托福听力资料下载之抽象表现主义
托福Lecture场景讲义
1.艺术类讲座Arts：绘画，雕塑* Cubism 立体派；立体主义* Fauvism野兽派* Abstractism 抽象派* Pop Art 波普艺术；流行艺术Brush 画笔；毛笔Genuine 真品Fake 赝品Aesthetic 美学Gallery 美术馆Brushstroke 绘画技巧color 颜料dye 染料Pigment 颜料figure画像canvas帆布frame[电影] 画面easel 画架sketch. 素描Oil painting油画；油画艺术portrait 肖像；半身雕塑像style 风格；字体painting 绘画；着色perspective远景portray 描绘impressionism印象派，印象主义statue雕像，塑像sculpture 雕塑；雕刻carve. 雕刻bust半身像relief浮雕retouch 润饰；修整部分restore恢复；还原refine精炼，提纯watercolor 水彩画；水彩颜料pastel粉蜡笔；粉蜡笔画Charcoal drawing素描mural壁画fresco壁画engraving. 雕刻；雕刻术；雕刻品Landscape painting风景画，山水画still life静物；静物写生caricature 漫画original原作copy. 副本；摹仿reproduction复制品replica 复制品✧音乐accompaniment 伴奏conservatory音乐学校band乐队solo 独奏；独唱duet 二重奏；二重唱trio三重唱concerto 协奏曲symphony交响乐Folk music民俗音乐time节拍Rock and roll摇滚乐Pop music流行音乐harmony 协调；调和concert. 音乐会play剧本opera. 歌剧Hillbilly music乡村音乐Country music乡村音乐serenade小夜曲volume音量chord. 弦；和弦Sheet music散页乐谱；活页乐谱arrangement整理；准备Chamber music室内音乐orchestra. 管弦乐队note音符2.生命科学类life science植物flora 植物区系botany植物学plant植物root 根stem干；茎stalk茎，秆leaf叶子flower花fruit. 水果；产物seed 种子shoot发芽bud 萌芽；蓓蕾petal 花瓣pollen花粉pollinate对...授粉trunk 树干；躯干branch树枝，分枝twig 小枝；嫩枝；末梢bark 树皮shrub. 灌木；灌木丛nectar 花蜜fern 蕨；蕨类植物photosynthesis光合作用Aquatic plant水生植物canopy天篷foliage植物；叶子wither 枯萎；凋谢bush灌木；矮树丛herb 香草，药草symbiosis共生blossom. 花；开花期perennial多年生植物annual一年生植物动物&微生物Whale鲸Fossil化石remainsHippopotamus----Hippo河马Carnivore食肉动物Herbivore食草动物Omnivore杂食动物marsupial有袋动物amphibian两栖动物reptile爬行动物Mammal哺乳动物vertebratecold-blooded animalwarm-blooded animal Metabolism新陈代谢queen蜂王drone 雄蜂worker bees工蜂Colony种群Hive蜂巢Mate 配偶Nectar花蜜Pollen花粉gills鳃SQUID鱿鱼；乌贼sac囊convergent evolution趋同进化Octopus章鱼Imitation 拟态Chromatophores 色素细胞sepia乌贼墨Distraction display 迷惑表演Displacement activity 换位行为Hatch 孵化Migration 飞行中的空气动力学Aerodynamics 空气动力学动物听觉器官及机理Echolocation蝙蝠Eardrum青蛙auditory canal鸟Film蝗虫Symbiosis共生Mutualism互利共生Commensalism偏利共生Parasitism寄生Klepto-parasitism偷窃寄生Cell 细胞prokaryotic cell 原核细胞eukaryotic cell 真核细胞Protozoa 原生动物Unicellular organism 单细胞生物multicellular organism 多细胞生物nucleoid 拟核Mitochondrion 线粒体Chlorophyll 叶绿素Anthocyanin 花青素cell wall 细胞壁Cytoderm 细胞壁DNA（deoxyribonucleic acid）脱氧核糖核酸Gene基因Chromosome 染色体Mitosis 有丝分裂Amitosiss 无丝分裂bacteria & germ 细菌fungus 真菌filaments 菌丝chitin 甲壳素Enzyme酶Penicillin 抗生素Virus 病毒amino acid 氨基酸scavenger 食腐动物insect昆虫pest害虫fauna. 动物群hunting 打猎foraging觅食力behavior行为genus属species物种predator 捕食者prey.捕食；被捕食的动物game 猎物habitat栖息地nest巢hibernate冬眠attack 攻击Defend防御mate配偶offspring后代，子孙descendant后裔；子孙larva 幼体，幼虫gene基因kingdom领域phylum 门class种类order 命令family家族extinction 灭绝camouflage伪装，掩饰marinelife陆地生物reproduce生殖multiply繁殖breed繁殖hatch 孵化nutrition营养品muscle 肌肉；力量nerve神经Bone骨头protein蛋白质fur毛皮feather羽毛hide兽皮adaptation. 适应endangered濒临灭绝的remains遗骸feed 饲料respire 呼吸digest消化；吸收migrate随季节而移居plankton 浮游生物heredity遗传inherit遗传而得anatomy 解剖mutation突变cold-blooded animal冷血动物warm-blooded animal温血动物metabolism新陈代谢microbe细菌，微生物organism有机体；微生物bacteria细菌germ胚芽virus 病毒3.自然科学类physical science天文学* Black Hole “黑洞”* emission nebula 发射星云* reflection nebula 反射星云* Interstellar cloud 星际云* dark nebula 暗星云* Mercury 水星* Venus 金星* Earth 地球* Mars 火星* Jupiter 木星* Saturn 土星* Uranus 天王星* Neptune 海王星Observatory天文台universe宇宙space太空cosmos宇宙Celestial body天体Heavenly body天体dwarf侏儒，矮子constellation 星座galaxy银河The Milky Way银河Solar system太阳系Cluster星团corona日冕chromospheres色球层photosphere光球，光球层vacuum真空eclipse日蚀，月蚀Solar radiation太阳辐射planet 行星asteroid/planetoid小行星meteoroid流星体Meteor流星Comet彗星Meteorite陨星；流星rotate旋转地理学* Volcano 火山* active volcano 活火山* dormant volcano 休眠火山* Extinct Volcano 死火山* Drought 旱灾* Rainstorm 暴雨* Flood 洪水* debris flow 泥石流* Ozone Layer 臭氧层* aurora 极光* solar wind太阳风* magnetosphere 磁层* wetlands 湿地Horizon地平线continent大陆，洲terrestrial陆地生物landscape地形vegetation植被Rainforest雨林swamp沼泽；湿地tundra苔原；冻原；冻土地带mesa台地hill小山；丘陵lagoon泻湖；环礁湖；咸水湖basin盆地valley 山谷gorge峡谷latitude纬度Longitude经度equator赤道Tropic of Cancer北回归线Tropic of Capricorn南回归线The tropics热带地区The temperate zone温带The frigid zone寒带Hemisphere半球pole极点Polar circle极圈The Arctic北极区The Antarctic 南极地区The primemeridian南极地区The Arctic circle北极圈The Antarctic circle南极圈frost 冰冻，严寒Atmosphere大气层spell轮替Climate气候Temperature气温precipitation降水；冰雹moisture湿度；潮湿humidity湿度；湿气dry干涸arid干旱的semiarid半干旱的monsoon 季风Weather天气subterranean地底下territory版图terrain地形，地势Mountain range山脉dune沙丘summit顶峰Peak顶峰ridge山脉Plateau高原Plain平原highland丘陵地带reef矿脉Tide潮汐torrent激流isle岛islet小岛archipelago 群岛cliff悬崖hillside山坡，山腹marsh沼泽；湿地canyon. 峡谷crack. 裂缝fissure裂缝；裂沟crevasse裂缝cave 洞穴，窑洞cavern洞穴delta 三角洲Island岛屿peninsula半岛channel海峡bay海湾Strait海峡savanna热带草原prairie大草原；牧场grassland. 草原；牧草地steppe大草原oasis 绿洲zone地带desert沙漠Offshore海岸melt 熔化Jungle热带丛林irrigate灌溉gulf海湾elevation海拔altitude海拔Time zone时区subterranean地下的coast海岸watershed流域Upper reaches上游Lower reaches下游deposit沉淀物Spring泉水fountain喷泉Iceberg冰山glacier冰河，冰川waterfall瀑布lithosphere岩石圈ore矿；矿石geyser喷泉plate金属板tectonics构造地质学Continentaldrift大陆漂移学说avalanche雪崩mudslide塌方；山崩地质学crust地壳Core地核mantle地幔Rock岩石mineral矿物aquifer蓄水层layer层sediment沉积；沉淀物fossil化石stratum地层fault断层fold折痕Dating techniques年代测定技术Earthquake地震seismicwaves地震波epicenter震中magnitude震aftershock余震volcano火山erode腐蚀，侵蚀sedimentaryrock沉积岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩Eruption爆发magma岩浆lava火山岩浆Ash火山灰chamber房间crater火山口Activevolcano活火山dormantvolcano休眠火山extinctvolcano死火山bedrock基岩tsunami海啸landslide山崩mudslide泥流avalanche雪崩化学Erode--ErosionRotDecay Decomposition RustLimestone石灰石Silicon硅CrystalCopperLead铅Mercury水银Nickle镍Sodium钠Calcium钙Oxygen氧气Nitrogen氮Gasoline Petroleum Hydrocarbon PlasticMolecule Particle Solution—solubility DissolveBlend Compound物理学Dimension维度Vibration震动Electron电子Neutron中子Nucleus原子核Proton质子Atom原子Ion离子Distillation蒸馏Density密度Friction摩擦Magnet磁体Spectrum光谱Conductor道题Optics光学的Emit发出Eject喷射Thaw融化Shrink缩水Ultra red telescopes 红外望远镜electromagnetic wave 电磁波radio wave无线电波（即赫兹波）ultrasonic wave 超声波radiation decay 衰变radiation 辐射half-life 半衰期spectroscopy 光谱学考古学* Relative dating 相对年龄测定* Absolute dating 绝对测年法* Radiocarbon dating放射性碳定年法* Radiometric Dating同位素年龄测定* radiocarbon dating 放射性碳定年法* Radiometric Dating 同位素年龄测定* Excavate 发掘* Paleolithic [,pelɪo‘lɪθɪk] 旧石器时代* Mesolithic [ˌmiːzə(ʊ)ˈlɪθɪk] 中石器时代* Neolithic [ˌniəˈlɪθɪk] 新石器时代* Chronological 年代的* Remnant 遗迹* Pottery 陶* Ceramics 陶* Antique 古老的* Artifact 手工艺品能源学* tidal energy* barrage* dam* Solar energy* Silicon* pollution环境科学* Ecosystem* Poisonous* Pollute—pollutant—pollution* Contaminate* Waste* Habitat* balance4社会科学类讲座social science美国历史Early HistoryChristopher ColumbusAmerigo VespucciFrance VS Great BritainMay Flower (Pilgrims, peasant, prisoners, losers&Dios)Washington (cerasus, sakura, William Wallace)Boston Tea Party (Tea Act issued by British Parliament, East India Company, Boston Harbor, iconic event, December 16, 1773)American RevolutionAmerican Revolutionary War(the original 13 colonies, France, the French Revolution)the Declaration of Independence(July 4th, 1776)StatementStatue of LibertyCopperBronzeBrassPatinastudioWestward MovementAmerican Civil WarIndustrialization VS slavery plantation economyImport VS ExportTariffslaverylabornegroraw materialNegroAbraham LincolnSecessionUnited States of America Confederate States of America Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address AssassinationModern daysWorld War ⅠGreat Depression（financial crisis）The Roosevelt New Deal 罗斯福新政Relief 救济Recovery 复兴Reform 改革World War ⅡPearl Harbor经济管理4MsMarket市场Media 媒体Money钱Message信息4PsProduct 产品Price 价格Place 渠道Promotion 促销7Psproduct 产品price 价格place 渠道promotion 促销People 人Process 过程Physical evidence有形展示Porter‘s Five Forces：Supplier powerBuyer powerRivalryBarriers to enterThreat of substituteSWOT analysis：StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsSMART：SpecificMeasurableAttainableRelevantTime-boundService Management：IntangibilityPerishabilityInseparabilityVariabilityService FailureService RecoveryService DesignService StandardSatisfied---pleasantExperience EconomyDinning Experience---exceed expectation---customer loyalty ZOT商业贸易InboundOutboundTariffBalanceSurplusDeficitTrade & CommerceImport & ExportTollFortuneDepressionBid Merchandise Inflation Consume ContractMerge Acquisition PatronageDebtRevenueProfit Shopping mall Outlet Department store Supermarket Warehouse Convenience store On-line store政治Confederate Senate Congress Diplomatic Domestic Privilege Democracy Territory Election Dominate Colonizestrike。
托福TPO听力高频词(持续添加版)
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1. 生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus 病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine 海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care 产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast 酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering 遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2. 动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order 目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock （牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel 松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage 羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3. 海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4. 植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾petal 花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark 树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie 大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses 石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds 种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree 针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron 杜鹃花rose 玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily 百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato 番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat 小麦rye 黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5. 气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict 预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity 湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate饱和dew 露frost 霜fog / mist 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet （水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm 沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust地壳mantle 地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead 铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium 钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier 冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7. 考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent 南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics 天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation 星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn 土星Uranus天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula 星云space debris 太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10. 环保相关ecology 生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain 食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste 废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy 潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage 水源缺乏offshore spillage 近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12. 新技术发明相关13. 人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic 批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor业主mortal 犯人precursor先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的versatile （人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive 感人的prodigious巨大的classic 经典的posthumous死后的14. 发展史文学pose散文diary日记autobiography 传记editorial 社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose 描写性essay随笔poetry 诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb 谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue 尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru 击鼓foot beat跺脚note 音符score乐谱movement 乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp 竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony和声rest 休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude 序曲epilogue尾声政治经济subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan 银行贷款interest 利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing 辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator 电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original 原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture 雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine小雕像bust 半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。
老托福听力题目汇总(1989-5附答案解析 MP3)
智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力题目汇总(1989-2005年附答案解析+MP3) 摘要：老托福听力题目包含了从1989年-2005年的所有真题题目及答案，这些资料往往成为了众多备考生的首选，原因就是他的全面性，基本上包含了所有托福考试的真题，所以有需要的同学就赶快来下载吧!老托福听力题目整理了最全面的托福听力，同学们在练习的过程中，可以结合音频来练习这些托福听力题目，以期达到最好的听力练习效果!老托福听力题目汇总：Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) Spend more time working on calculus problems.(B) Talk to an advisor about dropping the course.(C) Work on the assignment with a classmate.(D) Ask the graduate assistant for help.2. (A) Go home to get a book.(B) Return a book to the library.(C) Pick up a book at the library for the woman.(D) Ask the librarian for help in finding a book.3. (A) The woman could use his metric ruler.(B) He'll finish taking the measurements for the woman.(C) The woman's ruler is better than his.(D) He's faster at making the conversions than the woman.4. (A) She wants the man to attend the tournament with her.(B) The tournament begins next week.(C) The man should check with his doctor again(D) She hopes the man will be able to play in the tournament.5. (A) The advisor has already approved the man's class schedule.(B) The man should make an appointment to see his advisor.(C) The man should change his course schedule.(D) The man should sign the document before leaving.6. (A) She didn't teach class today.(B) She noticed that the students didn't do their homework.(C) She usually assigns homework.(D) She usually talks quietly.7. (A) It started to rain when she was at the beach.(B) She'd like the man to go to the beach with her.(C) The forecast calls for more rain tomorrow.(D) She won't go to the beach tomorrow if it rains.老托福听力题目截图：以上就是为大家整理的老托福听力题目(1989-2005年附答案解析+MP3)，希望大家能够通过这些真题的练习，真正的帮助大家提高听力。
托福听力背景知识之绘画篇
托福听力背景知识之艺术篇1. Medieval Time/Middle Ages 中世纪中世纪也被称为欧洲历史上的“黑暗时代”，时间大概从公元五世纪到十五世纪末。
朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家提醒各位考生，对于考试来说并不需要刻意去记忆这些时间，只需对这些词有印象，有大概的了解来帮助理解就行了。
当然有兴趣的话也可以仔细研究一番，这些知识对于了解西方文化也是很有帮助的。
中世纪处于文艺复兴运动前，当时欧洲封建割据，战争频繁，各方面发展缓慢，甚至停滞。
教会统治严格，宗教控制了教育文化，思想传播，还设立了宗教裁判所来惩罚异端。
不少科学家都在这个时期被迫害致死。
后来的人文主义者便把这段古典文化发展的停滞期称为“黑暗的中世纪”。
但随着考古学的发展，这种对中世纪一味否定的态度已有所改变。
2. Renaissance 文艺复兴相信这个知识点考生们都在高中历史课中学到过，因此更容易理解。
发生于13世纪末的文艺复兴运动被认为是欧洲封建主义和资本主义的分界，意大利是该运动的发源地，到了16世纪已盛行于西欧各地。
在这段时间里，欧洲在科学技术、经济文化等各方面都发生了极大的改变。
文艺复兴运动崇尚人文主义，充分肯定人的作用。
用标准的高中课本语言说就是肯定人，注重人性，要求把人、人性从宗教束缚中解放出来，对解放人们思想，发展文化、科学，起了巨大历史作用。
文艺复兴运动中出现了文学三杰和美术三杰。
文学三杰分别是但丁（Alighieri Dante），皮特拉克（Petrarch）和薄伽丘（Giovanni Boccàccio）。
朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生可以对美术三杰多加关注：达芬奇（Leonardo Da Vinci），文艺复兴时期最负盛名的美术家、雕塑家、建筑家、工程师、科学家、文艺理论家、大哲学家、诗人、音乐家、和发明家。
最著名的作品是壁画《最后的晚餐》（The Last Supper）、祭坛画《岩间圣母》（The Virgin of the Rocks ）和肖像画《蒙娜丽莎》（Mona Lisa）。
托福听力tpo56 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo56 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR: OK, at the end of our last class I started to talk a little bit about a dominant movement in United States painting in the late 1940s and the 1950s. And I said that the artists involved shared a spirit of revolt against tradition and a belief in spontaneous freedom of expression. This significant art movement is known as Abstract Expressionism.Now, Abstract Expressionism is kind of hard to define, but it-it’s basically an attemptby the artist to convey meaning or feeling in an abstract way. So, the artists didn’t worry about whether they were painting familiar subject matter, like the kinds of things you’d see in the world around you. They’d paint...well, abstract things, on, ah, a huge canvas—which itself was a break from traditional technique. And it was common among artists to apply the paint to the canvas very rapidly and with great force. So let’s look at the work of the most famous American Abstract Expressionist, Jackson Pollock.There was nothing in Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist that suggested he would come to be seen as some sort of artistic revolutionary. In the 1930s he studied drawing and painting at the Art Students League, a popular art school in New York City. What he did later—in the 1940s—was a startling innovation. Jackson Pollock used a technique, the so called “pour and drip” technique, for which he is best known. He didn’t use the traditional easel—he laid his wall-size canvas flat on the floor, so he could move around it and work it from all sides. Then he poured and dripped his paint onto the canvas without touching it with a brush—just poured and dripped.Now, the physical movements involved in Pollock’s painting technique have led people to call it “action painting,” which almost suggests that the process of creating the painting, physically, was at least as important as the end product itself. In fact, people used to watch him work in his studio, dripping and pouring paint and other materials onto his canvases. This could make you think of Pollock’s work as being kind of like, wild or chaotic, or random. But the truth is that Pollock was in complete control of his materials and his paintings.Pollock’s pour and drip works were quite revolutionary, and at first they shocked the art world. Pollock used massive canvases. They seem more like portable murals than anything else. A good example of his technique is the painting “Autumn Rhythm,” which Pollock painted in 1950.“Autumn Rhythm,” at first glance looks like basically, just a whole lot of squiggly lines;rather bizarre, just like a bunch of pointless drips and swirls. But if you look closely, you see why it’s so admired.Beneath all the apparent chaos there’s really a very definite structure of lines, rhythms, and sensations that makes the whole piece work. Sheer randomness would not be nearly as visually appealing as this painting is. You need some structure, even if it’s not readily apparent.I’ve read some articles by other scholars who’ve, in their discussion of Pollock, um, some of them like to point out that he painted his canvases while looking down at them, since they were on the ground, as I said, but when we go to a museum, they’re up on a wall. They think this is significant because it makes our perspective different. But I mean...well, think of photography. We’ve all seen photos of the sky, the ground...meaning that the photographer was shooting from different angles. Does that mean that we should put a photo of the sky, on the ceiling? Of course not. It wouldn’t matter if you’re looking at it on a wall or in a photo album on your lap. And I think it’s the same with Pollock. It doesn’t matter from which angle we view his paintings. It’s OK that he painted on the floor and we look at it on the wall.But in spite of his work being shocking and even misunderstood at first, Pollock’s work became so influential in the development of Abstract Expressionism, that the artistic community started to shift its attention from Paris, which had been the center of the art world, to New York, where Pollock lived and worked. So Pollock’s breakthrough work helped move the focus of contemporary art, and that’s one of the measures of his greatness, really.题目1.Why does the professor discuss Jackson Pollock?A. To point out a common misconception about Abstract ExpressionismB. To help students understand the nature of Abstract ExpressionismC. To compare Pollock’s technique to that of other Abstract Expressionist paintersD. To defend Pollock and the Abstract Expressionists from criticism2.What point does the professor make about Jackson Pollock’s training as an artist?A. It motivated him to rebel against art he claimed was boring.B. It contrasted with the type of art he later created.C. It taught him how to paint using unconventional methods.D. It was very different from the type of training most artists receive.3.What were two features of Jackson Pollock’s painting technique?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He used walls as a painting surface.B. He painted the canvas while it was on the floor.C. He applied paint by pouring or dripping it.D. He allowed visitors at his studio to help with the painting.4.What is the professor’s attitude toward the term “action painting”?A. He thinks it correctly describes Pollack’s painting technique.B. He considers it less appropriate for Pollock than for other Abstract Expressionists.C. He believes that it represents the sense of movement displayed in Pollock’s paintings.D. He is pleased that contemporary critics rarely use the term.5.What feature of Autumn Rhythm does the professor imply is representative of Pollock’s works?A. It symbolizes the passage of time.B. It reveals a lack of control over emotions.C. It combines structure and the appearance of chaos.D. It combines tradition and innovation.6.Why does the professor discuss photography?A. To emphasize how different it is from paintingB. To make a point about its increasing popularity in New York’s art worldC. To show the extent of Pollock’s influenceD. To support his argument about the way people look at Pollock’s paintings答案B B BC A C D译文旁白：在艺术史课上听一部分讲座。
听力考试背景知识综合辅导(十六)
听力考试背景知识综合辅导(十六)抽象派(Abstractism)定義：20世紀以來西方興起的美術思潮和流派，它否定描繪具體物象，主張抽象表現。
一般所謂抽象主義，抽象藝術，和抽象派是同義語。
它包含兩種類型：以自然現象出發，加以簡約，或抽取其富有表現特徵的因素，形成簡單的、極其概括的形象；不以自然物象為基礎的幾何構成。
抽象派繪畫興起的原因：按照德國藝術史家沃林格（W.W?rringer1881～1965）在《抽象與移情》一書中所言，藝術創造除了移情衝動外，還有一種相反的衝動──抽象，它將客觀物象從變化無常的偶然性中解放出來，用抽象的形式使其具有永遠的價值。
（移情衝動在希臘、羅馬等地中海地區及溫帶的中國盛行，而抽象衝動在歐亞北方祖先是遊牧民族的地方較盛行。
）受到工業﹑科技推動的影響。
現代化的建築和環境，要求更為概括、精鍊和簡化的藝術形式與之相應；機器咿D的速度、力量、效率，這些對視覺來說是比較抽象的觀念，刺激藝術家去做抽象美創造的嘗試，抽象藝術的產生是對寫實藝術的補充。
抽象繪畫的原理：不以描繪具體物象為目標的抽象畫，通過點、線、色彩、塊面、形體、構圖來傳達各種情緒，激發人們的想像，啟迪人們的思維。
從原始藝術、中世紀宗教藝術、非洲和大洋洲藝術、東方的書法中吸取養料，也從老莊哲學、佛教禪宗中擇取了適應二十世紀西方哲學和人們心理狀態的觀念。
不少抽象派作品表現逃避現實、社會虛無主義的傾向，但也有作品反映了人們未來的憧憬。
大多數的抽象派作品的著眼點在於創造獨特的藝術形式。
代表畫家：康丁斯基（W.Kandinsky,1866～94），抒情抽象派代表畫家，曾是德國表現主義團體「藍騎士」的領導者。
代表作《構成第四號（戰爭）》（1911，杜塞爾夫萊茵河西發里亞藝品收藏室）、《構成第七號習作》（1913，莫斯科Tretyakov畫廊）。
蒙德里安（P.Mondrian, 1872～1944），幾何抽象派代表畫家，在平面上把橫線和豎線加以結合，形成直角或長方形，並在其中安排紅、黃、藍三原色，但有時也用灰色，是荷蘭風格派（de Stijl）的主將，代表作《黃與藍的構成》（1929）、《百老匯爵士樂》（1942～43，紐約現代美術館）。
托福红宝书天突破版本list电子版
托福红宝书天突破版本l i s t电子版(总3页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Word list 45:1,abstract 抽象的；抽象派的adj[ˈæbˌstrækt]2,activate刺激；使活动v[ˈæktəˌvet]...a voice-activated computer.声控电脑3，adjoining 毗连的，邻近的 adj.Suppose that there are three adjoining rooms in a building.假设在一个建筑物内，有三个相连的房间。
4,affect影响；感动；感染Nicotine adversely affects the functioning of the heart and arteries...尼古丁会对心脏及动脉功能造成损害5, affirm 断言;证实vt.& vi. [əˈfɚm] Everything I had accomplished seemed to affirm that opinion.我所取得的一切似乎都证明那个观点是对的。
6，alignment排列；联合，联盟n [əˈlaɪnm ənt]The church should have no political alignment...教会不应与政治结盟。
The troops were in perfect alignment. 士兵们排成很直的行列。
7,array陈列；一大批，一系列n[əˈre]There was an impressive array of pill bottles stacked on top of the fridge...冰箱上显眼地摆放着许多药瓶。
As the deadline approached she experienced a bewildering array of emotions...随着最后期限的临近，她开始心绪纷乱，不知所措。
托福听力绘画雕塑类必考场景词汇
托福听力绘画雕塑类必考场景词汇本文是托福听力绘画雕塑类讲座必考词汇供大家学习使用。
托福听力绘画雕塑类讲座必考词汇绘画，雕塑* Cubism 立体派;立体主义* Fauvism 野兽派* Abstractism 抽象派* Pop Art 波普艺术;流行艺术Brush 画笔;毛笔Genuine 真品Fake 赝品Aesthetic 美学Gallery 美术馆Brushstroke 绘画技巧color 颜料dye 染料Pigment 颜料figure画像canvas帆布frame[电影] 画面easel画架sketch. 素描Oil painting 油画;油画艺术portrait肖像;半身雕塑像style风格;字体painting绘画;着色perspective远景portray描绘impressionism印象派，印象主义statue雕像，塑像sculpture雕塑;雕刻carve. 雕刻bust半身像relief浮雕retouch润饰;修整局部restore恢复;复原refine精炼，提纯watercolor水彩画;水彩颜料pastel粉蜡笔;粉蜡笔画Charcoal drawing 素描mural 壁画fresco壁画engraving. 雕刻;雕刻术;雕刻品Landscape painting 风景画，山水画still life静物;静物写生caricature漫画original原作copy. 副本;摹仿reproduction复制品replica复制品以上就是为你带来的托福听力绘画雕塑类讲座必考词汇。
Xfljac托福资料下载汇总
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托福听力对话类conversation做笔记细节要点解读
托福听力对话类conversation做笔记细节要点解读在面对托福听力时，无论是讲座类lecture还是对话类conversation，考生都需要做好笔记尽可能记住各类关键信息以便进行后续的解题。
下面就和大家分享托福听力对话类conversation做笔记细节要点解读，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力对话类conversation做笔记细节要点解读托福听力对话类笔记记录细节要点解读1. 注意说话人的语音语调在托福听力中，有一类题型可能很多同学都比较讨厌，那就是态度题或者说推理暗示题，这类题目的答案在听力素材中没有直接给出，需要考生进行一定的逻辑推断才能得出结果，比如下面这道题：His tone of voice implied he was ____A. sadB. extremely happyC. surprisedD. angry大家可以看到，这道题目里用了imply这个词，要求大家根据说话人的语气语调来推测其态度。
很多同学在做笔记的时候可能更注意的都是那些实际给出的信息，而不会去记录信息提供者本身的语气，面对这类题目就很容易抓瞎。
而这类题目在对话类conversation中出现的几率远比讲座类中要高。
因此建议大家在记录对话类听力素材的信息时，需要格外注意说话者的语音语调，特别是在出现明显的突然升调降调时，要多留个心眼及时记录下来，为之后可能出现的暗示题做好准备。
2. 找到听与记的平衡点光顾着听忘了记，或是埋头记结果没注意听，这两种情况在托福听力做笔记过程中都常有发生。
天生就具备一心二用技能的考生毕竟是少数，大部分同学都需要通过努力后天训练才能逐渐做到听和记的同步进行。
而对话类听力相对讲座类的一大特点就是语速会更快一些，这就对考生的边听边记能力提出了更高要求。
对此，的建议是在反复训练中逐渐寻找平衡点，具体做法其实很简单，那就是如果发现记录的信息不足以解题，那么下次就多做些记录;反过来如果记录影响到听后面的信息出现了遗漏，那么下次就少做些记录把更多注意力放在听上。
托福TPO听力下载 艺术史
官方网站：托福TPO听力下载：艺术史NarratorListen to part of a lecture in an Art History class. The professor has been discussing the origins of art.ProfessorSome of the world’s oldest preserved art is the cave art of Europe, most of it in Spain and France. And the earliest cave paintings found to date are those of the Chauvet Cave in France discovered in 1994.And you know, I remember when I heard about the results of the dating of the Chauvet paintings, I said to my wife, “Can you believe these paintings are over 30,000 years old?” And my 3-year-old daughter piped up and said, “Is that older than my great-grandmother?” That was the oldest age she knew. And you know, come to think of it. It’s pretty hard for me to really understand how long 30,000 years is too. I mean, we tend to think that people who lived at that time must have been pretty primitive. But I’m gonna show you some slides in a few minutes and I think you will agree with me that this art is anything but primitive. They are masterpieces. And they look so real, so alive that it’s very hard to imagine that they are so very old.Now, not everyone agrees on exactly how old. A number of the Chauvet paintings have been dated by a lab to 30,000 or more years ago. That would make them not just older than any other cave art, but about twice as old as the art in the caves at Altamira or Lascaux, which you may have heard of. Some people find it hard to believe Chauvet is so much older than Altamira and Lascaux, and they noted that only one lab did the dating for Chauvet, without independent confirmation from any other lab. But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it’s 15,000, 20,000 or 30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art. So they are a good place to start our discussion of cave painting.Now, one thing you’ve got to remember is the context of these paintings. Paleolithic humans - that’s the period we are talking about here, the Paleolithic, the early stone age, not too long after humans first arrived in Europe - the climate was significantly colder then, and so rock shelters, shallow caves were valued as homes protected from the wind and rain. And in some cases at least, artists drew on the walls of their homes.以上就是小编为大家整理的“托福TPO听力下载：艺术史”部分内容，更多资料请点击托福资料下载频道!。
托福听力学科分类(完全修正版)
托福听力学科分类（完全修正版）TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. BIOLOGY/Animal Behavior/Botany/ZoologyTPO04Lecture1Displacement Activity Animal Behavior1TPO11Lecture1Distraction Display Animal Behavior2TPO16Lecture3Animal's Decision Making Processes Animal Behavior3TPO08Lecture1Active Habitat Selection Animal Behavior4OG7est2Page376Dolphin Communication Animal Behavior5TPO24Lecture1Crocodile Vocalization Animal Behavior6TPO25Lecture4Animal Play Animal Behavior7TPO28Lecture2Mirror Self-Recognition Animal Behavior8TPO17Lecture4Defense Mechanism of Octopus Animal&Enviornment9TPO14Lecture2Microclimate Animal&Enviornment10 TPO15Lecture4Hydrothermal Vents Animal&Enviornment11 TPO01Lecture4Eastern Marmots&Olympic Marmots Animal&Enviornment12 TPO18Lecture4North American Wood Frog Animal&Enviornment13TPO20Lecture4 TPO07Lecture2Snowshoe HareBats'Use of UltrasoundAnimal&EnviornmentAnimal&Enviornment1415TPO22Lecture3The Sixth Mass Extinction w16 TPO27Lecture3Sauropod Zoology17 OG Testi Page266Root System18 TPO02Lecture2Manila Hemp19 TPO06Lecture2Nightcap Oak20 TPO34Lecture3Relationship between Plant and itsPollinator21 TPO28Lecture Plants'Photoreceptors22 TPO19Lecture3Spartina23 TPO10Lecture1Whale Evolution24 TPO23Lecture3Dolphins Marine25 TPO31Lecture3Coral Reefs&Cot Starfish—IQ.'26 TPO27Lecture1Coral Reefs27 TPO25Lecture1Assisted Migration Conservation Biology28 TPO12Lecture1Cell Division Biology29 TPO21Lecture3Snake Evolution Biology30 TPO26Lecture2Carbon Cycling Biology31 TPO32Lecture2Changes in Animal Population in theWildBiology32 TPO33Lecture3Notothenioids Biology33TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECT NO. ARTTPO01Lecture1Rose Frantzen(Artist)Contemporary Art1 TPO03Lecture2Jean Painleve(Artist)Film History2 TPO09Lecture1Philippe Jacques de Theater History3Loutherbourg(ArtistTPO07Lecture1The Well-made Play断eater History4 TPO25Lecture2Bela Bartok(Artist)Music History5 TPO12Lecture3Evolution of Opera(Artwork)Music History6 TPO16Lecture2Piano(Artwork)Music History7 TPO27Lecture2Cremonese Violins Music History8 TPO30Lecture4Electric Guitar Music History9 TPO31Lecture1Ancient Greek Music&Plato Music History10 TPO19Lecture4Cecilia Beaux(Artist)11 TPO21Lecture4Alice Neel(Artist)12 TPO33Lecture4Renaissance Gardens13 TPO34Lecture1Dada14 TPO15Lecture3Palimpsest(Artwork)15 TPO16Lecture4Stained Glass Art(Artwork)16 TPO18Lecture2Copies of Greek Sculptures(Artwork)17 OG Test2Page382Colossal Statues(Artwork)18 TPO03Lecture3Chauvet Paintings19 TPO04Lecture4Government Support for the Arts20 TPO08Lecture2Women Artists in Paris21 TPO17Lecture1Prehistoric Art Dating22 TPO22Lecture4Musicians&Film Industry23 TPO23Lecture4Choreography Art24 (25)TPO24Lecture2Modern Dance&lsadora Duncan25 TPO26Lecture4Archimedes Palimpsest26 TPO27Lecture4Primary Colors.TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. Archaeology/History/Anthropology/Philosophy/SociologyTPO05Lecture1Meme Sociology1 TPO01Lecture3Qatalhoyuk Archaeology2 TPO14Lecture4Passage Graves Archaeology3 TPO23Lecture1Antikythera Mechanism Archaeology4 TPO24Lecture3Megafauna Archaeology5 TPO28Lecture4Gonur-depe Archaeology6 TPO29Lecture3Clovis people&caches Archaeology7TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. Ecology/Earth Science/Environmental ScienceTPO06Lecture4Climate Change in Sahara Desert Earth Science1 TPO32Lecture3the Copper Basin Earth Science2 TPO03Lecture1Humming Birds Environmental Science3 TPO09Lecture2Shrubs in Tundra Environmental Science4 TPO11Lecture3Wetland&Climate Environmental Science5 TPO12Lecture4Solar Energy Environmental Science6 TPO17Lecture2Milankovitch Hypothesis Environmental Science7 TPO20Lecture2Interglacial Periods Environmental Science8 TPO23Lecture2Clouds Environmental Science9 TPO33Lecture2the Colarado Basin River Environmental Science10 OG Test1Page262Managing Resources Environmental Science11 TPO34Lecture2APS Digestion Environmental Engineering12 TPO10Lecture3Phosphorus cycle13 TPO13Lecture2Beaver and Wetland14 TPO29Lecture1Pedodiversity15TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. Business/Architecture/Economics/OtherTPO11Lecture2Cape Cod House Architecture1 TPO29Lecture2Reverberation Architecture2 TPO32Lecture4Architects in the19th century Architectural History3 TPO11Lecture44Ms Advertising4 TPO26Lecture1Green Marketing Advertising5 TPO13Lecture1Pedestrian Malls6 TPO21Lecture2Software Development Computer Science7 TPO29Lecture4Carbon Nanotubes Structural Engineering8 OG Testi Page268Organization9 TPO12Lecture2Managing by Wandering Around10 TPO34Lecture4the Life Cycle of Innovation Business Management11TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. Literature/LinguisticsTPO04Lecture2Emerson's Essay Literature1 TPO05Lecture4Folktales and Fairy Tales literature2 TPO06Lecture3Creative Writing(Character Sketch)Literature3 TPO13Lecture3Medieval Poetry Literature4 TPO20Lecture3Different Types of Folktales Literature5 TPO09Lecture4Features of Human Language Linguistics6 TPO19Lecture1Proto-Indo-European Linguistics7 TPO20Lecture1Gricean Maxims Linguistics8TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. Geology/ChemistnTPO01Lecture2Uranium-Lead Dating geology1 TPO04Lecture3Moving Rocks beotoMI2 TPO15Lecture2Geologic Time Period3TPO16Lecture1Lechuguilla Cave Seolo瀛4 TPO07Lecture4Glacial Movement Geology5 TPO09Lecture3Desert Lakes6 TPO31Lecture2Movement of Tectonic Plates Geology7 TPO05Lecture3The Practical Use of Spectroscopy8 TPO08Lecture4The Periodic Table of Elements9TOEFL LISTENING ACADEMIC SUBJECTS NO. PsychologyTPO02Lecture1Behaviorism1 TPO10Lecture4Childhood Amnesia2 TPO14Lecture1Perception3 TPO15Lecture1Distraction4 TPO30Lecture1Metacognition5。
托福听力学科词汇
TOEFL听力学科词汇(based on TPO)I. Art (4)1.1 Arts (4)1.2 Literature (19)1.3 Architecture (23)II. Physical Science (25)2.1 Geology 地质学 (25)2.2 Astronomy 天文学 (36)2.3 Physics 物理学 (45)2.4 Chemistry 化学 (55)III. Life Science (66)3.1 Zoology 动物学 (66)3.2 Animal Behavior 动物行为 (79)3.3 Physiology 生理生化 (84)3.4 Botany 植物学 (91)3.5 Speciology 物种学 (102)3.6 Ecology 生态学 (105)IV. Social Science (110)4.1 Archaeology 考古学 (110)4.2 Business 经济商学 (113)4.3 History 历史 (122)4.4 Psychology 心理学 (125)4.5 Anthropology 人类学 (130)4.6 Sociology 社会学 (130)4.7 Philosophy 哲学 (132)4.8 Politics 政治 (132)I. Art1.1 Artsstyle [stail] n. 风格【频】6【例】TPO 1 L1 She’s got a very unusual style, compared t some of the artists we’ve looked at this term.technique [tek'nik] n. 手法，技术【频】6【例】TPO 19 L4 And this is something, a technique that you will find in both of their work. gallery ['gæləri] n. 画廊【频】6【例】TPO 1 L1 Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it.painter ['peɪntə] n. 画家【频】5【例】TPO 34 L1 Last week we started talking about the painters and sculptors who were part of the art movement called Dada.【衍】Painting n. 绘画，Paint v. 绘画artist [‘artist] n. 艺术家【频】5【例】TPO 1 L1 The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen.play [plei] n. 剧本【频】5【例】TPO 7 L1 In fact, some of the playwrights would start by writing the end of the play. romantic [ro'mantik] a. 浪漫的【频】4【例】TPO 27 L4 Well Goethe was part of the Romantic Movement in western literature. 【衍】Romance n. 浪漫史、冒险故事，Romanticist n. 浪漫主义者，Romanticism n. 浪漫主义theater ['θɪətə] n. 戏院【频】4【例】TPO 12 L3 They carried theater with them and opera specifically because it was an Italian form.portrait ['pɔrtrət] n. 肖像【频】3【例】TPO 1 L1 Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work.【衍】Portraiture n. 肖像画，Portraitist n. 肖像画家，Portray v. 描绘genre ['ʒanrə] n. 类型【频】3【例】TPO 30 L4 I think it’s fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock’n roll genre.scene [si:n] n. 景象【频】3【例】TPO 1 L1 A lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.【衍】Scenery n. 舞台布景，风景recital [ri'saitl] n. 独奏会【频】3【例】TPO 24 L2 By age fourteen, she was teaching her free dance to young children and giving recitals.【衍】Recitative a. 吟诵的depict [di'pikt] v. 描画【频】3【例】TPO 1 L1 It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked.【衍】Depiction n. 描画classical['klæsikl] a. 古典的【频】3【例】TPO 16 L4 As piano became more available, they brought classical music, the music which previously had been composed only for the upper classes.patron ['petrən] n. 赞助人，主顾【频】2【例】TPO 16 L4 Well, I don’t have to spell it out for you, the likes and dislikes of the patron, this would’ve had an effect on what was being composed and performed.【衍】Patronage n. 赞助brushstroke [bruʃ’strok] n. 绘画技巧【频】2【例】TPO 1 L1 Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes. ballet[bæ'lei] n. 芭蕾【频】2【例】TPO 24 L2 As I said, in classical ballet, emotions are conveyed through a set of strictly formalized movements.【衍】Ballerina n. 芭蕾舞女演员composer [kəm'pozɚ] n. 作曲家【频】2【例】TPO 16 L4 There were many other influences on composers.【衍】Compose v. 作曲texture ['tekstʃə] n. 质地，纹理【频】2【例】TPO 1 L1 The texture of the canvas was rough.charcoal ['tʃakol] n. 木炭，炭笔【频】2【例】TPO 3 L3 There’s charcoal marks from their torches on the cave walls clearly dating from thousands of years after the paintings were made.parchment ['partʃment] n. 羊皮纸【频】2【例】TPO 15 L3 During the 1400s, when printing was being developed, paper became the predominant material for books in Europe, but prior to that, it was parchment.manuscript['mænjuskript] n. 手稿，原稿【频】2【例】TPO 15 L3 Before the invention of printing and the printing press, all books, all manuscripts were hand-made.realism[‘riəlizəm] n. 现实主义【频】2【例】TPO 1 L1 You’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses.【衍】Realistic a. 现实主义的，Realist n. 现实主义者impressionism [ɪm'preʃənɪzəm] n. 印象主义【频】1【例】TPO 1 L1 Impressionism started in the late 19th century.【衍】Impressionist n. 印象主义者exhibit [ig'zibit] n. 展示会【频】1【例】TPO 1 L1 Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up.canvas['kænvəs]n. 帆布【频】1【例】TPO 1 L1 The texture of the canvas was rough.bleak [blik] a. 阴冷的，黯淡的【频】1【例】TPO 1 L1 The overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. blurry ['blɜːrｪ] a. 模糊的【频】1【例】TPO 1 L1 You can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. expressive [ik'spresiv] a. 表现的【频】1【例】TPO 19 L4 Well, for me, it is her face and hands, I think they are really expressive.【衍】Expression n. 表现、表达，Expressionist n. 表现主义艺术家contemplative [kən'templətɪv] a. 沉思的【频】1【例】TPO 19 L4 They make the woman seem very contemplative, seems like she is thinking pretty seriously about something.【衍】Contemplate v. 沉思，Contemplation n. 沉思contrasting colors 对比色【频】1【例】TPO 19 L4 What strikes me is the contrasting colors, the white dress and the dark background.vague [veig] a. 模糊的【频】1【例】TPO 19 L4 Well, the background behind the woman is pretty vague.conventional [kən'vɛnʃənl] a. 常见的，传统的【频】1【例】TPO 19 L4 Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.bold color亮色【频】1【例】TPO 21 L4 First, Neel’s use of bold color.critic ['kritik] n. 批评家，评论家【频】1【例】TPO 21 L4 Some critics had declared the genre of portraiture to be dead.【衍】Critical a. 批评的，Criticize v. 批评，Criticism n. 批评abstract art 抽象派艺术【频】1【例】TPO 21 L4 But keep in mind that she was doing this when abstract art dominated the art scene.fashionable['fæʃnəbl] a. 流行的，时髦的【频】1【例】TPO 21 L4 Representations of people weren’t fashionable in the art world.【衍】Fashion n. 时尚Primary color原色【频】1【例】TPO 27 L4 As you probably know, primary colors are, theoretically speaking, the basic colors from which all other colors can be made.Secondary color次生色【频】1【例】TPO 27 L4 But as you’ll find out when you start working on your painting projects, the three primary colors-red, blue, yellow-don’t always make the best secondary colors.Prism ['prɪzəm] n. 棱镜【频】1【例】TPO 27 L4 He used a prism to break white light down into the various colors of the spectrum.chromatics [krə'mætiks] n. 色彩学【频】1【例】TPO 27 L4 Scientists studying optics and chromatics today still marvel at his findings. 【衍】Chromatic a. 彩色的symbolize ['simbəlaiz] v. 作为...象征【频】1【例】TPO 27 L4 His ideas about what colors symbolize, about the emotions that different colors inspire were based on the colors red, yellow and blue.【衍】Symbol n. 象征、符号，Symbolic a. 象征的，Symbolism n. 象征主义、记号Film-maker电影制作人【频】1【例】TPO 3 L2 And in that context, today we are going to talk about a film-maker who began making very unique films in the late 1920s.clip [klip] n. （影片）剪辑【频】1【例】TPO 3 L2 He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music.documentary['dɑkjə'mɛntri] n. 纪录片【频】1【例】TPO 3 L2 He set the standard really for the nature documentary.【衍】Documentarist n. 纪录片制片人primitive ['primitiv] a. 原始的【频】1【例】TPO 3 L3 I think you will agree with me that this art is anything but primitive. masterpiece['mæstəpis] n. 杰作【频】1【例】TPO 3 L3 They are masterpieces.Studio ['studio] n. 画室，工作室，电影（音乐）制片厂【频】1【例】TPO 8 L2 The painting depicts an active crowded studio with women drawing and painting a live model.Salon['sælɔn] n. 画廊，美术展览馆【频】1【例】TPO 8 L2 You can have a painting or sculpture in the salon and go back to your home country saying you’ve been a success in the Paris.scribe [skraib] n. 抄写员，作家【频】1【例】TPO 15 L3 So it wasn’t uncommon for the scribes or monks who produce the manuscripts. Palimpses t ['pælim(p)sest] n. 重写本【频】1【例】TPO 15 L3 A manuscript page that was written on, erased and then used again is called a palimpsest.Papyrus scrolls 古本手卷【频】1【例】TPO 15 L3 This was extremely fortunate, since later on, the original papyrus scrolls disappeared.preserve [prｪ'zə:v] v. 保存【频】1【例】TPO 15 L3 So the pages, the pieces of parchment themselves, had been preserved. stained glass彩色玻璃【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 Stained glass of course is simply glass that has been colored and cut into pieces and re-assembled to form a picture or a decorative design.Metallic compound金属化合物【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 You got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glass making ingredients.Paleolithic[,pæliəu’liθik] a. 旧石器时代的【频】1【例】TPO 17 L1 Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughly defining as the period from 35000 to 8000 B.C.【衍】Neolithic a. 新石器时代的Stratigraphy [strə'tɪgrəfi] n. 地层学【频】1【例】TPO 17 L1 Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art.【衍】Stratum n. 地层，Stratification n. 层理Radiocarbon [,reɪdɪəʊ'kɑːb(ə)n] n. 放射性碳【频】1【例】TPO 17 L1 That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring theamount of radiocarbon left in the organic stuff.Prehistoric art史前艺术【频】1【例】TPO 17 L1 So it turns out that radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. artifact ['ɑ:təˌfækt] n. 手工艺品【频】1【例】TPO 17 L1 Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric artifacts can help dating them.sculpture ['skʌlptʃə] n. 雕塑【频】2【例】TPO 17 L1 And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture“the lady with the hood”.statue['stætʃu:] n. 雕塑【频】1【例】TPO 18 L2 They began making copies of the Greek statues.plaster cast石膏模型【频】1【例】TPO 18 L2 What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Opera ['ɑprə] n. 歌剧，歌剧院【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 The word opera means work, actually it means works.Renaissance ['rɛnəsɑns] n. 文艺复兴【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 They took classical theater and reproduced it in the Renaissance’s time. scularization [,sɛkjələrə'zeʃən] n. 世俗化【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 During those years, several things happened-primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.【衍】Secularize v. 还俗melodrama ['mɛlədrɑmə] n. 情节剧，音乐剧【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 It is the melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term melodious drama being shortened eventually to melodrama.cadence ['keɪd(ə)ns] n. 节奏，韵律【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 And the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence of language. Chivalry ['ʃｪvəlri] n. 骑士精神，骑士制度【频】1Epic ['epik] a. 史诗的【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 They relied on mythology to give them their characters and their plots, the novels of chivalry or the epics of chivalry out of the middle ages.Broadway ['brɔdweｪ] n. 百老汇【频】1【例】TPO 12 L3 But Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while. Baroque [bə'rok] n. 巴洛克式的艺术【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genres. harpsichord ['ha:psikɔd] n. 大键琴【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 Unlike the harpsichord which came before it, the piano is a percussion instrument.clarinet [klæri'net] n. 单簧管【频】1Transverse flute 长笛【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 We’ve seen in the development of some of the instruments, you remember the transverse flute, the clarinet and so on.percussion [pɚ'kʌʃən] n. 打击乐器【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 This striking action is why the piano is a percussion instrument instead of a string instrument.virtuoso [,vətʃu'oso] n. 艺术大师【频】1【例】TPO 16 L4 Clara grew up to become a well-known and respected piano virtuoso. accompaniment [ə'kʌmpənɪmənt] n. 伴奏【频】1【例】TPO 22 L4 Even the very first public projection of a movie had piano accompaniment.compilation [,kampｪ'leiʃən] n. 编辑【频】1【例】TPO 22 L4 Usually a compilation of a music that already existed would be used.violin [,vaiə'lin] n. 小提琴【频】3【例】TPO 27 L2 But it’s generally thought that the acoustical quality of modern violins doesn’t live up to the quality of the vintage ones.【衍】Violinist n. 小提琴家craftsmanship['kræftsmənʃip] n. 技艺，技术【频】1【例】TPO 27 L2 Their dimensions, shape, their fingerboard height, and general craftsmanship. Nationalism['næʃnəlɪzəm] n. 国家主义，民族主义【频】1【例】TPO 25 L2 I just finished reviewing your papers on the influence of nationalism on the composers’ music.lyrical ['lirikl] a. 抒情诗调的【频】1【例】TPO 25 L2 These music pieces were long and lyrical.ethnomusicologist ['eθnomjuzikɔ'lədʒist] n. 人种音乐学家【频】1【例】TPO 25 L2 He was an ethnomusicologist, and he studied the traditional music of the region. glissando [gli'sando] n. 滑奏，滑音【频】1【例】TPO 25 L2 He liked to use glissando as his hallmark.electric guitar电吉他【频】1【例】TPO 30 L4 Each design was intended to alter the sound in some way, at first at least with the electric guitar, to make it louder.steel guitar夏威夷吉他【频】1【例】TPO 30 L4 That led to the lap guitar which is also called the steel guitar.enamor[in'æmə] v. 迷恋，倾心【频】1【例】TPO 30 L4 US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii were very enamored with the music they heard there.fresco ['freskəu] n. 壁画【频】1【例】TPO 26 L4 So far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art, like ancient frescoes and early oil paintings.labyrinth ['læbərinθ] n. 迷宫【频】1【例】TPO 33 L4 Mazes or labyrinths, as they are also called, were very common in Renaissance gardens.Screen dance屏幕上的舞蹈【频】1【例】TPO 23 L4 Screen dance which is relatively new, isn’t for everyone.choreography [,kɔrｪ'ɔgrəfi] n. 编舞【频】1【例】TPO 23 L4 The question we have to ask is, what’s the difference between choreography for a live performance and choreography for onscreen viewing?【衍】Choreograph v. 设计舞蹈动作Modern dance现代舞【频】1【例】TPO 24 L2 I think the best analogy to modern dance is modern art or modern music. tunic ['tju:nik] a. 束腰外衣【频】1【例】TPO 24 L2 Duncan wore loose, flowing tunics, and she dance bare foot.pantomime['pæntəmaim] n. 哑剧【频】1【例】TPO 24 L2 Some said Duncan’s art form was closer to pantomime than to dance. acrobatic[ækrə'bætik] a. 杂技的【频】1【例】TPO 24 L2 After seeing this, Duncan publicly denounced ballet as a form of acrobatics, complicated and excruciating mechanism she called it.1.2 LiteratureLiterature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə] n. 文学【频】5【例】TPO 4 L2 Before I was a literature professor, I was an accountant.poem ['pəuｪm] n. 诗【频】5【例】TPO 13 L3 I thought poems were shorter, these were more like long stories.【衍】Poetry n. 诗歌艺术，Poet n. 诗人novel [ˈnɑːvl] n. 小说【频】2【例】TPO 27 L4 He wrote many famous novels, plays, poems.【衍】Novelist n. 小说家fiction ['fɪkʃən]n. 小说【频】2【例】TPO 3 L2 In fact, Painleve was known for saying that science is fiction.【衍】Fictional a. 虚构的、小说的Fairy tale童话故事【频】3【例】TPO 5 L4 With fairy tales, the location is generally unspecified.character['kærəktə] n. 角色【频】3【例】TPO 5 L4 But all the other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience.plot [plɑt] n. 情节【频】3【例】TPO 5 L4 Not the plot, the details of what happens in the story would remain constant. Drama ['drɑmə] n. 戏剧【例】TPO 7 L1 We first need to look at an early form of drama known as the well-made play, beginning with some early 19th century comedies in France proved very successful commercially. 【衍】Comedy n. 喜剧Folk tale民间故事【频】2【例】TPO 5 L4 They seem to be less realistic than folk tales.version ['vɜːʃ(ə)n] n. 版本【频】1【例】TPO 5 L4 Every storyteller might have had a slightly different version of the same folk tale. essay ['esei] n. 散文【频】1【例】TPO 4 L2 You will be reading one of Emerson’s best-known essays.sketch [sketʃ] n. 素描，梗概【频】1【例】TPO 6 L3 While writing character sketches, do think about details.stereotype ['steriətaip] n. 刻板印象【频】1【例】TPO 6 L3 Don’t make your cha racter into a stereotype.cliche ['kli:ʃei] n. 陈词滥调【频】1【例】TPO 6 L3 Be careful not to make him into the cliche of the ragged mountain dweller. Medieval [,midɪ'ivəl] a. 中世纪的【例】TPO 13 L3 The two poems we are looking at today fall into the category of medieval times. rhythm ['riðəm] n. 节奏，韵律【频】1【例】TPO 13 L3 It’s written to make the audience have some kinds of predictable rhythm. Heroic deeds英雄事迹【频】1【例】TPO 13 L3 They were written to describe the heroic deeds or actions of warriors. nobility [no'bɪləti] n. 贵族【频】1【例】TPO13 L3 They were written for the knights and the nobility that they served.minstrel ['mɪnstrəl] n.吟游诗人【频】1【例】TPO 13 L3 The poems were songs performed by a minstrel, singer who traveled from castle to castle.patriotic [peitri'ɔtik] a. 爱国的【频】1【例】TPO 13 L3 Hearing the songs probably made them feel more patriotic.【衍】Patriot n. 爱国者Patriotism n. 爱国主义troubadour ['trubədɔr] n. 行吟诗人【频】1【例】TPO 13 L3 Many troubadour were able to make a living being full time poets. biographica l [,baiə'græfikl] a. 传记的【例】TPO 13 L3 They often had small biographical sketches added to their poems.【衍】Biography n. 传记，Autobiography n. 自传Folk legend民间传说【频】1【例】TPO 20 L3 Like folk legends, they have been passed down orally.playwright ['pleirait] n. 剧作家【频】1【例】TPO 7 L1 This became so popular that the playwright almost had to include it in every play. denouement[deinu'maŋ] n. 结局【频】1【例】TPO 7 L1 But the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion.1.3 ArchitectureAcoustics [ə'kʊstɪk] n. 声学，音质【频】3【例TPO 29 L2 It was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that architectural acoustics became a scientific field.downtown ['daun'taun] n. 市中心【频】1【例】TPO 13 L1 In general, downtown areas just don’t have that m any residential areas, not that many people live there.pedestrian [pə'dɛstrɪən] n. 行人【例】TPO 13 L1 These pedestrian malls are typically located in the downtown area of the city. proximity [prɑk'sɪməti] n. 邻近，接近【频】1【例】TPO 13 L1 Proximity to potential customers, we’ll call a customer base.auditorium [,ɔdi'tɔriəm] n. 礼堂，会堂【频】1【例】TPO 29 L2 Now people have been concerned about how sound carries in auditoriums and theaters for at least 2000 years.reverberation [rɪ,vɝbə'reʃən] n. 回响【频】1【例】TPO 29 L2 Wallace Sabine started to do extensive studies on reverberation.【衍】Reverberate v. 回响symphony ['sɪmfəni] n. 交响乐【频】1orchestra ['ɔrkɪstrə] n. 管弦乐对【频】1【例】TPO 29 L2 I read that concert halls designed for symphony orchestras have too much echo for jazz music.rectangular [rɛk'tæŋgjəlɚ] a. 矩形的【频】1【例】TPO 29 L2 Let’s say you design a rectangular box-like space with bare walls and ceiling. chandelier [,ʃændə'lɪə] n. 枝形吊灯【例】TPO 29 L2 Beautiful crystal Chandeliers are very good at diffusing sound.hexagonal [hɛk'sægənl] a. 六边形的【频】1【例】TPO 32 L4 The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal six-sided.II. Physical Science2.1 Geology 地质学range [rendʒ] n. 范围；幅度；山脉【频】43【例】TPO1 L2 Most of us thought the sand had come from an ancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That’s been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time.cave [keɪv] n. 洞穴，窑洞【频】38【例】TPO16 L1 Now there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks. There is one part that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.ore [ɔr] n. 矿；矿石【频】32【例】TPO32 L3 It wasn’t the mining itself that caused such massive destruction. It was what happened after the copper ore was extracted from the mines.coral ['kɔrəl] n. 珊瑚；珊瑚虫【频】31【例】TPO27 L1 we have been fairly thorough in our discussion about coral reefs, which of course are prominent, oceanic features made of hard limestone skeletons produced by tiny coral animals.Tectonic plate [tek'tɒnɪk pleɪt] n. 板块【频】31【例】TPO31 L2 These tectonic plates support the continents and oceans. Over time, the tectonic plates move and shift, which moves the continents and the ocean floors too.glacier ['ɡleʃɚ] n. 冰河，冰川【频】28【例】TPO7 L4 It’s really known that no secret that the glaciers flow because of gravity. But how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining.【衍】glacial adj. 冰的；冰河时代的；glaciation n. 冰川作用；冻结成冰；glaciate v. 使冰冻；被冰冻盖；使受冰川作用；atmosphere['ætməsfɪr] n. 气氛；大气；空气【频】26【例】TPO20 L2 There is the most carbon dioxide and methane gas, uh, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere just after the beginning of the interglacial period.【衍】aatmospheric adj. 大气的，大气层的；basin ['besn] n. 流域；盆地【频】25【例】TPO33 L2 The Colorado River basin is a region in the Southwest United States. Seven statesrely on the Co lorado’ s water. And as you can imagine, as the populations of these states began to grow, it became clear that a system to distribute, uh, to make sure each state got its fair share of water.desert ['dɛzɚt] n. 沙漠；荒原【频】24【例】TPO6 L4 At about the same time that the Sahara was becoming a desert...hmm ...5,000 years ago, Egypt really began to flourish out in the Nile River valley.【衍】desertification n. 荒漠化；沙漠化；deserter n .逃兵；背弃者；desertion n. 遗弃；开小差；逃亡；Arctic ['ɑrktɪk] adj. 北极的；极寒的n. 北极圈【频】23【例】TPO24 C2 What happens is that the cold Arctic air blows across the lake from the north in winter. And as the air crosses the lake, the lower layer is warmed by the lake water.continent ['kɑntɪnənt] n. 洲，陆地【频】22【例】TPO31 L2 So if an ocean floor tectonic plate meets the edge of a continent and they push against each other, the heavier one sinks down and goes under the other one.【衍】continental adj. 大陆的；大陆性的Sediment ['sɛdɪmənt] n. 沉积；沉淀物【频】18【例】TPO10 L3 The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into ocean sediments.【衍】sedimentary adj. 沉淀的；sedimentation n. 沉降；limestone ['laɪmston] n. [岩] 石灰岩【频】11【例】TPO16 L1 Sulfuric acid eats away at limestone very aggressively. So you get bigger cracks and then passageways being formed along the openings in the rock.distribute [dɪ'strɪbjut] vt. 分配；散布【频】10【例】TPO33 L2 With the demand for water in the basin stays increasing and with the real likelihood of lower flows in the river, if history is our teacher, we can develop innovative methods of water conservation and reevaluate how water is distributed.【衍】distribution n. 分布；分配；distributor n. 经销商；[电] 分配器；分配者；crack[kræk] vi. 破裂；n. 裂缝【频】9【例】TPO16 L1 You have water from the surface, streams, waterfall or whatever - moving water that flows through cracks found in the limestone. It’ s the moving water itself that wears away at the rock and makes passageways.【衍】cracker n. 爆竹；胡桃钳crater ['kretɚ] n. 火山口【频】9【例】TPO5 L2 Any water molecules that found their way to the floors of craters near the moon’s poles, that water would be perpetually frozen, because the floors of those craters are always in shadow.ridge [rɪdʒ] n. 山脊；山脉【例】TPO9 L3 So during the second rainy period, the dunes were kind of chopped up at the top, full of hollows and ridges, and these hollows would've captured the rain right there on the top.reef [rif] n. 暗礁；[地质] 矿脉【频】8【例】TPO27 L1 Recently, researchers have used data collected by monitoring surface water temperatures to improve the ability of a reef to recover from bleaching.【衍】reefy adj. 多暗滩的；多暗礁的split [splɪt] vt. 分离；劈开；n. 裂缝【频】8【例】TPO31 L2 Well, the seafloor is spilt. There is a ridge, a mountain range that runs north and south there. And the rock material flows up from Earth’s interior here, at the split, which forces the two sides of the ocean floor to spread apart, to make room for the new rock material. 【衍】n. splitter 分离机，分流器；分解器，拆分器；core [kɔr] n. 核心；地心【频】7【例】TPO26 L3 Now, you remember from our previous discussion that a comet’s nucleus ,its core, is made up of ice and dust, like a frozen snowball．crust [krʌst] n. 地壳；外壳【频】7【例】TPO31 L2 As we’ve discussed, Earth’s crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of molten rock. These plates…uh…now these tectonic plates support the continents and【衍】crusty adj. 有壳的；crustal adj. 壳的，地壳的；mantle ['mæntl] n. 地幔；覆盖物【频】7【例】TPO31 L2 As the ocean floor plate begins to sink down into the mantle, it would drag or pull the entire plate along with it. So more and more of this plate, the ocean floor, would go down under the continent into the mantle.slide [slaɪd] vi. 滑动；滑落；n. 雪崩【频】7【例】TPO7 L3 So ice at the base of the glacier melts. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground. This layer of water reduces friction is... is like a lubricant. And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock.【衍】n. slider 滑动器；滑雪者；滚动之物canyon['kænjən] n. 峡谷【频】6【例】TPO1 L2 Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand canyon in the southwestern United States was formed. We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago.lava ['lɑvə] n. 火山岩浆；熔岩【频】6【例】TPO24 L4 Now, the lava on Venus is thin. It spreads out easily. So shield volcanoes have very gentle sloping sides. They are called shield volcanoes.hemisphere ['hɛmɪsfɪr] n. 半球【频】5【例】TPO17 L2 Which makes earth, and in particular, the northern hemisphere, warmer. And why is that important? well, because most of the planet’s glaciers are in the northern hemisphere, and if it gets too warm, then glaciers will stop forming.【衍】hemispheric adj. 半球的，半球形状的；mineral ['mɪnərəl] n. 矿物；无机物【频】5【例】TPO17 L2 Over millions of years, groundwater left deposits of a mineral called calcite, on the rock within Devil's Hole. And by studying these clacite deposits, we can determine the climate conditions, the temperatures over the last half million years.【衍】mine n. 矿，矿藏；矿山，矿井；mineralogy n. 矿物学；mine v. 开采，采掘；mineralize v. 使矿物化；precipitation [prɪ'sɪpə'teʃən] n. 降水，降雨【频】5【例】TPO9 L2 Second, most of the precipitation in the Arctic is in the form of snow. And the snow, which blankets the ground in the winter, actually has an insulating effect on the soil beneath it.【衍】precipitate v. 沉淀；猛地落下；冷凝成为雨或雪等；swamp [swɑmp] n. 沼泽；湿地【频】5【例】TPO11 L3 Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for a large part of the year.【衍】swampy adj. 沼泽的；湿地的；松软的。
托福听力学科辞汇
TOEFL听力学科辞汇(based on TPO)I. Art............................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Arts.............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Literature........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
Architecture...................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
II. Physical Science................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Geology 地质学.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Astronomy 天文学.................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
Physics 物理学.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Chemistry 化学.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
III. Life Science.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
Zoology 动物学.................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
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托福听力资料下载之抽象表现主义
托福听力资料下载之抽象表现主义。
下面为大家整理了托福听力考试练习的相关资料，主要关于抽象表现主义的，同学们可下载进行练习。
托福听力材料之一：抽象表现主义。
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托福听力材料之抽象表现主义
概念
抽象表现主义(Abstract Expression)又称抽象主义，或抽象派。
二战后直到20世纪60年代早期的一种绘画流派。
抽象派这个字第一次运用在美国艺术上，是在1946年由艺术评论家罗伯特·寇特兹Robert Coates所提出的。
"抽象表现主义"这个词用以定义一群艺术家所做的大胆挥洒的抽象画。
他们的作品或热情奔放，或安宁静谧，都是以抽象的形式表达和激起人的情感。
特点
认为艺术是抽象的，且主要是即席创作的。
从技巧上说，抽象派的最重要的前身通常是超现实主义。
超现实主义强调的无意识，自发性，随机创作等概念，在后世被杰克逊·波洛克随意溅滴在地板上的油彩画作不断运用。
一般认为，波洛克是以马克思·爱伦思特Max Ernst的作品为学习对象的。
抽象派之所以能自成一派，原因在于它表达了艺术的情感强度，还有自我表征等特性。
这跟表现主义反具象化美学，和欧洲一些强调抽象图腾的艺术学校：如包豪斯，未来派，或是立体主义等，都有呼应。
抽象派的画作也往往具有反叛的，无秩序的，超脱于虚无的特异感觉。
地位
它是第一个由美国兴起的艺术运动。
美国兴起此艺术运动跟当时纽约想要取代巴黎成为世界艺术中心是有影响的。
也是二战之后西方艺术的第一个重要的运动，享有的地位无与伦比。
它是战后漫长风格实验的开端，标志着一个新的时代的到来。
自此之后的一段时期里，西方现代艺术的中心从巴黎转移到了纽约。
代表
杰克逊·波洛克(Jackson Pollock)最能显示这一风格在观念上和手法上的特征。
自1947年起，他采用了将大幅画布平辅在地上，再在它周围走来走去，把"颜料"滴溅在画布上的画法。
绘画的过程变得像某种祭礼中的舞蹈，他整个身体都在运动。
催眠状态般的专心致志和彻底的身心投入，是一幅画形成其"独立生命"的关键所在。
他的作品一旦完成，那些密布画面、纵横扭曲的线条便传达出一种不受拘束的活力，随心所欲的运动感，无限时空的波动以及其内在的力量。
罗伯特·马瑟韦尔(Robert Motherwell)可算作抽象表现派运动的组织者，他是一位学识丰富、精力充沛的艺术家。
他早先学习历史、评论和哲学，是一位自学成才的艺术家。
随着抽象表现主义开始形成，马
瑟韦尔的活动范围越来越大，1947到1948年，他是具有影响的杂志《可能性》的编辑之一，1948年他和三位著名画家威廉·巴齐奥蒂(William Baziotes)、巴尼特·纽曼(Barnett Newman)和马克·罗思科(Mark Rothko)一起，创办一所艺术学校。
1951年他出版了一本达达派画家和诗人的作品集，这本书的出版是"新达达派"诞生的最早信号之一。
弗朗兹·克兰(Franz Kline)的作品也是如波洛克一样属于动态性的。
40年代，他热衷于线描，特别习惯于画小幅的黑白速写和细节，他在细节中研究单一的母题或空间关系。
1949年的一天，他用幻灯机放大一些速写，这启发他发展了自己特有的风格：在白色画布上，一些大尺度的黑色线条，除了线条，别无其他，更没有具象的东西。
画面中的空白与强有力的黑色笔触一以生动，甚至某些飞白看起来更有意味。
人们看他的作品，也能理解"行动绘画"的含义，笔的运行在作品中显得十分重要，徐、疾、通、滞、转、折、进、退，这一点与中国的书法产生了暗合。
不管他有没有受到东方书法的影响，他的画在"计白当黑"的原则上与东方的书法是一致的。
而且在削尽冗繁，只取黑白两色，以少胜多，达到更有深度的美--这样的美学趣味与东方的书法艺术十分接近。
抽象表现主义可以分为两种，一种如波洛克这样强调力量与动感，充满激情;另一种则是更纯粹的抽象，给人以宁静，罗思科便是这种风格的代表人物。
罗思科出生在外国，1913年从俄国来到美国，当时只有十几岁。
他的早期作品带有超现实主义的痕迹，后来逐渐变得单纯。
到了1950年他已完全抛开了具体形象，作品常是几个空白的长方形画在涂了色的背景上，边缘并不明确，因而它们的空间位置也是模棱两可的。
这种空间感也是我们在波洛克的作品中所熟悉的，找不到有深度的空间，而这种很浅的空间忽远忽近，不可捉摸。
色彩之间的相互关系因为长方形空间而起作用，造成一种温和而又有节奏的脉动感，不清晰的交界处隐隐地藏住很多耐人寻味的东西。
阿德·莱因哈特(Ad Reinhardt)在30年代末就开始用几何形和矩形作构图试验。
40年代，他以拼贴画为载体，开始超出立体主义的图案和空间，使用一种自由的图案。
这些图案把个人的笔法、含意和传统构图的运用减到最低限，使作品独立于它的作者而有了新的生命。
50年代初，他用单一的色彩绘画，如红色和非常深的、近似于黑色的绿色。
60年代，他多用蓝色。
之后，在单色块中出现一些内在的形象，以明度或调子微妙不同的色彩组成更小的矩形，正方形，或者正十字形。
巴尼特·纽曼是抽象表现主义艺术家中最为理智的艺术家之一，他的艺术充满着神秘感和不可知的东西。
在一篇未发表的论文，或者说是"自白"中，纽曼阐发了他的观点，明确指出他艺术的题材在最广泛的意义上讲，是创造的神秘与人类存在的含义。
在其他的许多文章中，他写道："……(艺术家)以他的欲望、他的意志来建立有序的真理，那便是他对生命与死亡的神秘性的态度的表达。
可以说，艺术家像一个真正的创造者那样探究宇宙。
恰恰是这一点使得他成为艺术家。
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