英汉对比与翻译(好)
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英汉语言对比与翻译
“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题，傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神，那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑，而且结果是削足就履，两败俱伤。” 1
01
怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定：英语句子好比“一串珍珠”，而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，灿烂夺目。”1
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉语对比与翻译
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
C-E: from personal to impersonal
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱 歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
汉语动词常常重复或重叠
说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others say “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉 快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
英汉句子比较与翻译
01
傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
1
2
3
5
这个问题必须予以处理。
6
This matter must be dealt with.
7
无被动助词
1
看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
2
例句：
3
那里讲什么语言？
4
What language is spoken there?
5
这个任务必须按时完成。
6
This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
英汉词语的对比与翻译
增补译法
(1) The equipment should enter production in 2000 with first deliveries being made in 2001. (2) The project has been considerably speeded up. (3) According to the U.S. Commerce Department, the United States foreign debt swelled to $ 263.3 billion in 1986, up from $ 111.9 billion in 1985. (4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication.源自
(4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使他们的质量更好， 价格更便宜，数量更充足。（语义搭配需要） (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. 买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。 (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication. 一位外贸人员必须在经济学，数学，统计学，会计学 和文化交际等五个方面具有良好的功底。（增加范畴 词，表概括）
英汉句法对比和翻译
英汉句法对比和翻译摘要：句子是各种语言之间进行翻译转换的基本单位，而不同语言之言句法现象的差异决定了翻译过程中要采取相应的翻译策略。
因此，要做好翻译工作，就必须对英汉两种语言的句法现象差异充分地了解。
本文从语序，主动与被动，代替与重复等方面对英汉句法进行了对比，从而更好的进行翻译。
关键词：句子对比翻译一引言英译汉或汉译英的一切翻译理论、方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。
因此对于翻译实践来说，对比英汉两种语言的异同，尤其是英汉句法的对比，从而掌握两种语言的特点是十分重要的。
通过对比，掌握两种语言的特点，在翻译是就可以自觉地运用这些特点，还可以使我们重视一切难译之处。
英语和汉语在句法方面差异很大。
所有的英语句法规则，并不适合于汉语。
同样，所有的汉语句法规则也不都适合于英语。
本文从语序、意合与形合、主动与被动、代替与重复这四个方面来进行句法对比，从而使我们更好地进行翻译。
二语序英语中由于有动词的形态变化，加上各种关联词语，分句的安排比较自由，多数可前可后；而汉语分句的位置则不然，尽管有关联词语标示分句间的关系，但位置仍然比较固定，仍然要遵循时序先后，逻辑事理的规律安排顺序。
对比英汉语的语序实际上就是比较英汉语复合句中按时间和逻辑关系的顺序。
（一）英汉语复合句中的时间顺序1、英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以在主句之前，也可以在主句之后，叙述顺序很灵活；汉语则通常先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述。
例：1）After I had my dinner , I went out for a walk. (前置)我吃了晚饭后，出去散步。
(前置) 2）I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. （后置）我吃了晚饭后，出去散步。
（前置）3）Jake apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.原译：杰克先生明显地是被目击者相信开了三枪中的第一枪击中的。
第2章 英汉对比与翻译
selecting clothes, we avoid establishing a pattern of life.
原译：通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我 们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。
改译：欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天 的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。
例14 原句：已经拟定了一份新的课程纲要。 译文：A new syllabus has been drawn up.
our new home, wearing red baseball caps and
toothy smiles.
译文： 在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新
居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个
露齿而笑。
例13 原句：By changing daily food and randomly
7. 英语句子的谓语只能由动词担任；而汉语中谓语 可由所有的语言单位来承担。
由于汉语担任谓语的成分复杂，所以在汉译英时往往要重 新确定主语，必须将句子重心局限于谓语动词上，把看似 不能担任句子谓语的句子成分转化为英语的动词谓语。
例12 原文：In my favorite photo we are on the step of
wings.
译文：从某种程度上说，飞机的速度与机身和机翼的形
状有关。
Conclusion: 1. 英语重形态，汉语轻形态
英语词汇（主要是实词）有词形变化，而汉语词 汇一般来说并无词形变化。
如英语名词有人称、数、格的变化；动词有人称、 时态、情态、语气和非谓语动词变化；形容词和 副词有级的变化；代词则有人称和格的变化；许 多实词还可通过词缀引起词义和词性的变化等等。
原译：通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我 们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。
改译：欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天 的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。
例14 原句：已经拟定了一份新的课程纲要。 译文：A new syllabus has been drawn up.
our new home, wearing red baseball caps and
toothy smiles.
译文： 在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新
居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个
露齿而笑。
例13 原句：By changing daily food and randomly
7. 英语句子的谓语只能由动词担任；而汉语中谓语 可由所有的语言单位来承担。
由于汉语担任谓语的成分复杂，所以在汉译英时往往要重 新确定主语，必须将句子重心局限于谓语动词上，把看似 不能担任句子谓语的句子成分转化为英语的动词谓语。
例12 原文：In my favorite photo we are on the step of
wings.
译文：从某种程度上说，飞机的速度与机身和机翼的形
状有关。
Conclusion: 1. 英语重形态，汉语轻形态
英语词汇（主要是实词）有词形变化，而汉语词 汇一般来说并无词形变化。
如英语名词有人称、数、格的变化；动词有人称、 时态、情态、语气和非谓语动词变化；形容词和 副词有级的变化；代词则有人称和格的变化；许 多实词还可通过词缀引起词义和词性的变化等等。
英汉对比与翻译 ppt课件
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Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes:
• analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用
• scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少
外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？
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What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting
from the similarities and differences
between the target language and any
other language that has been previous7)
迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。
奥德林
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Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移)
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精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师？
• 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你 是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
• 你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？ • 教师的教鞭
• “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我 笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
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Examples of Negative Transfer
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
英汉对比与翻译_3
译文1：When I met father in Xuzhou, I can not help shedding tears when I saw the disorderly mess in the courtyard and thought of grandma.
译文2：When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
Chinese: Dynamic (动态)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble.
3. The sight of the big tree 我一看到那棵大树就想 always reminds me of my 起了童年的情景。 childhood.
Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)
译文对比
到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼籍的东西， 又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。
FL learning and translating. 对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。
Please translate the following sentences:
译文2：When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
Chinese: Dynamic (动态)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble.
3. The sight of the big tree 我一看到那棵大树就想 always reminds me of my 起了童年的情景。 childhood.
Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)
译文对比
到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼籍的东西， 又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。
FL learning and translating. 对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。
Please translate the following sentences:
英汉语篇照应衔接对比与语篇等效翻译
英汉语篇衔接对比与翻译
? 【2004年8级测试汉译英】
? ①在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。②人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。③这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。⑥愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。⑦于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。⑧这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。⑨第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
? You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.
他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。
? They forget the system of democratic centralism in which the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership to the Central Committee.
? 【2004年8级测试汉译英】
? ①在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。②人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。③这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。⑥愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。⑦于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。⑧这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。⑨第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
? You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.
他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。
? They forget the system of democratic centralism in which the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership to the Central Committee.
英汉对比与翻译(好)
我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and
benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Oh, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.
have stopped hunting for him.
Please compare the underlined words:
不要人云亦云。 这件事，你做也好，
他做也罢，我看谁 都做不好。
Don’t say what others have said.
Whether you do it or he does it, I’m afraid neither will do it well.
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and
benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources
Examples of Negative Transfer
6. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Oh, no. My English is still poor. -- Your English is wonderful. -- Thank you, but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.
have stopped hunting for him.
Please compare the underlined words:
不要人云亦云。 这件事，你做也好，
他做也罢，我看谁 都做不好。
Don’t say what others have said.
Whether you do it or he does it, I’m afraid neither will do it well.
英汉词语对比与翻译
（3）幽默（humor）、引擎（engine）
（4）保健（health protection）支部
（branch） 5.术语： 整数、分数、元素 6.特殊用语（1）敬语：“令”、“贵”、 （2）谦辞：敝、愚、小、拙 7.简称（1）抽取法：支部书记- 书记；科学 技术——科技
（2）标数法
英语表示人的后缀按附加的语义可分为这几类：
1，表示人的某种职业 -an historian -ant merchant -ar scholar -eer engineer -ist pianist -or author 2，表示具有某种职务 -ain captain -al principal -arch monarch -ary secretary 3，表示来自某个地方的人 -er villager -ese Chinese
汉语的字和词有区别：
单音节语素：实语素和虚语素 多音节语素
汉语词汇包括基本词汇和一般词汇
基本词汇：词汇的核心部分，发展过程中变
化最稳定、应用最广泛、构成新词能力最强 的那些词：天、地、山、水、年、门等。 一般词汇：1.古语词：天子、诸侯、尚书 2.新语词：克隆、计算机、网络 3.方言：二流子、母猪 4.外来词（1）咖啡coffee、尼龙nylon （2）卡宾枪（carbine）香槟酒 （Champagne）
4，表示信奉或信仰某种主义者 -an repulican -crat bureaucrat 5，表示做某种动作对人 -al rival
-ant/ent agent -ard laggard 6，表示感情色彩 -aster 带有“小、臭、丑”等轻蔑意味 Poetaster (大油诗人） criticaster 低劣的批评家 7，表阴性
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Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population. Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million. Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.
A
2
英汉 对比与翻译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移）
2. Linguis欢tic c迎ont光rast临（语言对比）
3. Contrast and translation （对比与翻译）
A
3
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
英汉 对比与翻译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
欢迎光临
A
1
A Chinese poem says, “A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”
海内存知己，天涯若比邻
Wishing you happiness every day!
东南西北 衣食住行 饥寒交迫
或迟或早 废寝忘食 田径项目
悲欢离合 水陆交通 生老病死
A
12
Examples of Negative Transfer
• unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Chinglish = English words + Chinese structure 汉语式英语 = 英语单词 + 汉语结构
A
7
Native Language Transfer Does Exist.
A
6
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes:
• analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用
• scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少
A
11
Examples of Negative Transfer
4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。 Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich. the rich and the poor
Word order transfer (词序迁移)
母语迁移现象确实存在
• The age of the learner: around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下
• The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语
A
8
Examples of Negative Transfer
1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。
The writer likes writing at light.
other language that has been previously
acquired .
Odlin (1989: 27)
迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之
间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。
奥德林
A
5
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移)
• Positive Transfer （正迁移）
(went)
(times)
Morphological transfer （词形迁移）
Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in
Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
A
10
Examples of Negative Transfer
3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。
Errors arise from
Errors decrease by
analogy.
analysis.
类推会产生错误。
分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences
between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？
A
4
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting
from the similarities and differences
between the target language and any
他不怕死。
(night)
He does not hear to die. (fear)
Phonological transfer (语音迁移)
The sound /n/ or /f/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ or /h/ serves as a substitute.
在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或
/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。
A
9
Examples of Negative Transfer
2、他一天只吃两顿饭。
He only eat two meal a day.
(eats) (meals)
Байду номын сангаас
我去年到北京去了三次。
I go to Beijing 3 time last year.
Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier.
Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前置数词来修饰。
A
2
英汉 对比与翻译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移）
2. Linguis欢tic c迎ont光rast临（语言对比）
3. Contrast and translation （对比与翻译）
A
3
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
英汉 对比与翻译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
欢迎光临
A
1
A Chinese poem says, “A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”
海内存知己，天涯若比邻
Wishing you happiness every day!
东南西北 衣食住行 饥寒交迫
或迟或早 废寝忘食 田径项目
悲欢离合 水陆交通 生老病死
A
12
Examples of Negative Transfer
• unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Chinglish = English words + Chinese structure 汉语式英语 = 英语单词 + 汉语结构
A
7
Native Language Transfer Does Exist.
A
6
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes:
• analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用
• scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少
A
11
Examples of Negative Transfer
4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。 Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich. the rich and the poor
Word order transfer (词序迁移)
母语迁移现象确实存在
• The age of the learner: around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下
• The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语
A
8
Examples of Negative Transfer
1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。
The writer likes writing at light.
other language that has been previously
acquired .
Odlin (1989: 27)
迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之
间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。
奥德林
A
5
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移)
• Positive Transfer （正迁移）
(went)
(times)
Morphological transfer （词形迁移）
Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in
Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
A
10
Examples of Negative Transfer
3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。
Errors arise from
Errors decrease by
analogy.
analysis.
类推会产生错误。
分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences
between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
外语学习中的语言迁移： 干扰还是促进？
A
4
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting
from the similarities and differences
between the target language and any
他不怕死。
(night)
He does not hear to die. (fear)
Phonological transfer (语音迁移)
The sound /n/ or /f/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ or /h/ serves as a substitute.
在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或
/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。
A
9
Examples of Negative Transfer
2、他一天只吃两顿饭。
He only eat two meal a day.
(eats) (meals)
Байду номын сангаас
我去年到北京去了三次。
I go to Beijing 3 time last year.
Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier.
Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前置数词来修饰。