器官移植

Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ.器官移植是转移到另一个身体的器官捐赠者网站或从病人自己的身体为目的,取代收件人的损坏或缺席的器官。

Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed closely by the liver and then the heart. The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold.器官移植可以是心脏,肾脏,肝脏,肺,小肠和胸腺胰腺。

组织包括骨头、肌腱(包括称为肌肉骨骼移植),角膜、皮肤、心脏瓣膜,和静脉。

在世界范围内,肾脏移植器官是最常用的,其次是肝脏然后心脏。

角膜和肌肉骨骼移植是最常用的移植组织;这些超过器官移植的10倍以上。

Organ donors may be living, or brain dead. Tissue may be recovered from donors who are cardiac dead - up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted and payment for organs for transplantation.[1][2] Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ harvesting or transplantation may occur. A particular problem is organ trafficking.[3] Some organs, such as the brain, cannot yet be transplanted in humans器官捐赠者可能生活,或脑死亡。

组织可能恢复援助国心脏死亡——过去24小时停止心跳。

不像器官,大多数组织(除了角膜)可以被保存下来的,而且保存长达五年,这意味着他们可以“倾斜”。

移植会产生大量的生物伦理问题,包括死亡的定义、何时以及如何同意应该给出一个器官被移植器官移植和支付。

[1][2]其他伦理问题包括移植旅游和更广泛的社会经济背景或移植器官摘取可能发生。

一个特定的问题是器官贩卖。

[3]一些器官,如大脑,还不能在人类被移植。

For a half century, implantology as an independent discipline through bumpy, achieved today's clinical application stage, making thousands of end-stage patients regain a new life.半个世纪以来，移植学作为一门独立的学科历经坎坷，达到了今天的临床应用阶段，使得成千上万的终末期患者重获新生。

器官移植历史器官移植是活性移植，要取得成功，技术上有3个难关需要突破。

一是移植器官一旦植入受者体内，必须立刻接通血管，以恢复输送养料的血供，使细胞赖以存活，这就要求有一套不同于缝合一般组织的外科技术，而这种完善的血管吻合操作方法，直到1903年才由A.卡雷尔创制出来。

Organ transplantation is active transplantation, to succeed, technology has three difficulties need to break through. One is the transplant once implant recipients body, must immediately on blood vessels, to restore transport nutrients for the blood, which makes the cell survival, which requires A different from suture general organization surgical technique, and this kind of perfect vascular anastomosis operation method, until 1903 by a. carrel create out.二是切取的离体缺血器官在常温下短期内（少则几分钟，多则不超过1小时）就会死亡，不能用于移植。

而要在如此短促的时间内完成移植手术是不可能的。

因此，要设法保持器官的活性，这就是器官保存。

方法是降温和持续灌流，因为低温能减少细胞对养料的需求，从而延长离体器官的存活时间，灌流能供给必需的养料。

直到1967年由F.O.贝尔泽、1969年由G.M.科林斯（均为美国人）分别创制出实用的降温灌洗技术，包括一种特制的灌洗溶液，可以安全地保存供移植用肾的活性达24小时。

这样才赢得器官移植手术所需的足够时间。

The second is chipped away from the body of the ischemic organs at normal temperature short-term (less is more than a few minutes, does not exceed 1 hour) will die,can not be used in transplantation. But in such a short time transplant is not possible. Therefore, to try to keep the activity of organs, this is the organ preservation. Method is cooling and continuous perfusion, because low temperature can reduce the cell to food demand, so as to prolong the survival time from body organs, perfusion can supply the necessary nutrients. Until 1967 the F.O. bell ze, 1969 by G.M. Corinth (both for americans) were created a practical cooling lavage technologies, including a special lavage solution, can safely saved for transplantation with renal activity for 24 hours. So just win the organ transplant operation needs enough time.三是医疗上用的器官来自另一个人。

但是受者作为生物有着一种天赋的能力和机构（免疫机构），能对进入其体内的外来“非己”组织器官加以识别、控制、摧毁和消灭。

这种生理免疫过程在临床上表现为排斥反应，导致移植器官破坏和移植失败。

到1960年代才陆续发现有临床实效的免疫抑制药物，这以后才能使移植的器官长期存活。

The third is the medical treatment with organs from another person. But recipients as biological had a talent ability and institutions (immune mechanism), able to enter the body of foreign "not yourself" tissue organ to identify, control, destroy and destroy. This kind of physiological immune process in clinic for the performance of the rejection, lead to transplant failure and the failure of transplantation.In the 1960 s have been found to have clinical effective immunosuppressive drugs, after that to make the new organ long-term survival.。