朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册(英国)-第1~5章【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含考研真题)+模拟试题】详解-英国经济
【解析】英国经济在 20 世纪 70 年代以来经历了一段非常艰难的时期，通货膨胀率较高，英 镑被贬值。当时执政的工党不得不下台，由保守党上台执政。
6. The leader of the Conservatives, Margaret Thatcher started a series of reforms. An extensive programme of privatisation was carded out, and she was successful in an all-round way. _____
【答案】F
【解析】为了给战争筹集资金，英国已经背上了沉重的债务，这意味着英国在进入战后阶段
时已经面临严重的经济问题。因此，英国在二战后所背负的债务并不是因为发展工业，而是
为了支持战争。
4. Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947. _____
3. By the end of World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France. _____
8. Britain has a large sector of agriculture producing 11. 6% of its national wealth. _____ 【答案】F 【解析】英国的农业生产占据国民经济的较小一部分，只有 11.6%。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【章节题库】(英国经济)【圣才出品】
第5章英国经济Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. The service industry is also called _____.A. subsidiary industryB. light industryC. secondary industryD. tertiary industry【答案】D【解析】服务业也称第三产业，指不生产物质产品的行业，或者说是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。
2. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?A. Beef battleB. Dairy cattleC. ChickenD. Sheep【答案】D【解析】2000年，英国羊的数量达到4226万只，为英国数量最多的家畜。
3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.【答案】A【解析】英国东南部是西欧平原的一部分，最适合发展农业，选A。
4. Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?A. Shell.B. ICI.C. RTZ.D. British Gas.【答案】B【解析】ICI是英国帝国化学工业集团的简称，是闻名的纯碱与肥料的制造厂商，不属于能源公司，故选B。
A项为英荷皇家壳牌集团，是全球领先的国际油气集团。
C项为英国里奥廷托锌公司。
D项是英国天然气集团。
5. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?A. Imperial AirwayB. British AirwaysC. Hawker-Siddeley AviationD. the British Aircraft Corporation【答案】A【解析】A项帝国航空是B项英国航空的前身，于1924年成立。
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解-英国文化(第1~5章)【圣才出品】
第1部分英国文化第1章谁是英国人1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Who Are the British?1. The Scots2. The Irish3. The EnglishⅠ. Who Are the British? (谁是英国人？)1. The Scots(苏格兰人)(1) Origin: Celts.(2) Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.(3) Language①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;②English;Character: a. said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; b. in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.(1) 起源：凯尔特人。
(2) 苏格兰人自豪的是，英国从来没有征服过他们。
(3) 语言①盖尔语，苏格兰的古老的凯尔特语言：在高地和西部群岛地区扔能听到人们讲这些语言，这些地区的人们的名字以M，MAC，MC开头，盖尔语的意思是“儿子”。
②英语；特点：a．据说他们严肃认真、谨慎、节俭；b．事实上他们很热情、慷慨、友善。
2. The Irish(爱尔兰人)(1) Origin: Scots and English Protestants.(2) Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.(3) Language①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;②English: second.(4) Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.(1) 起源：苏格兰和英国新教徒。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第7章 英国教育体系【圣才出品】
第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education Guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Education in the UK is compulsory.2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding Time3. Open university4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading,‘riting and ‘rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic) .②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】(英国经济)【圣才】
第5章英国经济Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. By the 1880’s the British economy was dominant in the world. _____【答案】T【解析】十九世纪八十年代，英国的经济在世界上占据主导地位。
世界上1/3的制成品来自英国，世界上1/2的煤炭和1/2的棉花来自英国。
航运量比世界其他国家的总量还要大。
2. Both the US and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900. _____【答案】F【解析】1900年，英国的经济被美国和德国超越，失去在世界经济体系中的主导地位。
当时加拿大的经济并没有超越英国。
3. By the end of World War Ⅱ, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France. _____【答案】F【解析】为了给战争筹集资金，英国已经背上了沉重的债务，这意味着英国在进入战后阶段时已经面临严重的经济问题。
因此，英国在二战后所背负的债务并不是因为发展工业，而是为了支持战争。
4. Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947. _____【答案】T【解析】另外，使得英国衰退的原因还有俗称大英帝国的“皇冠上的珠宝”的印度于1947年赢得了独立，使英国失去了一个巨大的“原料库”。
英美社会文化方向考研朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》考研真题
英美社会文化方向考研朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》考研真题一、英国文化第1章谁是英国人I. Multiple Choices.1. Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Welsh? （首都师范大学2009研）A. The Celts.B. The Romans.C. The Danes.D. The Anglo-Saxons.【答案】A @@@【解析】英国威尔士人的祖先为凯尔特人；盎格鲁-撒克逊人是英格兰人的祖先。
2. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Normans.C. The Vikings.D. The Romans.【答案】A @@@【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊人西元5世纪起移居不列颠群岛，并建立起一个的王国，10世纪时发展成英格兰王国。
故选A。
B项诺曼人曾于1066年入侵英国。
C项维京人就是北欧海盗，从公元8世纪到11世纪一直侵扰欧洲沿海和英国岛屿。
D项罗马人曾在公元前43年至公元410年统治英国。
3. In the seventeenth century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because _____.A. they wanted to increase its control over IrelandB. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live inC. they intended to expand their investmentD. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them【答案】A @@@【解析】英国政府鼓励国民从苏格兰和英格兰北部移居到爱尔兰北部是为了通过混居同化爱尔兰民族特点和文化，从而加强对其的控制。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册（英国）-第1~5章【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册（英国）-第1~5章【圣才出品】上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介(1)1.1 复习笔记I. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 从种族主义到多元文化主义)【圣
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章 英国政府【圣才出品】
第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪至1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊人。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统一了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，而不是来源于国王的支持者。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(政治制度、教育与经济)
第2章政治制度、教育与经济2.1 复习笔记I. Government1. The Constitution2. Parliament3. Election4. The Cabinet5. Public servants6. Reform7. The Ombudsman8. Local governmentII. Education1. Early childhood education2. Primary schools and secondary schools3. The Correspondence School4. State schools and private schools5. Special needs education6. Universities and polytechnicsIII. Economy1. Agriculture2. Forestry and fishing3. Energy4. Overseas tradeI. Government（政府）1. The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act 1986 defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。
(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。
2. Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch, represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General. The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament, which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since 1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws, supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪⾄1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊⼈。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统⼀了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，⽽不是来源于国王的⽀持者。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第5章英国经济【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第5章英国经济【圣才出品】第5章英国经济5.1 复习笔记I. Events in History1. Dominant in the 1880s2. Overtaken in 19003. Decline since 19454. Privatization in the 1980sII. The current UK economy1. Primary industry2. Secondary industries3. T ertiary industriesIII. Case study: the aerospace industry1. Status2. Major achievements3. Recent changesI. Events in History（重要历史事件）1. Dominant in the 1880s（主导地位(19世纪80年代) ）(1) Producing 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods.(2) Producing 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton.(3) Greater shipping amount than the sum of the rest of the world.(1) 世界上1/3的制成品来⾃英国。
(2) 世界上1/2的煤炭和1/2的棉花来⾃英国。
(3) 航运量⽐世界其它国家的总量还要⼤。
2. Overtaken in 1900（被超越(1900年) ）By 1900, the UK was overtaken by both the United States and Germany, losing its dominant place in the world economy. 1900年，英国的经济被美国和德国超越，失去在世界经济体系中的主导地位。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 英国媒体)【圣才出
9.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?（北二外2006研）A.The TimesB.The Guardian.C.Daily TelegraphD.Daily Mirror【答案】A【解析】The Times《泰晤士报》是英国第一主流大报，是该国最具影响力的报纸。
The Guardian《卫报》。
Daily Telegraph《每日电讯报》，因其时效性而得名。
Daily Mirror《每日镜报》。
2.Which of the following is a tabloid?（北二外2006研）A.New StatesmanB.The SunC.Sunday TimesD.Morning Star【答案】B【解析】The Sun《太阳报》是一家通俗小报，是全英国销量最高的报纸。
New Statesman 《新政治家》是一家英国时政周刊。
Sunday Times《星期日泰晤士报》、Morning Star《晨星报》是英国共产党的机关报。
3.Which of the following newspaper is a tabloid?（北二外2008研）A.The TelegraphB.East EndersC.The News of the WorldD.None of the above【答案】C【解析】tabloid通俗小报。
The News of the World是一家英国小报。
The Telegraph英国《每日电讯报》，它是英国四家全国性“高级”日报中销量最大的一家。
4.Which of the following statements about the BBC is not true?（北京交大2003研）A.The BBC puts out both radio broadcasting services and TV programs.B.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.C.The BBC is financed by private funds.D.The BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide,using more than30languages.【答案】C【解析】BBC英国广播公司除了经营广播节目之外，还经营电视节目；所有节目中都不插播任何广告；资金来自用户的接收费；以30多种语言做全球广播。
《朱永涛 英语国家社会与文化入门 第2版 笔记和考研真题详解》读书笔记思维导图
06
第20章 从 种族主义到 多元文化主 义
03
第17章 从 流放地到 “自由移民”
05
第19章 官 僚的权力和 内部揭发者
下册（新西兰、美国、加拿大）
美国
新西兰
加拿大
第1章 国土、 人民与历史
第2章 政治制 度、教育与经 济
01
第3章 美 国的起始
02
第4章 美 国的政治制 度
03
第5章 美 国经济
04
第6章 美 国的宗教
06
第8章 美 国的教育
05
第7章 美 国文学
01
第9章 20 世纪60年 代的社会运 动
02
第10章 美 国的社会问 题
03
第11章 美 国的科技
04
第12章 二 战后美国外 交政策
06
第14章 美 国早期爵士 乐
05
第13章 美 国的体育运 动与风景名 胜
01
第15章 国 家与人民
第11章 爱尔兰地理、 人文和历史
第12章 爱尔兰政治 和经济
第13章 爱尔兰的文 化：爱尔兰人的生活 现...
第14章 爱尔兰的文 化：语言，文学和艺 术
01
第15章 澳 大利亚的地 理特征、怀 有“梦 创...
02
第16章 澳 大利亚现行 的宗教信仰
04
第18章 澳 大利亚是一 个自由民主 的社会
02
第16章 澳 大利亚现行 的宗教信仰
04
第18章 加 拿大经济
06
第20章 加 拿大的国际 关系
03
第17章 加 拿大—— “文化镶嵌 画”
05
第19章 加 拿大文学
谢谢观看
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题+章节题库(含考研真题)+模拟试题】详解-英国政府
9. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts. 【答案】T
【解析】普通法是法庭历来通过判决而形成的法令。
II. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: 1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government?
2/8
圣才电子书
【答案】C
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
【解析】查理一世，英国历史上唯一一位被公开处死的国王；1649 年英国内战中，克伦威
尔下达了处死国王的命令，其罪名是背叛国家和人民。
3. What happened in 1215? A. It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history. B. Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta. C. Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants. D. King Egbert united England under his rule.
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 3 章 英国政府
I. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): 1. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world. 【答案】F
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创
15.1复习笔记I.Natural features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresⅡ.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersⅢ.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is“Dreamtime”?2.What is“the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of assimilationI.Natural features of the land（自然特征）1.Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2.Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest,flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3.Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes Tasmania,an island just to the south,the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
英语国家社会与文化入门 Unit 1英国概述【最新文档】
At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations.
Unit 1 A Brief Introduction of the UK
Major points
A complicated country with a complicated name and complicated population make-up
The imperial past and its effects on today’s UK Its class and race Its regions
National Emblem
“Union Jack” --- National Flag
The UK flag consists of three elements: • the cross of St. George (red on white) for England, • the cross of St. Andrew (white diagonal on blue) for Scotland, • and the cross of St. Patrick (red diagonal on white) for Ireland.
The imperial effects on today’s UK
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第2章 英国简介(2)【圣才出品】
第2章英国简介（2）2.1 复习笔记I. Features of Northern Ireland1. Population2. Geographical features3. Capital4. Often Called “Ulster”5. Social order6. EconomyII. Pursuits of Irish independence1. Background2. Home Rule Bill3. The Easter Rising of 19164. Important Figures5. ResultIII. Conflicts within Northern Ireland1. Reasons2. The troubles3. Attempts to dissolve conflictsI. Features of Northern Ireland（北爱尔兰）1. Population（人口）A population of 1.5 million, smallest of UK’s four nations, smaller than many Chinese cities北爱尔兰人口为150万，是英国四个地区中最少的，甚至少于中国许多城市的人口数量。
2. Geographical features（地理特征）(1) Smallest in size of the four nations(2) Low hills in the middle, rugged coastline(3) Beautiful lake district in the south-west(1) 在英国地区中面积最小(2) 地形中间低平，周围多山(3) 西南部地区拥有漂亮的湖区3. Capital: Belfast（首府：贝尔法斯特）(1) East coast(2) The biggest city in the province(3) A population of 350 thousand(1) 位于东部沿海(2) 同时是北爱尔兰最大的城市(3) 人口35万4. Often Called “Ulster”（别称：乌尔斯特）It is the name of an ancient Irish Kingdom which once existed where Northern Ireland lies now.乌尔斯特原为爱尔兰一个地区，大约在今北爱尔兰所在的地区，故北爱尔兰也被称为乌尔斯特。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 爱尔兰的文化：语言,文学和艺术
14.1复习笔记nguage1.Irish under political unrests2.Hiberno-EnglishⅡ.Oral culture1.Features2.Origin3.Positive effectsⅢ.Literature1.The first Irish poem2.Nobel Prize winners for literature3.Other important figuresIV.Music and dance1.Sean nos2.The Irish pipe3.Irish dancing4.Irish harpV.Sports culture1.Soccer(football)2.Rugby football3.Cricket and tennis4.Hurling5.Golf6.Horse-racingVI.Science and technology1.Distinguished figures2.Important societiesⅦ.The Irish identity in the world1.The Irish diaspora2.Attitudes towards other countries or areasnguage（语言）1.Irish under political unrests（政治动荡下的爱尔兰语）(1)Irish or Gaelic is an ancient language spoken by the Irish people.(2)Under the English colonial policy,many people,especially the middle and professional classes,lost this language and never regained.But until the mid-19th century,Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes.(3)The death blow to the Irish language was the Great Famine of1845—1848,since two million Irish people emigrated or died in this event.(4)In the late19th century,an attempt was made to revive the use of the Irish language among the middle and professional classes.(5)After achieving national independence,official attempt was made to make Irish again the national language.(6)Irish is now a compulsory subject in schools and the first official language in the Republic.(1)爱尔兰语，也称盖尔语，是爱尔兰人的古老语言。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第4章政治、阶级和社会【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第4章政治、阶级和社会【圣才出品】第4章政治、阶级和社会4.1 复习笔记I. General elections1. Why are they important?2. When do elections occur?3. Who can stand for election as an MP?4. What happens in an election?5. Formation of governmentII. The political Parties1. The Labour party2. The Conservative Party3. The Liberal DemocratsIII. Class1. Class-divisions2. Cultural differences3. A distinctive feature of British class-system IV. Race1. A multiracial nation2. Influences of immigration1. Why are they important?（重要性）(1) They provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies.(2) They are also seen as opportunities to replace incompetent political leaders.◆The right to vote has been struggled for over the past 200 years, and not until1928 did the adult population allowed to vote reach its current level of about 99%.(1) ⼤选为公民提供影响未来政府政策的⼀次良机。
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上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介(1)1.1 复习笔记I. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。
3. Economic influence（经济影响）It remains a relatively wealthy country, a member of the Group Seven large developed economies. (In 1997, G-7 turned into G-8 with Russia in.)仍然是一个比较富裕的国家，是7七国集团的一员。
(1997年俄罗斯的加入使得G7转变为G8。
)4. A multiracial society（多种族国家）Due to immigration from some Commonwealth countries in the 1950s and 1960s, most commonly from India, Pakistan and countries of the Caribbean, Britain now has a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.由于二十世纪五、六十年代鼓励英联邦国家向英国移民，英国人口的二十分之一是非欧洲血统。
几个有代表性的国家和地区有印度、巴基斯坦及加勒比海国家。
III. Differences in society（社会差异）1. Race difference（种族差异）It is a multiracial society with a majority of Christians, many Muslims and others. 英国是一个多种族社会，基督教徒占主导，还有许多穆斯林教徒和其他。
2. Class difference（阶级差异）The class structure of UK society is relatively obvious. (Lives of a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker are very different.)英国社会的阶级差异相对别国较为明显。
（白领雇员和蓝领工人的生活相差很大。
）3. Region difference（地区差异）(1)Between highland and lowland Scots(2)Between northern and southern England(3)The capital London itself dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways:(4)It is the largest city located in the south of the country.(5)It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies.(6)It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.(1)苏格兰高低和低地(2)英格兰南部和北部(3)首都伦敦在各方面均占主导地位：(4)伦敦是英国南部最大城市。
(5)英国文化和商业中心，许多大型公司的总部设在伦敦。
(6)不仅是英国的金融中心，也是世界三大金融中心之一。
IV. Introduction to England（英格兰）1. Physical features（自然特征）(1)Largest of the 4 nations with largest population(2)A Dominance of UK in culture and economy(3)Capital: London, dominant in government, finance and culture(1)地域最广、人口最多(2)文化和经济发展之重(3)首府伦敦是政治、经济和文化中心。
2. History of invasions（入侵史）Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe.公元1世纪之前，英国是由许多凯尔特人的部落王国构成，其强大的文化源于中欧地区。
(1)Roman invasion (43 AD—5th Century AD)（罗马入侵时期（公元43年到5世纪））①England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire.②Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Romans in 122 to defend their domain. The Wall covered a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundary between England and Scotland.①英格兰和威尔士成为罗马的一部分。
②122年，罗马国王建立哈德良长城。
这样做是为了防止皮特人入侵。
(2)Anglo-Saxon’s invasion (5th Century AD—1066)（盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵时期（5世纪-1066年））①Eastern and Southern Britain were invaded by Germanic peoples: the Angles and the Saxons (the forefathers of the English, the founders of England).②The legend of King Arthur was based on this period:◆It is said that he was the king of England in the 5th century and united theBritish and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.◆He created Round Table, which gave knights equal precedence and showedknights’ demand for a more democratic system.◆His real existence is in doubt but he is the central figure of many legends.①大不列颠东部和南部被日耳曼民族的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人入侵。
盎格鲁-撒克逊人被称为英格兰人的祖先。
②亚瑟王的传奇以此为背景:◆据说他是公元5世纪时期英格兰的国王，并且曾拿着他著名的神剑带领英格兰人击退撒克逊人的入侵。
◆圆桌的发明人，他发明圆桌供自己的骑士聚谈，这反映了平等和民主。
◆还不能证实他是否真实存在，但他是许多传奇故事的中心人物。
(3)Viking invasion (Late AD 8th C-AD 10th C)（维京入侵(8世纪末到10世纪)）①Northern and Eastern England as well as Scotland were conquered by raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings.②King Alfred the Great, won in the south of England against the Vikings and ruled this area. (Thus today a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England may have its origins in this time.)①维京人来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛，入侵了英格兰东北部和苏格兰。