4#车间开车方案
四的四字成语
四的四字成语关于四的四字成语导语：最美人间四月天里面说过，你是一树一树的花开，是燕在梁间呢喃，——你是爱，是暖，是希望，你是人间的四月天!关于四的成语也有很多的，请大家欣赏一下!1. 四海升平——指天下太平.2. 四海他人——指没有亲戚关系.3. 四海为家——原指帝王占有全国.后指什么地方都可以当作自己的家.指志在四方,不留恋家乡或个人小天地.4. 四海一家四海之内,犹如一家.形容天下一统.5. 四荒八极——四面八方极偏远之地.6. 四郊多垒——垒：营垒.敌军四面逼近,形势危急.也比喻竞争的对手多.7. 四角俱全——比喻完美无缺.8. 四脚朝天——四脚：指四肢.形容仰面跌倒.也形容人死去.9. 四马攒蹄——指两手两脚被捆在一起.10. 四面八方——指各个方面或各个地方.11. 四面出击——形容工作全面展开,没有重点.12. 四面楚歌——比喻陷入四面受敌、孤立无援的境地.13. 四面受敌——各个方面受到敌对势力的威胁或攻击.14. 四平八稳——原形容身体各部位匀称、结实.后常形容说话做事稳当.也形容做事只求不出差错,缺乏积极创新精神.15. 四清六活——形容机灵干练.16. 四衢八街——指大城市街道非常多.17. 四山五岳——泛指四面八方各个地区.18. 四时八节——四时：指春夏秋冬四季;八节：指立春、春分、立夏、夏至、立秋、秋分、立冬、冬至.泛指一年四季中各节气.19. 四时之气——本指一年四季的气象,后以“备四时之气”喻指人的.气度弘远.20. 四书五经——四书：亦称四子书,即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》;五经：《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》.指儒家经典.21. 四体百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.22. 四体不勤——四肢不劳动,形容脱离劳动.23. 四亭八当——亭、当：即停当,妥贴.形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.24. 四停八当——形容一切事情都安排得十分妥贴.同“四亭八当”.25. 四通八达——四面八方都有路可通.形容交通极便利.也形容通向各方.26. 四通五达——四通八达.形容交通畅达无阻.27. 四姻九戚——比喻亲戚极多.28. 四战之地——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.29. 四战之国——指四面平坦,无险可守,容易受攻击的地方.30. 四肢百骸——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.31. 四肢百体——人体的各个部分.泛指全身.同“四肢百骸”.32. 四至八道——旧时标志土地界域的用语.表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路.33. 四百四病——指四肢百体的四时病痛.泛指各种疾病.34. 四不拗六——指少数人拗不过多数人的意见.35. 四冲八达——指四通八达的要道.同“四冲六达”.36. 四冲六达——指四通八达的要道.37. 四大皆空——四大：古印度称地、水、火风为“四大”.佛教用语.指世界上一切都是空虚的.是一种消极思想.38. 四方八面——到处;各个方面.39. 四方辐辏——比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处.后引申为从各方聚集的意思.40. 四方之志——志：志向.指远大的志向.亦作“志在四方”.41. 四分五裂——形容不完整,不集中,不团结,不统一.42. 四分五落——形容分散零乱.43. 四分五剖——四分五裂.形容分散,不统一.44. 四纷五落——形容分散零乱.同“四分五落”.45. 四海波静——比喻天下太平.46. 四海承风——指全国都接受教化.47. 四海鼎沸——四海：古人以为中国四境有海环绕,用以指全国各地;鼎沸：比喻局势不安定,如同鼎水沸腾.形容天下大乱.48. 四海九州——指全中国.49. 四海飘零——四海：代指全国各地.飘零：比喻遭到不幸,失去依靠,生活不安定.指到处飘泊,生活无着.50. 四海升平——升平：太平.天下太平.51. 巴三览四——比喻说话拉扯,没有中心.52. 不三不四——指不正派,也指不象样子.53. 差三错四——颠倒错乱.54. 倒三颠四——形容言行无条理或神智不清,精神恍惚.55. 低三下四——形容态度卑贱低下也指工作性质卑贱低下.56. 颠三倒四——形容说话做事错杂紊乱.57. 丢三落四——形容做事马虎粗心,不是丢了这个,就是忘了那个.58. 接三连四——接连不断.59. 拉三扯四——指谈话或议论牵扯无关的人或事.60. 拿三搬四——比喻不服从调派.61. 欺三瞒四——一再欺骗隐瞒.62. 说三道四——形容不负现任地胡乱议论.63. 挑三拣四——形容过分地挑剔.也指对工作或事物再三挑选.64. 调三窝四——搬弄是非,挑拔离间.65. 推三阻四——找各种借口推托.66. 言三语四——言、语：说、讲.形容人多嘴杂,议论纷纷.67. 再三再四——重复好几次.68. 张三李四——假设的名字,泛指某人或某些人.69. 朝三暮四——原指玩弄手法欺骗人.后用来比喻常常变卦,反复无常.。
全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译（完整版）
全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译Unit 11. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。
2. We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.我们不能低估敌人,他们装备了最先进的武器。
3. Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasinglydesperate.菲尔已经三个月没有找到工作了,正在变得越来越绝望。
4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.作为项目经理,山姆办事果断,工作效率高,且判断准确。
5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.既然已经证实这家化工厂是污染源,村委会决定将其关闭,为此损失了一百个工作岗位。
Unit 21.There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.空气有一种不寻常的寂静,只有远处响着大炮的声音。
2. The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall inliving standards and an increase in social problems.在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已经引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。
四字开头的成语_
四字开头的成语四字开头的成语：四战之国、四方辐辏、四海昇平、四海飘零、四海皆兄弟、四肢百体、四肢百骸、四至八道、四通五达、四通八达、四停八当、四体不勤，五谷不分、四体不勤、四体百骸、四书五经、四时之气、四山五岳、四角俱全、四郊多垒、四荒八极、四海一家、四海为家、四海他人、四海九州、四分五剖、四纷五落、四分五落、四方之志、四方八面、四冲六达、四冲八达、四百四病、四面受敌、四面出击、四面楚歌、四亭八当、四海之内皆兄弟、四面八方、四马攒蹄、四脚朝天、四清六活、四平八稳、四分五裂、四海鼎沸、四姻九戚、四海升平、四衢八街、四海波静、四大皆空、四战之地【成语解释】（1）四战之国：指四面平坦，无险可守，容易受攻击的地方。
（2）四方辐辏：比喻四方的人才或货物像车轮上的辐条聚集在毂上那样汇集到一处。
后引申为从各方聚集的意思。
（3）四海昇平：指天下太平。
（4）四海飘零：四海：代指全国各地。
飘零：比喻遭到不幸，失去依靠，生活不安定。
指到处飘泊，生活无着。
（5）四海皆兄弟：世界各国的人民都象兄弟一样。
同“四海之内皆兄弟”。
（6）四肢百体：见“四肢百骸”。
1/ 4（7）四肢百骸：人体的各个部分。
泛指全身。
（8）四至八道：旧时标志土地界域的用语。
表示四面八方所到之处及通往的道路。
（9）四通五达：四通八达。
形容交通畅达无阻。
（10）四通八达：四面八方都有路可通。
形容交通极便利。
比喻事理融会贯通。
（11）四停八当：见“四亭八当”。
（12）四体不勤，五谷不分：形容旧时知识分子脱离生产劳动，缺乏生产知识。
（13）四体不勤：四肢不劳动，形容脱离劳动。
（14）四体百骸：见“四肢百骸”。
（15）四书五经：四书：亦称四子书，即《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》；五经：《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》。
指儒家经典。
（16）四时之气：本指一年四季的气象，后以“备四时之气”喻指人的气度弘远。
（17）四山五岳：泛指四面八方各个地区。
（18）四角俱全：比喻完美无缺。
4的艺术写法
4的艺术写法
数字“4”的艺术写法可以有多种形式，具体如下：
1. 硬笔书法形式：例如张恒成、司惠国、钱沛云、曾庆福等书法家的硬笔书法，他们的“4”字书写流畅、有力，线条流畅自然，整体造型美观。
2. 楷书形式：例如侯明浩、张恒成、阎锐敏、袁强等书法家的楷书，他们的“4”字书写规范、工整，笔画清晰，字形端庄。
3. 草书形式：例如司惠国、张恒成、刘少英、曾庆福等书法家的草书，他们的“4”字书写简约、流畅，线条变化多端，整体造型生动。
4. 隶书形式：例如沙舟、张恒成、柯春海、曾庆福等书法家的隶书，他们的“4”字书写规整、庄重，笔画粗细相间，整体造型古朴。
5. 篆书形式：例如李泽成、周稚云、张恒成、李永忠等书法家的篆书，他们的“4”字书写流畅、圆润，线条婉转自然，整体造型优美。
以上是一些常见的数字“4”的艺术写法，不同的书法家会有不同的风格和表现方式。
4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义
4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义在中国民间，许多人都因“四”与“死”的发音相近，面对“四”有所忌讳，和西方社会对“十三”的忌讳是类似的。
那么，你知道4的数字代表什么意思吗?接下来就跟着店铺一起去看看数字4的含义吧。
数字4的含义(一)数字4的含义：执行数数字四代表物质的坚固性，也就是物质的组成和建造。
一个坚固的物质或实体，是它众多构成体的整体组合，同时它自己又是二个新的整体。
绝对的一以数字四来定义自己，因爲他同时是一个整体和所有构成体(创造)的组合。
埃及人运用四个简单的现象(火、风、土、水)来形容构成物质所必需的四元素的作用角色。
火是活跃的，凝结的法则;土是接收的、格式化的法则，风是细微的、沉思的法则，会影响力量的交换;水是总和，是人、土、水的组合法则，水也是一种在它们之上的物质。
数字4总是呈现出苦难的特质，它代表着生命中那些让你感觉受限、需要收敛自我的方面。
面对种种困难应该采取怎样的解决之道，我们在面对逆境的时又应当如何规范自己的工作生活，都需要极强的组织思维与自律性，数字4便是带给我们这样的人生课题。
数字4的含义(二)关键词：限制、规范、服务象征符号：四方型属性：计算智商型对应色彩;绿色五行：阴火星座排行：巨蟹这个数字在形态上就像一把三角量尺，代表精算，中规中矩，同时每一笔都是直挺的，见棱见角，象征着死板，不知变通。
四季分春夏秋冬，方向分东南西北，物质存在的四元素分为火、水、风、地，数字4代表了完整的秩序。
数字4的物质平面结构就像一个正方盒子，坚固、完善、安全。
数字本质都带有原始的意义，1和2的结合创造了3，当组合成一个家庭时，就要靠数字4来稳定生存的基本“安全”，4的任务就是实现和显化。
正面优势帮助他人，实际，秩序，效率，自律，组织力，可靠，实干，诚恳，有勇气，任劳任怨，未雨绸缪，稳重，做事认真，坚定，忠实，逻辑分明负面挑战心胸狭隘，情绪紧张，不妥协，过分固执，过于谨慎，约束，拒绝改变，自我保护，挑剔，嫉妒心，吝啬，心胸狭窄，缺乏想象力，说教，不变通，无趣乏味恐惧变化，不稳定，生活危机数字4的含义(三)起初，人们都认为“四”最一般的象征含义是四方和四时。
4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义
4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义 在中国民间，许多⼈都因“四”与“死”的发⾳相近，⾯对“四”有所忌讳，和西⽅社会对“⼗三”的忌讳是类似的。
那么，你知道4的数字代表什么意思吗?接下来就跟着店铺⼀起去看看数字4的含义吧。
数字4的含义(⼀) 数字4的含义：执⾏数 数字四代表物质的坚固性，也就是物质的组成和建造。
⼀个坚固的物质或实体，是它众多构成体的整体组合，同时它⾃⼰⼜是⼆个新的整体。
绝对的⼀以数字四来定义⾃⼰，因爲他同时是⼀个整体和所有构成体(创造)的组合。
埃及⼈运⽤四个简单的现象(⽕、风、⼟、⽔)来形容构成物质所必需的四元素的作⽤⾓⾊。
⽕是活跃的，凝结的法则;⼟是接收的、格式化的法则，风是细微的、沉思的法则，会影响⼒量的交换;⽔是总和，是⼈、⼟、⽔的组合法则，⽔也是⼀种在它们之上的物质。
数字4总是呈现出苦难的特质，它代表着⽣命中那些让你感觉受限、需要收敛⾃我的⽅⾯。
⾯对种种困难应该采取怎样的解决之道，我们在⾯对逆境的时⼜应当如何规范⾃⼰的⼯作⽣活，都需要极强的组织思维与⾃律性，数字4便是带给我们这样的⼈⽣课题。
数字4的含义(⼆) 关键词：限制、规范、服务 象征符号：四⽅型 属性：计算智商型 对应⾊彩;绿⾊ 五⾏：阴⽕ 星座排⾏：巨蟹 这个数字在形态上就像⼀把三⾓量尺，代表精算，中规中矩，同时每⼀笔都是直挺的，见棱见⾓，象征着死板，不知变通。
四季分春夏秋冬，⽅向分东南西北，物质存在的四元素分为⽕、⽔、风、地，数字4代表了完整的秩序。
数字4的物质平⾯结构就像⼀个正⽅盒⼦，坚固、完善、安全。
数字本质都带有原始的意义，1和2的结合创造了3，当组合成⼀个家庭时，就要靠数字4来稳定⽣存的基本“安全”，4的任务就是实现和显化。
正⾯优势 帮助他⼈，实际，秩序，效率，⾃律，组织⼒，可靠，实⼲，诚恳，有勇⽓，任劳任怨，未⾬绸缪，稳重，做事认真，坚定，忠实，逻辑分明 负⾯挑战 ⼼胸狭隘，情绪紧张，不妥协，过分固执，过于谨慎，约束，拒绝改变，⾃我保护，挑剔，嫉妒⼼，吝啬，⼼胸狭窄，缺乏想象⼒，说教，不变通，⽆趣乏味 恐惧 变化，不稳定，⽣活危机 数字4的含义(三) 起初，⼈们都认为“四”最⼀般的象征含义是四⽅和四时。
WTZ-4使用说明
2.3具有工作状态显示功能及自检结果调用显示功能。
2.4具有单工同/异频功能。
2.5具有长发保护功能。
3
主机架一台
控制盒(仅车站台、遥控台配置)一只
控制盒连接电缆(仅车站台、遥控台配置)一根
车站台至天线间馈线（长度见合同）一根
天线（全向或定向）一付
区间台由电台、电源、遥控盘、主控盘及有线防雷配线板组成。不配置车站控制盒,区间台受遥控台控制。
车站台由电台、电源、主控盘、有线盘(根据用户需要选配)、有线防雷配线板及车站控制盒组成。
由于主机各部分形成单盘化，因此维修方便。
2
2.1区间台具有交/直流电源自动切换功能。当远供停电时，自动转换到预先接通的电池组上。
ON (1)
5频组
457.925 MHz
ON (1)
OFF(0)
OFF(0)
6频组
458.000 MHz
ON (1)
OFF(0)
ON (1)
7频组
458.200 MHz
ON (1)
ON (1)
OFF(0)
8频组
458.250 MHz
ON (1)
ON (1)
ON (1)
测试操作方法及显示简表
初始状态:控制盒状态灯全亮,其余灯灭。
5.6.3车站值班员拿起手机可以监听调度与司机间通话,握PTT键时可插话。
5.7机车、车站或便携台单工呼入
5.7.1若收到机车台、便携台或相邻站台呼叫本车站台的信令时,则站台进入单工通信状态,呼叫信令消失,站台自动发射0.5秒回铃音,同时控制盒上“同频司机”键和“同频车站”键的红色指示灯亮,车站台置为接收状态,可从控制盒喇叭中接收呼叫话音,如果8秒内不摘机,则指示灯熄灭,车站台回到守候状态。
四的所有写法
四的所有写法
“四”有很多种写法，包括楷书、行书、草书、隶书、篆书等。
以下是一些示例：
1. 楷书：楷书是一种非常规整的字体，每个字都有自己的标准写法。
在楷书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。
2. 行书：行书是一种相对楷书而言更为流畅的字体，常常用于书写行草书。
在行书中，“四”的写法与楷书类似，但是更为流畅自然。
3. 草书：草书是一种较为潦草的字体，常常用于快速书写。
在草书中，“四”的写法是：先写一横，再写两竖，最后写一横。
4. 隶书：隶书是一种较为庄重的字体，常常用于书写碑文等。
在隶书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。
5. 篆书：篆书是一种较为古老的字体，常常用于书写古文等。
在篆书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。
总之，“四”的写法有很多种，不同的字体有不同的写法。
以上只是列举了一些常见的写法，具体可以根据需要选择适合的字体进行书写。
4论发怒
• 例子： • 夫妻刚结婚的时候，卿卿我我“相敬如宾”， 生活一段时间，平淡了，问题出现了，吵架生 气，如果不能得到及时解决，就会“相敬如 兵”，唇枪舌剑，互不相让，当气愤转为怨恨 的时候，就会导致“相敬如冰”了，冷的连话 都不想说，这样的光景，势必让魔鬼钻空子， 撒旦的谎言就会在你心中动工“这日子没法过 了”“他根本不爱我”，一个家庭就这样容易 破裂，原本一对相爱的人，就因为小事生气含 怒长久，导致爱不在，人分离。心灵造成很大 的创伤。
由21-26 节开始，主耶稣用六个例 子来讲解神的律法
• 一、旧约：不可杀人──新约：不可动怒、辱 骂、不和(21~26 节) • 二、旧约：不可奸淫──新约：不可动淫念、 离婚(27~32 节) • 三、旧约：不可背誓──新约：不可起誓、多 法利赛人 耶 稣 说 (33~37 节 ) 1、不可杀人 1、不可发怒 •2 四、旧约：以眼还眼 ──新约：不可作对、推 、不可奸淫 2、不可淫念 辞 (38~42 节 ) 3、不可背誓 3、不可说谎 •4 五、旧约：爱邻舍、恨仇敌 ──新约：爱仇敌、 、以眼还眼 4、不要做对 为逼迫者祷告 (43~47 节 5、恨仇敌 5、爱仇敌
• 上帝发怒 诗7:11 神是公义的审判者，又是天 天向恶人发怒的神。 出34:6 不轻易发怒 • 主耶稣也曾动怒（太21：12-19；23：17；可3： 15） • 摩西发怒 [出32：19]„„看见牛犊，又看见 人跳舞，便发烈怒，把两块版扔在山下摔碎 了„„ • 义怒：因圣洁的属性，恨恶罪恶；公义施行审 判 • 人的怒气即使出于公义，也常常容易失控而犯 罪，因为人的怒气也常常带着私欲。（人不绝 对公平）
• 例子： 开车司机 • 有的人气急了，说：傻了吧唧的，缺心眼啊； 也有人，嘴上不说，记在心里，心中怀恨、怀 怨，不肯饶恕，冷若冰霜。 • 因此，主耶稣提醒我们不要容许自己自私的怒 气。 • 如果动怒是被禁止的，那么侮辱和攻击的言词 同样是可耻的，是犯罪。
4为什么是中国最吉利的数字
一．4为什么是中国最吉利的数字？
1、人丁兴旺：首先四就像是一个四合院，象征着家族中人丁兴旺、子孙满堂，这是一种非常有福气的寓意。
所以对于一个人丁稀少的家庭来说，最好选择和数字四有关的东西，比如住在4层楼，买东西买4个等等，这都是能够增加家里人口的好办法，而且让家中的子孙运会一直增长下去。
2、好事成双：数字四本身就是一个双数，所以大多数的时候，它们都是代表着成双成对的寓意，比如四喜临门、四喜发财等等，在民间还有一道菜叫做四喜丸子，这些说法都是在寓意着好事成双，象征着一种极为富贵吉利的寓意。
故而我们可以将数字四作为吉利数字来进行使用。
3、和谐稳固：自古以来，中国的建筑设计和园林风格都是在讲究对称的，因为人们相信四平八稳的对称才是最和谐、最稳固的形态，直到今天，方方正正依旧还是各种设计种主要的运用方式，比如衣柜、桌椅等等，都是在讲究方方正正的对称。
而数字四就是这样方方正正的对称，所以四代表着和谐和稳固。
数字4的风水含义是什么
数字4的风水含义是什么
【数字4的风水含义】
1、阴阳平衡：数字4可以把阴阳的力量平衡起来，表示着阴与阳的不
断变化和互相补充，象征和谐、长寿、统一。
2、造型象征：数字4有“方正”之美，比喻调和之美，可以应用到建筑、装饰、摆设等方面，给人以宽广、充满、安全的感觉。
3、古德耆境：数字4与中国传统哲学的“道德耆境”有着巨大的关联，
反映了四季的到来，以及极乐世界和宇宙的起源、互动和演化。
4、五行关联：数字4有着与五行关联的含义，阳有着土、金、水、火，而阴有木，这五者是相互结合、彼此促进的，象征着新的生命和宁静。
5、四象传承：数字4和“四象”有着深刻的联系，象征着永恒不变、四
季之秀、平和宽容，在整个宇宙体系里具有根本的纽带作用。
6、吉祥意义：数字4代表吉祥、繁荣、和平，可以用在室内、家居装
饰上，把不同的物质与精神元素完美结合，给人以喜乐，祝愿团圆，
家庭团聚。
7、合圆卦象：数字4与家庭组织的卦象有着重要的相关性，象征着图
腾的复合性和社会的维系。
可以把它用在书画、香梯、摆件等上，预
示着一家人和睦、完满相处。
高中英语必修4翻译
高中英语必修4翻译★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/清华大学英语教授研究组提供必修4第一单元女人成就感阅读如果你想观赏非洲野生动物的一名学生这是45是,太阳初升带来超过贡贝国家公园东非。
证明简的研究途径黑猩猩,我们小组都去拜访他们在森林里。
简研究这些家庭野生黑猩猩很多年了,帮助人们了解多少它们像人类。
看一个家庭的黑猩猩醒来是我们的第一项活动的时间。
这意味着回到的地方,让我们离开了家睡在树是昨天。
每个人会和等待在树荫下树,而家庭开始醒来,驶去了。
然后我们坚持他们在进了森林。
大多数时候,黑猩猩要么饲料或清洁彼此示爱的一种方式,在他们的家庭。
简警告我们,我们的团队将会非常累又脏的下午,她是对的。
然而,晚上,什麽都值得。
我们能看到母亲黑猩猩和她的孩子们玩的那棵树。
然后我们再来看看他们去睡在一起在他们的巢过夜。
我们意识到债券成员之间的家庭是一只母黑猩猩一样强大在一个人类的家庭。
没有人在简完全理解黑猩猩的行为。
她花了几年的观察和记录他们的日常活动。
因为她的童年她原先想对动物的研究工作在自己的环境。
然而,这不是一件容易的事。
当她第一次到达贡贝在1960年,是不同寻常的女人生活在森林里。
只有在她母亲来帮助她在最初的几个月里使她得以开始自己的计划。
她的工作改变方式人们想黑猩猩。
举例来说,最重要的一点是,她发现黑猩猩打猎和吃肉。
在那之前,每个人都认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。
她实际观察的黑猩猩,作为一个群体,准备捕捉一只猴子,然后吃它。
她也发现黑猩猩彼此沟通,她的研究他们的肢体语言帮助她制定好社会制度。
四十年学者珍‧古德已直言不讳的关于使世界上的其他国家了解和尊重这些动物的生命。
她声称,野生动物应离开了野生地和不使用娱乐或广告。
她已经帮助建立特别的地方,在那里他们可以安全地生活。
她正领导忙碌的生活,但她说:“当我停,这都是,我记得的拥挤黑猩猩在实验室进行的。
这真是糟透了。
它影响着我,当我看野生黑猩猩。
上海外语教育出版社大学英语听说教程4听力原文
全新版大学英语听说教程第四册听力原文（上海外语教育出版社）Unit1(BOOK4)Part B The Hospital WindowJack and Ben, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. Jack, whose bed was next to the room's only window, was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. But Ben had to spend all day and night flat on his bed. To kill time the two men began to talk. They talked for hours about their wives, families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, and where they had been on vacation. As days went by, a deep friendship began to develop between them.Every afternoon when Jack could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to Ben all the things he could see outside the window. And Ben began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amid flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees beautified the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance.As Jack described all this in exquisite detail, Ben would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scenes.One warm afternoon Jack described a parade passing by. Although Ben couldn't hear the band -- he could see it in his mind's eye as Jack portrayed it with descriptive words.Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of Jack, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.Ben was heart broken. Life without Jack was even more unbearable. How he longed to hear Jack's voice and his melodious descriptions of the outside world! As he looked at the window, an idea suddenly occurred to him. Perhaps he could see for himself what it was like outside. As soon as it seemed appropriate, Ben asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone.Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself! He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall!'What could have compelled my roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window?' Ben asked the nurse when she returned.'Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you to live on,' she said. 'You know, he was blind and could not even see the wall.'Questions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Jack?3. What did Jack describe to Ben according to the story?Part CAdditional ListeningShort ConversationsConversation 1:M: How do you like your roommate, Debby?W: Ever since we met on the first day of college, we've been inseparable.Q: What do you know about Debby and her roommate?Conversation 2:M: Have you heard from Linda lately? You two were so intimate in college.W: Well, honestly, I haven't heard from her as much as I used to since she moved to the east coast two months ago. But I'm sure the friendship between us is as strong as it was before.Q: What can you infer from the woman’s response?Conversation 3:W: Do you keep in touch with your old friends back home now that you don't see them regularly? M: Frankly, after I moved to this city, I'm out of touch with most of them except a few close ones. Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 4:W: It's polite to call a friend before we visit, isn't it?M: You're right. People usually don't like surprise visits. But close friends often drop in on each other.Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 5:M: Cathy, it seems that you and Sally do almost everything together.W: That's true. You see, we were born on the same day. We both majored in fashion designing. And we even have the same love for using bright-colored material in our designs. Isn't it amazing! Q: What can we learn from the conversation?Part DThe Colors of FriendshipLegend has it that the colors of the world started to quarrel one day. All claimed that they were the best, the most beautiful.Green said: "Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die."Blue interrupted: "You only think about the earth, but have you ever considered the color of the sky and the sea?"Hearing this, Yellow chuckled: "You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety and warmth into the world. I am the color of the sun, the moon and all the stars. Without me there would be no fun."Orange started next to blow her trumpet: "I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious, for I serve the needs of human life."At this, Red could stand it no longer. He shouted: "I am the ruler of all of you. I am the color of blood -- life's blood! I am also the color of danger and bravery, of passion and love."Purple rose up to his full height: "I am the color of royalty and power. I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey."Finally Indigo spoke: "Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection."And so the colors went on boasting. Their quarrelling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightning, followed by a roll of thunder. Rain started to pourdown. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.Just then rain began to speak: "You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me."Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands.Then rain continued: "From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky to form a great bow of colors as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow."And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, a rainbow appears in the sky, to let us remember to appreciate one another.Unit 2Part BEmbarrassing Experiences (Part One)Interviewer: Rob, you went to Brazil, didn't you?Rob: Yes, I did.Interviewer: So, what happened?Rob: Well, I went into this meeting and there were about, er... seven or eight people in there and I just said 'Hello' to everybody and sat down. Apparently, what I should have done is to go round the room shaking hands with everyone individually. Well, you know, it's silly of me because I found out later it upset everyone. I mean, I think they felt I was taking them for granted.Kate: Well, I know that because when I was in France the first time, I finished a meeting , with 'Goodbye, everyone!' to all the people in the room. There were about half a dozen people there but I was in a hurry to leave, so I just said that and left. Well, I later found out that what I should have done is shake hands with everyone in the group before leaving. Now, apparently, it's the polite thing to do.Interviewer: Well, people shake hands in different ways, don't they?Rob: Oh, yes, that's right, they do. See, normally I shake hands quite gently when I meet someone. So when I went to the US for the first time, I think people there thought my weak handshake was a sign of weakness. Apparently, people there tend to shake hands quite firmly.Kate: Oh, gosh, you know, that reminds me: on my first trip to Germany, it was a long time ago, I was introduced to the boss in the company when he passed us in the corridor. Well, I wasn't prepared, and I mean, I had my left hand in my pocket. And when we shook hands I realized my left hand was still in my pocket. Well, that was, you know, very bad manners and I was quite embarrassed.Interviewer: And how about using first names? Have you made any mistakes there?Rob: Oh, yes, I have! When I first went to Italy I thought it was OK to use everyone's first name so as to seem friendly. And I later discovered that in business you shouldn't use someone's first name unless you are invited to. Oh, and you should always use their title as well.Kate: Hm, yeah, well, when I met people in Russia, you know, they seemed to be puzzled when I shook hands with them and said 'How do you do?' Well, what they do when they greet a stranger is to say their own names, so I had that all wrong!Rob: Oh, yes, I agree with that. Remembering names is very important.Interviewer: Shall we take a break? When we come back we'll move on to our next topic.Kate & Rob: OK.Questions:1. What is the conversation mainly about?2. Who might be the people Rob and Kate met in various countries?3. What can we infer about Kate and Rob from the conversation?4. Which countries has Kate visited, according to the conversation?5. Which countries has Rob visited, according to the conversation?6. What is the main message that the speakers want to tell us?Part CAdditional ListeningAmerican PartiesAs you would imagine, Americans move about a great deal at parties. At small gatherings they may sit down, but as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room - a little before this point - you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to his feet to fetch a drink or greet a friend or open a window until soon everyone is standing, moving around, chatting with one group and then another. Sitting becomes static beyond a certain point. We expect people to move about and be "self-starters". It is quite normal for Americans to introduce themselves; they will drift around a room , stopping to talk wherever they like, introducing themselves and their companions. If this happens, you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you; then at least the men generally shake hands. Sometimes the women do so as well, but often they merely nod and smile. A man usually shakes a woman's hand only if she extends it. Otherwise he too just nods and greets her.Statements:1. We can't imagine that Americans do not like big parties and they prefer going around at parties.2. At small parties they may sit down, but as more people come, they would stand up and move about.3. The reason why Americans like to stand is that they like the free atmosphere of the party.4. The meaning of "self-starters" is that Americans help themselves to drinks during the parties.5. Americans are more open-minded than British people according to the passage.6. If a woman doesn't extend her hand to a man at the party, he should not shakes hands with the woman.7. The passage shows a unique aspect of American culture.Embarrassing Experiences (Part Two)Interviewer: Let's go on with our talk. What do you think of business cards, Rob?Rob: I found them very useful when I was in Japan not so long ago. Each person can clearly see the other's name and the job title on the card. And I found out that you have to treat business cards with respect. What you've got to do is hold them with both hands and then read them very carefully. What happened to me was the first time I just took a man's card with one hand and put it straight into my pocket.Interviewer: What other advice do you have, Kate?Kate: Well, one time I unintentionally caused some problems when I was in China. Well, I was trying to make a joke when I pretended to criticize my business associate for being late for a meeting. And he was embarrassed, I mean, he was really embarrassed instead of being amused. Now you shouldn't criticize people in China or embarrass them. I mean, you must avoid confrontation. That's for sure!Rob: Oh, I must tell you about the first time I was in Mexico! I have to admit I found it a bit strange when business associates there touched me on the arm and the shoulder. Well, I tried to move away and, of course, they thought I was being very, very unfriendly. Apparently, it's quite usual there for men to touch each other in, you know, in a friendly way. Oh ... oh, and another thing, the first time I went to Korea I thought it was polite not to look someone in the eye too much. The Koreans I met seemed to be staring at me when I spoke, which seemed, you know, a bit odd at first. In Korea, eye contact conveys sincerity and it shows you're paying attention to the speaker.Kate: Oh, well, it seemed strange because you British don't look at each other so much when you're talking to each other. I mean, you look away, you know, most of the time. I found this hard to deal with when I first came to the UK, because people seemed to be embarrassed when I looked at them while they were speaking to me.Interviewer: So what's the thing visitors to Britain should avoid most?Rob: Well, I don't think we're all that sensitive, do you, Kate?Kate: Ohoo, well, I'll tell you, I made a big mistake when I was in Scotland. I found myself referring to the UK as "England" and to the British as "the English". Now, I know that would be just as bad in Wales, I guess.Rob: Yes, it certainly would!Unit 3Part BBirthday Celebrations Around the WorldChairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World. Yes, folks, we've been on the air for exactly one year now, and we thought it would be a nice idea to have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations around the world. With us in the studio tonight we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane, who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star. Shaheen: Good evening.Pat: Good evening.Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you. How are birthdays celebrated in India? Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that everyone in the world celebrates their birthday. This just isn't the case. Low-income families in India, for instance, simply can't afford any festivities. And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here. The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays, and in any case most people, until a couple of hundred years ago, couldn't even read and wouldn't have even been able to spot their birthday on a calendar anyway. Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays. In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia, for example, the rich people invite friends and families around. But not in small villages. Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one. But now it seems to have moved to eighteen. Is that true?Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote, you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on. But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty before you can smoke or drink. Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country, girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen. And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.Chairman: That's interesting. I mean is it typical that around the world girls are considered to bemore mature than boys?Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and there are some countries, particularly in South America, which have a big party only for girls. In Mexico and Argentina, for example, they have enormous parties for 15-year-old girls.Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty. It's kind of embarrassing. I mean you get pepper thrown at you.Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?Pat: I'm not really sure.Shaheen: So does that mean that on your 29th birthday you can start thinking 'God I better get married'?Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth and so on. Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...Chairman: Eighty-eighth?Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday. Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.Questions:1. What is One World?2. What is the topic of the program?3. What do Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane do?4. Why don't some people in India celebrate their birthdays?5. According to Pat, when did people around the world begin to celebrate their birthdays?6. Why is the eighteenth birthday so important in Finland?7. Why can girls in some countries get to vote at an earlier age than boys?8. Which of the countries mentioned in the text are Muslim countries?Part CAdditional ListeningsOne World One MinuteOne World One Minute is a unique film project that invites participants in every country around the globe to record, simultaneously, one minute of their lives, one minute of our world. Sponsors of this project have chosen 12:48 GMT, September 11th 2002 as the one minute to record. At that moment exactly a year earlier began the terrorist attacks that led to the deaths of more than 2,000 people from over 60 countries. For many this will be a time of remembrance and reflection. And for others this will be an appropriate time for international communication, cooperation and sharing. It will offer them an opportunity to share a moment of their world and their life with others, an opportunity to both talk to and listen to the world, to join with others around the globe and create a truly unique record and experience. This is the idea behind the project One World One Minute.Participants are free to choose what and how to record their One Minute. Some may want to take photographs, some paint or draw pictures, while others may want to write something and record their readings. The material can be submitted to the project organizers in Scotland via e-mail or post within 6 weeks of September 11th. All the material will then be made into a feature-length film, which will capture that One Minute of our existence.The film will explore the rich diversity that is both humanity and our world. It will allow a voice to all people regardless of nationality, religion, race, political viewpoint, gender or age. Therich diversity that is Humanity shall be there for all to see.Participants will not only be kept informed of the progress of the film and the release process but will be invited to actively participate through newsletters and discussion forums.When the film is finished, it will be shown in every country of the world, both in cinemas and on TV. Contributors will be invited to attend the premiere of the film in their respective countries and will receive a full screen credit on the finished production.Statements:1. One World One Minute is a project sponsored by some filmmakers in Hollywood.2. The purpose of the project is to record how people of the world mourn the death of those who lost their lives in New York's World Trade Center.3. Participants may come from different races or nations, have different religious beliefs, and maintain opposite political viewpoints.4. Participants are invited to record one minute of their lives on any given day.5. Participants are encouraged to make short video films to record an important event in their lives.6. The project will offer people from various parts of the world an opportunity to share a moment of their life with others.7. The organizers believe that humanity is represented by the colorful variety of people's life all over the world.8. Participants are required to submit what they have recorded to organizers by e-mail not later than September 11, 2002.9. All the material submitted by the participants will be made into a feature-length film and shown on TV and in cinemas throughout the world.10. The film will become a powerful means to unite people all over the world in the war against terrorism.Part DOne World, Many UniversesOurs is, in many ways, a world without boundaries. Being a citizen of a particular nation is almost as much as being a resident of a particular town or province. Boundaries of class and caste that once shaped societies continue to fade. The freedom of people to move increases gradually with the relaxation of immigration laws in the last century. Many countries have fairly simple requirements for obtaining citizenship and voting rights.In Europe, for example, the European Union's membership has grown to 15 countries and may increase to 21 or more by 2010. It has developed a common body of laws, common policies and practices, and a great deal of cooperation among its members. The adoption of the single currency, the euro, by 12 of its member countries and the circulation of euro cash in January 2002 have enabled citizens in these countries to move about even more freely.In addition, all of the major organized religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, are alive and well, but less clearly and exclusively identified with specific cultures and geographic regions. People everywhere feel free to convert to other religions, and many people identify themselves with more than one religion.Since 1995, which is called the Year of the Internet, cyberspace has become a rich and realistic realm of experience. Its activities include the No-Self Network, which is concerned with liberation from the self. The network's members regard this liberation as an ordinary humanachievement-roughly comparable to learning to play the piano -- and not as a superhuman or divine feat. One World, Many Universes is, for me, the most persuasive mix of idealism and realism. This particular future is likely to be the most fast-changing one, rapidly evolving beyond what I have described.Questions:1. What is the passage mainly about?2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a reason that makes national boundaries less prominent?3. Which of the following is not one of the major religions mentioned in the passage?4. What enabled citizens in many EU countries to move about more freely?Unit4PartBHow to Use an OHPM: I want to use the overhead projector for my presentation. Could you show me how to use it? W: OK, let me show you. Just watch what I do. I... I'll talk you through the procedure.M: Thanks.W: Right, well. First of all, you put the OHP on the table here, about 2 meters from the wall or the screen. Er...do you have a screen?M: Er...no. I thought I'd just use the wall.W: Oh, er...well, a screen's better, but I suppose this wall will be all right. It is sort of white. Anyway, let's try it. So, the next thing you have to do is press these buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place.M: I see.W: And then turn it round so the head is facing towards the screen, I mean the wall, and now we can plug it in.M: Right, and you switch it on?W: Yeah. Then I press the switch here on the front...M: Right.W: There! And the light should come on.M: Right, OK.W: Yeah, there we are. So, you just place your transparency here on the glass.M: OK, there, oh!W: Oh, no! No, the other way up.M: Oh yes, of course.W: That's right, yeah. And to raise or lower the image you move this flap up or down... There, that's better.M: Right, OK.W: And finally, to focus the image you turn this wheel to make it sharp. There we are, that's not too bad.M: Oh, that's great, yeah. OK, thanks.W: Oh, one more thing: whatever you do, don't keep switching it on and off. I'm going to switch it off now. Now, when you use it in your presentation, you should leave it switched on, with a piece of paper over the glass.M: Right, I...er... I don't understand why you have to leave it on.W: Well, the reason why you have to do that is that you don't want the bulb to fail. The bulb fails easily if the machine is on and off frequently. If it does, you'll have to replace the bulb, which will be very hot and you may not have a spare anyway. So that's about it. Any questions?M: Erm...no, that seems all very clear. Thank you very much.W: You're welcome. Oh, and I really do think you need to get a screen, by the way. The picture would be much brighter than on that wall, you know.M: Oh, OK. Well, I'll ask Jim if he's got one.W: Oh, good idea! And make sure he shows you how to put it up!M: I will. Thanks again.PartCAdditional ListeningsHow to Send an E-mailM: I would like to send an e-mail to a friend of mine. Could you tell me how to do it?W: Certainly. First, you choose the e-mail program on your computer and click New Message. M: All right.W: OK? Well, then you start typing the name of the recipient. The program remembers the name and completes the e-mail address. Well, if not, you look up the name in the address book or contact list. OK? Well, if you want other people to get copies of the same message, you send them 'CCs', which are copies of the message. OK? Then you press Return on the keyboard and then you type the subject of the message. Now, there's no need to put the date because that goes in automatically when you send the message, together with the time. OK?M: Oh, yeah.W: Well, then you press Return again and start writing the message. Now, if you make a mistake, you just press Backspace to delete the previous letter or word and then type it again correctly. M: I see.W: Now, when you've finished, you read the whole message through to make sure it looks right and contains the right information. Now, if you decide you want to change sentences around, you can copy sentences and paste them in other places.M: And...er...er...how about spelling and punctuation, er...that can be corrected automatically, can't it?W: Well, yes and no. You can run your spell checker and that may bring up some mis-typings and things like that. But it definitely won't catch them all, so you must read it through to check your spelling, too. And check your punctuation at the same time. Now if you notice a misspelt word, or if you want to change a word or something like that, double-click on the word and type the new word over it.M: Fine. That's easy.W: Hmm. And then it's ready to send. You just click on Send and it'll go off immediately. And the other person will find your message in their Inbox when they next go online to get their messages. M: Right. Well, that sounds much easier than handwriting a message and faxing it.W: Sure it does.Questions:1. Where does the computer store the e-mail addresses of your friends?2. What does "CCs" stand for? When do you use "CCs"?3. What can you do if you want to change sentences around?4. What can you do if you want the computer to check mis-typings?5. What do you do if you want to change a word?PartDLayout of a LetterAs we go through, I'm going to tell you the layout of a formal letter in English -- you might want to note this information down on a separate piece of paper. OK, the first thing is to write the sender's address in the top right-hand corner. OK. This has a set order with the number of the house or flat followed by the name of the street; and then underneath that, perhaps the district if it's a big town, then under that the name of the town or city, with the postcode. And it's now common, quite acceptable, to write all this without any punctuation at all. And the address -- please write it now in the top right-hand corner -- is 12 Greenwood Avenue.And the next line is West Ealing (that's E-A-L-I-N-G). Next line: London W5-then a small gap -- 6RJ. London W5 6RJ.Now leave a line, and then write the date directly underneath the address. Now you can do this in several different ways. You can put 10 September, or September 10, or just 10 dot 9 dot 2003. So use one of these methods and put today's date in the correct place.And now, if you want, you could write the address of the person you are writing to. If you do that, you put it on the left-hand side of the paper, and you would usually start the address at roughly the same level as the date which is on the right-hand side.The next thing we write is the salutation. Our letter is to Sean White, and we begin Dear Mr. White -- please note exactly where it goes.Now, if you don't know the person's name you just put Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam. In an informal letter you still use "Dear", but you start with the person's first name -- for example, Dear Maria or Dear Stephen or whatever.And at the end of the letter you sign off "Yours sincerely" -- capital "Y", but small "s". So could you write that now at the end of the letter, leaving a line first?Now, we put "sincerely" if we know the name of the person that we are writing to. But if you don't know the name, the traditional ending is "Yours faithfully". Now, this is the custom in Britain, although it is true to say that not everyone keeps to it, and I think in America they use different endings -- for example, they may finish a letter with "Truly yours".OK, if you are writing to a friend, then it's usually something like "best wishes", or often "love" if it's a member of your family or a very close friend, but not so common between two friends who are men. After the ending, in this case "Yours sincerely", leave a line, and then put your signature directly underneath. If your name is Maria Lee, write M. Lee underneath "Yours sincerely" Then type your full name below your signature. So do that now -- write your signature at the end of the letter. And that's it.Questions:1. According to the speaker, what should be included in the sender's address in a formal letter in English?2. Which of the following is not an acceptable way to date an English letter?3. What does the speaker say about addressing the receiver in a formal letter if we don't know the person's name?4. What does the speaker say about the ways to end a letter?5. When is it not advisable to end a letter with the word "love"?。
4P、4C、4R的含义与区别,比较实用,也比较全面
1、4P即产品（product）、价格（price）、促销（promoti on）、渠道（place）它的主导是以满足市场需求为目标。
2、4C即消费者(Consume r)、成本(Cost)、便利(Conveni ence)和沟通(Communi cation) 它的主导是以追求顾客满意为目标。
3、4R即关联(Relativ ity)、反应(Reactio n)、关系(Relatio n)和回报(Retribu tion)它的主导是以建立顾客忠诚为目标。
之间的区别从字面上就可以理解了，所追求的达到的目标是不同的，但他们之间有一个逐渐发展的过程，这也是这些大师们从实践中总结出来的，不管是4P、4C还是4R，都是来自于实践，又反过来指导着企业的营销实践。
营销组合（Marketi ng Mix）也称作4P模型，强调了产品、价格、销售渠道和促销手段这四个在销售产品中影响巨大的因素，公司制定产品营销战略时必须对它们加以考虑。
产品 (Product)我的产品与我现有其他产品的关系如何？以确定你的产品之间的协作区域，或发现在哪些方面对各项商业活动有约束。
∙我怎样让自己的产品更出众？个性化（Differe ntiati on）是个大题目，要做到这一点可以通过特点、适宜性、格调、可靠性、包装、服务及品牌命名等方面来体现。
∙产品生命周期对我的计划有什么影响？根据产品在产品生命周期（ProductLife Cycle, PLC）中的不同位置，我们应采取不同的营销策略。
价格 (Price)∙成本定价（Cost Plus）：这是最简单的价格策略。
方法是在成本的基础上加上期望的利润。
∙消费者认同价值（Perceiv ed Value to the Consume r）：指按照为消费者提供的价值收费。
CTLA-4
CTLA-4细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA-4）⼜名CD152，是由CTLA-4基因编码的⼀种跨膜蛋⽩质，表达于活化的CD4+和CD8+T细胞。
CTLA-4与其配体B7分⼦结合后产⽣抑制性信号，抑制T细胞激活，使肿瘤细胞免受T淋巴细胞攻击。
因此阻断CTLA-4的免疫效应可刺激免疫细胞⼤量增殖，从⽽诱导或增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。
CTLA-4的结构及功能CTLA-4基因定位于2号染⾊体长臂33带(2q33) ，主要表达于活化的T细胞表⾯，与T细胞表⾯的协同刺激分⼦受体（CD28）具有⾼度的同源性。
CTLA-4和CD28均为免疫球蛋⽩超家族成员，⼆者与相同的配体CD86(B7-2)和CD80(B7-1)结合。
与CD28的功能相反，CTLA-4与B7分⼦结合后抑制T细胞活化。
CTLA-4的作⽤机制尚未完全阐明，认为有以下⼏⽅⾯的可能：①通过其胞外域起竞争配体作⽤：CTLA4与B7分⼦具有⾼度的亲合⼒，与CD28竞争结合抗原提呈细胞（APC）上的B7家族分⼦，阻断CD28与B7的信号传导通路，防⽌CD28分⼦促进T细胞激活(图1)。
②抑制IL-2的产⽣实现负性调节作⽤。
③抑制T细胞从G期进⼊S期，从⽽抑制T细胞的增殖、活化。
④CTLA-4通过与PP2A及SHP2相互作⽤⼲扰TCR信号，同时CTLA-4与PI3K结合，导致AKT磷酸化，引起促凋亡因⼦BAD失活，并上调抗凋亡因⼦Bcl-xL和Bcl-2，在免疫耐受中扮演关键性的⾓⾊。
基于以上理论，CTLA-4为许多疾病包括肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了新的⽅法。
因此发展抗CTLA-4抗体⽤于肿瘤的免疫治疗，是⽬前肿瘤靶向免疫治疗的热点。
CTLA-4单克隆抗体临床前数个⼩⿏动物模型显⽰阻断CTLA-4后肿瘤的控制率提⾼。
由此研发了抗CTLA-4 单克隆抗体。
CTLA-4抗体产⽣的抗肿瘤作⽤包括两种机制：①⼲扰肿瘤特异性效应细胞如CD8细胞，导致其克隆扩增。
②去除肿瘤诱导的调节性T细胞（Treg），Treg细胞可抑制肿瘤相关抗原的免疫反应。
4字祝福语大全
4字祝福语大全1、祝福爱人，人见人爱，爱心常在，在水一方，芳华永驻，驻颜有术，书不释手，授受不亲，亲如一家。
2、祝你好运，运旺时盛，升官发财，才华超众，众星捧月，月圆花好，好事成双，爽心悦目，目达耳通，通达万事，事事如意！3、哎要小心、荣休之喜、永怀德风、敬业乐群、厥功尤伟4、蒸蒸日上、福如东海、寿比南山、开开心心、生活幸福5、出类拔萃、前程万里、鹏程万里、鹏展之敬、奉申赆敬6、良医济世、仁术济众、活人济世、华陀再世、华陀妙术7、万事如意、事事顺心、福寿安康、笑口常开、百事可乐8、祝福朋友：福禄千万，万事大吉，吉祥如意，意气风发，发愤图强，强身健体，体贴入微，威慑四方，芳香四溢，一路顺风，风风火火。
9、祝你平安，安然无恙，扬眉吐气，气壮山河，和颜悦色，色彩弥漫，满面春风，丰衣足食，十全十美，眉开眼笑，笑口常开。
10、便民利国、欣欣向荣、医学渊博、盟结良缘、白首成约11、祝企业家，家家平安，安居乐业，业发事顺，顺理成章，张冠李戴，代代发奋，奋发图强，强业兴国。
12、良禽择木、嘉惠工商、胜胜小屋、文定吉祥、大吉大利13、彩蝶翩翩、身体健康、幸福快乐、福如东海、寿比南山14、祝福女友：如花似玉，玉洁冰清，清歌曼舞，舞裙歌扇，扇枕温席，席丰履厚，后福无量，量如江海，海内无双！15、莺迁乔木、高第莺迁、焕然一新、履新之喜、荣任之喜16、新春快乐、年年有余、蒸蒸日上、身体健康、长命百岁17、祝福恩师：德高望重，众望所归，归之若水，水乳交融，荣华富贵，贵不可言，言文行远，远见卓识，识明智审，神采弈弈！18、蒸蒸日上、日新月异、百年好合、身体健康、龙马精神19、祝福亲人，人人平安，安居乐业，业精于勤，勤以修身，身强体壮，壮气凌云，云程万里！20、勤业永怀、懋绩长留、政绩在民、名标金榜、才高北斗21、祝福朋友：平平安安，安安稳稳，稳稳当当，当家立业，业精于勤，勤慎肃恭，功成名遂，随心所欲，玉树临风，风趣横生，生财有道，道山学海，海波不惊，精气神足！22、你在我心中是最美，美丽动人，人见人爱，爱你久久，久闻大名，名不虚传，传情眉目，目不转睛，金童玉女，女大当嫁，嫁给我吧。
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4#车间恢复生产开车方案车间负责人:机电科负责人:设备科负责人:安全科负责人:生产副总负责人:頁胃内容目录目录 04#车间检修开车方案 0一、开车应具备的条件 (1)二、成立检修开车领导小组和小组职责 (1)三、进行开车前人员培训 (2)四、车间工艺简述及工艺流程图 (2)五、检修开车应具备的条件 (3)六、检修开车程序 (4)（一）................................ 、开车前的主要工作: 4（二）................................. 、管线系统水压方案 5 （三）..................................... 、氮气置换方案 6（四）................................. 、投料开车前的准备8七、投料开车 (9)（一） ............................................ 要求：9（二） .................................... 单机和联动试车9停车方案 (11)4#车间检修开车方案为了保证检修完毕顺利开车和保证生产安全，特制定以下方案。
一、开车应具备的条件1、现场施工用临时设施己全部拆除，施工过程中使用的脚手架和梯子等辅助器材，以及电焊机等设备全部移出生产装置区。
2、设备位号和管道介质名称、流向标志齐全。
3、现场清洁、无杂物、无障碍。
组织现场施工人员对装置生产区精心打扫，施工留下的焊渣、碎铁屑、报废螺栓、铁板下脚料等一切杂物全部清扫出生产装置区，运至指定的废品存放区。
二、成立检修开车领导小组和小组职责1、成立开车领导小组：组长：赵洪山副组长：席传江、李昊。
江波、张克成员：杨永辉、张柱、胡维敏、尚庆广、吴炎奇、刘桂芬、何江涛、宋吉朋、张步芹、孙光苓、王涛、李承华、李元利、吕秀利、张步存、黄健、董桂玲等。
2、领导小组职责如下：组长主要负责组织开车前安全会议的召开及开车相关事宜的安排及突发事件的应急处置。
副组长主要协助组长负责开车的指挥、监督、协调工作。
小组成员主要负责要材料的配备，各工序之间及协调及设备操作的安全性。
三、进行开车前人员培训1、培训人员：车间全体员工。
2、培训内容：开车方案、工艺安全操作规程、各项管理制度和开车应急预案等。
四、车间工艺简述及工艺流程图1、危险化学品种类在生产过程中主要有易燃液体：乙醇；碱性腐蚀品：片碱；酸性腐蚀品：柠檬酸；剧毒品：环氧丙烷；易燃固体：木薯淀粉等。
2、工艺技术木薯淀粉先进行碱性处理，再用瞇化剂（环氧丙烷）进行瞇化反应生产疑丙基淀粉瞇。
3、工艺流程概述先将木薯淀粉运至投料口备用。
于反应釜中先加入定量淀粉、元明粉和片碱等，混合均匀，控制适当的温度进行碱化反应，反应结束后再计量加入溶剂（乙醇）再加入瞇化剂（环氧丙烷、）适当控制温度、时间，进行瞇化反应。
瞇化反应结束后加柠檬酸中和多余碱，出料送入干燥工序。
产品经干燥后，进行粉碎，然后进行掺混、筛分、包装即为成品。
3）反应方程式：Rcell-OH+CH2CHOC Rcell-O-CH2CHOHCH3+---- ►生产工艺流程图五、检修开车应具备的条件1、反应釜装置的气密性检查条件：（一） 系统压力试验条件：1、安全阀己加盲板；2、压力表己效验合格。
（二） 应遵守下列规定：1、以空气或工艺介质进行压力试验，必须经安全部门认可;2、 试验前确认试验系统已与无关系统进行了有效隔绝；环氧丙烷片碱木薯淀粉 收回3、当以气体进行试验时，试验压力为设计压力的1・15倍；4、当试验系统中设备的试验压力低于管道的试验压力且设备的试验压力不低于管道设计压力的115%,管道系统可以按设备的试验压力进行试验；5、当试验系统连有仅能承受压差的设备时，在升、降压过程中必须确保压差不超过规定值。
6、试验时，应缓解升压。
应以液体进行试验时，应在试验压力下稳压10分钟，然后降至设计压力查漏。
当以气体进行试验时，应首先以低于0.17mpa （表压）的压力进行预实验，然后升压至设计压力的50%,然后逐步升至试验压力并稳压10分钟，然后降至设计压力查漏。
以设计文件指定的方法进行检查。
7、真空系统泄漏性试验压力为O.Olmpa （绝压）。
&试验结束后，应排进水、气并做好复位工作。
六、检修开车程序（一）、开车前的主要工作：1、反应釜的气密性试验启动压缩机，用放空阀控压力，加入压缩空气，在安全阀处加设盲板（注：安全阀启跳压力为0.5mpa）并在安全阀挂上标牌己加盲, 待反应釜压力充至O.Smpa,检查所有与反应釜连接处法兰垫子是否有漏的现象，有无泄压现象，如没有泄压现象，方为合格。
2、对所属溶剂，氯甲烷、环氧丙烷、软水、喷淋等管线进行气密性打压，在打压时，管线的另一端加设盲板，并注明盲板所加设的标识，在管线的另一端加设阀门和充气嘴子，待压力充至所规定的压力对每一处焊缝进行气密试漏。
3、对氯甲烷、环氧丙烷计量槽进行气密试验，在气密试验时对计量槽进口，安全阀处加设盲板，标明标识，根据计量槽所设计压力进行充压，待压力充至0.8mpa,检查所有焊口、阀门与计量槽之间的垫子，有无泄漏现象，阀门有无内漏现象，进行气密性打压。
4、对所有常压储槽，进行气密性压力，在气密性压力之间把所有与储槽出口阀、进口阀前的法兰，全部拆开，进行充压至O.lmpa, 对所有阀门，阀门与法兰之间的垫子、焊口进行气密性打压试验。
5、系统试漏合格后，将反应釜、管线、计量槽、储槽，保压8h, 观察压力变化，允许压力下降不大于0.05mpa为试合格。
（二）、管线系统水压方案1、管线试压小组组长：李昊成员：王涛于兆刚李元利张柱职责：负责整套系统的试压2、水压试验的目的是检验设备管道、阀门承受负荷的能力，即宏观强度，保证试生产安全。
3、水压试验的范围循环水进口至出口整个系统都要进行水压试验主要设备：反应釜、洗涤釜、回收釜、冷凝器等容器需单体试压其中反应釜内必须用氮气冲压试漏，釜内充氮气至o.4MPa—— o.5MPa保持24小时以上，无泄压现象为合格。
不能带压松紧螺栓，可做好记号，带试压完毕后再一起处理。
保压试验24小时后全而检查一次，经试压小组确认后为合格为止。
4、试压的方法和步骤试压时详细检查，确认以用盲板安全可靠（1）0.4MPa操作压力工艺水道试压0・6MPa保持15分钟，目测无泄漏变形为合格。
（2）各氯甲烷管线、环氧丙烷管线、溶剂管线水压试验压力的1.5倍（3）蒸汽管线水压试验的1・25倍。
（4）全部高中压管道、阀门、管件、包括放油水管、放空管等, 必须逐段试压不得泄露。
（5）水压试验完毕后，立即对设备管道、阀门进行空气吹扫，排除水份，防止锈蚀，应特别注意吹干油分内件及各阀门积水。
（三）、氮气置换方案1、氮气置换组织、职责组长：李昊成员：何敬涛江波陈延辉（1）置换的目的，是将设备、管线内存留的混合气体排出，防止生产中易燃原料与混合气体发生反应造成易燃、爆炸等。
（2）置换的介质：氮气（纯度：99.9%）（3）置换压力：釜内0.4mpm—0.5mpa（4）所置换的设备包括：各反应釜以及与釜相连接的管道。
（5 ）置换的方法和原则：将反应釜内充氮气至0.4mpa一0.5mpa ,关闭所有与之相近的阀门，保压2小时，看有无泄漏，若无泄漏将与之相连接的管线串联，然后打开釜内出气阀，对管线进行一次性置换通知化验室在出气口取样，测试结果达到99.9% 为合格，可进行投料试车，若测试结果未达到99.9%可多次置换，至合格为止。
（6）置换前要联系协调好，出气口严禁有人作业。
2、临时停车后再启动装置临时停车后再启动：参照装置紧急停车后再启动执行；3、长期停车后再启动长期停车后再启动应按初始开车运行，启动前整个装置是否需要氮气置换应试具体情况而定。
4、音健：检查消音是否起作用，再按复位键，检查报警灯是否熄灭。
5、用氮气进行装置全流程置换氮气作为原料气通过装置各工序，直到产品出口及解吸气出口氧含量小于0.5%为止。
置换过程中系统所有模拟量控制均为手动控制。
如果氮气量不足，可分阶段进行，先进行反应釜的置换，再进行管线的置换。
进行反应釜置换时，可逐釜进行置换，当一个反应釜出口气体中氧含量小于0.5%后即可进行另一个反应釜的置换，反应釜置换完毕便可进行其他罐及管线的置换。
对与届区交界处应在上述置换过程开始前关闭去用户有关系统的阀门，并卸下连结与用户有关系统的法兰。
对交接处的管道同样用氮气置换，使该管道的氧含量亦降至0.5%以下为止，置换完毕再装好连结法兰。
（四）、投料开车前的准备1、整个装置置换完毕后，关闭所有工艺阀门。
2、投料启动在经过整个置换的工艺、仪表检查及确定氮气置换合格后，装置己处于随时可以投料运行状态。
3、阀门的设定（1）、阀门的设定全开所有压力表前阀；全开所有安全阀的根部阀；全开所有调节阀系统的前后截止阀；全开解吸气输出管路回流阀；全开抽空气管路放空阀。
（2）、检查仪表空气输入压力，开启所有使用仪表空气源的阀（3）、设定好各调节阀的设定值。
（4）、启动：启动反应釜时要观察整个运行的动态，并充氮气0.4mpa进行运行。
七、投料开车（-）要求：1、所有参加开车的指挥员和工作人员，跟踪服务人员，都处于临战状态，大家集中精力，始终保持清醒头脑，纪律严明不经批准，不准任何人随便脱岗、串岗，积极解决观察问题，判断要准、处理要快、操作要稳，齐心协力一次开车成功。
2、要认真细致填写运行记录，搞好记录存档。
（二）单机和联动试车1、单机试车（1）对泵房、灌区所属泵、管线，进行单机试车，打循环，清理储槽，管线内焊渣等污物；（2）对循环水，进行单机试车，检查管线有无漏点，是否畅通, 并调节各用水量；（3）制氮机、压缩机安全完好情况，包括所属管道气密试验；（4）制冷机单机运行，检查管线有无漏点，调节水量；（5）反应釜完好情况，并进行所属工艺的各项测试、调控、设备清扫;（6）洗涤釜完好情况，清理进料管线，釜内杂物，测试自罐区到此的打料工作；（7）离心机完好情况，所属工序内的设备管线的清理及调试；（8）对闪蒸干及所属工艺设备管线的清理、调试；（9）对振动筛及所属工艺、设备管线的清理、调试；（10）对精镭及所属工艺管线、设备清理，试漏调试并进行煮塔、清理；（11）对公用设施、蒸气、自来水管线的试漏清理；（12）清理现场做联动试车准备。
2、联动试车（1）木薯淀粉运至投料口备用；（2）反应釜投料、瞇化、回收，查泄漏看畅通；（3）出料干燥；（4）破碎和粉碎；（5）振动筛一粉碎，试运行，调最佳值；（6）混料一成品；（7）试车结束，转入生产状态。
停车方案一、停车原则：1、不发生任何安全事故，设备损坏事故和环境污染事故。