。

应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 ―elements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。

化工专业英语词汇

化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topicsin Applied Chemistry一、化工装置常用词汇一概论introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design工艺设计process design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design开工会议kick-off meeting审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment中外合资joint venture中外合营joint venture补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件contract卖方vendor买方buyer顾客client承包商contractor工程公司company供应范围scope of supply生产范围production scope生产能力production capacity项目project界区battery limit装置plant公用工程utilities工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance d iagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance d iagram 设备布置图equipment layout设备表equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品by-product原料raw-material设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data数据表data sheet设计文件design document设计规定design regulation现场服务site service项目变更project change用户变更client change消耗定额consumption quota技术转让technical transfer技术知识technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location施工现场construction field报价quotation标书bidding book公司利润company profit固定价合同fixed price contract固定单价合同fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract 定金mobilization银行保证书bank guarantee letter保留金retention所得税income taxes特别承包人税special contractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes工作手册work manual工作流程图work flow diagram质量保证程序QA/QC procedures采购计划procurement plan施工计划construction plan施工进度construction schedule项目实施计划project execution plan项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule设计网络计划engineering network logic项目质量保证project quality assurance项目质量控制project quality control采购procurement采购周期procurement period会签the squad check计算书calculation sheets询价inquiry检验inspection运输transportation开车start up / commission验收inspection & acceptance校核check审核review审定approve版次version部门department专业specialty项目号project number图号drawing number目录contents序言foreword章chapter节section项itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET（技术表）technical data sheetTBA(技术评标）technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理) project managerLDE( 专业负责人) lead discipline engineerMRQ( 材料询价单) Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchaseBEP( 基础工程设计包) basic engineering packageP&ID( 管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument d rawing(diagram) PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP （详细设计阶段）detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程continuous process间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化、结晶solidification 包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization压缩compression三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent还原剂reducing agent有机物organic material真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point 沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate 粘度viscosity吸水的water absorbent(a) 无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限explosive concentration limit废水waste water废液waste liquid废气off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度design temperature(pressure)相对湿度RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥sludge杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater 冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers 管道混合器line mixers 混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附（收）器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories液体分配（布）器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机root's blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五、管道工程piping engineering1阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valveY 型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief v alve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀solenoid (operated) valve电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe( 按标准制造的配管用管)tube( 不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe锻铁管wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管water-gas steel p ipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong) 弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头long radius return短半径180°弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee45°斜三通45° lateralY 型三通true"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bendU 型弯管"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器Y-type strainerT 型过滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower 视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC] 快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel 8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8) blind 爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢I-beam宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面piping arrangement p lan[PAP]管道布置piping assembly; layout详图detail"X"视图view "X""A-A" 剖视section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch 图例legend 符号symbol 件号part n。

应用化学专业英语第一单元The-Roots-Of-Chemistry

The Roots Of ChemistryChemistry can be broadly defines as the science of molecules and their transformations.化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。

In contrast to mathematics,chemistry is older than people. 与数学不同，化学比人类更久远。

The appearance of life and people on our planet (earth) is most probably the end result of specific chemical processes .生命的出现和人类生活在我们地球上都最可能是特殊化学过程的结果。

Chemical processes have been present in the lives of people from the dawn of history until the present time .化学过程存从古至今存在人们的生活中。

Initially ,these processes were not under our control 最初，这些过程不受我们的控制，,for instance ,the fermentation of fruit juice,the rotting of meat and fish ,and the burning of wood .例如，果汁的发酵，肉和鱼的腐烂，木材的燃烧。

Later on we learned to control chemical processes and to use them to prepare a variety of different products such as food ,metals ,ceramics and leather .后来，我们学着控制化学过程，用它们来准备一系列不同的产品例如食物。

应用化学外文翻译药物化学外文文献英文文献文献翻译

原文题目：Concentration of ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolicpropolis extracts through nanoﬁltrationAbstractPropolis has a variable and complex chemical composition with high concentration of ﬂavonoids andphenolic compounds present in the extract. The extract varies with the solvent used in extraction. Ethanol extracts more phenolic acid and polar compounds than water. Before their use in industry, extracts must be concentrated but the use of high temperatures can degrade some compounds. Membrane pro-cesses is an option that allows concentration at low temperatures. Nanoﬁltration was carried out withaqueous and ethanolic extracts and each extract results in two distinct fractions: permeate and retentate. The capacity of the membrane to retain the compounds was veriﬁed by spectrophotometric analysis: for aqueous solution, the membrane retained around 94% of the phenolic compounds and 99% of the ﬂavonoids, while for the ethanolic solution these values were 53% and 90%, respectively. Ferulic acid retentionindex was 1.00 and 0.88 to aqueous and ethanolic solutions, respectively. Thus, the nanoﬁltration processshowed high efﬁciency in the concentration of propolis extracts.1 IntroductionOver the last few decades, interest in functional foods has beengrowing fast, leading to the discovery of new functional components or processes that can improve food processing, as well as products that may help to retard aging or avoid diseases. In this context, bee products have gained the attention of consumers and researchers, due to their chemical compositions and functional properties. Propolis is one of the bee products with functional properties, but it cannot be consumed as a food because it is a resinous substance. It is prepared from the buds and exudates of certain trees and plants. These substances are transformed by the addition of wax and the enzyme glucosidase present in the bee saliva in order to form propolis (Bankova et al., 2000; Park et al., 1998). The product obtained is used by honeybees to protect the hives against invaders and contamination, to seal holes and to maintain the temperature. Some important characteristics have been reported for thissubstance, such as anti-microbial and antioxidant effects, anesthetic properties and others. Due to these characteristics, which can bring health beneﬁts, propolis is considered a functional ingredient and is used in food, beverages, cosmetics and medicine to improve health and prevent diseases (Burdock, 1998; IFIC, 2009). There are over 150 constituents in propolis, including polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids and amino acids. Flavonoids are one of the most important groups and can represent around 50% of the propolis contents,depending on the region where it is collected, since its characterist ics is inﬂuenced by plants and weather (Krell, 1996; Park et al., 1998). Kumazawa et al. (2004) tested the antioxidant activity of propolis from various geographic origins and showed different activities for each sample. Other studies indicated that the propolis from Europe and China contained many kinds of ﬂavonoids and phenolic acids, whereas the Brazilian samples had more terpenoids and prenylated derivatives of p-cumaric acid (Bankova et al., 2000). Finally, each combination of compounds in the propolis of acertain origin can represent speciﬁc characteristics in the ﬁnal product.The most common propolis extracting process uses ethanol as the solvent. However, this has some disadvantages such as the strong residual ﬂavor, adverse reactions and intolerance to alcohol of some people (Konishi et al., 2004). Researchers and industry are interested in producing a new type of extract with the same compounds extracted by the ethanolic method, but without the disadvantages. Water has been tested as the solvent, but resulted in a product containing less extracted compounds (Park et al., 1998). Konishi et al. (2004) tested water with a combination of some tensoactive compounds to replace part of the alcohol used in propolis extraction and all the tests were efﬁcient in extracting it, and the product showed good anti-microbial activity.Depending on the application, the solvent in propolis extracts must be reduced or eliminated. The processes that are used today, as lyophilization, vacuum distillation and evaporation, have some disadvantages like the use of high temperatures and high energy consumption. Lyophilization requires large amounts of energy, since the sample needs to be maintained at À20 °C for at least 24 h, and energy is also required for the sublimation of the solvent used during preparation of the extract. Moreover, the method often requires a previous stage of concentration, maintaining the product at 70 °C until part of the solvent is evaporated.Vacuum distillation requires great amounts of energy to generate the vacuum, and can lead to loss of compounds of low molecular weight, which can be removed together with the solvent evaporated in the system. Evaporation maintains the extract underheating at 70 °C, until all the solvent is removed. This process, in addition to the high demand for energy, can degrade the ﬂavonoid and phenolic compounds in propolis, due to the temperature used. However, it is the process that gives greater ease of implementation in companies due to low cost on the equipment required compared with the previous cases. The use of membrane concentration processes has been growing due to certain advantages, such as: low temperatures, absence of phase transition and low energy consumption (Matta et al., 2004). This procedure is based on the principle of selective permeation of the solute molecules through semi-permeable, polymeric or inorganic membranes. The driving force for mass transfer across the membrane in most membrane processes, such as a microﬁltration, ultraﬁltration, nanoﬁltration and reverse osmosis is mechanical pressure (Maroulis and Saravacos, 2003). Nanoﬁltration is a unit operation that permits many applications, such as solvent recovery from ﬁltered oil, exchange of solvents in the che mical industry (Geens et al., 2006), concentration and puriﬁcation of ethanolic extracts of xantophylls, which is important in both the pharmaceutical and food industries (Tsui and Cheryan, 2007) and in wine concentration (Banvolgyi et al., 2006), as well as in juice concentration (Vincze et al., 2006) in the food industry.The objective of this study was to investigate the membrane concentration of propolis extracts using water and ethanol as the solvents, exclusively, verifying the quality of the concentrated products in terms of the retention of ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds during processing. The process was evaluated according to the permeate ﬂux, inﬂuence of temperature and pressure and concentration factor. The results obtained for each solution were compared to verify the viability of developing a new propolis product, based on water as the solvent.2. Materials and methods2.1. PropolisRaw propolis was obtained from Apis mellifera beehives in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and was acquired in a single batch, in order to minimize the variability associated with the vegetation used for its production and the weather conditions. It was stored underrefrigeration (4 °C) until use in the preparation of extracts.The propolis produced in this region is characterized as group 12 (Brazil has 12 different groups of propolis, with distinct characteristics) and presents a great amount of soluble substances, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and greater anti-inﬂammatory activity than samples from other parts of the country, which can be associated with the higher concentrations of ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds found in this group (Park et al., 2002).The ethanolic propolis solution was prepared from crude propolis previously comminuted in a bench blender with a 500 W motor, homogenized, weighed on a semi-analytical balance and mixed with 80% ethanol. The mixture was kept at room temperature for 7 days and manually stirred once a day. After this period, the sample was centrifuged (Beckman –Allegra 25-R, Beckman Coulter, German) at 8800 g for 20 min. The supernatant was ﬁltered and refrigerated for 3 h at 4 °C and then ﬁltered again for wax removal. Finally, the esulting extract was stored at room temperature in the dark.Preparation of the aqueous solutions followed the same procedures, using deionized water. Each solution was prepared in a proportion of 20% propolis and 80% solvent. Both extracts were evaluated with respect to their ﬂavonoid and phenolic compounds contents, to be compared with the concentrated products.2.2. Determination of total ﬂavonoidsThe total ﬂav onoid content of the propolis solutions was determined by the aluminum complexation method (Marcucci et al., 1998). In this procedure, the extracted solutions were diluted in the proportion of 1:10 (0.5 mL) and mixed with 0.1 mL of 10% aluminum nitrate, 0.1 mL of 1 mol/L potassium acetate and 4.3 mL of 80% ethyl alcohol. The samples were kept at room temperature for 40 min and the absorbance read at 415 nm. Quercetin was used as the standard to produce the calibration curve. The mean of three readings was used and the total ﬂavonoid content expressed in mg of quercetin equivalents (mg/g).2.3. Determination of the phenolic compoundsThe polyphenols in the propolis solutions were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau colorimetric method (Kumazawa et al., 2004). According to this procedure, the extracted solution was previously diluted in the proportion of 1:10 (0.5 mL) and then mixed with 0.5 mL of the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent and 0.5 mL of 10% Na2CO3. The absorbance was readat 760 nm after 1 h of incubation at room temperature. Gallic acid was used as the standard to produce the calibration curve. The mean of three readings was used and the total phenolic content expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents (mg/g).2.4. HPLC determinationThe compounds present in the initial extract, permeate and concentrated products, were determined by HPLC as described by Parket al. (1998). Three hundred microliters of each solution were injected into a liquid chromatograph (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a diode-array detector at 260 nm. The mobile phase was water/acetic acid (19:1, v/v) (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B), with a constant ﬂow rate of 1 mL/min. The gradient started at30% solvent B, passing to 60% at 45 min, 75% at 85 min, 90% at 95 min and back to 30% at 105 min. The column was maintained at a constant temperature of 30 °C and the chromatograms processed using the computer software Chromatography Workstation (Shimatzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The initial and concentrated samples were diluted in 1.5 mL of distilled water and the permeate sample was injected without dilution. The following authentic standards of phenolic acids and ﬂavonoids (Extrasynthese, Genay, France) were examined: q-cumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamicacid, gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferide, apigenin, isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, sakuranetin, isosakuranetin, hesperidin, hesperetin, pinocembrin, chrysin, acacetin, galangin, myricetin, tectochrysin and artepillin C, as they correspond to the most usual compounds present in propolis.2.5. Membrane concentrationIn this study, the propolis extracts were concentrated using a tangential ﬁltration system on a pilot scale, with a nanoﬁltration membrane as seen in the schematic diagram shown in Fig. 1. The experiments were performed on pilot equipment that permits the batch circulation mode, which means that both permeate and concentrate could be carried back to the feed tank. The permeate was totally removed just in a single experiment, where it was necessaryto obtain the concentrated product of the process. The nanoﬁltra tion module is equipped with a NF90 membrane (Osmonics, Minnetonka, USA) which is composed of polyamide and polysulphone, with 0.6 m2 of ﬁltration area and 98% rejection of MgSO4 ina test performed by manufacturing with a spiral module at 20 °C and 6.0 bar. Approximately5.0 L of each solution permeated through the membrane over 30 min, this being the time necessary to complete the concentration in an open system, which means that the permeatewas removed from the process. In the trials the permeate was removed and the retentate re-circulated until a concentration factor of around four. The concentration factor is calculated according to Eq. (1):Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the nanoﬁltration unit where Vf is the total volume used in the feed, Vc is the volume collected in the concentrate fraction and Fc is the concentration factor. Other experiments were carried out at different temperatures (20–45 °C) and pressures (2.0–5.0 bar), in order to evaluate the inﬂuence of these parameters on the permeate ﬂux and the concentrated product quality. In these experiments, both the permeate and retentate were maintained under re-circulation in closed systems. The permeate ﬂux was calculated acco rding to the following equation: J=Vp/t*Ap (2)where Vp is the permeate volume collected during the time intervalt and Ap is the membrane surface area of permeation. The quality of the ﬁltration process was measured according to the quantity of ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds present in permeate, evaluated as described in Sections 2.2–2.4, and the efﬁciency was measured according to the ﬂux permeate rate and retention index. This index measures the relation between the amounts of the compound of interest in permeate and in the concentrated solution, which demonstrates the ability of the membrane to retain this compound under the experimentalconditions. The index is calculated according to Eq. (3), in which R is the retention index, Cp is the concentration of the compound of interest in the permeate, and Cr is the concentration of the same compound in the retentate:R=1-Cp/Cr (3)It is important to know the rate of fouling that occurs in the membrane process, and one way of measuring this is to compare the permeate ﬂux of the solution under study with the permeate ﬂux when water is used as feed solution, under different pressures. Usually a variation in system pressure will cause a change directly proportional to the perme ate ﬂux. The fouling inﬂuence was measured by comparison of the permeate ﬂux of the aqueous propolis extract with the ﬂux of distilled water only, increasing the pressure from 1.0 to 5.0 bar.3. Results and discussionThe membrane process was carried out with the aqueous and ethanolic solutions in a closed system, in which the retentate and permeate streams being conducted back and mixed in a feed tank isolated from the environment, to evaluate the variation in permeate ﬂux with time. The temperature was maintained at 20 °C and the pressure at 5.0 bar. The results are shown in Fig. 2.After stabilization of the process, the permeate ﬂux began to decrease, after around 15 min of processing. The rate of decrease was higher for the alcoholic extract than for theaqueous extract, evidencing a greater rate of fouling with the alcohol solution. After 20 min of processing, the permeate ﬂux tended to stabilize, that is, concentration polarization already occurred and fouling did not increase with time. The permeate ﬂux in the stable region was about 12.0 L/h m2and 25.0 L/h m2for alcoholic and aqueous solutions, respectively. The difference between the permeate ﬂux of these solutions can be explained by their different compositions: the alcohol extract contains more compounds of low molecular weight, thus its concentration is more difﬁcult to achieve, and this reduces the ﬂux rate. Some of these compounds form a kind of wax which can cause more fouling in membrane.Tsui and Cheryan (2007) used nanoﬁltration to puri fy alcoholic corn extracts in the production of xanthophylls, and obtained a permeate ﬂux of around 10.0 L/h m2when working at 27 bar and 50 °C. Hossain (2003) studied the membrane concentration of anthocyanins from blackcurrant pomace extracts using ultr aﬁltration, obtaining a maximum permeate ﬂux of 17.3 L/h m2 at 1.4 bar and 18 °C. Using nanoﬁltration a permeate ﬂux of 20 L/h m2 was obtained at 20 bar and 50 °C in the concentration of red wine (Banvolgyi et al., 2006). The red wine concentration process is important since it can be considered a similar process to the concentration of alcoholic propolis, considering that they have similar compounds in solution and use alcohol as the solvent. The similarities between the processes allow a comparison between results. Low pressures (around 6 bar) were used in the propolis concentration process, when compared to other processes cited in the literature, but even so the values obtained for the permeate ﬂux were similar to those obtained in the other processes. Therefore this process can be assumed to be viable, mainly because of the reduced energy requirements necessary to generate the lower pressure.The pressure adopted was not characteristic of nanoﬁltration processes, but was sufﬁcient to carry out this concentration procedure.Fig. 3 shows the difference between the curve of the permeate ﬂux for the aqueous propolis extract and the curve of the permeate ﬂux for distilled water to measure the degree of fouling in the process with the aqueous propolis solution.The difference between the permeate ﬂuxes of water and the propolis solution shows the amount of fouling in the process, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. This parameter increased, reaching 32% at 5.0 bar. The procedure also provided information on how the ﬂux wasaffected by a pressure variation, showing t hat the ﬂux changed linearly with the pressure in the region studied. In this pressure range of operation, the concentrated products did not present signiﬁcant variation among the experiments.By increasing the temperature from 20 to 45 °C and maintaining the pressure at 6.0 bar it was possible to determine the relation ship between the temperature and the permeability of the mem brane. Permeate ﬂux increased proportionally, by around 8% per degree of temperature, as shown in Fig. 4. This result may be attributed to the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the solution. Also, the composition of the concentrated products obtained at different temperatures showed no signiﬁcant difference among them, thus, a higher ﬂux can be obtained by increasing the temperature.The initial solutions, permeates and concentrates obtained by nanoﬁltration in open system were all subjected to a spectrophotometric analysis as described in Sections 2.2 and 2.3. The results for the aqueous solution indicated that this permeate only contained small amounts of phenolic compounds and ﬂavonoids, while the permeate from the ethanolic solution showed greater amounts, mostly of low molar weight phenolic compounds. Considering the losses in the compounds of interest in the resulting permeate, as compared to the initial solution, it can be seen that the aqueous solution of propolis retained almost 99% of the ﬂavonoids and 84% of the phenolic compounds. However, for the ethanolicsolution, these values were 90% and 53% for the ﬂa vonoids and phenolic compounds, respectively,as shown in Table 1. The lower retention obtained can be explained by the occurrence of plasticization in the case of ethanolic solution. This phenomenon can cause a membrane swelling or dilation, which in turn can increase the membrane diffusivity and solubility, causing loss of compounds in process.The results for the determination of ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds carried out by spectrophotometric methods were veriﬁed by HPLC analysis, as described in Secti on 2.4. The substances were identiﬁed by a comparison of their retention times and ultraviolet spectra with those of standards in the literature. Chromato grams were obtained from the initial aqueous extract, and from the concentrated and permeated products, which are represented in Fig. 5a–c, where the numbers 1–3 indicate the peaks identiﬁed in the HPLC analysis.Table 2 shows the results of the quantitative analysis for all samples from the aqueous propolis solution. Comparing these data, it can be seen that there were no losses of ferulic acid to the permeate and only 20% of the caffeic acid present in the initial solution was lost to the permeate, this compound thus being the most abundant in the concentrated extract, of the compounds identiﬁed. All the aqueous solutions showed peaks located in the region thatrepresents a retention time of up to 20 min. This occurred since the water, being a polar material, only extracts polar compounds. The last peak identiﬁed in the permeated solution, probably does not represent an isolated compound but interference in the system, since this compound was not present in the other chromatograms. Ferulic acid was not identiﬁed in the permeated solution, indicating that no losses to the permeate occurred. The other peaks in the chromatograms represented compounds that could not be identiﬁed according to the standards in the literature. The permeated solution showed a small amount of compounds in low con centration, allowing to verify the efﬁcacy of the membrane concentration process.Park et al. (1998) analyzed an aqueous propolis solution prepared in the laboratory, using HPLC, and obtained similar results to those presented in Fig. 5a, reporting peaks with low retention times that represent polar substances, and identifying the compounds quercetin and pinocembrin. In their experiment, the proportions of water and alcohol in the solvents for propolis extraction were varied. Initial solutions contained 0–90% of alcohol, through which it was demonstrated that increasing the proportion of alcohol in the solution also increased the amount ofextracted ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds in the propolis.The chromatograms obtained for the ethanolic solutions are presented in Fig. 5d–f. It was possible to identify peaks in the ethanolic solution throughout the process. Compounds with a retention time greater than 20 min are apolar and were extracted by ethanol, this being an advantage of the use of this solvent as compared to water, which does not extract apolars. On analyzing the chromatogram it can be seen that a considerable amount of cumaric acid was lost to the permeate (peak number 2 in Fig. 5f). This acid belongs to the phenolic acid class and has a low molar weight, which could explain the low retention capacity of the membrane for this compound. The results of the spectrophotometric analysis shown in Table 1 indicate a loss of phenolic compounds to the permeate, accounting for the cumaric acid and other compounds not being identiﬁed by the HPLC method. Using the data given in Tables 2 and 3 the retention index could be calculated from Eq. (2). These results can be observed in Table 4. The retention indexes veriﬁed that the membrane process retained the compounds of interest better when using aqueous solutions, since this resulted in smaller losses of the compounds studied to the permeate, as compared to such losses when working with the alcoholic solution. Cumaric acid was an exception, since only 56% of this compound was not lost to permeate. Despite the loss of compounds, the values obtained represent a high retention index and verify that the nanoﬁltration process is appropriate for propolis extracts.During their study on the concentration of red wine by nanoﬁltration, Banvolgyi et al. (2006) obtained a retention index of 88% for total acids, 50% for free sulfuric acids and 93% for the total extracts. Tsui and Cheryan (2007), working with the puriﬁcation of xantophylls by nanoﬁltration obtained a retention index of 90% for total solids, 88% for proteins and 98% for xanthophylls, the major compound of their study.In the present study, the values obtained for the retention indexes were very similar tothose cited in the literature for similar processes..4 ConclusionsThe results showed that nanoﬁltration can be considered as a good alternative for concentrating propolis extracts, since the membrane retained most of the ﬂavonoids and phenolic compounds, which are of major importance to propolis quality. Particularly in the case of the aqueous extract, it could be considered that there was no loss of compounds to the permeate solution, since almost 100% of the major compounds were retained. In the experiments with alcoholic propolis, the losses were considerable but this is a consequence of the higher amount of compounds extracted by alcohol. However, the method can be used for alcoholic solution since almost 90% of the ﬂavonoids were retained. Application of this technology could increase the use of propolis in many industrial applications, it being feasible to use the aqueous extract in new research projects and in the development of new products with functional properties. Furthermore, this process allows removal of the solvent from the extract, reducing the disadvantages associated with using alcoholic extractions. It should be noted that compared with other concentration methods, in the membrane process the product is not submitted to high temperatures and there is no change in the physical state of the solvent, which means that the functional properties of the compounds of interest are preserved and the process as a whole is energy saving.译文题目：黄酮类化合物和酚类化合物在水中和乙醇蜂胶中通过纳滤膜的提取率关键词:蜂胶膜浓度黄酮类化合物酚类化合物纳滤摘要：蜂胶具有可变的、复杂的化学成分，且蜂胶中黄酮类化合物的浓度较高，酚类化合物存在于蜂胶萃取物。

应用化学专业英语（课后答案和课文翻译）

Unit 1 The Roots‎of Chemi‎s tryI. Compr‎e hens‎i on.1.It can be infer‎red from this artic‎l e which‎one of the follo‎wi ng items‎i s not mainl‎y based‎on pract‎i c al use C. Greek‎chemi‎s try2. It was B. Emped‎o cles‎s who first‎i ntro‎d uced‎the idea that all thing‎s are not forme‎d from just one eleme‎n t.3. In the devel‎o pmen‎t of Greek‎chemi‎s t ry, D. Democ‎ri tus‎ was the first‎ one defin‎i ting‎the ultim‎ately‎const‎i tuen‎t s of matte‎r?4. Accor‎d i ng to Plato‎, there‎are B. 4 ―eleme‎n ts‖ whose‎faces‎are const‎i tute‎d by regul‎a r polyg‎ons.5. In the last parag‎raph,autho‎rs think‎that exper‎i ment‎ DD.can deal with the react‎i ons by which‎one subst‎a n ce is conve‎rted into anoth‎e rII. Make a sente‎n ce out of each item by rearr‎a ngin‎g the words‎in brack‎e ts.1.The purif‎i cati‎o n of an organ‎i c compo‎u nd is usual‎l y a matte‎r of consi‎d erab‎l e diffi‎c ulty‎, and itis neces‎s ary to emplo‎y vario‎u s metho‎d s for this purpo‎s e.2.Scien‎c e is an ever-incre‎a sing‎body of accum‎u late‎d and syste‎m atiz‎e d knowl‎e dge and is also anactiv‎i ty by which‎knowl‎e dge is gener‎a ted.3.Life, after‎all, is only chemi‎s try, in fact, a small‎examp‎l e of chemi‎s try obser‎v ed on a si ngl‎emunda‎n e plane‎t.4.Peopl‎e are made of molec‎ul es; some of the molec‎ul es in peopl‎e are rathe‎r simpl‎e where‎a sother‎s are highl‎y compl‎e x.5.Chemi‎st ry is ever prese‎n t in our lives‎from birth‎to death‎becau‎se witho‎u t chemi‎s t ry there‎i sneith‎e r life nor death‎.6.Mathe‎m atic‎s appea‎rs to be almos‎t as human‎ki nd and also perme‎a tes all aspec‎t s of human‎life,altho‎u gh many of us are not fully‎aware‎of this.III. Trans‎l atio‎n.1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a) chemi‎c al proce‎s s (b) natur‎a l scien‎ce (c) the techn‎i que of disti‎l lati‎o n2.正是原子构‎成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语

Special Considerations
Ensure language is precise, objective, and free of grammar and spelling errors Use appropriate chemical termination
Experimental report writing
Literature reading skills
Analyze the structure of the article
Skim through the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections to get a general understanding of the article
Identify the main points
Pay attention to the main findings, conclusions, and experimental design to understand the significance of the article
Take notes
Special Considerations
Include raw data, tables, figures, and any deviations from the protocol Follow the institutional reporting guidelines
Summary and Introduction Writing
CHAPTER
Academic paper writing
Purpose
To communicate chemical research findings to other disciplines and professionals

分析化学专业英语-01

Why study Chemistry?
If you know some chemistry, you can make educated choices about everyday products that you use.
如果你了解一些化学知识，你就可以在选购日常用品时做出明智选择。
What Fields of Study Use Chemistry?
化学是一门研究物质和能量以及它们之间相互作用的学科。同时，这也是物理学的定义。
noun (n.) (名词)
chemistry energy definition
“by the way”?
adverb (adv.) (副词)
matter interaction [ˌ ɪntər'ækʃn] physics
You could use chemistry in most fields, but it's commonly seen in the sciences and in medicine. Chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers study chemistry. 你在大多数领域中都会用到化学，尤其是自然科学和医学领域。化学家，物理学家，生物学家，工程师都要研究化学。
(培养较强的阅读本专业英语文献的能力)

The ability to ,accurately, quickly achieve the information of interest with the use of English language as a searching stool
(能以英语为工具，较准确、快速地获取所需的信息和资料)

应用化学专业术语-中英对照

1. Applied Chemistry 应用化学2. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理3. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂4. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂5. The pH Scales pH值6. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应7. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对8. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度9. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱10. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解11. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液12. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应13. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量14. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成15. Solubility 溶解度16. The Solubility-Product Constant K sp溶度积常数17. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离18. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀19. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应20. Half-Reaction 半反应21. Galvani Cell 原电池22. V oltaic Cell 伏特电池23. Cell EMF 电池电动势24. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量25. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理26. Electron Configurations 电子构型27. The Periodic Table 周期表28. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应29. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物30.Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数31. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律32. Radius of Atoms 原子半径33. Ionization Energy 电离能34. Electronegativity 电负性35. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷36. Electron Affinities 亲电性37. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论38. Covalence Bond 共价键39. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠40. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道41. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论42. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型43. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道44. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子45. Bond Length 键长46. Bond Order 键级47. Bond Angles 键角48. Bond Enthalpies 键能49. Bond Polarity 键矩50. Dipole Moments 偶极矩51. Polarity Molecules 极性分子52. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子53. Crystal Structure 晶体结构54. Non-Crystal 非晶体55. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积56. Metallic Solids 金属晶体57. Metallic Bond 金属键58. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式59. Ionic Solids 离子晶体60. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力61. Molecular Forces 分子间力62. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力63. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键64. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体65. Compounds 化合物66. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构67. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型68. Isomerism 异构现象69. Structural Isomerism 结构异构70. Stereoisomerism 立体异构71.Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布72. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物73. General Characteristics 共性74. s-Block Elements s区元素75. Alkali Metals 碱金属76. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属77. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物78. Hydroxides 氢氧化物79. p-Block Elements p区元素80.Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）81. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）82. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物83. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）84. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）85. Sulfides 硫化物86. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）87. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物88. The Noble Gases 稀有气体89. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物90. Transition Metals 过渡金属91. f-Block Elements f区元素92. analytical chemistry 分析化学93. qualitative analysis 定性分析94. quantitative analysis 定量分析95. chemical analysis 化学分析96. instrumental analysis 仪器分析97. titrimetry 滴定分析98. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法99. regent 试剂100. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析101. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析102. on-line analysis 在线分析103. macro analysis 常量分析104. characteristic 表征105. micro analysis 微量分析106. deformation analysis 形态分析107. semimicro analysis 半微量分析108. systematical error 系统误差109. routine analysis 常规分析110. random error 偶然误差111. gross error 过失误差112. normal distribution 正态分布113. deviation偏差114. precision精密度115. relative standard deviation相对标准偏差（RSD）116. coefficient variation变异系数（CV）117.confidence level置信水平118. confidence interval置信区间119. significant test显著性检验120. significant figure有效数字121. standard solution标准溶液122. titration滴定123. stoichiometric point化学计量点124. titration error滴定误差125. primary standard基准物质126. amount of substance 物质的量127. chemical equilibrium化学平衡128. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式129. proton theory of acid-base酸碱质子理论130. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法131. dissociation constant解离常数132. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对133. hydronium ion水合氢离子134. electrolyte 电解质135. ion-product constant of water水的离子积136. ionization电离137. proton condition质子平衡138. buffer solution缓冲溶液139. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂140. coordination compound配位化合物141. center ion中心离子142. cumulative stability constant累积稳定常数143. alpha coefficient酸效应系数144. overall stability constant 总稳定常数145. ligand 配位体146. side reaction coefficient副反应系数147. coordination atom配位原子148. coordination number 配位数149. lone pair electron孤对电子150. metal indicator 金属指示剂151. masking掩蔽152. demasking解蔽153. oxidation氧化154. catalyst催化剂155. reduction还原156. electrode potential电极电势157. redox couple 氧化还原电对158. redox indicator氧化还原指示159. oxygen consuming耗氧量（OC）160. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 161. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)162. precipitation 沉淀反应163. argentimetry银量法164. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡165. spectrophotometry分光光度法166. transmittance透光率167. absorptivity吸光率168. absorption cell吸收池169. bathochromic shift红移170. Molar absorptivity摩尔吸光系数171. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应173. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应174. open chain compound 开链族化合物175. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论176. chiral molecule 手性分子177. tautomerism 互变异构现象178. chemical shift 化学位移179. Enantiomorph 对映体180. addition reaction 加成反应181. dextro- 右旋182. levo- 左旋183. stereochemistry 立体化学184. stereoisomer 立体异构体185. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂186. covalent bond 共价键187. conjugated double bond 共轭双键188. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道189. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物190. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应191. valence bond theory 价键理论192. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基193. Huckel rule 休克尔规则194. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验195. infrared spectrum 红外光谱196. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应197. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃198. Polymer 聚合物199. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法200. Newman projection 纽曼投影式201. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物202. aromatic character 芳香性203. Claisen condensation reaction 克莱森酯缩合反应204. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排205. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应206. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原207. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应208. positional isomers 位置异构体209. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应210. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应211. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程212. conformation 构象213. confomational isome 构象异构体214. nucleophilic substitution reaction 亲核取代反应215. active intermediate 活性中间体216. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则217. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构218. inductive effect 诱导效应219. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂220. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用221. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物222. elimination reaction 消除反应223. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振224. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子225. leaving group 离去基团226. optical activity 旋光性227. boat confomation 船型构象228. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应。

应用化学专业英语介绍

应用化学专业报告学院：理学院专业：应用化学学号：*****************Applied chemistry specialityOne、applied chemistry speciality - main courses: Training target：This specialized raise has the chemical basic theory, basic knowledge in strong experimental skills, can in scientific research institutions, colleges and universities and enterprises and institutions, engaged in scientific research, teaching and management work of the senior specialized talents.Training requirements：Students of this specialty mainly study the basic knowledge of chemistry, the basic theory, basic skills and related engineering knowledge, is the basic research and applied basic research of scientific thought and scientific experiment training, has good scientific literacy, have use knowledge and experimental skills in applied research, technology development and technology management of the basic skills.Main courses:Main subject: chemicalMain course:Inorganic chemistry、, analytical chemistry (including instrument analysis), organic chemistry, physical chemistry (including structural chemistry, chemical engineering foundation and chemical mapping.The main practice teaching links include production practice, graduation thesis, general arrangement and a week of twenty.Length of schooling: four yearsawarded degree：physical or Bachelor'sSimilar professional:chemical applied chemistry chemical biology molecular science and engineering chemical engineering and technology Two、Four chemistry：（Inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry）Inorganic chemistry：Inorganic chemistry relative to organic chemistry, the non carbon. However, some carbon compounds, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbonic acid compounds,cyanide and so on are still belongs to the category of inorganic chemistry. analytical chemistry：Analytical chemistry in chemistry basic theory and experiment technology as the foundation, and absorb the physical, biological, statistics, computer, automation and other aspects to enrich itself, so as to solve the content of science and technology proposed all sorts of analysis.The task of analytical chemistry(1) determining the material chemical composition, qualitative analysis(2) measurement of different components of content - quantitative analysis(3) characterization of physical chemical structure, form, energy state, structure analysis, the shape analysis, energy state analysis(4) representation composition, content, structure, form, energy state dynamics characteristics, dynamic analysisorganic chemistry：Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds and a basic subject. It mainly includes the organic compound classification, structure, naming, property, preparation, chemical reaction and reaction mechanism of law. Organic chemistry is an important branch of chemistry, it is at the molecular level teaching carbon molecular structure and their mutual conversion mechanism, products and their separation, identification and application of basic science, chemistry, biology, pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, environment, materials science support discipline. Is to create new material is an important subject. physical chemistry：Physical chemistry is a physical principle and experiment technology as the foundation, study the properties and behavior of chemical system, found and the establishment of physical chemistry chemical system of the special law of discipline. With the rapid development of science and the mutual infiltration between subjects, physical chemistry and physics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry in the content are difficult to accurately demarcation line, so as to constantly create new branches, such as physical organic chemistry, biology, physics chemistry, chemical physics.Three、Applied chemistry specialty elective course: Organic synthesis, botany, colloid and surface chemistry, food chemistry, ecology, the university physics, management, professional English, plant chemistry, biological chemistry, polymer chemistry, and so on.Four、Professional teachers:Li yuqing、Li xianghong、Fuhui、Li huijuan、Liming、Liu shouqing、Liangkun、Chen yuhui、Leiran、and so on.Five、Applied chemistry employment direction：Applied chemistry professional graduates suitable to the petroleum chemical industry, environmental protection, commodity inspection, health and epidemic prevention, customs, medicine, fine chemical plant and other production, technical and administrative departments and the factories and mines enterprises engaged in applied research, technology development, production technology and management work; Can also to scientific research department and school engaged in scientific research and teaching work,。

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