2014语法与长难句讲义-徐磊
2014考研英语语法讲义
考研语法讲义——长难句分析策略主讲讲师：连俊霞总论：一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。
3.翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。
㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。
㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。
三、长难句分析六步走1.(2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. （2001完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. （2005Text1）Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
2014考研英语长难句精讲班讲义
小结区
3.完整信息链法
规则描述：
笔记区
写作方法：
1两个句子主语相同，保留主语，将句号变逗号，动词作如下变化
am /is/are being was/were having been
do/does doingdid having done
be done done
2两个句子主语不同，保留主语，将动词做一上变化
完整信息链法：
不完整情况：英语句子中主干部分被隔离
（主谓隔离：主谓之间加入定语、同位语、插入语。句子开头的第一个名词就是句子主语应该和其相匹配的动词在一起
谓宾隔离：在谓语和宾语之间加入状语，状语通常有介词短语充当）
二：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为复数，可判定为倒装（动名词作主语，系动词只能是单数）
三：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为单数，系动词后为非性质（不是adj）状态描述时，可判断为倒装。
Playing basketball is my cousin from the NY。倒装
Playing basketball is funny。正常语序
2.嵌套：主从复合
常见的复杂句形式
That+完整句
宾从/表从It +不及动+that+从句
What+非完整句
主语从句that what how why when who……特殊的(形式主语句)It+be+形容词+that+从句
主语+不及动+that+从句The sun rises that looks gorgeous（that引导的是非完整句则为定语从句)
语法长难句讲义
2015考研英语考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishinghouses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
英语-徐磊-语法笔记——句型
徐磊语法第一章：英语基本句型与语法理论图谱、学前概论高考英语对于英语语法的要求其实非常低，只要能读懂文章就可以了。
这个讲义以徐磊老师语法课程为基础，补充一些重要的东西。
传统的语法书按照八大词类的顺序分项介绍，结构零散，读者难以掌握语法的大要。
所以，这个讲义从整体的角度出发，先介绍句子结构，让读者明白如何构成一个完整的简单句，再介绍时态，三大从句和非谓语动词。
这些是语法的宏观架构，希望本讲义可以给大家帮助。
开扁之前，先解答同学的一些疑惑。
问题1:英语先学句子还是先学词中国传统英语语法书籍，一般先讲名词，而国外优秀语法书籍却先讲句子。
徐磊老师总结个人多年的学习和教学经验，发现先句法后词法的学习顺序是更为科学的。
如果你是个英语初学者，从一开始的学习就被各种词性缚住手脚，在艰难地学会名词的可数不可数、可数名词的单复数、可数名词变复数加s或es时的不同情况后，你可能还是无法造出句子。
也许你在造句的时候，把形容词放在动词前，把副词放在名词前。
然而，如果你一开始就学习句法，你将避免这些低级错误。
也许你以后碰到各种词性的复杂变化后，无法适应，但学习是有个过程的。
如果你都无法入门，又如何谈英语学习呢？况且先学词除了名词的那些问题外，还有代词格、动词时态语态语气、形容词副词比较级等一系列障碍。
当你学完这些，再去学简单句，从而去学从句，这时你才学会造句，而以前学的那些词性词汇变化，很可能已经忘了。
更可能的是，在最初的学习中，你已经放弃了英语。
正确的学习顺序应该是先学句子，了解句子中每个单词的语序。
首先从宏观上明白整个句子的构成是名词＋动词＋名词，再放名词。
其次把要表达的概念在句中的位置搞清楚，也就是说要知道先说什么词性，再说什么词性。
当我们说到某个具体词性的时候，再考虑该词性需要注意的特殊语法现象。
按照这个顺序学习，第一能够迅速掌握英语语法学习的灵魂；笫二能够理解中文和英文的语言差异，为将来的中英文互译打下良好基础。
长难句分析讲义-高三英语一轮复习(4)
长难句分析—otherwise的用法原句The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”（2022年北京卷阅读理解D篇）我们在文章里会看到完全引用和部分引用两种情况。
完全引用是在文章里引用某人话语的整句，而部分引用则是只选择引用话语中的某些词或短语。
对于完全引用的句子，如果能够理解引用要说明的内容，是可以选择整体忽略的。
对于部分引用的句子，只要把所有的引号去掉，按照正常的句子理解分析即可。
所以这次的句子可以直接改成：The company, he says, is closer than any other firm by a very large margin to building a useful quantum computer, one that solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.去掉没有实际意义的插入语he says，整句话可以在逗号的位置分成两部分。
首先需要各位明白的是，后面的部分是一个one的代词配合定语从句，对前面的主句进行补充。
one 指代的就是主句末尾的名词“a useful quantum computer”。
从理解上来说，这里的“one that”发挥的就是定语从句引导词“that或which”的作用。
比如：He gave me the storybook, one that I had expected for a long time.= He gave me the storybook that / which I had expected for a long time.他给了我那本我期待已久的故事书。
06_2014年考研英语阅读长难句解析20131202
2014年考研英语阅读长难句解析来源中国教育在线做好考研英语阅读需要五方面能力：词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力、逻辑思维能力、篇章分析能力和题型分析能力。
如果你能够具备词义辨析能力、长难句分析能力的话，对后面的复习将会大有帮助。
在研究真题的过程中同学们应该经常背诵一些结构优美的句子，这对作文水平的提高会有很大帮助。
从近几年的考查趋势可以看出，考研英语越来越注重对考生英语基本能力的考查，而考研语法则是构成这种基本能力的一个基石。
考研阅读理解文章的特点是各种复杂的长难句型遍布在文章的各个角落，如果没有扎实的句型知识基础，就会给做题带来很大的困难。
所以，为了让你的阅读在日后有质的突破，为了能把做题的方法和技巧更好地应用到做题当中去，请你务必沉下心来，了解一下考研阅读中的长、难句真相。
明白了这一真相，你才不会在日后的做题中一筹莫展，而是万分从容。
在此，通过全方位把握考研阅读的文章内容，跨考教育英语教研室杨凤芝老师把考研阅读中的句型，从宏观的角度分为以下三类：短而难的句子、虚假的长难句、真正的长难句。
接下来我们逐个分析。
◎短而难的句子首先我们看一下什么是短而难的句子。
这些句子一般都是约定俗成的谚语，是广大人民群众智慧的结晶。
既然是结晶，意思表达就会较抽象，难以快速把握，需要我们结合具体语境进行深层的把握。
同学们看这一句: it never rains, but pours.这是2007年第四篇阅读理解的第一句话，相当于文章的题眼，其字面意思很简单：“从来不下雨，但是下倾盆大雨。
”很明显，这不是一句“人类”能识别的汉语，倾盆大雨不是雨吗?那样翻译肯定不行。
其实这句话是英语中很有名的谚语：“不雨则已，一雨倾盆”，“不鸣则已，一鸣惊人”。
如果描述的是坏事，同学们可以借鉴第一种译法，类似于“祸不单行”的意思;如果是好事，同学们可以借鉴第二种，就是一鸣惊人。
同样的表达在考研英语的阅读文章及题目中经常出现，如1998年第一篇文章最后一题四个选项都是谚语： [A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"(覆水难收);[B] "More haste, less speed"(欲速则不达);[C] "Look before you leap"(三思而后行);[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"(笑到最后的人笑得最好)。
徐磊英语语法
徐磊英语语法导言：英语作为国际通用语言之一，掌握好英语语法对于学习和使用英语至关重要。
本文将介绍徐磊教授对英语语法的研究成果以及其对英语学习者的重要意义。
一、徐磊教授对英语语法的研究成果1.1 语法类别的划分徐磊教授通过对大量英语文本的语义分析，提出了一种新的语法类别划分方法。
传统的语法类别划分常常基于形式上的特征，而徐磊教授提出的方法则更加注重语义特征。
他认为，语言作为人类思维的表达方式，语法类别应该基于语言的意义而非仅仅基于形式。
1.2 基于认知语法的研究徐磊教授对认知语法的研究尤为深入。
他认为，语法规则是人类认知结构的表现。
因此，通过研究认知过程中的认知结构和表达方式，可以更好地理解和运用英语语法规则。
他对英语动词短语和名词短语的认知结构进行了详细研究，并提出了一系列有关语法规则的新理论。
1.3 句法分析和语言生成的应用徐磊教授的研究成果不仅仅停留在理论层面，他还将自己的研究成果应用于句法分析和语言生成。
通过对英语句子的深入分析和理解，可以更好地识别句子的成分和结构，从而提高句法分析的准确性。
同时，通过对语法规则的理解和应用，可以更好地生成符合语法规则的英语句子。
二、徐磊教授对英语学习者的重要意义2.1 帮助学习者理解语法规则对于英语学习者来说，徐磊教授的研究成果对于理解和掌握英语语法规则至关重要。
传统的语法教学往往注重形式，而徐磊教授的研究则更注重语义和认知过程。
通过学习徐磊教授的理论，学习者可以更深入地理解语法规则的背后逻辑，从而更好地应用于实际语言表达中。
2.2 提高语言表达水平徐磊教授的研究成果对于提高英语学习者的语言表达能力有很大的帮助。
通过深入研究语义和认知过程，学习者可以更好地理解和运用不同的语法规则，从而使自己的语言表达更加准确和流畅。
2.3 促进语言学科的发展徐磊教授的研究成果对于语言学科的发展具有积极的推动作用。
他提出的新的语法类别划分方法和基于认知语法的研究，为语言学研究提供了新的思路和方法。
高考一轮复习英语长难句分析课件
高考一轮复习英语长难句分析课件一、教学内容本节课主要针对高考一轮复习中的英语长难句分析进行讲解。
教材选用《高中英语（新课标）》，具体章节为第九章“句子分析与长难句解析”。
详细内容包括：句子结构分析、长难句识别与解析、常见长难句类型及解题技巧。
二、教学目标1. 熟练掌握句子结构分析方法，能够准确识别并解析长难句。
2. 掌握常见长难句类型及其特点，提高解题速度和准确率。
三、教学难点与重点难点：长难句的识别与解析，尤其是复杂句和并列句的解析。
重点：句子结构分析方法，常见长难句类型及其解题技巧。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教师准备：多媒体课件、黑板、粉笔。
2. 学生准备：教材、笔记本、铅笔。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个实践情景引入，展示一个包含长难句的英语文章，让学生尝试阅读并分析句子结构，感受长难句对阅读理解的影响。
2. 知识讲解：a. 讲解句子结构分析方法，引导学生学会分析句子成分。
b. 介绍长难句的识别方法，如并列连词、从句引导词等。
c. 分析常见长难句类型，如定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等，并给出实例讲解。
3. 例题讲解：选取典型的高考英语长难句题目，进行步骤分解和解析。
4. 随堂练习：让学生独立完成练习题，巩固所学知识。
六、板书设计1. 句子结构分析图示。
2. 常见长难句类型及其特点。
3. 长难句解题步骤及技巧。
七、作业设计1. 作业题目：完成《高中英语（新课标）》第九章课后练习题。
2. 答案：略。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：关注学生在课堂上的表现，了解他们在长难句分析方面的掌握程度，针对不足之处进行改进。
2. 拓展延伸：鼓励学生阅读英语文章，提高句子分析和理解能力。
推荐一些适合的阅读材料，如《英语周报》、《21世纪英语报》等。
同时，引导学生关注生活中的英语长难句，培养实际运用能力。
重点和难点解析1. 长难句的识别与解析2. 常见长难句类型及其解题技巧3. 教学过程中的实践情景引入和例题讲解4. 作业设计及课后反思与拓展延伸一、长难句的识别与解析1. 句子结构分析：讲解句子成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等，并举例说明。
长难句分析讲义--高三英语一轮复习
长难句分析：从句！从句！从句！原句The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.（2023年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇）在这个40字的句子里，我们会看到表语/宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句三种主要的从句类型，你需要理解的就是每个从句在补充句意方面发挥的作用。
首先完成断句的工作。
在关系词的位置断开，应该是各位同学非常熟悉的常规动作了。
The key finding of the study was 主句不完整that 从句一关系词when crowds were further divided into smaller groups从句二完整that were allowed to have a discussion,从句三不完整the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.从句一内容完整严格按照“在从句关系词前面断开”的原则断句后，你会发现全句最特殊的，就是“… that when …”这个位置了。
两个关系词为什么会叠加在一起？实际上把几部分拆开后，你就会发现在第一个that之后，插入了when和that引导的另外两个从句，然后才是第一个that的具体内容。
也许这样的结构略显复杂，但是只要各位坚持“在从句关系词前面断开”这个基本原则，句子结构其实是很清晰的。
盘点高考全国卷英语真题中的长难句讲义-高三英语一轮复习
盘点2023高考英语真题中的长难句1.A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.句意为：例如，一条污浊的小溪，在流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，通常会变得清澈。
本句中for example为插入语，after flowing through plants and along rocks ...为时间状语，其中包含一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rocks。
（新课标I卷）2.In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.句意为：在第一部分中，我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使得许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
starting with …为分词结构作状语；t hat引导定语从句，修饰先行词forces。
（新课标I 卷）3.At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.句意为：在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活动。
磊神英语语法磊神
考研英语语法与长难句——徐磊
2014考研英语语法与长难句——徐磊主讲：徐磊一：动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。
二：英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n）例如：我爱你！三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。
动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。
名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。
形容词：修饰名词。
副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。
例如：我爱你！↑↑↑形容词副词形容词帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！↑↑↑副词副词副词十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！四、四大词性意义拓展名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。
动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。
形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。
副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。
1 / 51 / 5｛名词本身，代词，数词名词性：｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（theold），todo,doing.｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。
2、动词性：只有动词本身｛形容词本身3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（withcare=careful），动词+ing（interesting），动词+ed（interested）,To do,名词（babygirl）。
｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。
｛副词本身。
4、副词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词，动词+ing，动词+ed,To do.｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。
五、语序调整简单句：名词+动词+名词。
修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。
六、动词的十六大时态2 / 52 / 5七、名词性从句—句子变名词（主语从句、宾语从句）三步法：1、按照简单陈述句翻译｛看句子中是否有特殊疑问词，如果有，提前；2、提前｛看句子中是否有“是否”意义的词，如果有，提前；｛如果二者都没有，则要在句首加that。
3、代入主句：按照名词+动词+名词结构调整语序进行翻译注意：句子变名词要作为不可数名词八、形容词性从句—句子变形容词（定语从句）五步拆分法：1、拆分2、翻译3、替换4、整体提前5、插入九、同位语从句如何判断是定语从句还是同位语从句：把空格前面的名词插入空格后面从句的任何位置，看该句是否成立，可能出现的有五种情况1、名词直接插入该句子成立，为定语从句2、名词加上“的”字插入该句子成立，为定语从句3、名词加上必要的“介词”插入该句子成立，为定语从句3 / 53 / 54、若以上三中方法插入该句子均不成立，且名词等于整个从句的意思，为同位语5、若以上四种情况均不成立，换其他名词再次插入，例如N1ofN2,如果N2不行，则插入N1尝试，如果插入以后成立则为定语从句，若不成立，则为同位语从句。
英语语法第四节
who/ that I am
It is I who/that am Xu ILteii.s Xu Lei who/that I am
上面的句子，本质就是定语从句。固定下来，成为强调句。 n.+v.+n.
随便选择一个名词结构。前面加It is，后面加that +剩余结构。
此时，完全符合语法，就是定语从句。
教室很大。 The classroom is big. 我们在教室上课。 We have classes in the classroom. we have classes in which/ that
which we have classes in that we have classes in in which we have classes in that we have classes
5.插入
The classroom which we have classes in is big. The classroom that we have classes in is big. The classroom in which we have classes is big. The classroom in that we have classes is big.
however
名词+句子形容词化 the thing that anything that the person who any person tho the place where any place where the time when the reason why the way how any way how
n.+v.+n.
=
2014蒋华长难句及语法
2014蒋华长难句及语法2014蒋华长难句及语法（陈增桂整理）⼆“态”⼆“分”⼆“态”（时态、语态）时态：时态的嬗变、虚拟语⽓⼀、时态嬗变当上下⽂都为⼀种时态（⼀般时），若突然有⼀句或⼏句话出现其他时态（过去时），则暗⽰作者想要表达信息发⽣了变化。
例：used to do :过去常常做某事（现在不做了）当used to 出现在⾏⽂中，尤其在⾸段，则暗⽰下⽂，或者第⼆段会发⽣转变。
当used to出现在选项中，如果要成为正确选项，必须满⾜原⽂出现古今对⽐，或者不能选。
P89（2008，text2）第⼀段⾸句：It used to be so straightforward . A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations(关系) from the paper and send it to their peers(同事) for review. 第⼆段⾸句：No longer (说明重点在后⾯).The Internet…is making assess to scientific results a reality.(注：1、Internet⼤写表⽰互联⽹，⼩写表⽰⽹络。
2、Make…a reality=make…come true .3、review 主体和客体变化意义稍微不同student-review ：复习。
Professor-review:评审。
Report-review：评论4、A access to B : A获得B 。
A is assessable to B ：B 获得A)⼆、完成时虚拟语⽓若⽂章中，尤其是⾸段出现将来的虚拟语句，往往暗⽰作者即将提出⼀个观点或者主题，通常⽤来表述⼀种已经存在的事实或者特点，其⼤意是说：如果你去做，那么你会发现…(观点或者主题).例(2007,text1) If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer player are most likely to have been born in the early months of the year than in the later months.1、与现在事实相反if 主语+过去式，主语+should/would/could/might +do常见变体：if省略，句⼦倒装：Were I a bird, I could hardly fly high.2、与过去事实相反if 主语+had done, 主语+should/would/could/might +do3、与将来事实相反if 主语+were to do , 主语+should/could/would/might + doIf 主语+did/were, 主语+should/would/could/might + toIf 主语+should do, 主语+should/would/could/might +to语态：主动语态，和被动语态⼀、在⾸段整体描述图⽚的时候：主动表被动例：Your clothes can be well washed.-->Your clothes wash well.A hospital is placed the picture.-->A hospital stand the picture.如果：是河流的淌和⼩草被践踏⽤lain.⼆、在尾端提出建议时候为了显⽰客观：⽤被动表主动例：I suggest that we should take some measure to solves this problem.→It is suggested that some measure should be taken to solve this problem.常见句型如下： It said that…据说It is reported that…据报道It is hoped that…希望It is believed that…⼈们希望It is announced that…据宣布It is(well) known that.. 总所周知It has been decided that…已经决定It is supposed that.. ⼈们认为It is suggested that…⼈们建议It mast be remembered that 务必记住It is taken for granted that………被视为当然⼆“分”（现在分词，过去分词）现在分词doing（主动、进⾏）→ being done过去分词done(被动、完成)⼀、分词做后置定语The girl wearing a red/dressed in a red coat is my girlfriend.⼆、分词做状语：表⽰某种从属关系Feeling horrible, animals responded by escaping.(animals 和feeling horrible 前后是因果关系) 考研难点：动词的过去分词和动词的过去式很容易发⽣混淆，会在分词做定语和过去式做谓语之间犯错。
徐磊英语语法
徐磊英语语法Xu Lei's English GrammarXu Lei is a prominent Chinese linguist and educator who has made significant contributions to the field of English grammar. His work has had a profound impact on the way English is taught and understood in China and beyond. In this essay, we will explore Xu Lei's approach to English grammar and examine the key principles and insights that have shaped his influential body of work.One of the central tenets of Xu Lei's approach to English grammar is his emphasis on the importance of context and pragmatics. Xu Lei argues that traditional approaches to grammar, which often focus on the memorization of rules and the analysis of isolated sentences, fail to capture the nuances and complexities of language use in real-world situations. Instead, he advocates for a more holistic and contextual understanding of grammar, one that takes into account the social, cultural, and communicative factors that shape language production and comprehension.Xu Lei's work has been particularly influential in the area of discourse analysis, where he has made significant contributions to our understanding of how language is used to achieve various communicative goals. For example, Xu Lei has explored the ways in which speakers and writers use grammatical structures to convey particular attitudes, emotions, and interpersonal relationships. He has also examined the role of discourse markers, such as conjunctions and adverbials, in shaping the flow and coherence of spoken and written language.Another key aspect of Xu Lei's approach to English grammar is his emphasis on the importance of learner-centered instruction. Xu Lei has been a vocal proponent of teaching methods that prioritize the needs and experiences of language learners, rather than simply imposing a set of pre-determined rules and structures. He has argued that effective language instruction must be tailored to the specific linguistic and cultural backgrounds of students, and that it should focus on the development of communicative competence rather than the mastery of grammatical forms.Xu Lei's work has also been influential in the area of contrastive linguistics, where he has explored the similarities and differences between the grammatical structures of English and Chinese. By highlighting the ways in which the two languages diverge in terms of their grammatical systems, Xu Lei has provided valuable insights forlanguage learners and teachers alike. For example, his work on the use of topic-comment structures in Chinese and their relationship to the subject-predicate structure of English has been widely cited and discussed in the field of second language acquisition.In addition to his theoretical contributions, Xu Lei has also been actively involved in the development of practical teaching materials and resources for English language learners in China. He has authored numerous textbooks and reference works that have been widely used in schools and universities across the country. Xu Lei's materials are known for their clear and accessible explanations of grammatical concepts, as well as their emphasis on the practical application of language skills in real-world contexts.One of the key strengths of Xu Lei's approach to English grammar is his ability to synthesize insights from a wide range of academic disciplines, including linguistics, psychology, and education. By drawing on the latest research and theories from these fields, Xu Lei has been able to develop a comprehensive and holistic understanding of language learning and teaching. This interdisciplinary approach has allowed him to tackle complex issues and challenges in the field of English grammar, and to offer innovative solutions that have had a lasting impact on the way the subject is taught and studied.Despite his many accomplishments, Xu Lei remains a humble and dedicated scholar who is deeply committed to the advancement of English language education in China. He continues to be an active participant in the academic community, regularly publishing new research and engaging in discussions and debates with his colleagues. Xu Lei's unwavering dedication to his work and his genuine passion for language learning have earned him the respect and admiration of scholars and educators around the world.In conclusion, Xu Lei's contributions to the field of English grammar have been truly remarkable. Through his innovative approaches to language instruction, his groundbreaking research, and his commitment to the development of practical teaching resources, Xu Lei has played a pivotal role in shaping the way English is taught and learned in China and beyond. His work has had a lasting impact on the field of language education, and his legacy will continue to inspire and inform the work of scholars and practitioners for generations to come.。
英语四级课程-阅读(徐磊)-讲义
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness” If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said avoid stressful events.But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity﹖Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.21. The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us ____ .to cope with sudden changes in life22. The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ____ .-related illnesses23. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ____ .how you can deal with life-changing events﹖ied someday25. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ____ .capable of coping with adversityPsychiatrists （精神病专家) who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing - older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older parents' biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor. often means parents, particularly fathers, "end up retiring much later." For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.Henry Metcalf. a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he's also worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader, but he's learned that young at heart doesn't mean young. Lately he's been taking afternoon naps (午睡) to keep up his energy. "My body is aging," says Metcalf. "You can't get away from that."Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work with middle-aged and older parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. "They worry they'll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they'll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school," says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one: "that they won't be alive long enough to support and protect their child," she says.Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband. Randy, had twins. "We both wanted children," says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins have given the couple what they desired for years, "a sense of family." Kids of older dads are often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives. 'The dads are older, more mature," says Dr. Silber, "and more ready to focus on parenting."36. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing?A) Older parents can better balance their resources against children's demands.B) Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.C) Older parents are often better prepared financially.D) Older parents can take better care of their children.37. What does the author mean by saying "For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream" (Lines 7-8, Para. 1)?A) They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.B) They can't get full pension unless they work some extra years.C) They can't obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of.D) They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retirement age.38. The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show thatA) many people are young in spirit despite their advanced age .B) taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energyC) older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodiesD) older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children39. What's the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst?A) Being laughed at by other people.B) Slowing down of their pace of life.C) Being mistaken for grandparents.D) Approaching of death.40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen?A) They thought they were an example of successful fertility treatment.B) Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children.C) Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.D) They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded — and can come back to haunt (困扰) you – appears to be the key to the findings.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca. New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week.In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told.Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium.He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.His results, to be presented at conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People are also more likely to lie in real time – in an instant message or phone calls – than they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous responses to an expected question, such as: “Do you like me dress?”Hancock hopes this research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his results, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.57. Hancock’s study focuses on____________.A the consequences of lying in various communications media.B the success of communications technologies in conveying ideasC people’s preferences in selecting communications technologies.D people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media.58.Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that_______.A people are less likely to lie in instant message.B people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactionsC people are most likely to lie in email communicationD people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversation.59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain medium of communication?A They are afraid of leaving behind traces of lies.B They believe that honesty is the best policy.C They tend to be relaxed when using those media.D They are most practiced at those forms of communications.60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales becauseA salesmen can talk directly to their customsB salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerateC salesmen can impress customers being trustworthyD salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively61.It can be inferred from the passage that _________.A honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications.B more employers will use emails to communicate with their employeesC suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposesD email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company.More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist (慈善家) David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion."During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments (情感) expressed in the letters posted on the website.Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March."We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.Energy tycoon (大亨) Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good."62. What's the purpose of the programme started by Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett?A) To spread the idea of charity around the world.B) To publicise the pains and gains of charity work.C) To involve more wealthy people in philanthropy.D) To narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.63. What message does Lorry Lokey intend to convey through his website posting?A) His family's income is far from large.B) The spirit of giving runs in his family.C) His family suffered during the Great Depression.D) The wealth of his family has come the hard way.64. Why are Buffett and Gates going to meet some wealthiest people in China and India?A) To share their experience with the newly rich there.B) To publicise their generosity in helping the needy.C) To persuade the wealthy people there to join their ranks.D) To help the billionaires there see the true value of money.65. What reason do some people give for declining to sign the pledge?A) They are unsure if they can meet the public's expectations.B) They have made plans for disposing of their wealth.C) They are still undecided whether to give or not.D) They are reluctant to be the focus of attention.66. What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say in his Giving Pledge letter?A) Blessed are those who inherit large fortunes.B) The more you give, the happier you will be.C) Leaving a fortune to one's children is unwise.D) Philanthropy can help free the poor from want.Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy（破产）protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency（自满）,” that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, sai d Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate （企业的）culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.62. What do we learn about Kodak?A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.B) It is approaching its downfall.C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.D) It is playing the dominant role in the film market.63. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.64. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.D) They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.65. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?A) A burden.B) A mirror.C) A joke.D) A challenge.66. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?A) Its blind faith in traditional photography.B) Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a __47__ . “I couldn't understand anything,” he said. He __48__ from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out.Then Mrs. Malave, a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and science in his __49__ Spanish. “She helped me stay smart while teaching me English,” he said. Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he __50__ confidence and began to succeed in school.Today, he is a __51__ doctor, runs his own clinic, and works with several hospitals. Every day, he uses the language and academic skills he __52__ through bilingual education to treat his patients.Roberto’s story is just one of __53__ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual education is the most __54__ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students __55__ outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college __56__ rates of more than 90%.In El Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation.•A) wonder I) hid•B) acquired J) prominent•C) consistently K) decent•D) regained L) countless•E) nightmare M) recalled•F) native N) breakthrough•G) acceptance O) automaticallyH) effectiveEI Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world. This strange __47__ happens every five to eight years. It starts in the pacific Ocean and is thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds(信风), which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in _48_, the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.The warning of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot, humid (潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe_49_ thunderstorms. The rainfall is increased across South America, __50__ floods to Peru. In the West Pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face drought, poor crops and _51_.EI Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 EI Nino brought the most __52__ weather in modern history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds_53_of damage. The 1990 EI Nino lasted until June 1995. Scientists _54__this to be the longest EI Nino for 2,000 years.Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an EI Nino will __55__, but they are still not __56__sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.[A] estimate [I] completely[B] strength [J] destructive[C] deliberately [K] starvation[D] notify [L] bringing[E] tropical [M] exhaustion[F] phenomenon [N] worth[G] stable [O] strike[H] attractionIt's the first question parents ask when their child is diagnosed with autism (自闭症). Will his future brothers or sisters have a higher risk of __47__ it, too?According to the largest study of siblings (兄弟姐妹) in families with autism, the answer is yes. Among 664 children who had at least one older sibling with the developmental disorder, the __48__ risk of autism was nearly 19%, __49__ higher than previous sibling-recurrence estimates that were anywhere from 3% to 10%. Kids with more than one older autistic sibling had an even higher risk of the disorder: 32%.The __50__ suggest that genes play a key role in autism risk. But they also hint that other environmental factors __51__ by siblings, like influences in the womb (子宫), may be important as well.On the __52__ of the findings, the researchers recommend that doctors closely __53__ younger siblings of autistic children to pick up any early signs of the disorder, __54__ an unusually large head or delayed language development and communication skills. Evidence suggests that early __55__ and diagnosis of autism can help children take advantage of therapies that can treat some of its __56__.•A) average I) including•B)basis J) monitor•C)common K) reason•D)consequently L)results•E) detection M) shared•F) developing N) symbols•G) distributed O) symptoms•H) dramaticallyUniversities Branch OutA) As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.B) In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative(合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.C) Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all underg raduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.D) Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students insummer internships(实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.E) Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.F) As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.G) For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.H) American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.I) Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.。
12.长难句的分析方法-高考英语一轮复习语法知识必备
纵观历年高考英语试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。 不难理解,命题者在句子难度上大做文章,无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂 结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读 能力的目的。下面我们来分析常见的长难句。
一、长难句的表现形式 形式1:复合从句 【特别提示】
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主语为Some companies,有两个谓语,即have made和emphasize。 ③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors’ chute(滑道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. 此句的主语为a microcomputer,有两个谓语,即locks和sets。
【考题再现】 (2021·全国乙卷)That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home
phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone.也就是说,老实说,唯一打过我们家庭电话的人 是我们婴儿潮一代的父母,到了我们玩拿起话筒以前猜一猜是谁在打电话游戏的时 候了。(That said与后面的宾语从句之间被插入语to be honest隔开了,宾语从句中的 主语the only people后who引导的定语从句使其与谓语部分are our Baby Boomers语序 【特别提示】
2014考研英语高分导学语法讲义
2014 考研基础讲义之语法解决真题-----文都名师韩苏课程目的：词汇+语法=句子+句子=文章，故有了语法，解决根本问题。
引言：语法的意义何在（什么是语法）（1997年翻译）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.（2006年阅读4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness.（2012年翻译）Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指导：如何解决考研语法：一个核心：两种顺序：三种残缺：五种从句：五种结构：一.语法核心——谓语（一个核心）1.谓语的意义：（2002年阅读）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the Arrayshort term.2.谓语判断原则：1）2）3）3.谓语判断举例：（1996年翻译）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.二.非谓语动词（三种残缺）提示记录区：简单句的成分1.非谓语动词来源：1）to do2）doing3）done4）done5）doing2.非谓语动词举例：1）做主语+宾语（2012年翻译）To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.2）定语提示记录区：done 和doing 作定语见，引言举例（2012年翻译）4）状语（2011Text2）Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”3. to do的形式用法1）形式主语overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.2）形式宾语：（2007年新题型）All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3）that形式主语（2006年翻译）Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?4)强调结构：（2009Text2）It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.三.定语与状语（两种顺序）1.定语成分与顺序1）定语成分一览表The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.时间代表句前 分隔主谓 之间 句尾 状语举例二：（1997 年 text5）Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing ” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.2. 状语分类与顺序 1. 状语分类2. 状语成分真题举例一：（2003年text1）Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession提示记录区：介词短语的作用提示记录区：状语翻译顺序四.五种从句1.从句概念与分类2.引导词B.关系副词3.从句特征一览表主语从句宾（表）语从句4.定语从句的特殊性1）限定性定语从句判定：He likes his father who gives money to him.2）有介词的定语从句举例一（2003年text3）It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.举例二（2003年翻译)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.举例三（2010年text1）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.举例四(2010年翻译)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.五.五种结构1.代词指代核心三原则：1. 2. 3.（2012年翻译）Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.2.平行比较结构1）平行原则：1. 2.（1995年翻译）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.2）比较原则：1. 2.（1995年翻译）Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3.分隔结构1)插入语分隔(2003翻译) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.2）状语分隔(2008年翻译) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.3）从句分隔见（2012年翻译）4.独立主格结构本质：（2003年text4）Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30minutes surgical procedure.5.倒装结构1）部分倒装：a b c（1986年text1）Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.(2009年text3)Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.（1996年text5）And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.2）完全倒装:a. b. c.（1997 passage 4）At the core of this debate was chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.(1998passage 5)Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.。
2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(117-118)讲义-高考英语一轮复习
一、长难句翻译117.It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.118.Given that many people's moods are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drug store of Chinese medicine.二、长难句翻译解析117.It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.01语法结构及词汇分析句子比较短，结构也清晰可见。
重点讲解的部分已经标上了重点符号。
①首先句子的主干部分是：It further requires sth(that...)，意思为：它进一步要求....further在这里是副词，修饰动词require。
意思是：进一步，在更大程度上。
出现了从句引导词that，这里分析前后，可以看出that引导的是宾语从句，作谓语动词require 的宾语。
宾语从句（黄色部分）的主语是【the doctor】，谓语是【doesn't overreact】。
overreact v. 反应过激例句：Many investors overreacted to the stock market crash.许多投资者对股市的崩溃反应过激。
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2014考研英语
语法与长难句
主讲：徐磊
一：动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。
二：英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n）
例如： 我 爱 你 ！
三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。
动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。
名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。
形容词：修饰名词。
副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。
例如：我 爱 你 ！
↑ ↑ ↑
形容词 副词 形容词 帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！
↑ ↑ ↑
副词 副词 副词 十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！
四、四大词性意义拓展
名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。
动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。
形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。
副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。
｛名词本身，代词，数词
1、名词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（the old），to do ,doing.
｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。
2、动词性：只有动词本身
｛形容词本身
3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（with care=careful），动词+ing
（interesting），动词+ed（interested）,to do,名词（baby girl）。
｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。
｛副词本身。
4、副词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词，动词+ing，动词+ed,to do.
｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。
五、语序调整
简单句：名词+动词+名词
修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。
六、动词的十六大时态
四个时 四个态 现在时 一般
过去时 进行
将来时 完成
过去将来时 完成进行
七、名词性从句—句子变名词（主语从句、宾语从句）
三步法：1、按照简单陈述句翻译
｛看句子中是否有特殊疑问词，如果有，提前；
2、提前｛看句子中是否有“是否”意义的词，如果有，提前；
｛如果二者都没有，则要在句首加that。
3、代入主句：按照 名词+动词+名词结构调整语序进行翻译
注意：句子变名词要作为不可数名词
八、形容词性从句—句子变形容词（定语从句）
五步拆分法：1、拆分
2、翻译
3、替换
4、整体提前
5、插入
九、同位语从句
如何判断是定语从句还是同位语从句：把空格前面的名词插入空格后面从句的任何位置，
看该句是否成立，可能出现的有五种情况
1、名词直接插入该句子成立，为定语从句
2、名词加上“的”字插入该句子成立，为定语从句
3、名词加上必要的“介词”插入该句子成立，为定语从句
4、若以上三中方法插入该句子均不成立，且名词等于整个从句的意思，为同位语
5、若以上四种情况均不成立，换其他名词再次插入，例如N1 of N2,如果N2不行，则插
入N1尝试，如果插入以后成立则为定语从句，若不成立，则为同位语从句。
十、名词性从句和形容词性从句的相互转化
例如：
名词性从句：I know what you know. =>I know the thing that you know. 形容词性从句
I know whatever you know.=>I know anything that you know
Who =the person who; whoever=any person who
What=the thing that; whatever=anything that
When=the time when; whenever=any time when
Where=the place where; wherever=any place where
How=the way hoe; however=any way how
十一、副词性从句—句子变副词（状语从句）
三步法：1、按简单句翻译
2、加副词关系词
3、代入主句翻译
状语类型：时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、方式、目的、让步、比较
十二、非谓语动词：
指动词变成了其他词性（名词、形容词、副词），但是还保留动词本身的一些特性
十三、长难句的基本分析方法
1、数谓语动词，一个长难句子里面有几个动词就包含几个句子，主句只有一个，
从句的个数=谓语动词的数量-1。
2、数连词，一般来说，有几个连词就有几个从句。
3、划掉连词和其他紧跟动词的成分，最后得出的就是主句。
十四、实战练习
1、Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share that because we are not robots
we therefore control our thoughts‐and reveal its erroneous nature.
2、While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in
reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？”
3、This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation，
of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
4、circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have
been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.
5、The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before
we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
6、Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects
would eat us up if birds failed to control them.。