2020年3月8日山东省高2020届高2017级高三下学期开学收心检测英语试题

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第一部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2. 5分,满分37. 5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

ASome of the greatest scientists of all time are women who have made important discoveries in a variety of fields in science. Several of their contributions throughout history are even more than men's contributions. Our list of the most famous female scientists below are organized in order of popularity so you can read about the advancements that they made. Marie Curie (1867-1934)Famous For: Work on radioactivityMarie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the only woman to win this award in two fields: Physics and Chemistry. She discovered polonium and radium and her work helped with the creation of X-rays. Jane Goodall (1934)Famous For: Primate (灵长类)studiesJane Goodall is known world-wide for her groundbreaking studies on primates. She is considered as the top expert on chimps in the world and is perhaps best known for her 45-year study on the social lives of these animals in Tanzania.Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012)Famous For: Nerve growth studiesRita Levi-Montalcini was a neurologist (神经病学家)who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for her findings in Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). She was the first Nobel prize winner to live past her 100th birthday.Lise Meitner (1878-1968)Famous For: Work on radioactivity and nuclear physicsLise Meitner was a key member of a group that discovered nuclear fission (裂变). One of her colleagues, Otto Hahn, was given the Noble Prize for this work. That Meitner didn't get the award is considered to be a huge error by the Nobel committee.1. Who is still contributing to the world?A. Marie Curie.B. Jane Goodall.C. Rita Levi-Montalcini.D. Lise Meitner.2. What did Rita Levi-Montalcini reseach on?A. Nerve growth.B. The wildlife.C. Nuclear explosion.D. Radioactivity.3. What do we know about Lise Meitner?A. She was awarded the Nobel Prize.B. She made a big mistake in her work.C. She did lots of studies about nerve growth.D. She made great contributions to nuclear physics.BKnowing more about science than the average middle student, Caroline Crouchley,, 13 , of Garden City is a finalist in the 2019 3M Young Scientist Challenge. The annual competition tasks students in grades fifth to eighth with making a video tracing a unique solution to an everyday problem. Crouchley is one of 10 finalists chosen out of thousands of students this year.After watching her brother enter the competition several years ago, Crouchley, who has always loved science, couldn't wait for her turn. In May, she submitted a two-minute video about her idea to the organizer to create growing methods of public transportation. When she found out she was a finalist in June, she couldn't believe it.Crouchley's project was inspired by the construction she sees every day outside her window in Garden City, as well as the Long Island Railroad's recent expansion. She noticed transportation causes pollution in her community, and she was determined to find a way to stop it.“Maybe one day, we can have better technology and find a way to help the environment,,,” Crouchley said. In her video, Crouchley explains that the use of fossil fuels let out by public transportation is a major cause of environmental problems. She believes technology that reduces the need for a diesel (柴油)engine or an electric motor is the solution. To show her idea in action, she designed a new type of train.Crouchley created a computerized system design model for her train using an engineering program called Autodesk Inventor. She brought the train to life using a 3D printer, magnets (磁铁)and a solar-powered air compressor (压缩机).Crouchley said it took a long time to develop her ideas and make the video. She had to work under deadlines, too, which she said was stressful.4. What's the competition about?A. Solving daily problems.B. Knowing about science.C. Meeting personal curiosity.D. Answering the question on science.5. Which can replace the underlined word “tracing" in paragraph 1?A. arrestingB. overcomingC. describingD. accumulating6. What's the purpose of Crouchley's project?A. To help protect the environment.B. To invent a new kind of transportation.C. To inspire teenagers to struggle for their dreams.D. To find a solution to avoid using transportation.7. Which of the following best describes Crouchley?A. Energetic.B. Creative.C. Humorous.D. Demanding.CYou might easily gain access to fresh fruit and vegetables, but this isn't the case in some parts of America. The U. S. has many areas that are considered as food deserts, which are defined as parts of the country short of fresh fruit, vegetables and other healthy food, usually found in poor areas.Food deserts are urban areas where the nearest grocery store is more than 1 mile away, and rural areas where the nearest grocery store is more than 10 miles away. According to the USDA, 19 mil- lion Americans—or 6. 2% of the population—live in places that can be considered as food deserts.The issue isn't necessarily about the difference in cost between healthy and unhealthy foods in these areas but it's about a lack of access to healthy choices at all. And, with the lack of healthy food choices, these areas typically have a large supply of unhealthy foods sold at fast-food companies and convenience stores.Eating unhealthy foods can lead to overweight, which puts people at risk for all kinds of major health issues, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and some cancers.But some people, especially those who cannot afford a car, are stuck with eating what's readily available. In the case of food deserts, it's usually the type of food that can lead to over- weight. Studies have shown that this is likely to be a problem in low-income areas. When money is not enough, people tend to buy foods that last longer and remove food waste, which is a waste of their limited income.Lack of access is only one part of the problem, however. A study published in 2018 found that food inequality wasn't removed. The bigger issue was likely the lack of education and nutritional knowledge in these communities, which prevents people with lower incomes from understanding the benefits of healthy eating.While overweight is a significant issue in these communities, the cost of unhealthy eating isn't just physical.A study found that 71 billion dollars in healthcare costs due to chronic diseases could be saved through healthier eating.8. What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?A. 6. 2% of the Americans live in poor areas.B. Some parts of the USA lack fresh vegetables.C. Some people in America don't need fresh fruit.D. People in the food deserts buy fresh vegetables easily.9. Why can fast-food companies sell large amounts of unhealthy food in the food deserts?A. These areas are rich in unhealthy food materials.B. Fast-food companies want to make a larger profit.C. Healthy food choices are unavailable in these areas.D. People in these areas prefer unhealthy food to healthy food.10. What do studies say about people in low-income areas?A. They are less likely to have overweight problems.B. They are delighted to prepare food for themselves.C. They have to buy food that can be preserved longer.D. They are used to eating food donated by food companies.11. What stops people from understanding healthy eating benefits in the food deserts?A. Lack of government financial support.B. Lack of knowledge of disease prevention.C. Lack of social promotion of healthy eating.D. Lack of education and knowledge in nutrition.DRescuing victims from a burning building, a chemical spill, or any disaster that is inaccessible to human responders could one day be a task for adaptable robots. Imagine, for instance, rescue-robots rising up on two legs can bound through rubble (碎石),push aside a heavy obstacle, or break through a locked door.Engineers are improving the design of four-legged robots and their ability to run, jump and even do back leaps. But getting two-legged, human-like robots to use force or push against something without falling has been a lion in the way.Now engineers at MIT and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a method to control balance in a two-legged, tele-operated robot—an essential step toward enabling a human-like to carry out high-impact tasks in challenging environments. The team's robot, physically resembling a machined body and two legs, is controlled remotely by a human operator wearing a vest that sends information about the human's motion and ground reaction forces to the robot. Through the vest, the human operator can direct and experience the robot's movements. If the robot is starting to tip over, the human feels the same pull on the vest and can adjust in a way to rebalance both himself and the robot.In experiments with the robot to test this new balance feedback" approach, the researchers were able to remotely maintain the robot's balance as it jumped and walked in sync (同步)with its human operator.“It's like running with a heavy backpack—you can feel how the dynamics (力)of the backpack move around you, and you can make up properly," says Joao Ramos, who developed the approach as an MIT Postdoctor. “Now if you want to open a heavy door, the human can command the robot to throw its body at the door and push it open, without losing balance. ”12.What's the function of the first paragraph?A. Advertise a new robot.B. Show the appearance of the robot.C. Tell the principle of the two-legged robot.D. Introduce the purpose of the two-legged robot.13. What is the trouble with human-like robots?A. It's hard for them to do back leaps.B. It's hard for them to keep their balance.C. They can't push against anything hard.D. They often fall down when meeting the lions.14. What is special about the robot research at MIT?A. The tested robot's actions can be felt by the human operator.B. The robot is tested in challenging environments.C. The data on the tested robot is sent by phones.D. The tested robot has a voice-control system.15. Which is the best title for the text?A. The Strength of Two-legged RobotB. The Development History of RobotC. A New Four-legged Rescuing RobotD. New Research on Two-legged Robot第二节(共5小题;每小题2. 5分,满分12. 5分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。