汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
车身结构轻量化优化设计方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
到CAE方法它将节省大量的测试成本，及时指导车身的设计结构，提出优化方法; 有限元法已经成为在车身特性设计和分析过程中不可或缺的[3]。
在结构优化过程中，首先，敏感性分析应该是对的以设计变量的灵敏度来确定目标[4]然后根据灵敏度修改设计变量以获得最佳设计目标与约束条件。
设计变量的灵敏度与A轻量级优化方法相关其目标函数是由客观因素的变化来衡量的单位设计变量的变化，灵敏度分析是opti的基础可以根据敏感度进行结构分析，优化结构分析，这将节省大量的计算时间并改进优化因此，在工业中期望提供一种改进的轻型汽车车身结构，特别是车身框架，其保持所需的强度，刚度和稳定性特性，以满足乘客安全和车辆性能标准。
此外，身体结构应当可使用现有技术和材料制造，以实现减轻重量而不增加成本。
此外，主体结构应该能够减少总成分，以进一步降低成本和制造时间。
2灵敏度分析的基本理论从结构分析可以分为动态分析和静态分析两个方面，结构敏感性分析也可以分为动力敏感性分析和静态敏感性分析。
动态灵敏度分析包括特征值灵敏度分析，传递函数灵敏度分析和动态响应敏感性分析。
静态敏感性分析可以是压力，位移等。
对于车辆，灵敏度分析是指车身刚度强度，自由模式和敏感性分析的应变能，部分结构参数包括材料厚度和横截面转动惯量[5 |。
有两种计算灵敏度的方法，推导方法和伴随结构的方法。
直接推导法，是亲由胡力构成R.Kapoor M.P，然后由许多人开发和推广人们在广泛的领域。
直接推导法具有明显的物理意义概念，简单的数学理论方便计算可扩展从一阶敏感度到高阶灵敏度，因此是广泛的在工业领域[6]。
3 BIW扭转刚度分析汽车BIW的有限元模型由769 862组成元素包括三角形元素和四边形元素重量为371.2公斤。
为了比较车辆扭转刚度试验过程中的有限元分析模型需要使用直径为50 mm的梁单元进行模拟测试设备如图有限元边界条件分析模型如图1所示。
3，左右后方的震动塔都很硬点被限制在X，翻译DOF左右前方震动吸收塔受限于X方向DOF。
汽车制造工艺的发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
( 4 )计算机模拟冲压成形及虚拟试模技术:(5)模具制造技术,模块式冲压的突出优点在于能把冲压加工系统的柔性与高效生产有机的结合在一起。
柔性的含义较广, 如冲压件的几何形状的多种要求, 只要通过自由编程就可获得, 体现了加工形状的柔性。
又如既适用大批量单品种冲压件的生产, 更对小批量多品种加工发挥也表性。
概括而言,模块式冲压的持点是:(1)在冲压成形过程中可快速更換组合模具以提高生产效率,(2)由于具有带材的供带和矫带装置, 可省却另设上料下料工序,(3 )实现了大工件的不停机加工;(4)既能独立又能成系列的控制组合冲模动作, 能连续进行冲压加工;( 5)冲模具有可编和的柔性特点。
一种模块式冲压加工系统由一台带有控制功能模块式冷冲压的压力机、卷材带材送进装轩、带材矫正机及可编程进给装置等构成。
这种冲压系统在运行时可进行冲模横向位移、带材进给定位、冲模重复运行及自动调整下工步的冲模调整等多项功能。
由于在冲压过程中进行可编程冲压, 使这种模块式冲压系统能柔性地适应生产需求,能在相同带材上进行曲不同工件及批次的混合生产,实现不停机的串接式加工,还同时在工件西面冲压加工,极大地提高了工作效率,有资料表明, 模块式冲压成形使加工费用能下降至40%-50%。
当前模块式冲压装置的集成度是很高的, 在宽度为300MM 尺寸范围内可安排达35个模具, 通过冲模上端的顶板可对冲模进行独立式系列控制, 即形成冲模的集成控制。
整个系统的编程可在windows用户界面和菜単下实现,编程涉及模具沿者横向定位納的何服驱动定位,带材的检验矫正及纵向进给定位, 冲模的质量跟踪检验, 冲模的调整及状况监控等多功能。
当冲模重新配置成更換时,这些变化则会被参数并被控制系统所贮存, 以务下次査询和调用。
冲模数据包括有冲头及其组合标记, 冲头组合在模具中的 X、Y坐标位置及模具轴编号等信息。
l毫米冲压是指汽车车身冲压件的精度控制在0-1. OMM 的范围内,与过去制造业通行的误差2MM 相比, 是个非常大的提高。
设计汽车英文作文
设计汽车英文作文英文：As a car designer, I am often asked about my processand inspiration for creating new models. For me, designinga car starts with understanding the needs and desires ofthe target audience. This involves researching trends, analyzing market data, and even conducting focus groups to get a better sense of what people want.Once I have a clear understanding of the target audience, I begin sketching out ideas and concepts. This is where my creativity really comes into play. I try to think outside the box and come up with unique features anddesigns that will set my car apart from the competition.Of course, designing a car is not just about aesthetics. Functionality and safety are also key considerations. Iwork closely with engineers to ensure that my designs are not only visually appealing, but also practical and safe.One of my favorite parts of the design process is getting to see the final product come to life. Seeing my sketches and ideas transformed into a tangible, functioning car is incredibly rewarding.中文：作为一名汽车设计师，我经常被问及我创作新车型的过程和灵感来源。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Art of Automotive Model Design Concept。
In the world of automotive design, every detail matters. From the sleek curves to the intricate interior features, every aspect of a car model is carefully crafted to embody the essence of beauty, functionality, and innovation. The design concept of automotive models goes beyond just creating a vehicle; it is about creating an experience that resonates with the drivers and passengers.The foundation of automotive model design concept lies in the fusion of art and engineering. It is about finding the perfect balance between form and function, where aesthetics meet practicality. Every line, every contour, and every material choice is meticulously chosen to evoke a sense of emotion and purpose. It is about creating a visual masterpiece that not only turns heads but also performs at the highest level.Furthermore, the design concept of automotive models is deeply rooted in innovation. It is about pushing the boundaries of what is possible, exploring new technologies, and redefining the future of mobility. From advanced aerodynamics to cutting-edge infotainment systems, automotive model design concept is about staying ahead of the curve and setting new standards for the industry.Moreover, the design concept of automotive models is about storytelling. It is about creating a narrative that reflects the brand's identity, values, and vision. Whether it is a luxury car that exudes elegance and sophistication or a rugged off-road vehicle that embodies adventure and resilience, every automotive model is a manifestation of a unique story waiting to be told.In conclusion, the design concept of automotive models is a testament to the artistry, innovation, and storytelling that goes into creating a vehicle. It is a harmonious blend of form and function, pushing the boundaries of what is possible, and reflecting the brand's identity. Ultimately, automotive model design concept is about creating a timeless masterpiece that captivates the imagination and leaves a lasting impression.。
基于人机工程学的车身设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The Auto Body General Arrangement Design Based on ErgonomicsModern car design emphasizes people-centered, safety, comfort has been the subject of car design and the pursuit of the goal, but the comfort, safety is directly related to people, the study of ergonomics in automotive applications more and more attention. In the car body the overall layout design process required to fully take into account the theoretical knowledge of ergonomics, ergonomics reasonable size to ensure that different populations car comfort, safety, ease of operation, and on and off has important significance .Car Body general arrangement is based on vehicle general arrangement design carried out, its ultimate goal is within the limited dimensions of the body assembly and arrangement of all components, and get the most of interior space and improve the market competitiveness of products. However, the workload of general arrangement car body, it takes a long time, if possible based on the theory of ergonomics and CATIA V5 knowledge engineering module as a tool for knowledge-driven car overall layout parametric design, will greatly improve the design efficiency and quality and shorten the design cycle.1 . Driver's seat arrangement1.1 Layout of driver's seatStudies have shown that the human body to take joint angle when seated directly affect the ride comfort of the occupants of subjective feelings. Human drive, ride comfort and fatigue and design joint angle is determined according to the posture of the body, and therefore, according to the joint angle comfortable all-sized mannequin positioned, re-evaluation of its vision encompasses, comfort and so on. Different types of cars, its cab and the cab floor height of different heights, the driver must take a position corresponding.Driver's seating position and vehicle size must be appropriate to ensure the driver a good forward visibility, in order to meet different driver sitting comfort, the seat position is generally designed to be adjustable. Driver's seating position design principle is to ensure forward visibility conditions, to determine the limits of the human body has a size (women's and men's 95th 5th body size) limits the driver's seating position, from which to determine the adjustment range of the seat position.1.2 The driver's seat position and stroke adjustment determinedDriver's seat through the seat reference point position is determined SgRP point. SgRP point is the design of the seat reference point specified by the manufacturer, taking into account all the adjustments of the seat forms (horizontal, vertical and tilt adjustment), seat reference point to determine the final position in normal driving or riding, it means that when 95th one hundred When quintile manikin placed on the seat as required, the actual H point shall coincide with the seat reference point SgRP. When the accelerator pedal, the driver's seat and steering wheel position arrangement completed, in order to visually check the driver has a good layout on the angle of the seat in a sitting position when normal driving is able to meet the requirements of ergonomics, through CATIA V5 software platform to perform determined that the driver sitting corner. CATIA V5 building blocks of the human body model and management standards can be established in a virtual environment digitized virtual human model, based on its mannequin database, can easily be generated directly each percentile male and female mannequin, which set up the body The method of the model, since it needs the measurement data greatly reduced, thereby reducing the human body model to establish the amount of time, material and financial resources, has great practical value.2. Drivers eyellipse and head profile envelope designMotorists eyellipse refers to the different body according to their wishes driver seat adjusted to the appropriate location, and the normal seated driving position, the position of their eyes statistical distribution pattern in the vehicle coordinate system. Eyellipse established as the driver of automobile vision capability provides a scientific vision of the origin of benchmarks for measuring and evaluating the quality of the driver's field of vision provides an effective method. Eyellipse can use car windscreen defrosting site OK, OK car windshield shade band position and design car mirror position and vision checked, and so on.Head profile envelope refers to the different body occupant in a normal sitting position to sit right on its head (including hair) of the envelope, which is used to determine the occupants of the head space in the design. The space between the occupant's head and the body structure of activities for ensuring the occupant's head, and the head has the necessary buffer space is important in the bumps and roll and so on.Referring to SAE standard position of driver eye and head oval profile envelope surface by the pedal position, seat position reference point, the position of the steering wheel center constraints, that position eyellipses and head profile envelope will be with pedal , different seats and steering wheel position disposed correspondingly change. In order to be able to accurately and easily reflect these constraintsCoordinate positioning eyellipse and head profile envelope surface in automobile body coordinate system can be set up in the above-mentioned constraints CATIA V5 platform, based on its parametric design model to drive complete different percentile eyellipse and head profile establish envelope surface of the package. Parametric design is driven by the size and characteristics of the drive in the form of an independent geometric constraints and a certain function formula relation to product design. Therefore, by giving a different value for each ergonomic size, it can easily get a new position coordinates eyellipse and head profile envelope surface and a different three-dimensional eyellipse percentile and head profile envelope surface model, thus analysis and comparison of different size under the model to determine the optimal value, thereby greatly reducing the workload modeling and improve work efficiency.3. Driver's field of vision designThe driver has a good view of the cars is to ensure ease of manipulation and with the importance of safety conditions, depending on the field of vision of the position of the seat, the structure of the seat and backrest height and tilt angle, window size, shape and arrangement of pillars , hood and fender shapes, and so on. By eyellipse can design and check the driver's front and rear blind spot size, traffic lights vision and car windscreen squeegee device sweeps an area, but also be able to use eyellipses car dashboard and post calculation and blind check. When the cars with more than 80% of the traffic information is obtained by the driver's vision, so the use of the driver's field of vision eye ellipses design is important to guarantee the safety lane.4. Occupant's head and the car roof space arrangementHead space is the key to the overall arrangement of the general arrangement need to determine the size of the body, the method is used SgRP prevailing point of H61-1 and H61-2to judge the size of the head space. Head space, the greater the passengers in the car space, comfortDegree better, but the resulting total vehicle height greater flow line models will be destroyed, aerodynamic deteriorated. Currently, SgRP point rear seat and head profile envelope surface position after arrangement is completed, according to the effective headroom dimensions H61-1, H61-2 experience, taking into account the size of the Ukrainian head gap 8, H41-1, Ukraine 9, H41-2 combined with dynamic styling and aerodynamic requirements can be finalized car roof height. Meanwhile, the head profile envelope surface is after taking into account normal hair spatial statistics out, in determining the size of the head space also need to consider wearing a hat, car bumps, space crew headdress and normal activities require.5. CATIA knowledge engineering and parametric technologyIn the body during general arrangement, each member of the body is arranged to be understood as to satisfy certain constraints (such as internal body size, passenger space, parts and accessories positional parameters, etc.), its program arrangement optimization process, requiring to be checked arrangement, consultation and modify repeated. If you modify each program must change the overall layout model the entire body, then it will undoubtedly take enormous time and energy, affecting the progress of the vehicle design. Because of this, CATIA V5 knowledge engineering and parametric design technology reflects its great value.CATIA V5 can be "knowledge" to the parameters, formulas, rules, checks, design tables and other forms. In the product design process, all product-related information collected, such as industry standards, corporate standards, design specifications, dimensions associated size constraints, features related design experience, material requirements, manufacturing processes and similar products to be classified information, , abstract and improve the composition of a product design knowledge base, by the definition reflect the product characteristics of knowledge between dependency and constraint knowledge rules relationships form the basis of the knowledge driven product design to achieve product parameters, intelligent design .Parametric design is driven by the size of the graphics driver or modify drawing state inthe graphic design, the main idea is to use geometric constraints, engineering equations and relationships to describe the shape characteristics of the product model. CATIA V5 parametric design layout to achieve a total body size is automatically updated and optimized to avoid duplication of work, it is the product variability, reusability, parallel design provide means by which designers can easily change models generate serialization products, improve production efficiency.6. ConclusionErgonomics is the physiological and psychological characteristics of people, studies the people, machines, relationships and interactions of environmental laws in order to optimize the man-machine system of a discipline whose goal is to make people feel that the use of a mechanical process safe, healthy, comfortable and efficient. By the ergonomics theory and CATIA V5 knowledge engineering and parametric technology, reducing the previous model Work positioning and reduce errors by hand drawing model diagram caused, shorten design cycles, reduce design costs; theory based on ergonomics to CATIA V5 as a tool for the average car driver seat arrangement method, eyellipses and the importance of head profile envelope surface of the application as well as knowledge engineering and parametric design technology in general arrangement design has also been discussed and studied.基于人机工程学的车身设计现代轿车设计强调以人为中心，安全性、舒适性一直是轿车设计的主题和追求的目标，而舒适性、安全性直接与人相关，所以研究人机工程学在汽车上的应用越来越受到重视。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design Philosophy。
Car model design is not just about creating a vehicle that looks good, it's about embodying a philosophy that reflects the values and aspirations of the brand, the designer, and the consumer. The design philosophy behind a car model encompasses a range of elements, including form, function, innovation, and sustainability.Form is one of the most important aspects of car model design philosophy. The shape, lines, and proportions of a vehicle should not only be visually appealing but also serve a purpose. A well-designed car model should be aerodynamic, efficient, and practical, while also conveying a sense of style and character.Function is another key component of car model design philosophy. A car should be designed with the needs and desires of the consumer in mind. This means considering factors such as comfort, safety, and convenience, as well as technological advancements that enhance the driving experience.Innovation is at the heart of car model design philosophy. A great car model should push the boundaries of what is possible, incorporating new materials, technologies, and features that set it apart from the competition. Whether it's a revolutionary powertrain, a cutting-edge infotainment system, or a groundbreaking design feature, innovation is essential to creating a car model that captures the imagination and sets new standards.Sustainability is an increasingly important consideration in car model design philosophy. As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, car manufacturers are under pressure to create vehicles that are eco-friendly and sustainable. This means using materials and production methods that minimize environmental impact, as well as developing alternative powertrains that reduce emissions and fuel consumption.Ultimately, the design philosophy behind a car model should be a reflection of the brand's values and vision, the designer's creativity and expertise, and the consumer's needs and desires. A well-executed car model design philosophy can result in a vehiclethat not only looks great but also performs well, incorporates innovative features, and contributes to a more sustainable future.。
汽车电子毕设设计外文文献翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993.Vol.ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor1. IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is construction improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Co mfort is very important to people’s lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robots, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control system is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurementThe application of AT89C51:SCM is a major piece of computer components are integrated into the chip micro-computer. It is a multi-interface and counting on the micro-controller integration, and intelligence products are widely used in industrial automation. and MCS-51 microcontroller is a typical and representative.Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes(AT89C51).1.1 Features* Compatible with MCS-51 Products* 2Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash MemoryEndurance: 1,000Write/Erase Cycles* 2.7V to 6V Operating Range* Fully Static operation: 0Hz to 24MHz* Two-level program memory lock* 128x8-bit internal RAM* 15programmable I/O lines* Two 16-bit timer/counters* Six interrupt sources*Programmable serial UART channel* Direct LED drive output* On-chip analog comparator* Low power idle and power down modes1.2 DescriptionThe AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2Kbytes of flash,128bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezer the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3 Pin Configuration1.4 Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Prot 1Prot 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The port 1 output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as input and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 3Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The port 3 output buffers can sink 20mA. When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below.1.5 Programming the FlashThe AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents=FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.Internal address counter: the AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.Programming algorithm: to program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended.1. power-up sequence:Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GNDWith all other pins floating , wait for greater than 10 milliseconds2. Set pin RST to ‘H’ set pin P3.2 to ‘H’3. Apply the appropriate combination of ‘H’ or ‘L’ logic to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5,P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM programming modes table.To program and Verify the Array:4. Apply data for code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.5.Raise RST to 12V to enable programming.5. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2ms.6. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic ‘H’ level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins.7. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins.8. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2 Kbytes array or until the end of the object file is reached.9. Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to ‘L’ set RST to ‘L’Float all other I/O pins Turn VCC power off2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiverimmediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is: s=340t / 23. Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 875, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensorsUCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200msHere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determinetheir target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:Receivel: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: …; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Returnleft: …; left ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit output a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance. Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0\POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation, until the echo is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2.Step 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.4、The ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.5、ConclusionsRequired measuring range of 30cm-200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection system.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.6、Parking sensor6.1 Parking sensor introductionReversing radar, full name is "reversing the anti-collision radar, also known as" parking assist device, car parking or reversing the safety of assistive devices, ultrasonic sensors(commonly known as probes), controls and displays (or buzzer)and other components. To inform the driver around the obstacle to the sound or a moreintuitive display to lift the driver parking, reversing and start the vehicle around tovisit the distress caused by, and to help the driver to remove the vision deadends and blurred vision defects and improve driving safety.6.2 Reversing radar detection principleReversing radar, according to high-speed flight of the bats in thenight, not collided with any obstacle principles of design anddevelopment. Probe mounted on the rear bumper, according to different price and brand, the probe only ranging from two, three, four, six, eight,respectively, pipe around. The probe radiation, 45-degree angle up and downabout the search target. The greatest advantage is to explore lower than the bumper of the driver from the rear window is difficult to see obstacles, and the police, suchas flower beds, children playing in the squatting on the car.Display parking sensor installed in the rear view mirror, it constantlyremind drivers to car distance behindthe object distance to the dangerous distance, the buzzer starts singing, allow the driver to stop. When the gear lever linked into reverse gear, reversing radar, auto-start the work, the working range of 0.3 to 2.0 meters, so stop when the driver was very practical. Reversing radar is equivalent to an ultrasound probe for ultrasonic probe can be divided into two categories: First, Electrical, ultrasonic, the second is to use mechanical means to produce ultrasound, in view of the more commonly used piezoelectric ultrasonic generator, it has two power chips and a soundingboard, plus apulse signal when the poles, its frequency equal to the intrinsic oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric pressure chip will be resonant and drivenby the vibration of the sounding board, the mechanical energy into electrical signal, which became the ultrasonic probe works. In order to better study Ultrasonic and use up, people have to design and manufacture of ultrasonic sound, the ultrasonic probe tobe used in the use of car parking sensor. With this principle in a non-contactdetection technology for distance measurement is simple, convenient and rapid, easyto do real-time control, distance accuracy of practical industrial requirements. Parking sensor for ranging send out ultrasonic signal at a givenmoment, and shot in the face of the measured object back to the signal wave, reversing radar receiver to use statistics in the ultrasonic signal from the transmitter to receive echo signals calculate the propagation velocity in the medium, which can calculate the distance of the probe and to detect objects.6.3 Reversing radar functionality and performanceParking sensor can be divided into the LCD distance display, audible alarm, and azimuth directions, voice prompts, automatic probe detection function is complete, reversing radar distance, audible alarm, position-indicating function. A good performance reversing radar, its main properties include: (1) sensitivity, whether theresponse fast enough when there is an obstacle. (2) the existence of blind spots. (3) detection distance range.6.4 Each part of the roleReversing radar has the following effects: (1) ultrasonic sensor: used tolaunch and receive ultrasonic signals, ultrasonic sensors canmeasure distance. (2) host: after the launch of the sine wave pulse to the ultrasonic sensors, and process the received signal, to calculate the distance value, the data and monitor communication. (3) display or abuzzer: the receivinghost from the data, and display the distance value and provide differentlevels according to the distance from the alarm sound.6.5 Cautions1, the installation height: general ground: car before the installation of 45 ~55: 50 ~ 65cmcar after installation. 2, regular cleaningof the probe to prevent the fill. 3, do not use the hardstuff the probe surface cover will produce false positives or ranging allowed toprobe surface coverage, such as mud. 4, winter to avoid freezing. 5, 6 / 8 probe reversing radar before and after the probe is not free to swap may cause the ChangMing false positive problem. 6, note that the probe mounting orientation, in accordance with UP installation upward. 7, the probe is not recommended to install sheetmetal, sheet metal vibration will cause the probe resonance, resulting in false positives.超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德：1993年超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译Car Modeling DesignWhen it comes to car modeling。
people often think of the external appearance of the car。
even though car XXX。
it is undeniable that the appearance of a car is the most XXX。
The design of a car model involves a range of aspects。
XXX。
art。
and market demand。
to meet the consumers' XXX。
To create a successful car model。
designers must consider a variety of factors。
such as the target audience。
the intended useof the car。
and the latest trends in the market。
They must also be XXX them into the design。
In n to the external appearance。
the r design of a car is also XXX car model。
The r design must be nal and comfortable。
while also being XXX。
This requires a balance een XXX。
Ultimately。
the success of a car model depends on XXX is a complex process that requires a n of engineering knowledge。
(完整版)关于汽车造型设计的英文文献
Developing a vehicle is an arduous process of design and evaluation, trial and error - constant improvement and adaptation。
Initial design concepts go through a range of stages to bring them closer to realisation and modelling is key to evaluating a design at each stage.Modelling can take several forms. Traditionally, clay models have been used at various scales to help understand and resolve the form and proportions of a vehicle。
To varying degrees， this has been supplemented， sometimes even replaced， by CAD modelling。
Whilst clay is still a medium used to evaluate predominantly visual characteristics, CAD systems can additionally help evaluate other factors such as aerodynamics, impact scenarios and other physical considerationsClay ModellingClay modelling is one of the most established 3D visualisation techniques used in the automotive industry。
汽车 专业 外文 文献 英文 翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The Car Modeling DesignFor car modelling, mention the word people often can produce immediately for lenovo in the form of various body, although it is not comprehensive, because car styling is the sum of outside and inside modelling, but had to admit that the appearance of the car is the most intuitive impression of automobile modeling for people. For the automobile modeling design, it covers knowledge engineering technology, art and so on various aspects of the application and market demand, to meet the consumers' taste and functional requirements.Literally what is undeniable is that the car modeling design is derived from the designers of creative expression, by the designer, to many human idea about the car for a reasonable attempt, constantly breakthrough self, challenge themselves. Car modelling design, whether it's like ordinary people use of household car, or royal family use limousine, or a professional driver favorite car, sports car, they all have very obvious differentiation on modelling, the people in the street to see what level of body, the brand, to the natural identity formed certain association of owners, and for different brands of automobile modeling design, which comes from different designers for car design. Car modelling design is also on the technical support of many other disciplines, here I am to have very important influence on development of automobile modeling design of some of the subject part lists are analyze.Since the emergence of the car, bionics started inadvertently used in the design of the model. For automobile modeling, the bionic design in automobile modeling with a unique code to liberate the inherent pattern design of modelling form, interpretation of power, speed, and the symbol of status, wealth, fashion, convey the entire design concept. Nowadays, bionics become guidance and aided automobile modeling design is an important subject, bionic design also gradually become an important means of design, it not only build the people and things, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, also prompted design found a new form.Bionic design is applied to the various design very early, so see it is not surprising that, in the car on modelling is my understanding of the bionics, it is the nature of some biological characteristics of the advantages of refining of science improving applied to other industries, it is the purpose of pursuing people to draw inspiration from the biological resources, such as car early in the development of a designer to design the "fish" car, maybe at that time did not rise up the subject of bionics, but stylist inadvertently used for fish in the water received by its own size decrease in water resistance and to speed up their swimming this, and apply onto the body modelling design, more typical case is 1952 gm buick brand "fish" type design, surface modeling is very dynamic, because the car interior ministry wide, wide field of vision, bothpassengers and drivers, inside the body will feel carefree, the affinity of car body itself has an irresistible, should allow stereotyped monotonous straight line in car design, is also a very important breakthrough at the time.There are a lot of examples, such as "viper" is a sports car, as America's most ferocious snake - "viper", has the characteristics of all nature disaster. "Viper" series of models, as a breakthrough point, the appearance of modelling design in particular the sharp front face and the spirit of the headlamps, give a person with terrible ferocity, good at dueling sensory stimulation, like soldiers courageous warrior, always ready to fight to the death, embodies the human eternal pursuit of the meaning of life. Viper, the second generation of 9 models, convey the intrinsic well. Automobile modeling bionic design with "from nature to the nature", as has been the pursuit of goals, the application of natural biological form surface is limited modelling space into endless spiritual awareness, create a bionic form of aesthetic value, to achieve the "personalized" demand and the state of "imitating the nature". Can reference on modelling human nature, The Times on the automobile modeling application development gradually, it seems to me is not only on the auto industry development and progress, is more of a human can live in the actual production of respecting nature, respect nature, from the development of bionics in the automobile modeling design process I canread the industry further development, it is also because modelling are close to the essence of life itself.Automobile modeling design purpose lies in the combination of function and form aesthetic feeling, to give users in a certain emotional factors influence or impact on the market, on modelling design, different automobile modeling can bring a person different emotional experience, and to convey the designer wants to make people get on a car design.Automobile modeling design is applied art gimmick science express car function, structure and texture, and make people for its beauty. Automobile modeling design must reflect the style of the vehicle, such as streamlined can indicate the car has a higher speed, so as to shape a sporty image in the consumers' mind. Carbon fiber material can reflect the high-tech feeling and lightness of car, has a muscular body form can express powerful and protection of security. Excellent automobile modeling design can make consumers by aesthetic appreciation to deep understanding of its meaning, to produce the desire of the product. This is based on the perceptual technology this is not by many cognitive developed from cognitive psychology on the subject's important role on the automobile modeling design. It is stylist will be collected from the market information, through the analysis of consumer psychology that design more accord with human aesthetic and functional requirements of product evolutionary design, stylist is in perceptual information,consumer psychology and rational constraints (engineering) between coordination.In automobile product development model of "user as the center" in the early stage of the design need to study consumer's perceptual demand, and consumers to seek in the perceptual demand often from the image of the car. Such as businessman to give reliable partners to form the image of good faith, the car for business occasions, modelling is generally very grave, composed, atmosphere; Racing car, for example, has very obvious streamline on modelling design, in order to display the car performance is strong, can run very fast, with enough instances of racer; Cultural entertainment venue such as car again, the modelling is compared commonly lively, fashion, have individual character, to show the meeting activities and the characteristics of representative. These are the perceptual technology on automobile modeling design is applied to car use and the appreciation of the most common level.Automobile modeling are actually very close to our daily life, on the streets everywhere the family car, taxi, bus, sometimes even see a cable car, luxury cars, sports car, saloon car. We have a lot of focus on automobile brand rather than modelling. But nature sense, any brand of car has its unique style of the modelling, we are to determine the brand car with its shape characteristics, such as seen in the street a lamborghini, its streamline appearance alone, we will be able to determine that it islamborghini car, this is the car model represented by the car culture connotation. At the end of this course, the reason I chose to automobile modeling design analysis for class papers, but also for any automobile modeling design, as far as I'm concerned, is the designer of some design ideas of cultural interpretation, any design is necessarily comes from life, no experience and observation, can't make the products can be accepted by the public. Automobile modeling is not only the appearance, also is not only a decoration, interior space how to start from the Angle of human nature, and so on these elements are necessarily involve automobile modeling. So this is a worthy art, technology and market coordination aspects of creative achievement, no matter from what Angle to design the vehicle model, the ultimate goal is to continuously improve to meet the needs of users of the product.汽车造型设计对于汽车造型，提到这个词时人们往往能立即产生对于各种车身形态的联想，虽然它并不全面，因为汽车造型是汽车外部和车厢内部造型的总和，但不得不承认的是，汽车的外观的确是人们对于汽车造型的最直观印象。
汽车设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译Automobile Design-Frame DesignsThe vehicle frame is the basic platform to which all suspension and steering linkage parts attach. A vehicle will neither steer nor handle well if the frame is too flexible. A rigid frame structure may pass unnecessary vibrations into the passenger compartment. The frame and suspension design will affect the ride quality, handling, and durability, as well as the levels of both noise and vibration.Manufacturers use several different types of construction on their vehicles. Of these, separate body and frame construction was the most common through the 1970's. It is still used in large vans, pickups, and trucks. In this type of construction, the engine, drive line, running gear, and body mount to the frame through insulators. Insulators are synthetic rubber pads that keep road and engine noise and vibration from going into the passenger compartment.A second type of construction is the unitized body. This, design is by far the most popular in modern vehicles. The unitized design has a lightweight structure with the required strength. Tn this type of construction, the frame is welded into the body as part of the body structure. Body panels add strength to the frame pieces. The running gear and drive line are mounted to the unitized body through large, soft synthetic rubber insulators. The insulators minimize the transfer of noise and vibration. If the insulators are too soft, they will allow too much running gear and drive line movement. This movement, called compliance, affects vehicle handling and control. If the insulators are too hard, they will not insulate noise and vibration as they should. Themanufacturer carefully designs the insulators and puts them where they will be in a vehicle with low noise and vibration transmission that still has proper handling and feel. Insulator properties change with age, changing original characteristics as the vehicle becomes older.A third type of construction combines the features of the first and second types. It uses a stub frame from the bulkhead forward and a unitized body from the bulkhead back. The unitized part is very rigid, while the stub frame provides a place for good insulation.Manufacturers select the type of construction .that is most economical to build,' while providing the noise, vibration, and ride and handling characteristics they want in the vehicle. Large older vehicles, vans, and trucks generally use separate body and frame construction. The newer, smaller' vehicles generally use unitized construction.The machine piston connecting rod setThe piston connecting rod set is composed of the piston, piston wreath, piston pin, connecting rod, connecting rod axle bush, etc.effect: The effect of the piston is to bear the air pressure, and pass to connecting rod to drive the bent axle to revolve through connecting rod axle bush, the piston coping is still a part of the burning room. The work condition: Piston works under the condition of heat, high pressure, high speed, and bad lubrication .Piston directly contacts with the heat air. The temperature can amount to above 2500 Ks in a moment .The piston is heated severely, but the condition of spreading the hot is bad .So while the piston works, the temperature is very high and the coping is up to the 600-700 Ks: And the temperaturedistributes asymmetrically; The piston coping bears great air pressure, especially the pressure is greatest in the route of doing efficacy. The gasoline machine is up to the 3-5MPas, the diesel engine is up to the6-9MPas.This makes the piston produce pound, and bear the function of the side pressure. Therefore, the piston should have enough heat-proof, try to decrease the heating area,, strengthen the cooling of the piston, to make the highest temperature of the coping descend .The piston moves at very high speed(8-12 ms/ s) back and forth in the air cylinder, and speed changes constantly, This produces very great inertial dint, making the piston bear great additional load working under such bad condition, the piston will become deformed heating power. At the same time ,it slitters the chemical corrosive power of the burning gas .In order to descend the inertial dint of back and forth, we must ease the weight of the piston as possible .Piston works under the condition of the heat, high pressure, high speed(the average speed can amount to the 101115 m/ s), and its lubricant condition is bad and the frication between the piston and the air cylinder wall is very great. In order to descend the friction, the surface of the piston surface must be wear-resistant..Request:1) To have enough rigidity and strength, and the reliable dint;2) Transmit heat well, bear the high pressure, bear the heat and bear to wear away;3) the quantity is small, the weight is light, descend the inertial dint of back and forth as possibleThe aluminum metal alloy material satisfies the top requests basically, therefore, the piston generally adopts the high strength aluminum metal alloy, but some low speed diesel engines adopthigh class iron casting or heat-proof steelstructure: The piston can be divided into three parts, piston coping, the piston head and piston skirt departments.1. The piston copingThe piston coping bears the air pressure, it is a part of the burnable room .Its shape, position, size are relevant to the concrete from of the burnable room. They are made to satisfy the combustible hybrid spirit formation and burnable requests. Its coping shape can be divided into four major types, a flat coping piston, a convex coping piston, a concave coping piston and model piston.A convex coping piston is usually used on the two blunt distance I.C. engines, It is good to improve the process exchanging the gas .Modern four blunt the distance gasoline machine also adopts the convex coping piston in order to strengthen the effect of pushing the gas or extend the ratio of compressing .Convex of a piston coping presents a form of ball, its coping strength is high, having an effect of leading, being advantageous to improve the process of exchanging the gas, two route of travel gasoline machines often adopt the convex coping pistonA piston coping presents the hollow form, the shape and positions of the cave pit must be advantageous to the combustion of the combustible and hybrid gas, having a pair of eddies concave pit ball, concave pit, U concave pit, and so on.2. Piston headThe piston refers to the first piston wreath to the part above the piston pin.It has several wreath slots, which are used to install the piston wreath and have an effect of sealing completely. It is also called the leak proof department .The diesel engine’scompress ratio is high, and generally have four wreath slots, The three upper wreaths are used to install, the lower part installs the oil wreath. The gasoline machine has three wreath slots generally, which are two jet of gas wreath slots and an oil wreath slots. At the bottom of oil wreath slot many paths toward eyelet are drilled to make the quilt oil wreath flow from the air cylinder wall to the oil bottom hull through these eyelets. The working condition of the wreath slot is the worst and should leave the coping generally a little farther.Above the gas wreath, a narrow insulating slot is usually set to cut off the heat flow which is spread from the piston coping to the first gas wreath and make parts of calories from a piston wreath spread, thus easing the hot burden of the first gas wreath. On some engines small wreathe slots are often made between the coping head and the first gas wreathe, sometimes till a few more wreath. This kind of small wreath can adsorb the lubricant because it accumulates the carbon. It can keep piston and the air cylinder walls from biting to match when it work in the condition of losing oil, so it is called accumulating the carbon slot.The calories that the piston coping absorbs also mainly passes the air cylinder wall through the piston wreath to leak proof department, again spread by the cool water.In a word, the function of the piston head is in addition to install the piston wreath, still seal completely function and transmit heat function, sealing completely the air cylinder together with the piston wreath, keeping combustible admixture spirit from leak crankcase, at the same time pass the(70-80)%calories to the air cylinder wall through the piston wreath.3. Piston skirt departmentThe piston skirt department refers to the parts from thebottom of the oil wreathe slot. It includes the pin which is used to pack the piston. The piston skirt department exercises to rise to lead to the function to the piston in the back and forth in the air cylinder, and bear the side pressure. The length of the skirt department is decided by the size and the piston diameter of the side pressure. The so-called side pressure mean in the compression route of travel and make route of travel of efficacy .The level component of the gas pressure which take effect on the piston coping presses the piston to the air cylinder wall. Compress the route of travel and make the side pressure direction of the efficacy route of travel air exactly the opposite, because of the combustion pressure consumedly high in compress the pressure, so, make the side in the route of travel of efficacy pressure also consumedly high in compress the side in the route of travel pressure.Two on the sides that bear the side pressure of the piston skirt department be called to push the dint to face, they be placed in to sell the mutually perpendicular direction of the stalk line with piston up.Drive LinesThe drive line includes all the parts from the and final drive carry the torque from the engine, the other. The engine torque during acceleration and the torque during braking place loads on the suspension parts.During suspension repair, it may be essary to disassemble parts of the drive line. Noises produced when the suspension moves may originate from drive line parts. A basic understanding of different drive line assemblies is presented here to give you a working knowledge so that you can do suspension repair.Drive lines with front-wheel drive often combine the transmission and the final drive into one assembly. This is alsotrue of mid-and rear-engine vehicles. The assembly is called a transaxle, Short half-shafts with universal joints at each end connect between the transaxle and the wheels. These shafts carry power from the final drive to the wheels even when the suspension moves and steers.A differential in the final drive splits incoming power, sending half to each drive wheel. This allows the drive wheels to turn at different speeds while rounding corners. The transmission Other parts form the link from one part to while cornering.In front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles, the transmission is located under the front floor of the passenger compartment. A drive shaft is used to carry engine power to the rear axle. The drive shaft has a universal joint at each end. It carries power through the changing drive line angles as the suspension moves.A vehicle with independent suspension at the drive wheels has the final drive attached rigidly to the vehicle frame or the engine. This drive arrangement produces forces, without any torques, on the suspension parts during acceleration. If the brakes are mounted inboard so the caliper mounts to a frame piece and not to a suspension, the brake will also not produce a torque on the suspension. A suspension designed to handle only acceleration and braking torques can be designed differently than one that must handle both suspension forces and torques.Suspension SystemsThe suspension includes springs, shock absorbers, and control linkages. It must be strong enough to support the vehicle body and load. The suspension must also resist engine and brake reactions. The most important job of the suspension is to keep the tires in contact with the road as much of the time as possible. This is done while supporting the vehicle and its load, even whiletraveling over rough roads. The four tire footprints are the only place the vehicle touches the road. All of the engine power, steering, and braking forces operate through the tire-to-road footprints. Control of the vehicle ( power, steering and braking) is reduced or lost any time a tire does not stay on the road or when skidding begins.The vehicle body is supported by springs. The springs can be of the coil, leaf, torsion bar, or pneumatic type. Coil springs are the most popular design used in the modern automobile. Coil, torsion bar, and pneumatic springs all require links and arms to hold the wheel in position. Leaf springs provide lateral and longitudinal control to prevent unwanted wheel motions. They are commonly found on vans and trucks.Suspension systems have been changed and refined as the passenger automobile has developed. Design objectives differ between luxury sedans, performance vehicles, small compact vehicles, and light trucks. Tire improvements, along with improvements in shock absorbers, steering systems, and suspension control devices, have continually upgraded vehicle handling characteristics.5Tire-to-road contact is needed for safe, positive vehicle control under all operating condi-tions. Keep in mind that all four tires must stay in contact with the road at all times for maxi-mum vehicle control. Compromises are made in handling response, tire wear, driver comfort, and ride harshness to achieve positive vehicle control.Suspension systems are divided into front suspension and rear suspension.Front suspension designs have developed from relatively rugged solid-axle designs to the modern lightweight, high-strength , strut-type independent designs. These have been upgraded with added linkage. Suspension design improvements have followed improvements in roadways and driver expectations.Most front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles use a simple dependent rear suspension .Rear-wheel-drive independent suspension is much more complex and expensive. As aresult, it is only used on a few passenger vehicles.To front-engine, front-wheel-drive vehicles by moving the drive train to the front, only ride control and braking reactions are controlled by the rear suspension. This has led to the use of simplified dependent suspension , semi-independent suspension and independent rear suspension. The latter is used in a larger number of new vehicle designs.Steering SystemsThe driver controls the direction of the front wheels of the vehicle through the steering gear. Modern steering gears have two major units* a steering column and a gear unit. Tin-steering column has a supported shaft that connects the driver's steering wheel to the gem unit. The gear unit multiplies the driver's steering effort to move the steering linkage.The front wheels of rear-wheel-drive vehicles rotate on a spindle. The spindle is part ol the steering knuckle . The knuckle is connected to the front suspension members with ball joints. The ball joints allow for steering as the suspension moves up and down. The wheel hubs on front-wheel-drive vehicles rotate on hollow axle stub shafts inside bearings within the steering knuckles.The steering wheel controls the steering gear assembly. This,in turn, moves the knuckle through the steering linkage. Two steering gear designs are in use today, the rack and pinion and recirculating ball.vehicles are designed with responsive steering. As a result, more effort is needed to steer the vehicle when it is moving slowly. Power steering supplies this effort on many vehicles.With power steering doing most of the work, steering ratios are decreased so that the ve-hicle can be steered with small steering wheel movements. The power steering gear is similar to the standard steering gear. It includes surfaces upon which fluid pressure is applied to aid the driver's steering effort. Both rack and pinion and recirculating ball gears may have power assist.Power for the steering gear is provided by an engine-driven pump. The pump forces power steering fluid through a system controlled by a valve. This control valve can sense the driver's steering effort. It puts fluid pressure against a pressure surface in the steering system. This fluid pressure takes over some of the effort needed to steer the vehicle.The steering column in the modern vehicle has many parts. It is designed to collapse or fold in a vehicle collision to protect the driver. In some installations, it may be tilted and tele-scoped to adjust the position of the steering wheel for the comfort of the driver. To reduce the chance of theft, it also has a steering gear lock. On many vehicles, it has a transmission lock. Because it is within easy reach of the driver, the steering column may carry the transmission shift control lever, turn signal switch, headlight and dimmer switches, wiper switch, emer-gency flasher switch, and speed control.Brake SystemsService brakes must be able to stop the vehicle, preventexcess speed when coasting, and hold the vehicle in position while it is stopped on grades. They are designed so the driver can adjust the braking effort to maintain vehicle control. Vehicle control is influenced by brakes as well as the suspension and steering systems. Faults in the brake system can lead to wheel pull during braking. To repair suspension systems, parts of the brake system may require disassembly. For these reasons, the brake system will be discussed briefly in this text.The brake system must provide smooth stopping power that can be controlled by thedriver. The force required on the brake pedal must not be so high that the wheels cannot be locked. To meet these braking requirements, minimum braking standards have been set for vehicle brakes.The driver controls the braking force through mechanical, vacuum, and hydraulic mecha-nisms. The amount of braking increases as more force is placed on the brake pedal. This force is transferred through the brake system to push stationary brake linings against the rotating brake surface. This slows the vehicle as it turns kinetic energy (energy of motion) into thermal energy (heat). Maximum braking occurs just before the wheels lock to cause the tires to slide on the road surface. Maximum braking, therefore, depends on the adhesion between the tire and the road surface. When the tire slides on the road, braking effect is reduced and direction-al control of the vehicle may be lost.The stationary parts of the front brake assemblies are mounted on the steering knuckle of the front suspension. In the rear, they are mounted on the axle housing or the rear spindle assembly. The cast-iron brake drum or disc rotates with the wheel .Disc Brake. Disc brakes have discs that rotate with the wheel . The brake disc is usually called a brake rotor. A hydraulically operated piston in a stationary caliper is used to force the lining of the brake pad against the braking surface of the rotor. The friction between the lining and rotor is used to slow or stop wheel rotation. The stationary caliper housing keeps the pads from rotating when they are being forced against the rotating brake disc.Disc brake pads move perpendicular to the face of the brake rotor. In this way, they clamp on the rotor to slow the vehicle motion. The clamping force is proportional to the force the driver puts on the brake pedal.Drum Brakes. Drum brakes use stationary, internal expanding brake shoes with linings. They are mounted inside a rotating brake drum. The brake drum is fastened between the wheel-tire assembly and the hub assembly or the axle flange. The brake shoes slow drum rotation when the diameter of the shoes is expanded to bring the lining in contact with the brake surface. This is done by a hydraulically operated wheel cylinder. Fluid pressure from the master cylinder is forced into the wheel cylinders, expanding them. The expansion of the wheel cylinder moves the brake shoe through mechanical linkage to press the-linings against the rotating brake drum. This provides braking action as it slows the rotation of the drum.汽车设计车架设计车架是汽车最基本的台架，所有的悬架和转向连接部件都安装在车架上面。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Automotive Model Design Philosophy。
In the world of automotive design, the concept of design philosophy plays a crucial role in shaping the appearance and functionality of a car model. It is the guiding principle that drives the creative process and influences every aspect of the vehicle's design, from its exterior lines to its interior layout. The design philosophy is the soul of a car, reflecting the values and vision of the brand and the designers behind it.At the heart of automotive model design philosophy is the pursuit of innovation and excellence. It is about pushing the boundaries of creativity and engineering to create a car that not only looks stunning but also performs exceptionally. The design philosophy is about integrating form and function, blending aesthetics with practicality, and delivering a driving experience that is both exhilarating and comfortable.One of the key elements of a strong automotive model design philosophy is the understanding of the brand's identity and heritage. It is about capturing the essence of the brand's history and values and translating them into a modern and relevant design language. Whether it is the sleek and sporty lines of a performance car or the elegant and luxurious curves of a premium sedan, the design philosophy must reflect the brand's DNA and resonate with its target audience.Furthermore, the design philosophy also encompasses the principles of sustainability and environmental responsibility. In today's world, car manufacturers are under increasing pressure to create vehicles that are not only visually appealing and high-performing but also eco-friendly and energy-efficient. The design philosophy must, therefore, embrace the use of sustainable materials, aerodynamic shapes, and innovative technologies that reduce the vehicle's environmental footprint without compromising its design integrity.Ultimately, the automotive model design philosophy is about telling a story through design. It is about creating a visual and emotional connection between the car and itsdriver, evoking feelings of excitement, pride, and admiration. It is about crafting a vehicle that is more than just a mode of transportation but a work of art that inspires and captivates. In the end, the design philosophy is what sets a car model apart and makes it a true masterpiece on wheels.。
汽车造型毕业设计外文翻译英语原文
Sketching, concept development andautomotive designS ketching and its key role in concept design are identified, and the particular circumstances of automotive design described. A brief summary of work in the general field of concept sketching and visual thinking is presented. The particular characteristics of automotive design sketches; lines, crown lines, area lines, shading and colouring are described, and a delayering analysis undertaken. This demonstrates the primacy of form lines in the automotive design sketch. Observations, by video, of post-graduate students and six professional designers while sketching confirm the importance of the form lines in the design process, the interactive and iterative of concept development and the central role of the activity of sketching in this process. It is proposed that the design of CAD systems to support concept development must take account of importance of sketching activity.Keywords: conceptual design, drawing, visual thinking, automotive design, computer aided designMuch of the design theory and research work on sketching in design has been based on the domains of architectural design and engineering product design. None of it has drawn directly from the activities of automotive designers with the exception of Tovey. This is a specialised activity because of the particularities of the product form and, because of the high level of demarcation in the design and development process in the industry. Thus …computer aided has become a current phrase in the industry, by contrast with …computer aided design‟ in other fields. Work on computer aided styling has tended to concentrate on providing three dimensional alternatives to sketching, such as …virtual clay modelling‟ or simply conventional CAD surface modelling. There are many areas of apparent similarity between the activities of automotive designers and those of designers in other fields. A key question is the extent to which the work of design researchers in the other areas will translate to this specialist discipline, and the degree to which their apparently generic conclusions apply.Our investigations have been into the use of concept sketches by designers in the automotive industry. We have undertaken a number of formal exercises to observe designers and their methods in an effort to understand their techniques, and the content of their sketches. At the concept stage they use quick informal methods to provide an initial representation of the design. This representation of their ideas depends upon rapid direct techniques grounded in conventional methods based on pen and paper. It would seem that despite the availability of computer aided techniques to design- ers, none has been accepted by them as having equivalent utility.Our investigations have been into the use of concept sketches by designers in the automotive industry. We have undertaken a number of formal exercises to observe designers and theirmethods in an effort to understand their techniques, and the content of their sketches. At the concept stage they use quick informal methods to provide an initial representation of the design. This representation of their ideas depends upon rapid direct techniques grounded in conventional methods based on pen and paper. It would seem that despite the availability of computer aided techniques to designers, none has been accepted by them as having equivalent utility.These observations indicate that production of design ideas appears to depend upon the interaction with the concept sketches (as will be seen later, this confirms the observations of several previous researchers). The sketches are produced through the initial representation of form lines, and followed by shading to modify the shapes. The intention of this piece of research was to investigate whether or not these lines could form the basis for a CAD tool to produce 3D geometry from the sketches, and to see if the shading had the potential to provide secondary information to facilitate surface modification of this geometry. Moreover, the focus is very clearly on the very early, concept development stage of products in the automotive industry, the intention being that the easy availability of three dimensional geometry very early in this process can aid the development of concepts and speed up their communication to and evaluation by other parties in the development chain. For this reason, the types of sketches considered are those that occur in the very first stages of the automotive development process.1 Concept sketchesDesign sketches are different from …drawing from the object‟. They are not drawings of something that already exists, in front of the artist, as is the case with figure drawing, still life drawing and similar. Instead the designer is involved in a process of attempting to give external definition to an imagined, or only half imagined, suggestion for a design form.Prior work towards the understanding of the role of drawing in design was extensively summarised by Purcell and Gero4. This provides a comprehensive review of work relating to many types of drawing activity in the design process, including figures, diagrams and more general imagery. It is particularly sketches that we are concerned with hereThe sketches and other forms of drawing are languages for handling design ideas. The actual process of creating design ideas is usually envisaged as going on in the mind‟s eye and the drawings as attempts to reproduce the designer‟s mental images. The method is one of hand-eye co-ordination to produce the physical representation as a sketch on paper. Exercising this skill can be mentally relaxing, which in turn can reduce the inhibitions to the flow of thought. Whilst the designer is drawing there is a mental sifting and sorting of information, which can lead to design ideas. As soon as the image has been manifested in some concrete form such as a drawing or model (physical or computer) it becomes part of the information being handled to produce the next idea. The process is one of interactive generation.Different types of drawings are associated with different stages of the design process with one type, the relatively unstructured and ambiguous sketch occurring early in the process. Designers place great emphasis on the sketch often because it is thought to be associated with innovation and creativity. The conceptual stages of design are characterised by vague knowledge and shifting goals.One view of the purpose of concept sketches in the engineering domain is that they are intended to provide quicker communication and retrieval at the early stages of design, by providing combined visual and factual descriptions for improved evaluation and concept selection. A wider view is reported of the function of such drawings and related diagrams in the field of architectural design. The roles that designers ascribe to such representations in design include:●Generating concepts●Externalising and visualising problems●Facilitating problem solving and creative effort●Facilitating perception and translation of ideas●Representing real world artefacts that can be manipulated and reasoned with●Revising and refining ideas.In the engineering context three kinds of sketch have been identified.(1) The thinking sketch: used to focus and guide non-verbal thinking(2) The prescriptive sketch: used to direct a draftsman in making a finished drawing(3) The talking sketch: produced during exchanges between technical people in order to clarify complex and possibly confusing parts of the drawing.In the same context five levels of complexity have been identified for engineering concept sketches.Complexity level 1: Monochrome line drawing, no shading or colour, uniform line thickness Complexity level 2: Monochrome line drawing, no shading or colour.Line thicknesses vary to give emphasis. May include brief annotation. Complexity level 3: Monochrome with rough shading to suggest form.May be annotated.Complexity level 4: Line and shading, may include colour and graduation.Complexity level 5: Colour illustration to show what the productlooks like. Colour, shading, shadows, annotations, dimensions.This is similar to other codifications of levels of detail in representation for 2D models: Undetailed Diagrammatic drawings Abstract Schematic Representational Ideas sketching drawingsConcept drawingsMeasured drawings PackageGeneral ArrangementAxonometricDetailed Parts drawingsWe have identified a concept sketch as “a collection of visual cues sufficient to suggest the design to an informed observer”.The process of moving from an initially vague concept to a detailed design proposal can be likened to moving from an out of focus image to one that is fully detailed. The concept sketch as an initial representation of the out of focus design idea is clearly essential. In this definition, along with the others quoted above, the emphasis is placed on the sketch as perceived by others, not just the designer. Its private role, as a thinking aid to the designer is also essential, and other researchers have seen this as key to a successful visual thinking activity. Some of this work is discussed below.Figure 1 Example of line usage in a sketch.2 Visual thinkingDesign thinking, which is directed to specifying the visual form of a designed object, will of necessity involve visual representation. As McKim has shown visual thinking is greatly facilitated by representational procedures such as drawing in a three-way interaction of seeing, imaging and drawing. For architects this has been described so as to support abstraction and problem solving in a drawing based process.Similarly the analysis undertaken by Suwa, Purcell and Gero is grounded in the architecturaldomain. Their findings may be expressed as the following insights:(1) Sketches serve as an external memory in which to leave ideas for later inspection.(2) Sketches serve as a provider of visual cues for the association of functional issues.(3) Most importantly, sketches serve as a physical setting in which functional thoughts are constructed on the fly in a situated way.Also from the field of architecture, Schon and Wiggins have investigated kinds of seeing and their relationship with the design activity. They regard designing as a conversation with materials conducted in the medium of drawing, and crucially dependent on seeing. It is characterised as a reflective conversation with materials whose basic structure—seeing—moving—seeing—is an interaction of designing and discovery. Designers draw on paper, observing the evolving product of their work, employing different kinds of seeing (visual apprehensions, literal seeing), and as this is done discoveries are made. Features and relations are identified which cumulatively generate a fuller understanding, or …feel for‟the configuration with which she/he is working. They conclude that this involves attending to processes that computers are presently unable to reproduce.The work of Goldschmidt in this area, also based on architecture, is telling, and contains powerful insights. She deduces that designers invariably use imagery to generate new form combinations that they represent through sketching. Crucially, she adds that they also work in the opposite way; they sketch to generate images of forms in their minds. She asserts that interactive imagery through sketching is a rational mode of reasoning characterised by systematic exchanges between conceptual and figural arguments.Figure 3 Sketches producedIt is clear that the need for visualisation is recognised by almost all designers in diverse fields,from the arts to engineering. However, it is important to distinguish between that visual representation which is for the purposes of communication (with clients, colleagues or other interested parties) and that which is used for evaluation; that is to assess the quality of the design. Neither of these is what is meant by visual thinking. Rather it is the generation of new ideas, the reasoning that gives rise to them and facilitates the creation of form in designs (as opposed to their presentation).Sketches play an important role in the creative, explorative, open-ended phase of problem solving, facilitated by lateral transformations. As Garner notes: Pictorial representations, constructed during designing and taking the form of sketches, are important to designing because they impose both order and tangibility on the one hand, while on the other hand their ambiguity stimulates re-interpretation. The very lack of clarity may be important. It is apparent that there is a wealth of existing research concerning the concept sketch; the purpose it has, the media through which it is achieved and its potential for being supported by computers. There is, however, very little research directly pertaining to the automotive concept sketch and whether it is possible to support the production and use of them using computers. In an industry heavily committed to CAD and where there is an increasing pressure to reduce lead times it is an area full of research opportunity.。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design Philosophy。
In the world of automotive design, the concept of car model design philosophy plays a crucial role in shaping the future of transportation. It is not just about creating visually appealing vehicles, but also about integrating innovative technologies, sustainability, and user experience into the design process.The design philosophy of car models starts with a deep understanding of the needs and desires of the consumers. It involves researching and analyzing market trends, consumer behavior, and technological advancements to create vehicles that cater to the ever-changing demands of the industry. This approach allows designers to create cars that not only meet the current needs of the market but also anticipate future trends and preferences.Furthermore, the design philosophy of car models also encompasses the integration of sustainable and eco-friendly technologies. With the increasing concern for the environment, car manufacturers are incorporating electric, hybrid, and fuel-efficient technologies into their designs. This philosophy aims to reduce carbon emissions, minimize the reliance on fossil fuels, and create a more sustainable future for transportation.In addition, the user experience is a crucial aspect of car model design philosophy. It involves creating vehicles that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and intuitive to use. This means designing interiors that are comfortable and ergonomic, integrating advanced infotainment systems, and implementing safety features that prioritize the well-being of the driver and passengers.Ultimately, the concept of car model design philosophy is about creating vehicles that are not just modes of transportation, but also symbols of innovation, sustainability, and progress. It is about pushing the boundaries of design and technology to create carsthat are not only visually stunning but also practical, efficient, and environmentally responsible.In conclusion, the design philosophy of car models is a multifaceted approach that encompasses consumer needs, sustainability, and user experience. It is a driving force behind the evolution of automotive design and a reflection of the ever-changing demands of the industry. By embracing this philosophy, car manufacturers can create vehicles that not only meet the current needs of the market but also shape the future of transportation.。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Automotive Model Design。
The design of automotive models is not just about creating a vehicle that looks good, it's about creating a vehicle that embodies a specific set of principles and values. The design of a car model is a reflection of the designer's vision and their understanding of the needs and desires of the target audience. It is a form of art that combines functionality and aesthetics to create a vehicle that not only performs well but also captures the imagination of the people who see it.When it comes to automotive model design, there are several key principles that designers must keep in mind. The first is functionality. A car model must be designed with the needs of the driver and passengers in mind. This means that the layout of the interior, the placement of controls and the overall ergonomics of the vehicle must be carefully considered to ensure that the car is easy and comfortable to use.Another important principle is innovation. A great car model is one that pushes the boundaries of what is possible in terms of design and technology. This could mean incorporating new materials, developing new manufacturing techniques or introducing groundbreaking features that set the vehicle apart from its competitors.Aesthetics are also a crucial aspect of automotive model design. A car model must be visually appealing, with a design that is both timeless and contemporary. This means paying attention to the proportions, lines, and details of the vehicle to ensure that it looks good from every angle.Finally, sustainability is an increasingly important consideration in automotive model design. With the growing concern for the environment, car manufacturers are under pressure to develop vehicles that are more eco-friendly. This means using materials that are recyclable, reducing the vehicle's carbon footprint and developing alternative power sources such as electric or hybrid engines.In conclusion, automotive model design is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of the needs and desires of the target audience, as well as a commitment to innovation, aesthetics, and sustainability. By adhering to these principles, designers can create vehicles that not only look good but also perform well and contribute to a more sustainable future.。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design Philosophy。
In the world of car model design, there is a philosophy that goes beyond just creating a vehicle. It is about understanding the needs and desires of the consumers and translating them into a visually appealing and functional design. The concept of car model design philosophy is about creating a vehicle that not only looks good but also performs well and meets the needs of the modern consumer.At the core of car model design philosophy is the idea of innovation. Designers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible, exploring new materials, technologies, and design concepts to create cars that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also environmentally friendly and technologically advanced. This philosophy is about creating cars that are not just a mode of transportation but also a statement of style and innovation.Another key aspect of car model design philosophy is the idea of functionality. A well-designed car model should not only look good but also be practical and functional. This means paying attention to details such as interior space, comfort, and convenience features. It also means creating cars that are easy to drive and maintain, with intuitive controls and user-friendly interfaces.Furthermore, car model design philosophy is about understanding the needs and desires of the consumers. Designers spend time researching and understanding the preferences and lifestyles of the target audience, and then use that information to create cars that resonate with them. This means creating cars that are not only visually appealing but also practical and suited to the needs of the modern consumer.In conclusion, the concept of car model design philosophy is about creating cars that are innovative, functional, and tailored to the needs of the modern consumer. It is about pushing the boundaries of what is possible and creating cars that are not only a mode of transportation but also a statement of style and innovation. This philosophy is what drivesthe automotive industry forward and ensures that car models continue to evolve and improve to meet the needs of the ever-changing consumer market.。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design Philosophy。
In the world of automobile design, the concept of car model design philosophy plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the industry. It is the underlying principle that guides designers in creating innovative and groundbreaking car models that not only meet the needs of consumers but also push the boundaries of technology and aesthetics.At the heart of car model design philosophy is the idea of creating vehicles that are not just functional, but also emotionally engaging. This means that designers strive to incorporate elements of art, culture, and human experience into their creations, making them more than just a mode of transportation, but a reflection of the society and the times we live in.Another key aspect of car model design philosophy is sustainability. With the increasing concern for the environment and the finite nature of natural resources, designers are now more than ever challenged to create car models that are not only fuel-efficient but also environmentally friendly. This has led to the development of electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as the use of lightweight and recyclable materials in car construction.Furthermore, car model design philosophy also emphasizes the importance of safety and technology. With the advancement of autonomous driving and connected car technologies, designers are constantly exploring new ways to integrate these features into their car models, making them safer and more convenient for consumers.In conclusion, the concept of car model design philosophy is a driving force behind the evolution of the automobile industry. It challenges designers to think beyond the traditional boundaries of car design and to create vehicles that are not only practical and efficient but also emotionally engaging, sustainable, and technologically advanced. As we look towards the future, it is clear that car model design philosophy will continue to shape the way we perceive and interact with automobiles.。
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The Car Modeling DesignFor car modelling, mention the word people often can produce immediately for lenovo in the form of various body, although it is not comprehensive, because car styling is the sum of outside and inside modelling, but had to admit that the appearance of the car is the most intuitive impression of automobile modeling for people. For the automobile modeling design, it covers knowledge engineering technology, art and so on various aspects of the application and market demand, to meet the consumers' taste and functional requirements.Literally what is undeniable is that the car modeling design is derived from the designers of creative expression, by the designer, to many human idea about the car for a reasonable attempt, constantly breakthrough self, challenge themselves. Car modelling design, whether it's like ordinary people use of household car, or royal family use limousine, or a professional driver favorite car, sports car, they all have very obvious differentiation on modelling, the people in the street to see what level of body, the brand, to the natural identity formed certain association of owners, and for different brands of automobile modeling design, which comes from different designers for car design. Car modelling design is also on the technical support of many other disciplines, here I am to have very important influence on development of automobile modeling design of some of the subject part lists are analyze.Since the emergence of the car, bionics started inadvertently used in the design of the model. For automobile modeling, the bionic design in automobile modeling with a unique code to liberate the inherent pattern design of modelling form, interpretation of power, speed, and the symbol of status, wealth, fashion, convey the entire design concept. Nowadays, bionics become guidance and aided automobile modeling design is an important subject, bionic design also gradually become an important means of design, it not only build the people and things, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, also prompted design found a new form.Bionic design is applied to the various design very early, so see it is not surprising that, in the car on modelling is my understanding of the bionics, it is the nature of some biological characteristics of the advantages of refining of science improving applied to other industries, it is the purpose of pursuing people to draw inspiration from the biological resources, such as car early in the development of a designer to design the "fish" car, maybe at that time did not rise up the subject of bionics, but stylist inadvertently used for fish in the water received by its own size decrease in water resistance and to speed up their swimming this, and apply onto the body modelling design, more typical case is 1952 gm buick brand "fish" type design, surface modeling is very dynamic, because the car interior ministry wide, wide field of vision, both passengers and drivers, inside the body will feel carefree, the affinity of car body itself has an irresistible, should allowstereotyped monotonous straight line in car design, is also a very important breakthrough at the time.There are a lot of examples, such as "viper" is a sports car, as America's most ferocious snake - "viper", has the characteristics of all nature disaster. "Viper" series of models, as a breakthrough point, the appearance of modelling design in particular the sharp front face and the spirit of the headlamps, give a person with terrible ferocity, good at dueling sensory stimulation, like soldiers courageous warrior, always ready to fight to the death, embodies the human eternal pursuit of the meaning of life. Viper, the second generation of 9 models, convey the intrinsic well. Automobile modeling bionic design with "from nature to the nature", as has been the pursuit of goals, the application of natural biological form surface is limited modelling space into endless spiritual awareness, create a bionic form of aesthetic value, to achieve the "personalized" demand and the state of "imitating the nature". Can reference on modelling human nature, The Times on the automobile modeling application development gradually, it seems to me is not only on the auto industry development and progress, is more of a human can live in the actual production of respecting nature, respect nature, from the development of bionics in the automobile modeling design process I can read the industry further development, it is also because modelling are close to the essence of life itself.Automobile modeling design purpose lies in the combination offunction and form aesthetic feeling, to give users in a certain emotional factors influence or impact on the market, on modelling design, different automobile modeling can bring a person different emotional experience, and to convey the designer wants to make people get on a car design.Automobile modeling design is applied art gimmick science express car function, structure and texture, and make people for its beauty. Automobile modeling design must reflect the style of the vehicle, such as streamlined can indicate the car has a higher speed, so as to shape a sporty image in the consumers' mind. Carbon fiber material can reflect the high-tech feeling and lightness of car, has a muscular body form can express powerful and protection of security. Excellent automobile modeling design can make consumers by aesthetic appreciation to deep understanding of its meaning, to produce the desire of the product. This is based on the perceptual technology this is not by many cognitive developed from cognitive psychology on the subject's important role on the automobile modeling design. It is stylist will be collected from the market information, through the analysis of consumer psychology that design more accord with human aesthetic and functional requirements of product evolutionary design, stylist is in perceptual information, consumer psychology and rational constraints (engineering) between coordination.In automobile product development model of "user as the center" in the early stage of the design need to study consumer's perceptual demand, andconsumers to seek in the perceptual demand often from the image of the car. Such as businessman to give reliable partners to form the image of good faith, the car for business occasions, modelling is generally very grave, composed, atmosphere; Racing car, for example, has very obvious streamline on modelling design, in order to display the car performance is strong, can run very fast, with enough instances of racer; Cultural entertainment venue such as car again, the modelling is compared commonly lively, fashion, have individual character, to show the meeting activities and the characteristics of representative. These are the perceptual technology on automobile modeling design is applied to car use and the appreciation of the most common level.Automobile modeling are actually very close to our daily life, on the streets everywhere the family car, taxi, bus, sometimes even see a cable car, luxury cars, sports car, saloon car. We have a lot of focus on automobile brand rather than modelling. But nature sense, any brand of car has its unique style of the modelling, we are to determine the brand car with its shape characteristics, such as seen in the street a lamborghini, its streamline appearance alone, we will be able to determine that it is lamborghini car, this is the car model represented by the car culture connotation. At the end of this course, the reason I chose to automobile modeling design analysis for class papers, but also for any automobile modeling design, as far as I'm concerned, is the designer of some design ideas of cultural interpretation,any design is necessarily comes from life, no experience and observation, can't make the products can be accepted by the public. Automobile modeling is not only the appearance, also is not only a decoration, interior space how to start from the Angle of human nature, and so on these elements are necessarily involve automobile modeling. So this is a worthy art, technology and market coordination aspects of creative achievement, no matter from what Angle to design the vehicle model, the ultimate goal is to continuously improve to meet the needs of users of the product.汽车造型设计对于汽车造型，提到这个词时人们往往能立即产生对于各种车身形态的联想，虽然它并不全面，因为汽车造型是汽车外部和车厢内部造型的总和，但不得不承认的是，汽车的外观的确是人们对于汽车造型的最直观印象。