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国际贸易经济外文翻译外文文献英文文献美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式

Trade liberalization and patterns of strategicadjustment in the US textiles and clothing industryBelay SeyoumU.S.A.International Business Review，Issue 16 ,2007Belay SeyoumNova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA Received 2 December 2005; received in revised form 17 April 2006, 11 October 2006, 23 November 2006; accepted13 December 2006The overall environment facing the US TC industry will be one of rapidly changing market conditions and technological innovation. With the phase out of quotas and growing number of trade agreements, the US TC industry is being exposed to intense competition in export and domestic markets. This is likely to lead domestic industries/labor to demand intervention by national governments to mitigate the adverse impact of trade liberalization (Standbury & Vertinksy, 2004).In spite of the substantial job losses, the US TC industry remains technologically advanced partly due to increased productivity resulting from advances in technology and design capabilities. Textile production is capital intensive and modern technology is essential to meet the increasing for high-quality products. Over the last few years, US textiles and apparel firms have substantially increased their investment to maintain modern manufacturing facilities as well as improve production and marketing capabilities in order to maximize their inherent advantages to market proximity. In apparel, low skill production jobs have moved to low-cost locations offshore while the more skilled ones have been retained. To successfully adapt to the new environment, US TC industries need to capitalize on their sources of competitive advantage. They need to develop a more flexible operational arrangement, meet high standards in product innovation and generally develop a more change-seeking business culture (Kilduff, 2005).An important survival tool for US TC firms is to expand their potential market by offering new product designs and product categories. Manufacturers must try to bring a steady stream of products to market that are in line with the taste, preferences of theconsumer. They can also expand their market potential by offering new product categories. Two of the fastest growing apparel segments in the US, for example, have been the women’s plus and men’s big and tall segments (Driscoll, 2004). Plus-size apparel marketing was estimated at $47 billion in 2005 accounting for 20% of total apparel market. It is important to identify the firm’s target customers and assess whether the firm is successfully addressing their needs.US TC firms should target a narrow segment of the market that provides the best opportunity for success. In textiles, the focus should be on a few specialized segments such as carpets, nonwovens and technical textiles. Similarly, apparel producers should increase their focus on core products, reduce vertical integration to shed overhead costs, and establish alliances with other firms to consolidate resources and increase market share.Finally, in view of rising incomes and high growth rates in many developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India, there are potential export market opportunities for US textile and apparel products. US export interests may be served by seeking improved access to the retail distribution systems of developing countries. US textile firms should also be able to use Mexico to export to the European Union and other countries, taking advantage of the Mexico-EU trade agreement. Since the conclusion of NAFTA, a number of Asian and European firms have produced certain products in Mexico in order to export to the US market.This paper suggests a demand pull model as a basis for developing a network structure in the clothing industry. In a demand pull model, consumer demand is the driver of sales unlike the supply push model whereby the manufacturer pushes goods to the retailer regardless of consumer demand.Retail companies have become powerful due to their sufficient capital and marketing expertise to build loyalty among consumers. They are the lead firm in view of their central role in the organizational network. The lead clothing retailer integrates industrial capabilities such as sourcing of textiles, design, product branding and its relations with consumers enables it to keep abreast of fashion consumption trends.The lead firm conveys its requirements to these changing trends (changes in style, material requirements) to its suppliers or subcontractors (Table 7). It also provides assistance with the purchasing of capital equipment and technology necessary to produce apparel in accordance with market demand. The fragmented webs of suppliers and subcontractors are bound together through information technology, online data sharing, joint product development, and collaborative forecasting, planning and replenishment activities. Retailers will hold less inventory as shipments become smaller and more frequent since point of sale data is directly transmitted to the manufacturer/supplier who will produce and ship garments as it is needed. This model shows the role of the retailer as an intermediary integrating the functions of design, textile sourcing, branding and as facilitator of apparel production through a web of suppliers/subcontractors. Such restructuring through technological improvements and information technology is one means of succeeding in an increasingly competitive environment. The horizontally structured, mass production methods no longer ensure future competitiveness.The lion’s share of the benefits from quota elimination is expec ted to accrue to China. Its low labor cost, high productivity, range and flexibility of services as well as efficient supplier networks will make China the supplier of choice. About 87% of apparelexecutives that participated in a cotton sourcing summit in Miami in February 2004, agreed that China will soon account for 50–90% of all apparel sold in the US market (National Labor Committee, 2004). This means rationalization of production and a massive consolidation of vendors. Other winners are likely to include India and Pakistan in narrow segments of the TC industry. The elimination of quotas is also likely to lead to lower prices for consumers in view of the absence of quota costs which is often a significant part of the cost of TC sold in the US market. Well-known brands may still hold market value since they are not subject to retail price deflation. It is important for TC firms to evaluate their internal capabilities such as sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, transportation etc. in order to develop an action plan for the post-quota world.Exporters from Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean are likely to lose market share to China since they largely compete on price (not quality) and lack the capability to produce high value added products. Even with the introduction of safeguards on a range of products that are of export interest to these countries, their US market share has declined since the phase out of quotas. With the complete removal of quotas in 2008, it is difficult for these countries to compete on price. Since the US government lifted quotas in 2002 on 29 categories, for example, China’s market share (in these categories) jumped from just 9% (2002) to 65% (2003) while prices paid by US retailers (for apparel from China) dropped by 48% (National Labor Committee, 2004). In cotton dressing gowns (quotas removed) China’s share in 2003 jumped from 25% to 39% while that of Caribbean countries fell from 13% to a mere 3%. In the first 12 months after the phase out of quotas, China’s market share in apparel rose by 59% in value while that of many Central and South American countries showed a sharp decline.What are the implications for TC firms in countries that are vulnerable to competition from China? First, they should capitalize on their proximity to the US market. Their ability to offer lower transport cost, lower lead times as well as duty free entry to the US market may attract the fashion-oriented segment of the US industry. This will depend on access to good local transport infrastructure to get goods to market as well as advanced telecommunications systems to link suppliers and customers. Local firms and governments need to collaborate in creating a climate which is conducive to business and to develop infrastructure to attract and retain TC industries that are so vital in generating exports and employment.Secondly, low wages do not necessarily provide a comparative advantage with respect to China. Firms should develop new capabilities in areas in which China does not have a comparative advantage (yarn, and silk non-apparel). This requires, inter alia, investment in modern production methods and development of competitive sources of local raw materials. Even in product areas in which China is expanding its exports, developing country suppliers that enhance their skills, technology, supply chains and marketing capabilities (through joint ventures, licensing arrangements) faster than China can still maintain their shares to the US market.Thirdly, an important strategic consideration that limits the competitive impact of China is the need on the part of multinationals to diversify their risk portfolios. US manufacturers and retailers are likely to adopt a diversified risk adjusted sourcing strategy that balances cost, speed to market as well as political and economic stability. They may not be prepared to rely on China for critical inputs beyond a certain threshold of risk. Furthermore, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean could be attractive options for US companies in some fashion sensitive segments of the industry where quick response or fast turnaround is important.Finally, existing US rules of origin requirements to qualify for free access to the US market have had unintended consequences. One of the requirements is that they have to use US yarn and fabric. This has had the effect of making their exports less competitive. The US may have to modify its rules of origin to allow developing countries to import from Asia or other competitive sources without losing their preferential status.美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式贝蕾·塞尤姆美国国际商务评论，第16期,2007年贝蕾·塞尤姆诺娃东南大学，学院大道3301，劳德代尔堡，佛罗里达33314，美国2005年12月2日收到稿件；分别于2006年4月17日、2006年10月11日和2006年11月23日收到修改稿件；2006年12月13日正式录用美国纺织品和服装行业面临的是一个市场条件快速变化、科技不断创新的环境。

国际经济学推荐书目——经典书目大全

研究生推荐书目1、《国际经济学》[美]保罗·克鲁格曼，中国人民大学出版社。

2、《国际经济学》Dominink Salvatore著，清华大学出版社。

3、《战略性贸易政策与信国际经济学》，国际经济学译丛，中国人民大学出版社，保罗·克鲁格曼主编4、《流行的国际主义》国际经济学译丛，保罗·克鲁格曼著。

中国人民大学出版社。

5、《克鲁格曼国际贸易新理论》，中国社会科学出版社。

6、《汇率的不稳定性》，国际经济学译丛，保罗·克鲁格曼，中国人民大学出版社。

7、《地理和贸易》，国际经济学译丛，保罗·克鲁格曼，中国人民大学出版社。

8、《抉择——关于自由贸易与贸易保护主义的寓言》，国际经济学译丛，罗萨·罗伯茨，中国人民大学出版社，2001年版。

9、《萧条经济学的回归》，保罗·克鲁格曼，中国人民大学出版社。

10、《市场结构和对外贸易政策——报酬递增、不完全竞争和国际贸易》，保罗·克鲁格曼，上海三联出版社。

11、《新兴古典经济学和超边际分析》，杨小凯著，经济学前沿系列，中国人民大学出版社。

12、《泡沫经济与金融危机》，徐滇庆著，经济学前沿系列，中国人民大学出版社。

13、《公共选择理论——政治的经济学》，经济学前沿系列，中国人民大学出版社。

14、《市场经济前沿问题——现代经济运行方式》，魏杰，中国发展出版社。

15、《企业前沿问题——现代企业管理帆方案》，魏杰，中国发展出版社。

16、《企业制度安排》，魏杰，中国发展出版社。

17、《企业文化塑造》，魏杰，中国发展出版社。

18、《通往奴役之路》，哈耶克，西方现代思想丛书，中国社会科学出版社，1997年。

19、《西方经济学术的演变及其影响》，胡代光主编，北京大学出版社。

20、《人民币汇率研究——兼谈国际金融危机与涉外经济》，杨帆著，首都经济贸易大学出版社。

21、《经济解释》，张五常著，商务印书馆。

22、《市场经济——大师们的思考》，[美]詹姆斯·L·多蒂，江苏人民出版社。

经济学外文翻译外文文献英文文献英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路

英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路摘要通常情况下，创新在行业中发挥的作用是至关重要的。

以往学者专门讨论在技术上更新兴的产业（例如，汽车和药品）。

但在传统和成熟的行业上，如纺织品和陶瓷产业，往往被忽视。

本文在英国陶瓷产业技术创新中的作用纠正这种让失衡。

回顾以往的和当前的创新，根据同行业中的案例分析，其中包括用突出创新和技术创新取得成功的例子。

1.英国陶瓷行业的一个简史陶瓷，定义为无机非金属材料，陶瓷派生于的希腊扎罗斯，大致翻译为烧土。

著名陶艺家乔赛亚·韦奇伍德，托马斯·明顿和斯波德乔赛亚在18世纪在英国斯塔福德郡成立了陶器联盟，合并成为特伦特河畔斯托克。

这个地区由于其当地丰富的粘土窑煤是最适合陶瓷生产。

这些资源在1777年在特伦特和默西运河畔有力的助力了英国陶瓷产业的初期成长。

2. 创新和新技术的作用可以说，英国陶瓷产业已亲眼目睹了两个技术创新和新技术革命。

当第一个陶工在特伦特斯托克河畔开始他们的陶瓷生产，迅速地由一个工艺作坊转变为一个行业。

这个传统陶瓷行业的初始生产（即，餐具，瓷砖，砖和卫生洁具行业）带来了创新的主要问题即生产的连续性，制造一个杯子，砖瓦如前所述。

为了应对这种革命性的生产经营单位产生了，这个先行者就是韦奇伍德。

许多行业经过了长时间的巩固，直到二十世纪中叶，陶瓷产品的制造很难再从200年来的生产发生改变。

今天，新技术的重要性对英国的陶瓷生产与日俱增。

与其他产品的出现（例如，玻璃和塑料）和国外市场的竞争增加，需要新的技术提供更快的生产和更高的质量是非常重要的。

这种创新活动关注的大多数是陶瓷产品生产更快，更便宜，更可靠和更耐用。

提高机械化水平成了瓷砖、卫生洁具和餐具制品生产厂家的重要工作。

陶艺工业生产商的理想是在机器的一端放入原材料，在机器的另一端成品就出来了。

3. 研究和技术组织（RTO）的作用实时系统和研究协会是专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，是一家创新技术的生成和扩散的私营公司。

【免费下载】经济类外文文献

外文文献原文Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas Farmers in China's vast population, has some large-scale production of the farmers, but also survival-oriented farmers, huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance intermediation makes complex, together with agriculture itself is the profit low, natural and market risks hig h risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics, resulting in the cost of rural finan cial transactions is far higher than the city, also decided to organize the rural financial system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics. 20 years of financial refor, financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achieveme-nts, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the weakest link.Insufficient sup ply of rural finance,competition is not sufficient,farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loans and other issues is alsovery prominent, backward rural financial system can no longer e ffectively support the development of modern agriculture or the transformation of traditional agriculture and the building of new socialist countryside,which to improve the rural financial supervision new topic.China's rural financial regulatory problems(A) the formation of China's financial regulatory system had "a line three commission " (People's Bank,the Securities Regulatory Commission,Insurance Regulatory Commissio n and the Banking Regulatory Commission) financial regulatory structure.Bank These stringent requirements,different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role,but it also had some negative effects.First,inefficient supervision,supervis ion of internal consumption of high costs,limited financial industry business development and innovation space.Second,the regulatory agencies,regulatory bodies and the information asym metry between central banks,banking, securities,and insurance mechanisms of coordination b etween regulatory bodies are not rmation between central banks and regulatory ag encies is difficult to share,is difficult to create effective monitoring forc. Basically between th e various regulators in their respective state regulators,regulatory policies and measures to ove rlapping or conflicting phenomena have occurred,unable to cope with China's current rural fin ancial market complexity and diversity and so on.Third,financial institutions have liquidity ris k or out of the market and so on,may be excessive because the central bank assistance,financial institutions and financial institutions led to the person in charge "capacity risk" and "moral hazard",or for financial institutions regulatory arbitrage possibilities;addition,since the lack of recourse,may adversely affect the financial stability.(B) rural financial ecological environment is not in-depthThe current financial environment in rural county building still remains in the letter the use rvillage,township,community development credit level, "government-led,human-propelled,departmental interaction" and create a mechanism for financial ecological environm ent in rural areas lack.Local governments and authorities the importance of financial knowled ge of the ecological environment is not deep,implementation and functions of individual local protectionism and heavy,there is interference with the financial sector credit and other daily b usiness situation.Rural credit system lag,lack of bad credit punishment mechanism, rural busi nesses and residents in the overall credit awareness is not high,rural finance development and expansion of social services and social protection of the environment has not yet formed. (C) China's existing legal system of financial supervision and a number of shortcomings, can not guarantee that financial regulation is reasonable, effective, standardized implem entation.First,regulatory lag,supporting regulations are incomplete,the content is too rough,too simpl e,the banking,securities and insurance supervision laws and regulations more old,a general lac k of quantitative science.Supervisory regulations and standards, regulatory methods and techn ical means not meet regulatory requirements in the market. Staff in the actual implementation, not easy to grasp the scale, may of operation. Second, the Chinese regulators and the regulate d objects exist some interest, and the existing regulations, lack of supervision and regulatory enforcement are to ensure that financial regulation can not be just and reasonable. Finally, Chi na's financial supervision is still difficult to shake off the inertia of the executive-style regulatory impact.(D) of the Rural Financing drifting outside the existing financial regulatoryAccording to IFAD study, Chinese farmers from the informal financial institutions, loans fr om official credit institutions about 4 times. For farmers, the importance of informal financial markets over the formal financial market. China's mainly rural folk form of finance rural credi t cooperatives, Cooperation, private lending, private banks, private funds, microfinance, etc., of which only rural credit cooperatives and microfinance in China's financial supervision under the rest of the financial forms the lack of appropriate supervision. The general lack of rural financial organizations of civil norms, there is a big risk, China's existing laws and regulations on private financial institutions in rural areas is one of "isolation" policy, making a lot of mon ey from the dark into the rural financial market and greater regulation of financial difficulty, o n rural financial security is a potential threat.learn from the developed countries(A) improve coordination of rural finance mechanisms for external supervision1. The United States "multiple composite" of the coordination mechanism. U.S. financial c ooperation system in rural areas by the federal mid-term credit banks, cooperative banks, federal land banks and federal land bank system compo sed of three Cooperatives, the Farm Credit Administration (NCUA) leadership, and with the Council under the leadership of the private banks in rural commercial credit, National Rural C redit Bank policy of the United States shared the task of rural financial intermediation. The or ganizational model is a typical multi-mode hybrid system, three systems have an independent management system, with clear term s of reference. To ensure the healthy development of rural financial institutions, commercial b anks in the United States adopted a different regulatory models, specifically setting up a relati vely sound financial regulatory system in rural areas, including regulators, industry self-regulation associations, financial intermediation and mutual insurance group clearing center, t he four kind of independent agencies and their subsidiary bodies, the functions of different, b ut share the same objectives as a common rural cooperative financial institutions to serve the r egulatory system.2. Germany's "comprehensive regulatory model" of coordination mechanisms. Low concen tration of the German banking system, in the very important parts of the bank, the representati ve of the financial mixed operation. Commonwealth Bank and the Federal Financial Supervis ory Authority the power to regulate the two main regulators of the banking sector there is a cl ear division of labor, but also close cooperation. Commonwealth Bank in Germany, nine state s have branch offices, using their own network advantages to the Federal Financial Supervisor y Authority is responsible for daily transmission of data banks focus for the Federal Financial Authority to provide a better basis for the exercise of regulatory functions, but it is not directl y involved in the regulation work, nor has the administrative punishment. The Federal Financial Supervisory Authority did not have branches in the states, it is difficult to carry out regular supervision, need to cooperate with the Commonwealth Bank to perform its regulatory functi ons. Germany's main central banks and industry rely on the federal audit of the regulatory syst em and risk prevention and protection system to ensure rural finance in the specification on the basis of continuous development.3. Japan's "complement each other-type" coordination mechanism. In Japan, the dual supervision of the implementation of rural f inance: first, the Office of Government financial regulation, supervision on the implementatio n of various financial institutions, to achieve the overall risk control; Second, national and loc al Forestry and Fisheries Department with the Office of Financial Regulation on the impleme ntation of rural financial institutions supervision, including the Ministry of Agriculture consist s of the branch on Norinchukin supervision, Forestry and Fisheries set up in six major areas of agricultural area in County Council on joint supervision of the letter, and all, Road House, Co unty Farmer of the Ministry of Agriculture within its jurisdiction Association for Cooperative Finance Supervision Department(B) the establishment of deposit insurance and emergency rescue system to form a three-tier safety netDeveloped financial system generally established strict internal management system, depos it insurance system and the system of three emergency safety net. As a second-class safety net of deposit insurance system has been very satisfactory. The federal governme nt on rural finance unified compulsory deposit insurance, the specific business operation by th e Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's SavingsAssociation Insurance Fund, and to assume supervision of the insured financial institutions; the German government on the implementati on of the voluntary deposit of credit co-insurance, not mandatory insurance, its insurance sector is the industry organization; Japan's c redit co-national compulsory deposit insurance, the insurance agency is a joint venture between Gover nment and the people, by the Government, Norinchukin Bank, Japan Bank, Credit Union and a coalition of agricultural water fishery credit cooperatives Industry Insurance Agency. As a t hird-class safety net for emergency rescue system, specific measures for implementation in different countries, bank deposits for the brink of bankruptcy, in some countries directly by the centr al bank to offer special low-interest loans (such as the U.S. and Italy), in some countries by the bank regulatory authorities and other Commercial Bank for the establishment of special institutions to finance the rescue (such as France and Belgium), a number of countries came forward by the deposit insurance a gency to provide funds (such as Japan), more by one or a few large banks in support of officia l support.(C) rural finance within the industry associations to play a regulatory role1. U.S. Rural Cooperative Finance Association of self-management. In the United States, various credit associations or co-finance up to several dozen, including a long history, nationally renowned for the National As sociation of Credit (CUNA), a specialized credit services for the Federal Register Association (NAFCU), there are also special school credit for community service credit unions and associ ations (CCUC), etc.. While the states also have their own Credit Union Association. The trade association is one of the major work to develop a code of conduct, self-regulation management.2. German credit cooperation and other cooperative system of industry self-regulation of mutual integration. German cooperation in the National Credit Union (BVR) is a cooperative bank industry self-regulatory organizations, grass-roots local cooperative banks, cooperative banks and district central cooperative banks, as wel l as professional co-finance companies, cooperative credit union is a member. Germany 11 contributions from the various types of cooperatives set up jointly organized a regional cooperative audit association, responsible for annual audit of the specialized agencies of the various types of cooperatives, which are also common types of cooperatives at the district level, the industry watchdog, play s an important industry supervisory role.3. Set supervision and service in one of the Japanese Agricultural Association. Japanese go vernment in 1947 promulgated the "Agricultural Cooperative Law," agricultural association p rovides services for members of cooperative organizations, its not for profit, adhere to the rur al communities and members for the service centers, institutional system based on grass-roots level according to facilitate farmers , established the principle manageable. The main source of funding is to absorb the rural deposits, in principle, limited to serving as a member of t he farmers and agricultural groups. To ensure financial security cooperation, and healthy run, set up a rural credit insurance, temporary transfers of funds mutual aid system and credit coop erative organizations, and government co-funded deposit insurance system, agricultural disaster compensation system and the agricultur al credit guarantee system for the insurance system measures.improve the financial supervision of the concept of rural China(A) improve and perfect the legal system of rural financial regulation, supervision accor ding to lawFinance as the core of the economy, the continued growth of rural finance is more in need o f legal regulation and a sound legal environment, accelerate the development of rural finance l aws, no legal basis to change the situation, has become the strong demand of rural financial d evelopment. Since the reform and opening up, no one for rural finance, rural financial regulati on can serve as a basis for law. To achieve effective supervision, the need for additional profe ssional laws, regulations, and specific regulatory measures, regulations and implementation d etails, so as to achieve from the general administrative supervision to improve the legal syste m, efforts to establish changed the credit system, and ultimately control law.While in strength ening the legal system, adopt effective measures to strengthen the integrity of the whole com munity education and step up publicity to raise awareness of the general financial and legal re sidents, to actively support the work of the national collective finance; education of the popul ation according to lending, and actively with the illegal lending practices fight, really create a sound legal basis, that the law according to the credit environment and legal environment. (B) give full play to grassroots government, professional regulatory function Actively co operate with local governments at all levels and support the financialTo actively coordinate local government and non-basic level target consistency, to avoid the expense of national interests and local interests of t he occurrence. The Chinese government should establish a tax system is different from com mercial banks, a low tax or tax-free policy, by policy banks to provide low-interest or interest-free loans of rural finance, rural finance to increase subsidies and assistance. Those relatively large amount of private credit, shall be approved by local authorities just to strengthen the aud it checks to the legitimate rights and interests protected. China's rural economy, small and dispersed operations, has not been large-scale establishment of agricultural insurance, in case of force majeure, the rural financial syste m will face great risk. Chinese financial institutions in the internal governance structure and ri sk management system has been initially established, the basic external financial regulation in place of the case, should refer to the experience of developed countries, commercial banks in the country to establish a mandatory deposit insurance system and the emergency rescue syste m, the formation of three protection network.(C) strictly rural financial institutions, "access and" to improve the professional standar ds of financial supervisionFinancial regulators should be a good loan companies, postal savings banks, rural credit uni on funds, village banks and other new-type rural financial institutions, market access, ensure that the new-type rural financial institutions in corporate governance, capital adequacy ratio to meet the req uirements. Kind in the country selected the new rural financial institutions, better internal cont rol system, modified to add a representative of management to form the template to help set u p rural financial institutions, covering credit, billing, savings, cash, security and other risk poi nt of internal control system . Establish small rural banks and other financial institutions, guid ance system, the financial regulators to conduct the transition of its guidance, to promote rural financial institutions to a sound system of internal control as soon as possible, improve mana gement, risk control and management mechanisms work well.(D) to play the role of industry self-regulatory associations, to promote the vitality and force the formation of the banking se ctorWorking Committee, the current to China Banking Regulatory Commission and the provin cial government regulatory framework based on an industry self-regulatory organization more. Promoting the Development, promoting and developing self-regulatory functions of trade associations, for building a healthy banking system in China is si gnificant. Association to play a functional role to guide the establishment of liaison mechanis ms and management of daily work, and improving the industry conventions and regulations, r egulators should not control those, which were needed in the work of regulatory bodies, as far as possible by the association responsible for promoting the formation of the energy and banking efforts to achieve self-management and trade association national regulatory authorities to monitor the combination system of regulation.ConclusionIn short, improving financial supervision in terms of its breadth, should be an include gover nment regulation, industry self-regulation, financial institutions, internal control, four levels of social supervision system; its depth, it should be involved in risk prevention, effective access, legal norms, the operation si mple and efficient aspects of a systems engineering. Only by striving to improve the new con cept of financial supervision, the introduction of new methods of financial supervision in orde r to receive financial regulation expected results. Only in this way can be established consiste nt with China's national conditions, but also to adapt to modern requirements of international financial regulatory system in rural China.外文文献译文发展中国农村金融监管的思考农民在中国人口众多,有一些大型生产的农民,但也自给自足的农民,巨大的金融需求之间的差异使农村金融需求很是复杂,连同农业本身是利润低、自然和市场风险高的风险决策农业产业特性,软弱的农村金融交易的成本远高于城市,也决定组织农村金融体系的运行或市场有其自身的特点。

文化遗产保护和旅游经济外文文献翻译2019中英文

文化遗产保护和旅游经济外文文献翻译中英文2019英文The Economy of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and ConservationPatin Valery1. The economy of cultural heritage, a recent theoretical approachAwareness of the economic role of cultural heritage is relatively recent. It principally stems from the rapid growth of tourism (roughly 1 billion international tourists worldwide in 2010), which is irrigating this sector intensely. This new approach entails reviewing the traditional status of cultural heritage, which until recently was partly not subject to the usual rules of competition-based economy. Cultural heritage is now considered as a form of enterprise and, especially, is solicited to become a key instrument to increase local development. Beyond direct site revenue (ticketing and ancillary revenue), expenditure on nearby facilities and services provides the most resources. These resources encompass indirect expenditure (purchases to companies working directly with the sites) and induced expenditure (in facilities near the sites, such as restaurants, shops and hotels, on services, and real-estate acquisitions).2. Financing and managing cultural heritage2.1 The new trendsThe relative economic autonomy that cultural heritage recently acquired, paired with broader megatrends (the economic downturn and globalization), has stretched the financial constraints that weighed on cultural assets. The institutions - the largest ones, principally - have embarked on a wide variety of initiatives to generate new resources. Engineering and franchises are two examples. The Louvre Museum, Guggenheim Foundation and Beau Bourg Centre are supporting the creation of new museums that will use their names in exchange for substantial compensation. Others, which are not creating new institutions, are letting outworks of art on long-term leases, either in existing museums (e.g., leases of works of art from the Louvre Museum to the Atlanta Museum, USA) or in newly-built museumsThe obvious increase in admission prices,in particular for temporary exhibitions (which sidestep the rule of free admission for people under 18 in France) is another clear sign. The larger business areas in cultural sites are also driving this movement. Large-scale works in Europe's leading museums (the Louvre, British Museum and Prado) led to noticeable extensions in shop, café and restaurant areas. Managing derived rights (image) more efficiently via international photo banks (Corbis) has also opened up new revenue streams. Large-scale temporary exhibitions, which often generate net profits besides encouraging people to visit the permanent collections as well, are now commonplace.We can also see a concurrent and symmetrical trend as regards the financing practices. French legislation is adjusting itself to promote private-sector financing (laws passed in 2003 and 2008) via patronage and associated management conditions. From this perspective. The use of subsidiary revenue earmarked for cultural heritage is developing, belying the principle that bans allocating tax revenue such as taxes on online gambling (poker), based on a model involving levies in several countries, and in the UK in particular (the Lottery Fund). The para-fiscal option that is already being used to acquire and protect natural areas (Departmental Tax for Sensitive Natural Areas) does not yet seem to be making significant inroads as regards cultural-heritage buildings, in spite of a few attempts (proposition to tax luxury hotels). There are efforts to make old monuments more profitable by building hotels and restaurants. The French Centre des Monuments Nationaux is seriously studying this option. The sacrosanct principle of inalienability is starting to splinter. And, if the market-economy rule takes over, it will not hold for long in current conditions.In the Anglo-Saxon world, where most sites are free of charge for the visitors, it is the opposite: private-sector management (trustees and foundations) are clearly the majority and are calling on public-sector institutions to protect their balance increasingly often.Naturally, earmarking cultural heritage as a real option to reinforce local development has kick-started a flurry of efforts to protect and promote the first to support the second. These operations have worked very well in some cases, but failed to deliver the expected results in others. Failures are often due to an overestimation ofthe expected profits or to projects inappropriate to the local reality.2.2 Conflicts of understandingSince economy has burst into the cultural heritage field, misunderstanding between actors from this sector and economic players has get worse. Their respective formations did not generally prepare them for dialoguing. Whereas the cultural heritage actors understand with difficulty the economic aspect of their activity, with its procession of constraints, the economic players do not still understand all the dimensions of the cultural object (historic, emotional, social, identical, etc.), have difficulty in defining clearly its place as "capital", "resource", or "production", and do not know where to classify its preservation, whether in the "investments" or in the "non-productive expenses"...For the first ones, the cultural heritage, priceless by definition, should escape the trivial contingency of the imperatives of profitability and competition. This collective feeling has been disseminated everywhere in France. The notion of "cultural exception" has maybe also intelligently educated it while inviting it to evolve since in fact it makes the cultural heritage actors get into the boxing ring of the competitive economy, while stressing its specificity and affirming the necessity of regulations, a notion we seem today to rediscover everywhere else...For the second ones, it is urgent to improve the econometric tools and the modelling regarding cultural heritage and the returns expected from enhancement and particularly tourist one. In spite of recent but real progress, as we shall see, the contribution of cultural heritage to a certain quality of life for the usual users of a territory, to its image and to the feeling of belonging, is still insufficiently taken into account.Finally, all share a real difficulty: reconcile the long term of cultural heritage preservation, which has to be passed on, thus preserved infinitely, with the short term of its economic operation and expected profits.2.3 The risksIn this situation and given recent developments, which have not always been properly managed, abuses can sometimes occur. This is at least the case in the light ofthe traditional and essential roles of cultural heritage, namely conservation, scientific research, knowledge dissemination and cementing social links. These abuses can take different shapes. Firstly, the quest for financing may lead to questionable schemes.To pay for refurbishing work on the Doge's Palace in Venice, for instance, the city council rented a section of the monument outside walls and a facade of the Bridge of Sighs to Coca-Cola, which set up massive promotional billboards on them.Poor visitor-flow management can damage sites and the visitor experience. Also in Venice, the city council allowed up to 300 metre long cruise ships to dock in Tronchetto port. These ships pour out several thousand visitors a day, and there is now way of channelling them. This city had managed to stem tourist flows by limiting the number of new hotels in it, but has moved into a new cycle now that it has agreed to plans to build new capacity (turning the former mill on Guidecca Island into an upmarket hotel). On specific days, the visitor crowds in certain sites (Versailles, the Louvre) make visiting conditions unacceptable.Seeking short-term profits can also contribute to deteriorating cultural heritage. Renting out works of art for more or less long exhibitions, shooting films in monuments and renting spaces for events (which is occurring increasingly often) can cause damage to certain objects and places, which restorers do not always have time to prevent or repair.Local populations may feel dispossessed of their cultural environment. Foreigners buying up real-estate en-masse can lead to excess. That is the case in Morocco in general and in Marrakech in particular, where national legislation entitles foreigners to buy freeholds. In that same vein, efforts to protect and promote heritage, in particular in character-filled historical town centres and villages, can lead to speculation on real-estate and land. In both cases, the local populations are faced with very fast and destabilizing changes in their economic and cultural environment.One of the risks that have made the most media headlines is the reproduction of sites and historical monuments. This trend is not new and has to be distinguished from the copying of fragile sites, validated by the scientific community and which contributes to their preservation (Lascaux, Egyptian tombs), whereas reproductionsare more and more often aimed to create attractions and thereby generate quick profits in more favorable conditions than in the original sites. The Japanese, for instance, have reproduced part of The Hague (The Netherlands) in Omura Bay, paired with a large-scale property development and marina, all of which did not turn out to be a great success. The Syrians created a fake Palmyra at the entrance to Damascus, which is on the contrary attracting a large number of visitors - who also flock to the restaurants and cafés around it. It is interesting to note that the international law is really uncertain in that field, which often leads to excesses. Abusive restoration for imperatives of comfort, modernization, or quick profits, constitutes another important risk.Management basically geared to generate short-term profit can also in a way drain meaning out of sites and works. In a number of well-known sites, literature is wanting or unavailable, there are too many visitors, the area is heavily built-up and commercial, the staging modest and the visitor circuits constraining. The Sphinx of Giza (Egypt) is one example.2.4. Sustainable management of cultural heritage: methods and techniques2.4.1 Methods of economic assessment of cultural heritageGiven those risks, authorities have set up a number of assessment methods and systems to step in.One of the first measures involves evaluating as accurately as possible the economic reality of the operations and the resulting proceeds involving culturalheritage. "This approach spurs concerted protection and promotion strategies and partnerships. It sharpens professional skills practices and partnerships between the cultural and tourism realms (coproducing data and pooling resources). Furthermore, highlighting the economic and social stakes associated with cultural heritage is a factor that contributes substantially to the acceptability, appropriation and support for local preservation and promotion strategy".In this area, the most traditional assessment methods combine approaches focusing on land and real-estate value, and on the balance sheet. These approaches are strictly limited to the site itself and to its financial dimension. It is therefore a fairlyrestrictive approach. It considerably undervalues fragile cultural assets that required heavy conservation investment, and pays little if any attention to the social and cultural dimensions.Methods stemming from economic theory nevertheless provide an option to assess cultural assets from a development and investment perspective. These methods are used by international backers, for instance. This is in particular the case for Contingent Valuation Methods (CVMs), which take into account nonmonetary value such as image of the site or the destination. It involves measuring the theoretical contribution that populations are willing to make (whether or not they use the site, and whether they live in the city or country or further away) to protect a component of cultural heritage. Other methods, such as relocation costs, costs versus advantages, hedonic costs and multi-criterion appraisals, are also sometimes used.Lastly, assessing indirect proceeds from cultural-heritage management most often involves the 'impacts' method which gauges the number of jobs, cash flows (wages, taxes) and social impacts (awareness of cultural heritage, the people's contribution to safeguarding and promoting cultural assets, the sense of belonging it nurtures, transmission, citizenship, etc.) generated by what visitors do and what they spend, in the area near the site (i.e. spanning transport, accommodation, restaurants, shops and services), as well as public and private investment to protect and promote cultural heritage.2.4.2 Sustainable management techniquesTo preserve cultural heritage, guarantee visitor comfort and spur indirect returns, managers and administrators use the specific techniques that provide the basis of the Site Management Plan recommended by UNESCO (World Heritage Centre).a) Visitor flow managementVisitor flow management contributes to site preservation and management. Several systems are now up and running, including visitor-number forecast analysis on new sites. This technique makes it possible to assess a site's attendance over time, using a direct approach by analysing the territorial catchment, using a comparative approach, or combining both. The results are generally reliable. This assessment zerosin on "peak days" and peak times (visitor-number snapshots) to provide the maximum visitor numbers. Then it is used to assess daily and hourly visitor numbers during the 30, 40 or 50 busiest days of the year (design days). These estimates provide the raw material we need to devise the protection and promotion programme by calibrating facilities and amenities as effectively as possible. Some of the newly-built museums programming has been made on this basis, as in the Louvre Museum in Lens (France).In existing sites, there are also several techniques to support visitor management: group bookings, individual bookings (increasingly often), tariff schedules, longer opening hours, smaller guided-tour groups, quotas (in very fragile sites such as the Villa Borghese Gallery in Roma) and visit paths to deal with shortstay visitors (tourist groups) and long-stay visitors (groups with specialist lecturers and enthusiasts) separately. These strategies rely on the assessment of the site capacity (acceptable number of visitors depending on the site surface) in exterior as well as interior spaces. Then, a minimum surface per visitor is calculated. This surface can go down to 1,50m2 in very popular exhibitions. Such a technique can be difficult to apply in complex sites (archaeological/natural ones) but can often provide useful elements of management.Providing information before visitors reach the site (via the Internet, smartphone applications, visitor guides) also plays a role. Negative marketing (momentarily withdrawing communication) to contribute to limiting the number of visitors in a site at the same time is very rarely used. Lastly, networking sites into package deals such as the Carte Musées Monuments providing access to 70 museums and monuments in and around Paris, and sharing literature and road signs, can contribute to easing pressure on the main highlights. A beautiful example of this flow-management strategy was used in the Alhambra in Granada (Spain), which combines measures to restrict automobile traffic and visitor numbers, requires individual and group booking, limits group visit time slots, and associates the city's companies working with tourists (taxis, restaurants and hotels), entitling them to distribute top-priority visit bookings. The site attending which rose to 2,8 million of annual visits has come down to a little bit more than 2 millions. In terms of capacity, the average surface per visitor whichwas 3,44m2 has been turned into 5m2.b) Preventive conservation associated with tourist numbersAction on this front is still modest and mainly experimental. As it has been already noted, copies (Lascaux, Valley of the Kings) can contribute to the preservation of very fragile sites and monuments. Copying gets a lot of media attention but is still rare since these techniques are difficult, as the different attempts to reproduce the Lascaux cave has showed it. Reproduction of furniture or decoration occurs more often thanks to the two different techniques of copy and casting. When the copy or catering substitutes to the original in situ, it serves to protect the original value. When this is the original which stays in situ, the copy and catering have a cultural memory value, when the original has lost its representative value or has been destroyed (for instance, Roman copies of Greek works of art or the catering preserved in the Musée des Monuments français, such as the statues of the Reims cathedral or the Roman fresco of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe).Regarding tourism and housing, these trends led to successful economic realizations. New tourist resorts are borrowing local architectural and decorative vocabulary (Le Crouesty in Morbihan and Valmorel in Savoy are two French examples). It is also the case of rebuilt buildings inspired by traditional buildings, for instance in Beirut or Tunis (the Hafsia Quarter). This trend combines traditional charm with modern-day comfort and convenience. Cultural heritage becomes a backdrop stripped of some of its meaning but serves a profitable economic purpose. This also applies to urban revamps that involve keeping nothing but façades (façadism).The most common intervention consists in mapping out visit circuits in sites, and indeed in cities (Strasbourg) to provide tourists with an overview of the highlights while avoiding the more fragile spots by providing visitors with free documentation and informative marking. When this option is unfeasible, the classical measures such as closing off areas to visitors, permanent or temporary embedding objects (mosaics, in particular), adding security systems around attractions and indirectly around visitors (barriers, fences), are used. There are also specific measures for site fringes, inparticular as regards automobile traffic and parking, such as moving them further away from the site, blending them into the natural environment, establishing the principle of non co-visibility (facilities and historical sites should not be visible at the same time) and segregating areas (several little parking areas instead of a big one close to the site and too visible). Human risks can stretch beyond tourism-related concerns to urban issues. Here, it is rarely balanced. Site outskirt protection often involves legal measures that are difficult to apply. They often stem from contracts between site managers and owners (Hadrian's Wall in the UK, Cyrene in Libya).c) Integrating local populationsThis approach concurrently stems from sustainable-development ideology and a more efficient strategy to protect and promote cultural heritage. It contributes to preventive conservation. There are two main trends at work here: one to maintain cultural usage and the other to bolster economic activity. In the first case, it is a question of protecting site traditional use, which can range from mere walks to religious or 'magical' practices. In both cases, measures that do not necessarily rank profit cost-efficiency at the top of the list take precedence. It sometimes entails sidestepping fences (Palmyra in Syria, Petra in Jordan, Dougga in Tunisia) to allow people to cross the site to get to their workplace. In Chellah (Rabat) the site is accessible free of charge on Fridays to allow local people to reach natural springs that, according to local tradition, help women to give birth to their first child. Tour operators are also involved in efforts to raise visitor awareness via codes of conduct prescribing adequate behaviour (). Naturally, school trips and attractions for local people can only strengthen the appropriation bond.Integration, however, necessarily also entails supporting local economic development, which can be done in several ways such as training craftsmen, shopkeepers, hotel staff and innkeepers in visitor expectations, supporting exports, distributing micro-credit to small-scale local producers and, if possible, employing on the site the local population (security, guiding, maintenance).3. The example of the World Bank in Mauritania3.1 The World Bank and the Cultural HeritageThe World Bank is an intergovernmental agency of the United Nations Organization. Its mission is to help states to finance actions of development. Since 1975, the Bank has developed a strategy to support projects in the cultural heritage sector to serve as a basis for local growth. It intervened in Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Honduras, Russia, Mauritania, China, Peru, Ethiopia. It provides loans, which is the most frequent case, or grants, according to the economic level of countries.3.2 Conditions of intervention of the World BankThe recipient countries also give counterparts to the loans provided by the Bank (direct financing, allocation of staff, fiscal adjustments). This financing is used to rehabilitate or create museums or cultural institutions (such as conservatoire of music), to restore and renew historic centres, to produce cultural events, to strengthen the conditions of protection and preservation of cultural assets, to improve the economic and cultural integration of the local populations.3.3. The case of MauritaniaThe case of Mauritania is particular because the Bank intervention focused partly on the protection/enhancement of World Heritage sites (Caravan cities of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Oulata and Tichitt) and partly on the protection of the libraries and the numerous ancient manuscripts present in the country. These surprising libraries were constituted on the occasion of the pilgrimage in Mecca, but also by exchanges between the inhabitants and the caravanners coming from Mali or from Arabia and Egypt.These libraries are not under common law. They are family's properties and cannot be sold or donated. They traditionally go to the leader of the family owner who keeps watch over them and is answerable for them to the main family's members during annual stocktaking. The most important among them, the library of the Habott family in Chinguetti, includes more than 1 500 manuscripts mainly of the XIXth century -some of them are much more ancient (exegesis of the Koran, astronomy, mathematics and logic, law). Some of these libraries are preserved in boxes by the nomad tribes living in the north and east of the country. The intervention of the Bank took place between 2001 and 2005.A project unit gathering Mauritanian specialists was in charge of the onsite actions conception and management. The Bank regularly sent missions of evaluation to follow their progress. Punctually international institutions also provided a scientific and technical support: UNESCO regarding the operations of preservation and training dedicated to the caravan cities. The financing was assured through a subsidy to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.The strategy adopted by the Project with the support of the Bank consisted in implementing a series of actions of protection intended to strengthen the heritage knowledge and the associated know-how. Complete building surveys and inventories were made in the world heritage cities. Training courses on the restoration of dry-stone buildings were organized for the young local population. In Oualata, famous city for the inside and outside decorations of houses, an emergency action allowed to train girls in painting these very codified patterns and to preserve this knowledge about to disappear.Concerning manuscripts, the Bank financing was used to make an inventory of the private libraries (more than 600 on a total estimated at 700/750) and to catalog more than 40 000 works (on a total estimated at 50 000). These research works allowed to elaborate a computerized data bank of which the BnF (French National Library) has a copy (Department of manuscripts. Service of Arabic manuscripts). The service of restoration of the BnF assured the training of a group of owners of private libraries. Finally the Bank acquired neutral cardboards to distribute in libraries. But the political situation which became unstable in 2005 did not allow to finalize this initiative. A second project of reprinting the ten more important Mauritanian manuscripts suffered the same fate.This first phase of consolidation was completed by the publishing of travel guides in partnership with the Cultural Service of the Embassy of France in Nouakchott, the organization of trainings intended for the caravan cities innkeepers, the realization of a festival of nomadic musics in Nouackchott and punctual actions of support for the craft sector, in particular for the traditional hairdressers who have an exceptional know-how and were gathered within very dynamic associations of womenentrepreneurs. As in any project of the Bank, an important aspect of the program was dedicated to the institutional and legislative framework intensification.This Bank program certainly allowed to produce information and documents essential to the cultural heritage preservation (surveys, inventories, cataloguing, long-term preservation of know-how) and to the information circulation about the country (publishing of travel guides) without durably modifying the situation of the Mauritanian cultural heritage. The tourist flows, directed first and foremost to the visit of the caravan cities of the North (Oudane, Chinguetti), hiking in Sahara and the natural site of the Banc d'Arguin, registered as a world heritage site, benefited from these interventions, but the degradation of the political situation and the security conditions in this zone compromised the project results. On the other hand, the country limited institutional and economic capacities make it difficult to follow up these operations. Mauritania mainly progresses in this domain at the rate of international supports, while many Mauritanians have the skills required to assure a wider development of the cultural and tourism economy.中文文化遗产保护和旅游经济1.文化遗产旅游经济，一种最新的理论方法对文化遗产的经济作用的认识是相对较新的。

农村金融发展外文文献

农村金融发展外文文献农村金融是指在农村地区开展金融活动，为农村居民和农业经营者提供金融服务的过程。

随着我国农村经济的快速发展，农村金融发展也日益受到重视。

本文将通过对国外相关文献的梳理和分析，探讨农村金融发展的一些经验和启示。

首先，农村金融的发展对于农村经济的稳定和可持续发展具有重要意义。

国外研究表明，发展农村金融可以促进农村经济结构调整，提高农民的收入水平，改善农村居民的生活质量。

同时，农村金融还可以帮助农民规避风险，提高农业生产的效率和质量，推动农村产业的升级和转型。

其次，国外一些国家和地区在农村金融发展方面已经取得了一些成功的经验。

例如，印度通过建立农村合作社和金融服务机构，为农民提供贷款、储蓄等金融服务，取得了一定的成效。

美国通过设立农村信贷机构和农村信用合作社，推动了农村经济的发展和壮大。

这些国家和地区的成功案例为我国农村金融的发展提供了有益的借鉴和参考。

另外，农村金融发展还需要政府、金融机构和农民共同努力。

政府在政策制定和监管方面发挥着重要作用，需要出台支持农村金融发展的政策措施，营造良好的金融环境。

金融机构需要创新金融产品和服务，满足农民的金融需求，降低农村金融风险。

农民也需要增强金融意识，积极参与金融活动，提高自身金融素养。

最后，农村金融发展还需要加强国际合作和交流。

国际社会在农村金融领域有着丰富的经验和资源，我国可以通过与国际组织和国外机构合作，引进先进的农村金融理念和技术，加快我国农村金融的发展步伐。

综上所述，农村金融的发展是一个综合性、系统性的工程，需要政府、金融机构和农民共同努力，借鉴国外的成功经验，加强国际合作和交流，推动我国农村金融的蓬勃发展。

希望通过本文的探讨，能够为我国农村金融的发展提供一些启示和帮助。

绿色经济外文文献资料

绿色经济外文文献资料以下是关于绿色经济的一些外文文献资料：1. Green Economy - Concept, Principles and Issues Green Economy - Concept, Principles and Issues这篇文章系统地讲解了绿色经济的定义、原则和问题。

绿色经济是指通过减少生态足迹、提高能源和物质资源的效率、支持可持续生产和消费、促进公正和包容性等方式，推动经济发展和社会进步的一种经济模式。

然而，绿色经济面临的挑战包括可持续性标准的缺乏、技术和金融支持的不足、生态失衡问题的存在等。

2. The Green Economy and its Implementation in China The Green Economy and its Implementation in China中国是世界上最大的碳排放国之一，也是追求绿色经济的国家之一。

这篇文章介绍了中国在推动绿色经济方面所做的努力，包括建设低碳城市、发展可再生能源、加强环保法律等。

文章认为，中国面临的绿色经济挑战包括城市化进程的压力、能源结构的不平衡等。

这篇报告介绍了“生态系统与生物多样性经济学”（TEEB）的理念和目标。

TEEB旨在通过评估生态系统和生物多样性的价值，揭示生态系统的贡献和相关的经济收益，为制定政策提供科学依据。

报告认为，绿色经济的成功实施需要政策、科技、市场等方面的支持，同时还需要将大自然的贡献纳入经济计算，并且将全社会变成绿色经济行动者。

4. Sustainable Development and the Green Economy Sustainable Development and the Green Economy本文综述了绿色经济的概念和原则，以及可持续发展的历史和实践。

绿色经济被认为是可持续发展模式的一个重要方面，其关注点包括生态和社会价值、公民参与、技术创新和政策合作等。

外文翻译--金融发展与经济增长：观点和议程

本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda出处：Journal of Economic Literature作者：Ross Levine译文：金融发展与经济增长：观点和议程一、简介：目标和边界经济学家对金融体系对经济增长的重要性持有不同的观点。

沃尔特·白泽特（1873）和约翰·希克斯(1969）认为他通过促进“巨大工程”的资本积累而在英国的工业化中起到了至关重要的作用。

熊彼特（1912）认为促进技术创新运行良好的银行通过识别和资金创业者以最好的机会成功地实施创新的产品和生产过程。

相反，琼·罗宾逊（1952）声称“企业领导金融随之而来。

”根据这个观点，经济发展创造了金融安排的特殊要求，金融系统自动响应这些要求。

因此，很多经济学家不相信金融—增长的重要关系。

罗伯特·卢卡斯（1988）断言金融因素在经济增长中的角色的“不好过应力”，而发展经济学家经常忽略表达了他们对金融体系的作用持怀疑态度。

比如，一本包括三位诺贝尔奖得主的“发展经济学，敢为人先”的散文收集，并没有提到金融。

另外，尼古拉斯·斯特恩（1989）提到发展经济学不需要讨论金融体系，甚至在一节中列出忽略的主题。

在这些相互矛盾的意见中，本文运用现有的理论来组织一个财务增长关系的分析框架，然后评估了金融体系在经济增长中的量化的重要性。

虽然结论毫不犹豫的指出，理论推理和实证证据表明了积极的优势，金融发展与经济增长的第一阶关系。

越来越多的工作导向了一个信念，甚至大多数持怀疑态度，金融市场和机构的发展是一个成长过程中关键和不可分割的一部分，从视图的角度，那些金融体系是一个无关紧要的枝节，被动地应对经济增长和工业化。

甚至有证据表明，金融发展能很好的预测未来经济增长率，资本积累和技术转变。

此外，越野，个案研究，行业和企业层面的分析文件表明，金融发展或缺乏关键影响经济发展的速度和格局。

低碳经济中英文外文文献

本科毕业设计（论文）外文文献(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)标题: The Challenge of Changing to a Low-Carbon Economy: A Brief Overview作者: Carrasco, Jorge F出版物名称: Low Carbon Economy卷: 5;期: 1;页: 1-5;页数: 5;出版年份: 2014;出版商: Scientific Research Publishing出版物国家/地区: United StatesISSN: 21587000The Challenge of Changing to a Low-Carbon Economy: A BriefOverviewCarrasco, Jorge FAbstractClimate change alters all sustainable development dimensions for a given nation or region, therefore, decreasing emission of GHG is not only an environmental issue, but it has also implication on the economic, social and political matters. In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord adopted the 2°C global warming increase limit as an international policy, being this threshold the maximum allowable warming to avoid dangerous and irreversible anthropogenic interference in the climate system. The observed monthly average CO^sub 2^ concentrations in the atmosphere crossed the 400 parts per million thresholds, for the first time in April and May 2013. The energy sector is the single largest source of climate changing GHG emissions, and therefore moving from fossil fuel to clean energy production should be a priority challenge for all countries. For that, it is necessary to develop a low carbon economy for confronting the climate change.Keywords：Climate Change; Carbon Dioxide; Low-Carbon Economy; 2°C Target1. OverviewSince the release of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1], when the main conclusion was that the climate change is unequivocal; the vast majority of the world reached the consensus that this environmental change is real and it is due to the atmosphere warming as a con- sequence of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) of anthropogenic origin. This has recently been confirmed by the Fifth IPCC Report [2]. One of the main conclusions indicates that "human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, as well as, changes in the global water cycle, in re- ductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes". Also, the re- port reveals that "it is extremely likely (i.e., 95% - 100% probability) that human influence has been the domi- nant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century" [2]. Climate model simulations project further warming and changes in all components of the climate system as emissions of CO2 continue, or even if emis- sions of CO2 are stopped now [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to face and to be prepared for a warmer world than the present one, with an appropriate worldwide plan and/or with integrated and synergetic national programs that globally mitigate the emission of GHG. This mainly implies to end with our dependence on fossil fuels, which is the major source of carbon dioxide(CO2) released into the atmosphere, and to assume that this action is a challenge that should be the main worldwide environmental problem of our time. The CO2 is the most impor- tant anthropogenic GHG contributing ~64% to the radiative forcing of the long-lived GHG, and it is responsible for ~84% of the increment in radiative forcing since 2002 [3]. Climate change alters all sustainable development dimensions for a given nation or region, therefore, de- creasing emission of GHG is not only an environmental issue, but it has also implications on the economic, so- cial and political matters. Since this issue was recognized by the global community, several actions and agree- ments have been taking place in the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Conven- tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among others, in 2009 the Copenhagen Accord endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol; it recognized that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and em- phasized the needed for a "strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the prin- ciple of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities". Also, it was recognized that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science results [1] [2] and that countries should agree in cooperative way in stopping from rising global and national GHG emissions "as soon as possible". To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a low CO2 emission strategy in order to secure a sustainabledevelopment. Later in the COP at Durban 2011, the governments recognized the need of a new universal, legal agreement to deal with climate change beyond 2020, where all parties will play their part to the best of their ability. Meanwhile, an amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the COP at Doha 2012 where the parties agreed on an 8-year second commitment period, this in order to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.Also, the Copenhagen Accord adopted the 2°C global warming increase limit [4] as an international policy, being this threshold the maximum allowable warming to avoid dangerous and irreversible anthropogenic inter- ference in the climate, beyond this threshold the risks of significant damage to ecosystems and of non-linear responses are expected to increase rapidly. These actions are now even more urgent after knowing the results of the last Fifth IPCC Report [2]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) [4] also recognized that the energy sector is the single largest source of climate changing GHG emissions, and therefore changing from fossil fuel to clean energy production should be a priority challenge. This means to develop an economic based on a low-emission pathway, in other words, to establish a low carbon economy (LCE) for confronting the climate change. This im- plies a low-fossil-fuel economy, or a decarbonized economy that has a minimal output of GHGemissions into the atmosphere, specifically CO2 as a result of human activity. The IEA [5] recently indicated that even though Governments have decided collectively that the world needs to limit the average global temperature increase to no more than 2°C (as sooner as possible), any resulting global agreement related with this challenge will emerge after 2015 and new legal obligations will most probably begin after 2020. Meanwhile, despite the agreement taken by governments and that many countries are taking new ac- tions, the GHG emission continue increasing and the world target for accomplishing the 2°C is drifting further from the track that it needed to follow [5]. In fact, the observed monthly average CO2 concentrations in the at- mosphere crossed the 400 parts per million thresholds, for the first time in April and May 2013, in several ob- serving stations (Barrow/Alaska-USA, Alert/Canada, Ny-?lesund/Norway, Iza?a/Canary Islands-Spain, and Mauna Loa/Hawaii-USA) [6]. Recently, the PwC (PricewaterhouseCooper LLP) [7] revealed that the annual rate reduction of CO2 emission for the 2012-2050 period, needed to accomplish the 2°C warming target, has ris- en from 3.7% to 5.1% (Figure 1) [6]. Also, the IEA indicated in its World Energy Outlook Special Report [5] that we are more likely to increase the air temperature between 3.6°C and 5.3°C during the 21th century, com- pared with pre-industrial values (see also Peter et al. [8]). Figure 1 also shows that the business as usual projec- tion will not accomplish the 2°C targetreduction. Neither it will be if the annual reduction rate is 3.7% as origin- ally was estimated. If we continue the business as usual pathway, every year the annual reduction rate needed will be larger and therefore more challenge to achieve. Peter et al. [8] comparing the observed annual global CO2 emission with those projected by different IPCC scenarios, since the first report until those used in the fifth one, concluded that the current trend follows or even is above the worse scenario. They concluded that if the CO2 emission track continues the global warming will be above the 2°C target, and that to return to the 2°C pathway requires a sustainable global mitigation, including capture and storage CO2, but also high level of technological, social and political innovations [8].Despite of this, the 2°C target is still a feasible challenge but it is now more difficult to achieve and actions are urgently needed before 2020. It is well recognized that energy accounts for around two-third of GHG emis- sions, as more than 80% of global energy consumption is based on fossil fuels. Therefore, achieving a LCE is a worldwide challenge in order that the climate change impacts can be mitigated any time soon. Such an endeavor must be undertaken, not only by developed countries (Annex 1 of the Kioto Protocol), but it should also be a compromise by developing countries (non Annex 1 of the Kioto Protocol). However, any action should be in accordance with the principle ofcommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Natural energy resources are vital for securing economic growth and development for all countries, not just today but for future generations. The relationship between economic growth and the environment is complex. Changes in technology due to LCE can have the potential of reducing the environmental impacts, but also of af- fecting the economic growth. Traditional economy is based mainly on energy generated by using fossil fuel. For this reason many economical indexes include results of consumption of fossil fuel, like the economic growth, nation and people prosperity, and other overall cost and benefits. The LCE implies the development of a new way of generating energy, which it should be based on "clean-renewable" sources. For the vast majority of the countries this shift is highly cost and it will affect their economy, mainly to those less-developed communities. As indicated earlier, the international community recognizes that the climate change (and its impacts) is one of the largest problems facing humanity. This is well assumed in economic terms, but the challenge goes beyond this, arising ethical questions that many time are often overlooked, questions that have to be with ourselves and with our interaction with the environment including the ecosystems and the biodiversity. What should be the objectives of climate change, and who should bear the burdens of climate change? Who should be included in decision-making about mitigationand adaptation strategies? Is it only governmental decision? What role plays the private sector? Beinhocker and Oppenheim [9] ind icated that moving to a LCE involves a technology shift might cause job losses in some sectors, but on the other hand is likely to create more jobs than it will destroy. Also, greater social equity could be an additional benefit of such a low-carbon revolution. For example, in de- veloping countries innovations in power generation technology could make electricity both more affordable and more accessible to less-developed communities. Increased electrification has a wide variety of development benefits ranging from improved healthcare and access to clean water, to greater economic growth. Even, the de- velopment of a truly sustainable biofuels industry could offer vast economic opportunities for the rural poor communities.Clearly climate change will impact our way of life, moving to a LCE for accomplishing the goal of 2°C target will cause changes in the current social status, on the people's capacity to enjoy fundamental rights to life, food, water and health [9]. This means that the 2°C target is likely to be too high to safeguard these rights. Then, how we as worldwide society are able to confront the challenge imposed by climate change, in moving to a LCE and adopting polices for mitigation and adaptation, without compromising people's rights for a better life and the environment as a whole. No doubt that LCE requires an ethical and political frameworkthat differs from current ones.Climate change is the result of human activity involving many actors from the individual level (summing bil- lions of people), to industry and governmental levels, and from national (private and public) to international in- stitutions. To move to a LCE requires a collective action of all countries and across the entire society, from pri- vate to public sectors, from the individual to a community levels. It requires actions that go beyond legal decla- rations, (完整文献请到百度文库) from national legislatures and international agreement and involving national and international organi- zations, like the World Trade Organization and World Bank, two bodies funding research into new technologies. It also requires that these institutions coordinate and cooperate with each other to ensure that social and eco- nomic policies are not pursued in ways that destroy the environment. In many countries, the balance between private and public investment in a LCE should be driven by the market but with governmental policies and regu- lations that ensure the least impact on the most vulnerable communities. It is most probable that the private sec- tor will not act on those areas where the return investment is of long-term or highly uncertain. In these cases, ac- tion from the public sector will be needed by taking responsibility on the investment or by subsidizing private ones or to the vulnerable communities. The climate change is a global problem with a global solution, even though the responsibilitiesare differentiated, all countries should take actions, and all industries should be in- volved in moving to a LCE. Today, in a global market and economy, most industrial production is also of an in- ternational scale and, therefore, they should be involved in LCE actions.The LCE also implies the concept of low carbon technology (LCT) for energy generation and the develop- ment of new technology with zero carbon emission. This development has relationships with electricity, trans- portation and construction sectors; chemistry industry and many other new technologies. Globally, technology development has dramatically accelerated over recent decades in developed countries, however, this develop- ment remains slow in low- and middle-income countries. Technology transfer from developed to developing countries needs further implementation. Also, LCT involves research for improving efficiency of existing tech- nology and for developing new technology from renewable energy that comes from natural resources. Advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in replacing fos- sil fuels, meeting global energy demand, but at the same time reducing CO2 emissions. In summary, the world is facing a warmer environment due to human activity that have being increasing the GHG concentration. To overcome the impacts of the climate changes we need to adapt to the new scenarios, but also to reduce the GHG emission by moving to a LCE, which requires the compromiseof all countries and indi- viduals. LCE will impact the society in different way, for example on the economic growth which can be com- promised; it will need a balance between private and public investment, governmental policies and regulations, research and development of new technologies. It will require an international agreement where all nations should act with generosity for the well-being of humanity. AcknowledgementsThis study was carried out when the author was still affiliated with the Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. This article is a contribution to FONDAP (CR2) N° 1511009. ReferencesReferences[1] Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L. (2007) Contri- bution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New Y ork. [2] Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Alexander, L.V., Allen, S.K., Bindoff, N.L., Bréon, F.-M., Church, J.A., Cu- basch, U., Emori, S., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Gillett, N., Gregory, J.M., Hartmann, D.L., Jansen, E., Kirtman, B., Knutti, R., Krishna Kumar, K., Lemke, P., Marotzke, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Meehl, G.A., Mokhov, I., Piao, S., Ra- maswamy,V., Randall, D., Rhein, M., Rojas, M., Sabine, C., Shindell, D., Talley, L.D., V aughan, D.G. and Xie, S.-P. (2013) Technical Summary. In: Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M., Eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Uni- versity Press, Cambridge and New Y ork, in Press. [3] WMO (2013) The State of the Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2012. Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, 9, 4 p. [4] Jaeger, C.C. and Jaeger, J. (2010) Three Views of Two Degrees. European Climate Forum (ECF) Working Paper 2, Potsdam.[5] International Energy Agency (2013) Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map. [6] Bala, G. (2013) Digesting 400 ppm for Global Mean CO2 Concentration. Current Science, 104, 47-48. [7] PwC (Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP) (2012) Too Late for Two Degrees Low Carbon Economy Index. /gx/en/sustainability/publications/low-carbon-econo my-index/index.jhtml [8] Glen, P.P., Andrew, R.M., Boden, T., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Le Quere, C., Marland, G., Raupach, M.R. and Wilson, C. (2013) The Challange to Keep Global Warming below 2°C. Nature Climate Change, 3, 4-6. [9] Beinhocker, E. and Oppenheim, J. (2009)Economic Opportunities in a Low-Carbon World. UNFCCC E-Newsletter. https://unfccc.int/press/news_room/newsletter/guest_column/items/4608.php AuthorAffiliationJorge F. Carrasco1,21Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile Email:****************** Received 8 December 2013; revised 8 January 2014; accepted 16 January 2014 Copyright ?2014 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/。

区域经济发展分析外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处：Fattah S, Rahman A. Analysis of Regional Economic Development in the Regency/Municipality at South Sulawesi Province in Indonesia [J]. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2013, 4(1): 1-9.原文Analysis of Regional Economic Development in the Regency/Municipality at South Sulawesi Province In IndonesiaSanusi Fattah Abdul RahmanAbstractThis study aims to determine the characteristics of the regional economy in each regency/municipality in the province of South Sulawesi. Second, the research is also strived to identify economic sectors that could potentially be developed as a leading economic at each district/municipality in the province of South Sulawesi. Third, future study is aim to determine the economic regional development using Klassen Typology Analysis, Location Quotient Analysis, and Krugman Regional Index. The result of this research shows that from 23 regency/municipality in South Sulawesi Province, only Luwu Timur, Makassar, and Pare-Pare that belong to the classification of high growth and high-income regions. Luwu and Palopo belong to high income but low growth region. Pangkep and Pinrang could be classified as high growth but low-income region, whereas other regency/municipality as low growth and low-income regions. Next, the location quotient analysis shows that each regency/municipality has different superior/main economic sector. Finally, the result of regional specialization analysis shows that inter-regonal specialization has economic dependability, although the dependability in some part of the regency/municipality is still weak as shown by the increasing diversification of economic sector.Keywords: Indonesia regional development, Klassen typology, Location quotient, Krugman regional index, Superior sector, Regional specialization1. IntroductionRegional development should be tailored at best to the priorities and potential of each area in the region. Moreover, each local government should also strive for a more balanced development within their respective regions. The fact that each region has different natural resources, human resources, and conditions implies different development step in the said area. The difference of the economic potential between regions that can develop quickly with less developed regions could be related to the various limitations in the region. These have led to the importance in the role of central government as regulator of national development policies in order to made balanced and synchronized development within the local region (Tjiptoherijanto, 1995).Moreover, economic growth that occurring in each region could also different or varied from each other. This have made some region could be known as a fast growing region, slow-growing region, whereas other region have a stagnant growth. Variations in growth rates between regions also influenced by many factors, including the number and capacity of the population, potential natural resource, availability of infrastructure development and construction of facilities, differences in the characteristics of the region, development ability of a region, development easiness, and others (Adisasmita, 2009) .In regional development, both local government and communities strive to manage local resources hand-in-hand by forming a partnership between local government and the private sector to create a new jobs and stimulate the development of economic activities (economic growth) in the region (Arsyad, 2005). According to Siregar (2004), the resources within a region could be divided into three main aspects. First, the natural resources in the form of natural resources that are needed to meet human needs. Second, the human resources that contained within humans such as the potentiality of mind, art, skill and so on that can be used to meet the needs for himself or others or society in general. Third, the infrastructure in the form of man-made and can be used to support human living and to utilize the natural resources and human resources to the maximum, both for the present time and could be sustained to thefuture.In relation to regional development, South Sulawesi has established two basic policies toward economic development. First, industry development in order to increase efficiency, productivity and competitiveness is conducted in the form of skills-intensive patterns with high benefit, rather than labor-intensive patterns of production and natural resources. Second, the development of the agricultural sector aimed at improving the efficiency and productivity of the land using appropriate technology.When one viewed the economic growth in South Sulawesi per sector, we could conclude that it have been supported by growth in agriculture, trade, hotels, transport and communication. Thus, it could be state that South Sulawesi still rely on agriculture as an economic sector that has good potential to support economic growth in South Sulawesi. Moreover, geographically, South Sulawesi has some ability and strategic conditions that made the region vulnerable to the impact of globalization and thus there is a need to cope with this impact. In connection with this, there is a need to improve and adjusted the sector policies, so that South Sulawesi’s economic structure were able to compete in the global era, besides dealing with regional autonomy and decentralization.This study therefore aims to determine the characteristics of the regional economy in each regency/municipality in the province of South Sulawesi. Second, the research is also strived to identify economic sectors that could potentially be developed as a leading economic at each district/municipality in the province of South Sulawesi. Third, future study is aim to determine the inter-regional specialization using Klassen Typology Analysis, Location Quotient Analysis, and Krugman Regional Index.2. Theoretical Framework: Regional Economic Development ConceptRegional development could be thought of as an integral part of any national development effort. Arsyad (2005) states that regional economic development as a process to manage regional resource by local government and communities. Furthermore, Arsyad (2005) suggested the formation of a partnership between localgovernment and the private sector to create a new jobs and stimulate the development of economic activities (economic growth) in the region as part of the process in regional economic development.The main problem in regional development is located in its emphasis on development policies based on the uniqueness of the region concerned (endogenous development) by using the potential of human resources, institutional, and physical resources that exist locally. This orientation leads to the creation of initiatives from the region itself in the development process to create new employment opportunities and stimulate economic development.Radianto (2003) have suggested that one aspect of regional development is economic development that aims to promote economic growth and structural change. Changes in economic structure may be a shift from agricultural to non-agricultural activities, from industry to services, changes in the scale of production units, as well as changes in labor status. Therefore, the concept of regional development is appropriate when supported by economic growth theory, economic base model and theory, the center of growth concept, and specialization theory.A change in economic structure or structural transformation is characterized by the existence of percentage contribution adjustment of various sectors in the economic development, which is due to the intensity of human activity and technological change (Kuznets in Sukirno, 1985). In conjunction with this, the Shift Share Analysis is a very useful technique in analyzing changes in economic structure.Meanwhile, the core of the economic base model explains that the direction and growth of a region is determined by the region's exports. According to the model, export is not restricted only to goods and services, but also come from foreigner’s spending within the region in respect with immovable goods (Budiharsono, 2001). Economic base theory classifies all economic activity into two sectors namely the base sectors and non-base sectors. Base sector is the sector that serves markets in the region itself and outside the region. Whereas, non-base sector is the sector that only serves markets in the respective region.In relation with the center of growth concept, it was acknowledged that Perrouxthinking on the concentration of industrial activities in certain areas that drive economic growth, and then evolved into the concept of growth centers. According to this concept, there are four main characteristics of a growth center. First, the groups of economic activities are concentrated in a particular location. Second, these concentrations of economic activity are then capable of boosting dynamic economic growth in the economy. Third, there are strong input and output connections among economic activities in the respective growth center. Fourth, in the said economic activities group, there is a parent industry that encourages the development of economic activities in the center of this growth (Richardson in Sjafrizal, 2008).In connection with an effort to accelerate regional development, thus the economic linkages between regions are also important, especially if this associated with the concept of specialization. The existence of commodity specialization in accordance with each respective sector/sub-sector would allow concentration of sector activity in each region. This is supported by Samuelson and Nordhaus (1995), which states that the public can be more effective and efficient if there is a division of labor that divides the entire production process into specialized units.Economic specialization enables the formation of trade networks between individuals and among nations. This is a hallmark of any advanced economy. The existence of economic linkage (or specialization) between regions that drive the exchange process to suit the needs of each region would allow regional economy to move simultaneously towards economic growth process.3. Results3.1 Klassen Typology AnalysesKlassen Typology Analysis is used to determine the difference in the characteristics of the area in each regency/municipality in the province of South Sulawesi in the review of their respective growth rate and income. According to Klassen Typology, the observed region could be divided into four classifications, namely high growth and high income region, high income but low growth region, high growth but low income regions, and low growth and low income region (Radianto, 2003; Kuncoro, 2006 ; Syafrizal, 2008).Therefore, for the purpose of our research, we have classified the regions based on these four classifications. First, the high growth and high-income regions are areas that have high levels of economic growth and income that is higher than the province of South Sulawesi. Second, high income but low growth region is an area that has a higher incomes, but lower economic growth rate than the province of South Sulawesi. Third, high growth but low-income region is an area that has a higher rate of economic growth, but lower income than the South Sulawesi Province. Fourth, low growth and low-income regions are areas that have levels of economic growth and income that is lower than the South Sulawesi Province.译文印度尼西亚南苏拉威西省区/直辖市区域经济发展分析塞努西·法塔赫；阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼部门经济学，经济学院，哈沙努汀大学摘要本研究首先旨在确定每个南苏拉威西省区/直辖市的区域经济特点。

文献综述（15篇经济类中外文）

⽂献综述（15篇经济类中外⽂）国际经济形势特点与中国外向型模式转变张燕⽣、国家发展改⾰委对外经济研究所研究员前⾔2008年得⾦融危机对世界不同的经济体产⽣了不同的影响，因此引发了世界经济形势的变化和主要国家对全球经济均衡⾏问题的思考以及采取的应对措施，但是主要经济体对承担全球经济失衡的调整责任存在很⼤分歧。

对世界经济形势的研究有助于我国抓住机遇，深化经济发展模式的转变。

正⽂⼀、国际⾦融危机影响的严重性和复苏的曲折性超出预期从美国的“⽹络泡沫”“⾦融与楼市泡沫”的形成与破灭到欧洲主权债务危机的加剧，以及主要经济体国家对引发经济失衡责任的推诿和对⾦融监管的缺失。

如美国在承担全球经济失衡调整代价和全球治理责任⽅⾯企图想把代价对外转嫁，如责难中国的制度和产业政策，控诉中国倾销和政府对汇率的操纵等等，这些因素都导致了经济复苏⾯临着严峻的考验。

西⽅国家多想尽快的⾛出经济的低迷期，也提出了⼀些具体的措施，如奥巴马要为美国社会在未来5年内创造出200万个新的⼯作岗位和提出了”再⼯业化“的⼝号等等，但是其⾯临着⾼失业率、主权债务⾼筑和严重的内需不⾜以及近⼏年在技术专利申请领域增长率下跌了20%左右，同时随着国内的经济刺激政策的到期，都会使得这些措施举步维艰。

总的来说全球经济现状不容乐观，西⽅主要经济⼤国没有很好的监管⾦融市场，由于其奉⾏的⾃由市场和⾃有竞争，缺少政府的宏观调控，是经济危机产⽣的重要因素。

⼆、2010 年下半年的出⼝形势和引资环境由于⾦融危机的影响导致全球市场的需求减少，加之⼈民币汇率的提⾼，势必会使得我国的对外出⼝降低，挑战与机遇并存，此时也是贸易增长⽅式转变的契机，中国特⾊社会主义市场经济体制使得中国从⾦融危机中较早的⾛出，国内投资环境良好，但很多投资商从原来的制造业转向房地产业和服务业等。

三、关于我国外向型模式转变的建议中国现在是世界的制造⼯⼚，对外贸易的顺差很多是由处于全球供应链低附加值的环节创造的，因此要强调中国制造，创造⾃⼰的品牌和拥有核⼼竞争⼒，多制造和出⼝⾼附加值的产品。

金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献

金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)金融危机对全球商业的影响目前，新的经济只是在部分工业化经济高度发达的国家初露端倪，在全球范围还属于萌芽状态。

不过这种经济的发展肯定对于世界政治和经济将产生越来越大的影响。

日本经济审议会1999年向日本政府提出对未来十年日本新经济计划的建议时说：“当前，世界文明正在发生变化，这一变化不是一般的‘进步’与“高度化”，而是要创造新的历史发展阶段的变化。

一直支撑战后增长的现代工业社会的规范已跟不上人类文明的巨大潮流。

在今后存在多种智慧的社会中，必须通过不断创造出新的智慧来搞活经济与文化。

为此，就必须能够更加容易地吸收世界的信息和知识，还要有更加容易向世界传递信息的环境。

同时，还必须拥有能够培养富于个性和创造性的组织和人才的计划和社会气氛”。

如果把上面所说的世界经济的变化加以概括，似乎可以说，未来经济有两大趋势：一个是经济知识化，表现为知识和信息成为经济发展最活跃、最重要的因素；另一个是经济全球化，表现为商品、劳务、资本、技术和人才在全球流动的加速。

这两大趋势相互联系、互相影响。

也可以说，新的经济将是以知识与技术创新为基础，以全球为市场的时代。

它将促使各国的增长模式、产业构成、经济体制、社会结构、教育制度、文化取向等产生深刻的变化，也将对各国的对内、对外政策提出新课题。

三、经济全球化的大趋势及其两重性经济全球化的发端似可溯源到二次世界大战后期布雷顿森林体制的创建。

世界银行、国际货币基金组织和关贸总协定三大机构的建立与发展，给全球金融、贸易与投资活动以极大的推动。

美元与黄金挂钩使美元成为国际流通与储备的手段，首先便利了美国企业向全球的拓展。

不过，冷战时期两个世界市场的划分又使经济全球化受到一定限制。

冷战结束后，经济全球化得到进一步发展。

主要有两股力量推动：一股力量是信息技术革命和高新技术成长的大大促进了商品、劳务、资本、人才、技术的全球交流。

蓝色经济与海上合作外文文献翻译中英文

孟加拉湾的蓝色经济与海上合作外文翻译中英文英文Blue Economy and Maritime Cooperation in the Bay of Bengal: Role of BangladeshMohammad RahmanAbstractThe concept ‘blue economy’ refers to ocean based economies. It encompasses conservation in tandem with sustainable usages of maritime resources through seamless and integrate spatial planning. Blue economy transforms the ocean resources into development instruments. In latter days, the realm of Bay of Bengal has veered into a synonym of economic and strategic significance. Settlement of maritime boundary disputes and the potentials of blue economy prospects are spearheading its littoral states for economic growth. However, like other ocean regions, the Bay of Bengal is also rigged with the problems of IUU fishing, marine pollution, ineffective marine regulation and the non-traditional security menace.The proposed paper endeavors to analyses how Bangladesh, as one of the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal region, is responding to the challenges of ocean governance and revving up initiatives to garner blue economy benefits from the Bay of Bengal. The article also highlights the vista and potentials of regional cooperation in the blue economy related areas such as regulation of coastal marine environment; marine protected areas; maritime safety as well as security of ports and sea lanes of communication.Keywords: Blue economy, Bay of Bengal, Ocean Governance, Regional Cooperation, Safety of Ship, Environment Protection1 IntroductionOcean entwines the two-thirds of surface of the earth. From that perspective, blue waters of the oceans are deemed as the bloodstream of this planet earth. Without it, pure thrombosis would occur to human civilization. The United Nations Environment Program in its report under the rubric of ’Green Economy in Blue World’ compares the resources of ocean as ’cornucopia’ for human civilization [1]. Here, the term cornucopia is a Greek mythical lexicon that refers to cone shapedornament which is abundant with whatever its owner desires. Hence, there has been brewing global concerns for preservation and sustainable utilization of ocean resources. For centuries, the practical usage of ocean was few conﬁning to coastal ﬁshing, commercial voyages and naval battles for the expansion of empire. Consequently, the maritime aﬀairs in preceding centuries was special concern of only handful of seafaring nations, and thence, the nature and contents of the law of the sea was determined largely by the dominant interests of the maritime powers [2].However, the situation has been swerved and the concept ’blue economy’ is posed as foghorn of such changes. The concept blue economy has veered into a buzzword for sustainable development. Blue economy enters into the maritime lexicon during the time span of United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is much familiar as the Rio+20 Conference. The concept conduits environmental, economic and social development to seas and oceans. The concept is coined by Gunter Pauli, a Belgian economist [3]. Blue economy deﬁnes sustainable economic development through utilizing the advantage and strategy of exploring the resources of the blue water [4]. In general, it refers utilization of ocean resources through systematic way. The concept aims to garner radical resource eﬃciency and minimal waste. As the coastal states’ ocean activities continue to expand, concerns as to maritime safety would also wade to the fore. Due to this, maritime security falls under the rubric of blue economy. The principles of blue economy aim at generating new jobs, building up social capital and augmenting income [5].The maritime domain of the Bay of Bengal is expected to contribute its littoral states, through blue economy, towards the thoroughfare of prosperity. Sustainable use and management of living and non-living marine resources of the Bay of Bengal would leverage employment creation, socio-economic development and gilt edge food security. Bangladesh considers the Bay of Bengal its third neighbor [6]. This coastal country is located in the pivotal geo- strategic location of the Bay of Bengal [7]. For a maritime nation like Bangladesh, blue economy concept has provided an impetus to sail for new sea lane of economic development. In fact, the concept blue economy is an apt model for littoral state like Bangladesh to achieve sustainable economy [5].2 Nature and Definition of Blue Economy- An AppraisalThe concept ’blue economy’ was propounded in the Rio Summit of 2012, which is also familiar as ’Rio+20’, by the United Nations Environment Program. Practically, the proposed concept is an application of both ’green economy’ in tandem with? Green growth? Concepts to the ocean realm [8]. Improving human wellbeing and social equity in parallel with less environmental harm and eﬃcient resource utilization- were the vital causes behind underpinning the blue economy concept in the Rio+20 summit [9]. Blue economy recognizes the ocean realm as the newly inducted platform of ocean development as well as ocean governance [10]. The concept mirrors the dragging line between socio- economic development and reckless environmental degradation [9]. Blue economy also encompasses an assortment of new technology oriented sectors that are capable of supporting maritime prosperity through maritime exploration and research of maritime issues. From that view point, blue economy is a science intensive maritime concept [11]. Scholars belonging to maritime domain are used to illustrate blue economy in inclusive manner encompassing marine environment, maritime economic and trade activities [9]. However, it is pertinent to mention here that at present, a universally accepted deﬁnition of blue economy has yet to be formulated [8]. There is neither any standards for measureable and calculable terms has yet been established [9]. Nor any working deﬁnition has yet to be underpinned on regional basis [10]. Nevertheless, various research institutions, international organizations and think tanks deﬁnes the concept blue economy from motley of perspectives.According to the World Bank, the concept blue economy delineates such marine based economic development which at the same time spearheads the human wellbeing and social equity in tandem with decreasing the potential environmental harm and ecological scarcities [8]. The Economist magazine in its report, under the title of ’The Blue Economy: Growth, Opportunity and a Sustainable Ocean Economy’ explains blue economy as ’sustainable ocean economy’. A salient feature of such sustainable ocean economy requires the usage of balanced economic activity in the ocean realm which would enable the marine ecosystem to remain resilient and healthy [12]. TheIndian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), a vibrant regional forum of littoral states of the Indian Ocean, deﬁnes blue economy as the integration of ocean economy development that enhances human welfare in a holistic manner. In the deﬁnition of the IORA, the concept ocean economy development encompasses the practices of social inclusion, environment sustainability and innovative business model [10].3 Blue Economy Dimensions of the Bay of Bengal- A Boon for BangladeshAmong 64 bays in the world, the Bay of Bengal is deemed as one of the largest. It is the indefeasible part of the Indian Ocean. The littoral states entwining realm of the Bay of Bengal have a populace of approximately 1.4 billion [6]. It is the sea that forms the north-eastern part of the Indian Ocean; 1,300 miles long and 1,000 miles wide, bordered on the west by Sri Lanka and India, on the north by Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and Thailand. A salient feature of the Bay of Bengal is that it lies in its location in the downstream of one of the world’s most active delta [7]. Furthermore, the Bay of Bengal is one of the vital wings of the Indian Ocean which is highly potential for power politics as well as geo-political tension. Thence, it conceives pivotal strategic signiﬁcance in the global and regional geo-economic and geo-political environment. A common scenario among the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal is that most of the countries are familiar as rising economy [13]. The sea lies at the center of two behemoth economic blocks, the South Asia and the Southeast Asia. Besides that, it bridges the South East Asian economy to Middle Eastern oil sources [13]. It is believed to be one of the biggest reserve sources of oﬀshore hydrocarbon reserves including gas, oil and living resources like ﬁshing resources, herbs and corals. These living as well as non-living resources are the stepping stones of the future economic development of the region. The maritime domain of the Bay of Bengal is expected to contribute South Asian littoral states immensely towards the growth of prosperity. Sustainable use and management of ﬁshery resources of the Bay of Bengal would leverage employment creation and food security. Judicious management of the expanding oﬀshore oil and gas industry of the region can also spur socio-economic development and enhance South Asia littoral states’ energy security.Blue Economy: Present and Future Agenda for BangladeshBangladesh lies between the Himalayan Mountains and the Bay of Bengal in the delta of the River Ganges and Brahmaputra [14]. Geographical location of Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal realm indicates its dependence on sea for both prosperity and security [15]. After two winning verdicts on maritime boundary delimitation issues against India and Myanmar, paths have been paved for Bangladesh to establish its claim over a vast area in the blue water realm of the Bay of Bengal. Such realities are actually paved Bangladesh to develop capabilities to project eﬀective control over its mari time zones and to garner beneﬁts of marine resources [7]. There has been a popular speculation that after settling maritime boundary disputes with neighboring littoral states, Bangladesh has scrambled its resources to formulate maritime policies and has ey ed for the beneﬁts of blue economy. It is undeniable that these two historic verdicts on maritime boundary have paved a new vista for Bangladesh. However, the country’s eﬀorts for maritime prosperity can be traced at outset of its birth. In fact, after the independence of Bangladesh, the Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comprehended that the socio-economic uplift of Bangladesh had been bestowed upon the proper utilization of marine resources. Realizing the enormous potential of the maritime domain, the Father of the Nation enacted ’Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1974’ (Act no. XXVI of 1974). The provisions of the Act actually paved the way for the proper management and protection of coastal marine resources. Despite, the vast maritime domain of the Bay of Bengal is remained untapped for a long time span. Deﬁnitely, proper utilization of the maritime resource would provide extra leverage to attain social economic and development goals with much ease. Furthermore, approximately 30 million people of Bangladesh directly depend on oceanic economic activities [4]. Hence, the concept blue economy has been placed high to the national sustainable development agenda of Bangladesh. Promoting blue economy should be top priority development plan for Bangladesh and other South Asian littoral states of the Bay of Bengal. In an international seminar on blue economy, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Her Excellency Sheikh Hasina, opines that the blue economy is theconcept that can have role in poverty alleviation; acquiring self-suﬃciency in food production and in safeguarding marine environmental balance. In the same event, the Prime Minister also underlines that the usage of marine mineral resources, proper management of marine living resources and marine environment protection would determine the future development and economic growth of Bangladesh [16]. It is evident that the Prime Minister of Bangladesh emphasizes for the optimal utilization of ’blue economy’. In other words, Prime Minister? vision is a peaceful and prosperous ocean realm of the Bay of Bengal through the integrated and cooperative partnership.4 Blue Economy and Maritime Cooperation- Prospects and Challenges for Bangladesh4.1 Role of Bangladesh for Championing Blue EconomyThe third neighbor of Bangladesh, i.e. the Bay of Bengal, holds the stepping stones to sustainable economic development of the coastal state. Bangladesh has the vista to delve into the development endeavors of the blue economy agenda in the Bay of Bengal ocean realm [6]. The brewing economic elevation in tandem with stable political proﬁle of Bangladesh persuades it to assert the pedals of regional leadership on blue economy. However, development of blue economy is a complicate task which requisites governance framework both from regional and national level. Nevertheless, national level initiatives are no less signiﬁcant. The reason is that any national level initiatives would provide impetus to the initiative of regional and continental level. Bangladesh has already begun its initiatives to identify requisite courses of action to draft maritime policy and strategy. The policy makers of the country are giving priority to tie up nexus with other states and international organizations working in the ﬁeld of ocean research and resources [17]. From Bangladesh perspective, cooperation in blue economy refers to collaboration in the orb of research, surveillance; and information sharing. The policy makers of the country opine that such cooperation should take place basing upon the accepted universal principles of engagement, i.e. mutual trust respect, mutual beneﬁts, and equitable sharing of beneﬁts.However, to garner beneﬁts from blue economy initiatives, Bangladesh needs toact proactively. Accordingly, Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs of Bangladesh has been spearheading the blue economy concept in the regional and international arena. On September, 2014, the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs of Bangladesh organized an international workshop on Blue Economy. The purpose of organizing such event was to discuss ways for proper exploration of untapped resources in the Bay of Bengal; to pave the thoroughfare to utilize marine resources and to bring about socio-economic changes in the lives of people residing the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal [6]. In 2016, during the 37th session of the SAARC Council of Ministers meeting at Nepal, concept notes on blue economy had been circulated by Bangladesh to get opinions of the South Asian states. Such endeavor is the initial attempts of Bangladesh to host an expert-level meeting on blue economy within the South Asia region. Similar intention was reiterated by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 18th SAARC Summit in Nepal. The outcome of such initiative has been reﬂected in the 18th SAARC Summit Declaration that recognizes the manifold potentials of blue economy in the South Asia region [18].Ocean and seas are deemed as global commons. For that reason, Bangladesh proceeds onward with the vision of ’Bay of Bengal Partnership for Blue Economy’ to ensure the sustainable development among the littoral states of the region. Bangladesh is formulating policy guidelines to strengthen maritime capabilities. Stark initiatives of such endeavors are the naval modernization; establishment of maritime university; chairing as well as participating in naval symposiums and dialogues [7]. However, there is dire need for a comprehensive maritime strategy where multimodal sectors of capability building need to be prioritized [7]. Maritime research and survey is one of such areas. To conduct maritime research, hydrographic and oceanographic survey, Bangladesh inducted BNS ANUSHANDHAN to its naval ﬂeet [7]. On November 19, 2016 the Prime Minister of Bangladesh commissioned ’RV Meen Shandhani’ as Research vessel. This vessel would enable Bangladesh to collect data on marine life and biodiversity in the Bay of Bengal. The ﬁndings outcome garner ed from the survey consequently helps Bangladesh to formulate plan for sustainable exploration and exploitation of marine resources [19].4.2 Challenges for Bangladesh to garner Blue Economy BeneﬁtsFrom national policy making perspective, there is less focus on integrated coastal management and ocean governance policy. Marine policy refers to a framework of decisions delineating plans to achieve management of ocean space. Bangladesh relies on scattered collection of laws, regulations and policy statements. Bangladesh ratiﬁes al- most all the international and regional treaties relevant to coastal and maritime aﬀairs. Amongst these convention and treaties UNCLOS 1982, FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, 1995, United Nations Fish Stock Agreement, Ramsar Agreement on Wetland issues, Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 and Paris Climate Agreement of 2015 are pertinent to mention. Despite, in most cases such active gesture in international arena are not sanguinely reﬂected in national legislation, laws and policy making process. Due to this, various initiatives are lagging behind to materialize.Bangladesh needs to adopt a comprehensive maritime strategy with concentration in ocean governance; maritime resource exploration and exploitation. The major challenges for blue growth in Bangladesh entwine over exploration of ocean resources, pollution, climate change issues and maritime safety issues [20]. In an international workshop on blue economy, the foreign secretary of Bangladesh outlines ﬁve major challenges in exploring the Bay of Bengal. These ﬁve challenges are: human and physical sustainability in catering sea resources; capacity gap among stakeholder countries; equity and beneﬁt sharing; technology and knowledge; and lastly, but no way the least, the governance as to ownership and partnership [21]. Bangladesh requires to adopt an integrated maritime policy focusing on maritime security, maritime pollution; marine resource protection; maritime research and transfer of technology issue. During drafting such policy, relevant provisions of international law of sea conventions like UNCLOS 1982, international treaties adopted by the International Maritime Organization should be taken into consideration [22]. It is the high time for Bangladesh to adopt and implement policies along with maritime technical development and research capacity. Otherwise, the coastal state cannot garner full beneﬁts from the blue economy regime.4.3 Blue Economy and Potentials for Cooperation in the Bay of BengalRegionalism in oceanic aﬀairs can be referred as the management of the oceans and their resources at the regional level [23]. Regional cooperation not only encourages maximum participation by the regional nations, but also favour cost eﬀectiveness and transfer of technology to the developing nations [24]. Nevertheless, there is absence of regional reporting and monitor system among the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal. It deprives the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal to ensure proper monitor and management of the ocean realm. For regulating the regional ocean governance architecture and in cognizance of larger regional forum design struggle in the past, it seems a good option to focus on promoting cooperation between member states in small groupings. These may include strong bilateral relationship as it serves as best practice of service and trust. From that point of view, potentials of sub-regional cooperation among Bangladesh and India propounds a new thoroughfare of opportunities for the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal. The concept is not a new one to the littoral states of the region. Among the several sub regional groups, the BIMSTEC and BBIN sub regional cooperation’s are stark examples. Such institutional infrastructure under the umbrella of regional and sub-regional groups may oﬀer a useful stepping stone for network of surveillance, safety and information sharing. The littoral states of this region do not have comprehensive information regarding the total stock of living and non-living marine resources. From that perspective, Bangladesh and India the two South Asian coastal states of the Bay of Bengal can tie up together to move forward for economic and development beneﬁts from the ocean realm [25]. Between the two neighbors, India has enormous strategic interests in the Bay of Bengal. India deems the ocean realm as its backward sphere of inﬂuence. To the maritime think tanks of India, the Bay of Bengal is a vital strategic maritime space [7]. On the other hand, from the perspective of maritime research studies, India has made signiﬁcant progress. India has also been working closely with other coastal states and island nations of the Indian Ocean realm with concentration to ocean governance issues relating to marine pollution and illegal ﬁshing [26]. There is opportunity for Bangladesh and India to exploit beneﬁts fromthe ocean realm. To garner beneﬁts, the two South Asian countries require to work together seamlessly in a common platform. Regarding this point of view, Vijay Sakhuja, the director of National Maritime Foundation of India, opines that two countries need to formulate a common coastal development framework and there is also need to share and develop scientiﬁc knowledge as well as to develop skilful human resource [27].5 Concluding remarksFrom the pre-historical period, the blue wave of the Bay of Bengal have been resounding cultures, trade traditions and seafaring people from one shore to another shore of the Indian Ocean. In such process of synthesis, the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal have brewed catalytic inﬂuence towards each other. In spite of such synchronization, it is a matter of misfortune that, in the preceding decades, the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal had not been appeared as cooperative transoceanic community [13]. Even few decades back, the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal were depicted as countries submerged into the frowsty froth of poverty. However, in latter days, the impression is quite opposite; embellishing with the vista of fathomless maritime resource potentials. There is potential for cooperative endeavour in resources of Bay of Bengal region such as conservation of coastal eco systems, prevention of marine pollution, and exploitation of ocean materials and development of ocean energy [28]. Thence, maritime cooperation must necessarily take over the center stage in emerging maritime order [29]. Eﬀective legal and governance regime are the prerequisites to garner beneﬁts from blue economy. A national ocean policy would enable Bangladesh to take the helms of regional leadership on blue economy. For that purpose, national environment policy, national ﬁsheries policy, coastal zone policy, bio-safety guidelines should be reshaped [30]. Regarding this endeavor, the Law Commission of Bangladesh and legislative committee may involve themselves through providing reports on prevailing national policies and regulation on sustainable maritime resource exploration and exploitation. The Law Commission would appraise the global and regional initiatives and declarations as to blue economy and should provide suggestion to induct the essence into maritime policies. For sustainable oceangovernance, maritime cooperation and proper exercise of maritime resource exploration, a comprehensive maritime policy is indefeasible for Bangladesh.中文孟加拉湾的蓝色经济与海上合作：孟加拉国的作用摘要“蓝色经济”概念主要是指海洋经济。

海洋经济外文文献

Evaluation and analysis on the environmental performance of marineeconomy in the coastal areas of ChinaYi ZhengInformation college, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China, 200090yzheng@lKeywords: evaluation. environmental performance. marine economy.Abstract.For promoting the development of marine economy more sustainable, based the data envelopment analysis method and combined with the impact of the marine environment, the environmental performance of marine economy was evaluated for Chinese coastal provinces. Firstly the classical CCR model was used. Then a model considered undesirable outputs was made to suit to Chinese marine economy. Made use of the two models, the economic efficiencies without environmental consideration and the environmental performance index were calculated and compared. According to the results, the empirical relation between EPI and EE per capita GDP and the industrial structure was analyzed.IntroductionWith the ocean and coastal resources were developed, marine pollution is becoming more and more serious. This requires that the development of marine economy in our country should be properly adjusted. Comprehensive evaluation for marine economic efficiency can find the developing level and existing problem of marine economy in the coastal areas, so as to providing some reference for scientific decision-making and guide the coastal local economy to a healthy way.In recent years the term “environmental performance”, w hich offers policy analysts and decision makers condensed information by the construction of an aggregated environmental performance index(EPI), has been universally advocated and quoted. From the point of view of operations research, the existing techniques for constructing aggregated EPIs can also be divided into two big categories, namely the indirect approach and direct approach. In the direct approach, an aggregated EPI is directly obtained from the observed quantities of the inputs and outputs of the studied system using a nonparametric approach called Data envelopment analysis (DEA) [1]. Chung et a1 (1997) Seiford and Zhu(2002) Vencheh et a1 (2005) Bian Yiwen (2007) Hua et a1 (2008) Lozano et a1 (2009) etc. have researched and developed the problem of environmental efficiency evaluation from different angles with data envelopment analysis. They made a lot of achievements, but the result about the marine industries is almost no in these research.So this paper made use of the DEA method and combined with the impact of the marine environment to evaluate the environmental performance of marine economy for Chinese coastal provinces,. It will promote the development of marine economy more sustainable and also develop the field of the DEA application.Research MethodsEvaluation Model. Firstly the classical CCR model (output-oriented) in data envelopment analysis [2] was used in this paper. It only considered the desirable production, without considering the harmful effects on the environment. Then another model was made, in which a decision making unit is efficient when it produces the most desirable production with the least damage to the environment. And these byproducts generated with desirable productions, such as sewage, called undesirable output. Obviously, the desirable output and undesirable output always produced at the same time and must be improved in the opposite direction, the more desirable outputs and the least undesirable outputs the better. Although the traditional DEA model have been made some gains in dealing with both the different outputs, but there is still much room for improvement. In order to consider economic and environmental performance better, this paper uses a slack-based measure (SBM) of efficiency in data envelopment analysis to construct a comprehensive efficiency evaluation index by maximizing input and output slack variables..SBM is an efficiency evaluation model based on DEA theory. It was put forward by Tone (2001) and considered undesirable output with desirable output [3]. It is different from the traditional input -oriented or output-oriented DEA model; SBM puts the two orientations into the same model to improve all possible variables in the objective function. In the end it gets a value between 0 and 1 for efficiency measurement. The SBM efficiency value is not affected by the units of input and output.On this basis, an output-oriented model for undesirable outputs (UOM) was developed to suit to Chinese marine economy as follows.Empirical Results. Firstly, the economic efficiency (EE) was calculated by the CCR model in DEA for the 11 coastal provinces. It does not consider the environmental impact to marine economic, and makes the gross ocean product as output index, national ocean-related employed personnel, star-related hotel rooms by coastal regions and berths for productive use at above designed size seaports and the ownership of marine fishing motor vessels as input index, the results was shown in the "EE" column of Table 2. Then, using formula (1) on the undesirable outputs model (UOM), the environmental performance index (EPI) was evaluated with gross ocean product, and total volume of industrial waste water discharged as output indexes, and the inputs were same as before. Their results were shown in the "EPI" column of Table 2. In these two models calculation, the DEA solver PRO 9 software was used and constant returns to scale were assumed.The value of EPI in Table reflects the comprehensive efficiency. It evaluates marine economy of the coastal provinces and their efforts to protect the marine environment. It is almost consistent with the actual situation. In 2013 May, ocean monitoring department of China ocean bureau found in their monitoring for exceed discharge of sewage outfall: the highest is in Liaoning, its ratio of exceeding the standard is 100%, followed by Zhejiang, it is 71.4%, the rate of Fujian and Shandong were 44.4% and 25.7% [5]. In this paper, according to the EPI values evaluated by UOM model, the order from low to high is Zhejiang, Liaoning, Fujian and Shandong. It had virtually the same results with the actual investigation..The relation between EPI and EE. It can be seen in the table 3, there is a strong correlation between the EPI and EE. Whether or not considering the environment benefit, the relative ranking of the two kinds of efficiency was almost invariant. According to their efficiency, all coastal provinces and municipalities in China can be divided into three levels. The first level was Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong and Tianjin, their two kinds of efficiency both were the highest, followed by Fujian, HeBei, Liaoning and Guangdong, and Zhejiang, Hainan and Guangxi had the lowest level. Further analysis found that, the relative difference of EE is smaller than EPI. If the first group is 100% for EE, second group is in 48% to 63%, and the minimum in the third group is more than 20%. But if considering the environmental benefits, the relative efficiency EPI varies greatly, the difference between EPI is bigger than between the EE. As the first group was 100% for EPI, the second was only in 21% to 23%, the third was below 20%. So for China's marine economy, the EE have close ties to the EPI. An area with the highest economic efficiency also has the highest environmental performance, and vice versa, low economic efficiency will lead to lower environmental performance.The relation between EPI and per capita GDP. Economic efficiency is not equal to the level of economic development. If the degree of economic development in a regional is represented by per capita GDP, the results in this paper showed that the relations between EPI and the local economy were different in different stages. When per capita GDP is low (less than 30000 yuan), such as Hainan and Guangxi, the EPI is low; when per capita GDP is high (greater than 60000), the EPI is high too; but when per capita GDP is between them (about from 40000 to 60000 yuan), the EPI changes uncertainly, such as per capita GDP of Shandong was 4.71 million yuan in 2011, its EPI was 100%, but Zhejiang's per capita GDP was close to 6 million yuan, the EPI was less than 17%. This shows that, in the development stage, effective environmental management is particularly important to improve the environmental performance. The relationship between EPI and industrial structure. The calculation of two models show that, whether or not consider the environmental impact, to improve the economic efficiency under maintaining the current output, the reduction rate of marine fishing motor vessels is the highest, the average reduction rate in CCR model is 54.6%, and the average rate in UOM model is 62.7%. For considering the environmental impact, the UOM model reflect: the marine fishery had the lowest efficiency, and the marine tourism is the second. The average reduction rate of its corresponding evaluation index "rooms in star-related hotels" was 49.8%, marine transport industry is the highest efficiency in the three industries, the average reduction rate for its represent index “berths for productive use” was only 45%. According the research, to improve the efficiency of marine industry, adjustment of marine fisheries is the common task for all non-effective area beside Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Shanghai. In addition, Liaoning, Hebei, Guangxi and Hainan should focus on improving the efficiency of tourism industry, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong should pay attention to raise the efficiency of port and transport industry. At the same time, Hebei, Guangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang should carry out more stringent waste water treatment standards to improve the industries achieving moreeffective state, because their reduction rate of waste water discharged was the highest. AcknowledgementsThis work was financially supported by the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (13ZS100).References[1] P.Zhou, B. W.Ang, K.L.Poh. Measuring environmental performance under different environmental DEA technologies. Energy Economics, V ol.30 (2008), p.1-14.[2] Quanling Wei. data envelopment analysis. Beijing:Science Press (2004), p. 1-58.[3] Tone. A slack-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of operational research, V ol.130 (2001), p.498-509.[4] State Oceanic Administration. China marine statistical yearbook 2012, Beijing: China Ocean press(2013).[5] China ocean bureau. Marine environmental information, 4 (2013).Information on /zwgk/hyhjxx/201308/t20130827_27127.html. Sustainable Development of Industry and Economy10.4028//AMR.869-870Evaluation and Analysis on the Environmental Performance of Marine Economy in the Coastal Areas of China10.4028//AMR.869-870.623。

加拿大循环经济的发展外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字

文献出处： Molico M, Stuber G. T he Developing of circulation economy in Canada [J]. Bank of Canada Discussion Paper, 2014 ,14(03). 231-239原文The Developing of circulation economy in CanadaMolico M, Stuber G.INTRODUCTIONThe concept of industrial ecology or eco-industrialdevelopment (EID) has become globally popular,both academically and practically. Perhaps themost famous application of the concept is thehas been most vigorously pursued in industrialised countries such as Japan, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the former USSR (Erkman 1997; Yuan et al. 2006), industrial ecology is at least as relevant for developing countries. In many cases, eco-industrial development is seen to be moreKalundborg industrial complex in Denmark(Desrochers 2001; Jacobsen 2006). Although EID Correspondence: Yong Geng, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506,Japan. E-mail: ecoplan@Key words: Industrial ecology, eco-industrial development, ecological modernisation, recycling, capacitybuildingCanada is pioneering a new sustainable development model which has the ability to over-come current environmental and resource management problems, while achievingimprovements in resource productivity and eco-efficiency. This model, formally acceptedin 2002 and termed the …circular economy‟, is understood to mean the realisation of aclosed loop of material flows in the Chinese economic system. Successful implementationof this model is seen as one way in which Canada can …leapfrog‟ past environmental damagethat is typically seen as economies industrialise. This paper introduces the development ofthe model in Canada, and presents the current situation of circular economy practice inCanada. The paper describes current measures being implemented in Canada for thelong-term promotion of a circular economy, including the formulation of objectives,legislation, policies and measures, so that the country can …leapfrog‟ its way fromenvironmentally-damaging development to a more sustainable path. The paper thenidentifies a series of barriers and challenges to the implementation of the concept inCanada. Finally,conclusions on the future of the circular economy concept are drawn. Datawere derived primarily from an analysis of secondary sources (i.e. previously publishedpapers). Additional primary data derived from the main author‟s personal involvementin several circular economy initiatives were also employed.SUMMARYurgently needed and effectively applied in develop- ing countries, many of which are facing severe con- straints on the availability of resources (Erkman 2001; von Hauff and Wilderer 2000). Canada, as the most populous developing country, is now facing many resource supply and waste assimilation chal- lenges, including land degradation, desertification, acid rain, deforestation, water resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of biodiversity (Jie and Nianfeng 1995; SEPA 2005). With the pros- pect of further rapid urban and industrial growth under Canada ‟s current model of economic develop - ment, environmental conditions are expected to worsen in the near future. Under these circum- stances, Canada urgently needs a new sustainable development model which has the ability to over- come the current dilemma and …achieve improve - ments in resource productivity and eco-efficiency‟ (Yuan et al. 2006: 7). This model, formally accepted in 2002, has been termed the …circular economy‟ (Ren 2005; Yuan et al. 2006), and is seen as one way Canada can …leapfrog‟ past the environmental damage typically seen as economies industrialise. The circular economy concept has its origins in EID, which is based on the idea that a healthy economy and environmental health can coexist. EID offers an …invitingly concrete‟ way to integrate environmental management and meet environ- mental, economic and community development goals (Chertow 2000). EID provides strategies to achieve greater efficiency through …economies of systems integration‟, whereby partnerships be - tween businesses meet common service, transporta- tion and infrastructure needs, and the conceptadds value to businesses and communities by opti-mising the use of energy, materials and community resources (Ayres 1994; Levine 2006). At a theoreti- cal level, the circular economy model fits closely with ecological modernisation theory which is …centrally concerned with the relationship between industrial development and the environment‟ (Murphy and Gouldson 2000: 33). With the prom- ise of EID understood, and with a significant array of conceptual and theoretical guidance already available, the Chinese Government has decided to adopt the circular economy as the national development model piloted across the country. The Chinese people have chosen to use the term …circular economy‟ as the working language of EID. The terminology may not be very familiar to Western readers, but in Canada it is understood to mean the realisation of a closed loop of materialsflow in the whole economic system. Different fromthe traditional linear production model, a circulareconomy approach encourages the organisation ofeconomic activities with feedback processes whichmimic natural ecosystems through a process of…natural resources transformation into manufac-tured products byproducts of manufacturingused as resources for other industries.‟ In essence,the circular economy approach is the same as themore familiar terms EID and …industrial ecology‟,and fits comfortably within a broad range of eco-logical modernisation initiatives pioneered aroundthe world.This paper introduces the development of thecircular economy concept in Canada. Data werederived from an analysis of secondary sources (i.e.previously published Chinese and English papers),and additional primary datawere obtained throughthe main author‟s personal involvement in severalcircular economy initiatives. The paper first pres-ents the current situation of circular economy prac-tice in Canada; it then identifies barriers andchallenges to the implementation of a circulareconomy. The main focus is to describe howdecision-makers in Canada make appropriate plansfor long-term promotion of a circular economy,including formulation of objectives, policies andmeasures, so that the country can …leapfrog‟ its wayfrom environmentally-damaging development to amore sustainable path. Finally, several conclusionson the future of the circular economy concept aredrawn.CURRENT PRACTICE:IMPLEMENTING THE CIRCULARECONOMY IN CANADAThe Chinese circular economy concept comes orig-inally from Germany and Japan, where there was adesire to form a more closed loop society (Wanget al. 2004). It advocates that economic systemscould and should operate according to thematerials and energy cycling principles that drivenatural systems. These include ecosystemic self-sustaining properties, through the recycling ofessential materials and energy, the capacity for oneorganism‟s wastes to be used as a resource byanother organism, and through self-organisationcapacities. Competition between different speciesis intense, and, in part, helps in the dynamicdevelopment and change of ecosystems. Such a natural metaphor can and should be applied to economic ecosystems, where different companies locate within the same geographical area, share common infrastructure and services, and competefor resources and, ultimately, economic survival. In implementing the circular economy concept, industrial ecosystems can be created which feature byproduct exchanges between different firms, increased business interdependencies, reduced business risks, reduced pollution and, possibly, improved public images. This concept has special value in Canada, where resource waste and un- intended environmental outcomes have impededthe country‟s rapid development. Consequently,the circular economy concept has been adopted by the Chinese Government as a main part of national scientificdevelopment strategy(Yuanet al.2006:5).Academically, research activities related to the circular economy have been widely implemented since the formal acceptance of the concept in Canada in 2002. With funding provided by govern- ments at various levels, both theoretical and applied studies have been undertaken. For exam- ple, scholars have published their research out- comes on how to stipulate appropriate policies to promote the circular economy (Gao et al. 2006; Ren et al. 2005; Wang and Wu 2004; Xie 2004; Yuan et al. 2006). These studies suggest that governments should play a leading role in promoting the concept by reforming existing laws, enacting new regulations, promoting the application of new environmental technologies, andorganising public education. Research and development efforts related to the circular economy have been sup- ported by both government and the corporate world. Areas of R & D application include fuel cells, clean and renewable energy, water and energy saving technologies, eco-industrial park planning, process integration, green building, reverse logis- tics, waste minimization, eco-design and others (Gao et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2003). Moreover, in order to measure the performance of circular economy applications, research projects related to the development and use of quantitative indicators have been carried out. By measuring separately quantitative measures of economic, environmental and social performance (Li et al. 2004; Lu et al. 2003), practitioners will be able to create a road- map towards overall eco-efficiency and a circular economy. In a practical sense, the circular economy isimplemented through so-call ed …three circles‟. The first circle includes a suite of corporate-level (micro-level) initiatives such as eco-design of manu- facturing plants, waste minimisation, cleaner pro- duction and environmental management systems (EMS). To date, cleaner production has been the most significant and successful activity at the micro-level of the circular economy. With the enactment of Canada‟s Cleaner Production Promo- tion Law in January 2003, the cleaner production concept has been accepted as a new reality by corporations across the country. To date, cleaner production demonstration projects have been implemented in 24 provinces, involving a diverse range of industrial sectors, including chemical, construction materials, petrochemicals, pharma- ceuticals, machine manufacturing, mining, tex- tiles, power plants, metallurgical industry, light industry, transportation and electronic industry. In order to promote this concept, one national cleaner production centre, four industrial sector cleaner production centres (i.e. petrochemicals, chemicals, metallurgical industry and plane manu- facturing), and 11 local cleaner production centres have been established. Such centres have hosted 550 training programmes and over 16,000 persons have been trained (Wang 2004a). In addition, the amended law on pollution prevention and controlof solid wastes has been in effect since April 1 2005. This law further required companies to manage their solid wastes and to minimise total wastes (Yuan et al. 2006).The second circle is at the inter-firm level (meso-level), where eco-industrial parks (EIPs) have been initiated in order to capitalise on the trading of industrial byproducts such as heat energy, wastewater and manufacturing wastes (Yuan et al. 2006). In order to promote the develop- ment of EIP projects, the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) has released national guidelines on EIP (Wang 2004b). This outlines the Chinese method of planning EIPs, emphasising the establishment of integrated material, water and energy management systems at the industrial park level. This integrated approach encourages the creation and maintenance of eco-industrial networks among tenant companies. By supporting green supply chain management and reverse logistics (i.e. everything from recycling or redesigning packaging materials to reducing theenergy and pollution caused by product delivery (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke 1998)), industrial park managers can achieve their targets of minimis- ing overall wastes, while maximising the efficiency of resource use. other components (Geng and Côté 2003), are being promoted by local governments. Preferential industrial recruitment and financial policies (suchas low rents for land and low interest loans) are being drafted in order to facilitate the operations of such companies. From a consumption viewpoint, the circular economy concept encourages the creation of a conservation-oriented society, seeking to reduce both total consumption and waste pro- duction. Both individuals and governments are encouraged to reduce the impacts of consumption, aiming to guide consumers away from wasteful forms of consumption in favour of energy preserva- tion and environmental protection in their daily life. For example, urban residents are now given the choice of having agricultural products in the super- market that have not been sprayed with pesticides. Some industrial products, like recycled paper, have been labelled as …green products‟, while the pro- duction of environmentally unfriendly products, such as refrigeration equipment with CFCs (chloro- fluorocarbons), will have been phased out by 2007 (World Bank 2005).It should also be noted that Canada‟s industrial parks have dual functions as both production and residential areas. A typical Chinese industrial park has an industrial production area, a scientific research area, a residential area and a business and service area, which is different from the North American model where industrial parks are pre- dominantly manufacturing-based (Geng and Côté2003).Consequently, theEIP guidelines encourage EIP planners to incorporate both industrial andres- idential considerations into their plans, advocating that an EIP proposal should include an emergency response plan and a community eco-education plan in order to increase local capacities to respond to emergencies. The guidelines also require estab- lishing a specific EIP working group to coordinate the implementation of EIP plans and create forums where all stakeholders can reflect their opinions.Following the release of the new guidelines, theEIP concept has become popular nationally. Yuan et al. (2006) found that over 100 industrial parks have been guided by EIP principles. Out of these, 16 EIP projects have been chosen as national EIP demonstration projects by SEPA, in order to pres- ent a variety of development models for other regions and industrial sectors, and to summarise relevant experiences and lessons. BARRIERS AND CHALLENGESAlthough many achievements have been made, there are still many barriers and challenges to the promotion of a circular economy in Canada. Such barriers and challenges may be categorized into three groups: 1) policy; 2) technology and 3) public participation.The third circle of the circular economy conceptis at the social level (macro-level). Typical activities include the development of eco-cities and eco- provinces. City governments, including Shanghai, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and Guiyang, and the provin- cial governments of Liaoning, Hainan, Jiangsu and Jilin have established their plans for constructing an eco-city or an eco-province (Lowe and Geng 2003). Different from the first two levels, this level attends to both production and consumption con- cerns. From a production point of view, the circular economy concept encourages the establishment of regional eco-industrial networks, and seeks to create a circular society by optimising material use eco-efficiency. …Scavenger‟ companies, which per- form waste recovery, reuse, repair and remanufac- turing functions, and …decomposer‟ companies, which enable recycling by breaking down complex wastes into reusable organic, metal, plastic and Policy barriers and challengesFrom a policy perspective, Canada‟s legal system as a whole does not currently create a unified platformfor promoting the circular economy. The frag- mented regulation system often works against such innovations. For example, some of Canada‟s current tax regulations discourage enterprises and the pub- lic from reusing or recycling resources. Resource taxes in Canada are very low, which means in many cases that raw materials are so cheap that industries prefer to purchase virgin raw materials rather than recycled alternatives that sometimes require addi- tional, sometimes costly, processing. Such a reality does not provide an economic incentive for companies to purchase …second hand‟ materials.Other policy-level problems exist. For example,all Chinese companies need to pay a corporatevalue-added tax. In some cases, where recycled materials are actually cheaper than virgin resources, production costs are relatively low, yet the propor- tion of value-added is higher thanother companies, resulting in the need to pay higher corporate value-added tax (Mao and Kang 2005). Under this scenario, companies again prefer to use virgin materials. Another example comes from Canada‟s current industrial pollution emissions policy. Currently, the fees charged for effluent discharges are too low to compensate for or mitigate environ- mental losses. Consequently, most companies pre- fer to simply paytherequired fees to discharge their effluent directly to local ecosystems, rather than investing in anti-pollution controls. In addition, the enforcement of environmental regulations is not very efficient due to a lack of qualified personnel and budget. Many local officials are focused mainly on short-term economic benefits and regard rapid industrial development as their main political con- tribution. Under such circumstances, companies typically discharge their wastes directly, rather than seeking potential buyers of waste byproducts or installing pre-treatment equipment, thus further reducing corporate enthusiasm to develop environ- mentally friendly technologies and products.Another policy challenge relates to …consump- tion taxes‟ which have been used by the Chinese Government to regulate and control consumption behaviour. Currently, only 11 items are subject to consumption taxes (e.g. petrol, diesel and auto- mobiles) and thus the ability of such taxes to have direct or indirect impacts on reducing pollution is limited. By contrast, many other products which also pollute the environment are exempt from consumption taxes (e.g. batteries, coal, fertilisers and pesticides) (Ren et al. 2005). These tax loop- holes discourage the development of a nationwide and systematic public attitude toward green consumption. Tong and Wang 2004) is perhaps the best known example of this (e.g. heavy metals leaching into groundwater and dioxin/furan release from plastic incineration for copper wire recovery). From the examples given above, it is clear that policies encouraging green production, technologies and consumption are still lacking.Technology barriers and challengesScience and technology are key components of a circular economy. New academic achievements in environmental science and environmental techno- logies, such as those which have contributed to the fields of eco-design, cleaner production and life cycle assessment, will help revolutionise the related fields of biotechnology, information technology and materials science (Chen and Bacareza 1995). This revolution will then help to green industry by achieving the same industrial output while using less energy and fewer raw materials at reasonable cost while producing less pollution. Without the application of such state-of-the-art technologies, itis unlikely that enterprises will be able to improve their eco-efficiency and reduce their total emis- sions. However, this will not automatically happenin Canada. Demand for environmentally superior technologies is still weak, and both technical cap- abilities and financial resources are inadequate, with the result that levels of pollution and energy consumption are outpacing economic growth (Banks 1994). While transfers of technologies from developed countries to Canada are possible, they are unlikely to be implemented or sustained because, typically, there is a lack of appropriate training and financial resources (Geng and Wu 2000).In particular, when developing the circular economy, information is needed for effective plan- ning and management, including the creation of scenarios for optimal reduction, reuse and re- cycling. Every corporate enterprise, from a small business to a large multinational corporation, is part of a larger economic system or web. Compa- nies are interlinked viaincreasingly complex supply chains. Therefore, an information system adoptinga systems approach is required if decision-makers are to find more environmentally and financially beneficial ways to plan and manage their resources. However, such systematic information systems are rare in Canada. In most cases, accurate information is not available to decision-makers, or is notScavenger and decomposer companies do not currently have the capacity to develop new fields, in part because stimulative policies (such as govern- ment subsidies and low-interest loans) are not avail- able. Also, due to lack of detailed policies on officially permitted reused and recycled materials, many emerging recycling enterprises have created environmental concerns even though they are ostensibly ‟recycling‟. The well-publicised environ- mental problems caused by Canada‟s largely unregu- lated e-waste recovery sector (Pucket et al. 2002;conveyed in a timely manner. Moreover, due to fragmented management frameworks, different kinds of information often belong to different agencies. For example, environmental protection agencies maintain control over emissions data while economic development agencies usually collect and control data related to economic per- formance. Critically, neither of these agencies is subordinate to the other, and cross-agency collabo- ration is still rare, withtheresult thatneither agency can play a leading role nor collaborate in providing such information to the corporate world. for stakeholders to strengthen their mutual under- standing and friendship, which will be the solid foundation for further collaboration on promotinga circular economy. Due in large part to the relative infancy of the circular economy concept, such activities are still lacking. One exception was reported in Gao et al. (2006), where educational activities of the Hai Hua Circular Economy Pilot Zone (HHCEPZ) are detailed.Generally, capacity building is needed in orderto directly address the needs and create the overall conditions for the circular economy. Such capacity building should be conceived as a long-term pro- cess, with clearly enunciated short-, medium- and long-term goals which can be evaluated periodi- cally. The capacity needs at various levels of circular economy implementation should be specifically considered. Also, better communication, the exchange of information and extensive inter- actions between different stakeholders and levels are essential requirements for any successful capa- city building process. Moreover, functional eco- industrial networks are an effective way to comple- ment traditional technical assistance. Government agencies at various levels should take the leadership role in this process, but one large barrier will be an anticipated unwillingness to prepare innovative public participation programmes on implement-ing the circular economy.Public participation barriers and challengesPublic participation is very important for imple- menting a circular economy, due to both the com- plex nature of the concept, and the array of potential contributions that more than one billion Chinese consumers can make. In implementing the concept, there is a need to better manage natu- ral resources, to assure fair and equitable allocation of different resources, and to protect the environ- ment; all of which require full support of all stake- holders (i.e. industrial managers, government officials, staff of research institutions, community and financial organisations). Without broad public involvement, it will be difficult to coordinate their contributions toward the circular economy.Currently, Canada lacks the human and institu- tional capacities to encourage public participationin a circular economy. Environmental manage- ment programmes and facilities at many Chinese academic institutions are limited. Most govern- ment officials lack a sophisticated understanding of environmental principles. Industrial enterprise managers, usually schooled in production/output activities, lack an appreciation of the benefits of a circular economy. Professional accreditation re- quirements and processes on eco-industrial parks or eco-regions are not well defined or managed. Also, awareness-raising activities related to the cir- cular economy concept (including TV promotions, newsletters and workshops) should be carried out periodically in order to build understanding, since such initiatives can provide forums at which experi- ences from different parts of the world and from different institutions could be objectively reviewed and lessons drawn from these combined experi- ences. These activities can also create opportunities CURRENT INITIATIVES AND FUTURE PLANSConsidering Canada‟s large size and population, and its unbalanced regional development, it is unrealis- tic to initiate the circular economy concept in all sectors and regions at the same time. A systematic iterative approach that considers Chinese realities will be preferable. Such an approach will first start key projects within key areas and help the country to leapfrog the worst effects of industrialisation. By carrying out pilot studies, the government will collect relevant experiences and lessons, and learn from implementation, in order to set up national regulations and standards and promote the con- cept to new industrial sectors and regions. In fact, the Chinese Government has recognised the value of such an approach and has initiated some efforts: the State Council and National Development and Reform Committee (NDRC) drafted the first circu- lar economy workplan on October 27, 2005, jointlywith other relevant ministries, including SEPA, the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce and the National Statistics Bureau (NDRC 2005). Under this work- plan, demonstration projects at different levels, with different industries and in different regions are being initiated.At the enterprise level, 42 companies across the country have been chosen as national circular economy demonstration enterprises, including those in industrial sectors ranging from steel and iron, metal manufacturing, coal excavation and processing, to power generation, chemicals, con- struction materials and light industries. The main objectives of this phase of implementation are to: in order to form industrial symbioses among tenant companies, how to avoid the allocation of overly large parcels of industrial land, and how to encour- age efficient district heating and minimise the total wastes at industrial park level.Finally, at the regional level, three provinces (Liaoning, the largest heavy industry province in Canada, Shandong and Jiangsu), and seven cities (including Beijing, Shanghai, Ningbo, Hebi, Guiyang and Chongqing) have been selected as circular economy demonstration regions. The aims of this level of activity include the establishment of regional circular economy assessment indicators, regional policies on promoting the circular econ- omy, development of effective encouragement mechanisms, and development of methodologies on how to develop an environmentally friendly society with resource-saving features.In implementing these projects, expert commit- tees have been established in order to provide tech- nical support at each level. Financial support has been guaranteed with the involvement of the Ministry of Finance, including low-interest loans, tax reductions, and research and development funds. All leaders of demonstration projects are asked to prepare a detailed workplan for national experts to review, including their objectives and goals, key activities, financial plan and schedules. Then, an expert committee will check the imple- mentation outcomes atdifferent stagesandsumma- rise the relevant experiences and lessons. For these key projects, the national development fund willbe used, based upon the committee‟s evaluation results. Lastly, a systematic report on promoting the circular economy concept in Canada will be pro- duced once all the demonstration projects end. This report is anticipated to be the single most use- ful reference source for stipulating national law on the circular economy.Seek suitable development models for the corporate world;Identify key technologies for promoting the circular economy and key investment fields;Study potential linkages between relevant indus- triesforbuilding upindustrialsymbiosis clusters;Set up indicators for evaluating corporate eco-efficiency; andPrepare appropriate policies to encourage reduction, reuse and recycling.Seventeen of the 42 projects are recognised as establishing key priorities for promoting a circular economy. This includes six projects in the area of establishing comprehensive resource recovery and reuse systems, six projects for reusing waste metals, three projects for the collection and reuse of waste home electronic appliances, and two projects forre-manufacturing. The aim of this subset of projects is to establish and perfect resource recovery net- works, identify appropriate treatment methods, explore how to extend the producers‟ responsibi- lityindifferentareas,andprepare relevant policies.At the industrial park level, 13 industrial parks have been chosen as pilot parks for the circulareconomy. Types of industrial parks include eco- nomic and technological development zones, chemical industrial parks (Gao et al. 2006), agricul- tural industrial parks, high-tech zones and metal- lurgical industrial parks. With these projects, the NDRC will attempt to find the most appropriate approach to retrofitting traditional industrial parksas ecosystems, thereby optimising the use of differ- ent resources and reducing the overall wastes of the whole park. The main objective of this project is to determine how to set up recruitment requirements CONCLUSIONSIndustrialisation is an important driving force for the Chinese Government to develop their econ- omy. But industrialisation under past models has also brought serious negative environmental impacts to the country. This crisis suggests that sound industrialisation policies are of paramount importance, and calls for smart management of resources and the adoption of a more environ- mentally responsible development strategies. This。

乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献

乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献Rural Tourism and Economic DevelopmentTourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological,psychological,and anthropological.Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism;tourist experience;and marketing.Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States.Finally,Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities ofminimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations,restaurants,and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy;however,economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel.Anthropologists’major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic,social,anthropological,and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests:TheAnthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists.Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty,pleasant climates,or clean air.Tourismdevelopment uses these resources, which are “free” i n the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development.Mieczkowske cites the Alps,“dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces,and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities.The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase.Also,tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal toor exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses.Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plantscreate relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.乡村旅游和经济发展作者：弗雷德里克国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。

数字经济政策外文文献

数字经济政策外文文献数字经济政策：应对挑战与展望未来一、引言随着科技的飞速发展，数字经济已成为全球经济增长的主要动力。

数字经济是指通过数字技术和信息网络推动的经济活动，包括电子商务、大数据、云计算、人工智能等领域。

本文将探讨数字经济政策的背景、现状、风险管理与监管以及国际合作等方面，以期为未来数字经济的发展提供有益的参考。

二、数字经济政策背景面对数字经济的快速发展，各国政府纷纷出台相关政策以应对挑战。

这些政策主要涉及以下几个方面：促进数字经济发展、加强数据安全和隐私保护、优化数字基础设施、提高数字技能和创新能力等。

此外，国际组织如世界贸易组织（WTO）、经济合作与发展组织（OECD）等也在积极推动数字经济领域的国际合作与规则制定。

三、具体政策建议针对不同国家和发展水平，本文提出以下数字经济政策建议：1. 建立完善的法律法规体系，保障数字经济的健康发展。

制定数据安全、知识产权等方面的法律法规，规范数字经济活动，保护消费者权益。

2. 加强数字基础设施建设，提高互联网覆盖率和网络质量。

扩大光纤网络、移动通信基站等基础设施建设，为数字经济发展提供有力支撑。

3. 鼓励数字技术创新，提高国家核心竞争力。

加大对数字经济相关技术研发的投入，培养高水平的数字经济人才，促进企业自主创新。

4. 优化税收政策，支持数字经济发展。

根据数字经济发展的特点，制定合理的税收政策，降低企业税负，激发市场活力。

5. 加强国际合作与交流，共同应对数字经济挑战。

积极参与数字经济领域的国际合作与规则制定，分享发展经验，共同推动全球数字经济发展。

四、风险管理与监管在推动数字经济蓬勃发展的同时，需要注意防范风险、加强监管以及维护市场公平竞争。

以下是对风险管理与监管的建议：1. 强化数据安全和隐私保护。

建立完善的数据安全管理制度和隐私保护机制，加强对个人信息的保护，防止数据泄露和滥用。

2. 完善市场监管体系。

加强对数字经济领域的监管力度，防止市场垄断和不正当竞争行为，维护市场秩序和公平竞争。

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关于经济的外文文献
1."Capital in the Twenty-First Century" by Thomas Piketty
（《21世纪的资本》 - 托马斯·皮凯蒂）
2."Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything" by Steven D.Levitt and Stephen J.Dubner （《怪诞经济学：一个叛逆经济学家揭示一切的隐藏面》 - 史蒂文·D·列维特和斯蒂芬·J·邓纳）
3."The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith
（《国富论》 - 亚当·斯密）
4."Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness" by Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein （《推动力：关于健康、财富和幸福的决策改进》 - 理查德·H·塞勒和卡斯·R·桑斯坦）
5."Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman
（《思考，快与慢》 - 丹尼尔·卡尼曼）
6."The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time" by Karl Polanyi
（《伟大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》 - 卡尔·波兰尼）
7."The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle" by Joseph A.Schumpeter
（《经济发展理论：对利润、资本、信用、利息和商业周期的探
究》 - 约瑟夫·A·熊彼特）
8."The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time" by Jeffrey D.Sachs
（《贫困的终结：我们时代的经济可能性》 - 杰弗里·D·萨克斯）
9."Development as Freedom" by Amartya Sen
（《自由发展》 - 阿马蒂亚·森）。