宁波市鄞州高级中学

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浙江省宁波市鄞州高级中学2023-2024学年高一上学期12月月考语文试题(含答案)

浙江省宁波市鄞州高级中学2023-2024学年高一上学期12月月考语文试题(含答案)

鄞州高级中学2023学年第一学期高一年级12月月考语文学科试题卷注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的信息标签贴在答题卡上,并同时手动填写班级等信息。

2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后,将答题卡交回。

一、现代文阅读(35分)(一)现代文阅读Ⅰ(本题共5小题,19分)阅读下面的文字,完成下面1-5小题。

韩愈的师道思想对宋代以后儒学教育的发展和我国儒家师道传统的形成有着深远的影响。

钱穆就提出:“宋学最先姿态,是偏重在教育的一种师道运动。

这一运动,应该远溯到唐代之韩愈。

”韩愈提出和坚守的“为师之道”是在“耻师”的社会风气、缺乏足够的外部引导与约束的条件下的自我道德建设,体现的是教师的文化使命与道德担当。

考诸韩愈的师道思想,在强调“以德育德”的当下仍具有一定的借鉴意义。

韩愈所谓的“道”是相对于佛老而言的儒家之道,韩愈所谓的“师”则是相对于经师而言的传道之师。

由是,“道”与“师”在此形成同构关系:一方面,“道需要通过儒师的论说传述,才能得以绵延不绝”(陆敏珍),教师成为道统传承的保证;另一方面,儒师需要维护“道”的神圣性,以保证社会身份的尊崇,儒学成为教师地位的背书。

显然,“句读之师”不能承担起这样一种“师”“道”同构的重任,因此韩愈在重塑“师道”传统的过程中,赋予了教师更为深刻的“为师之道”。

师以传道的使命担当《师说》开篇即言:“古之学者必有师。

师者,所以传道受业解惑也。

”教师要自觉地把“传道”作为自身的文化使命和道德责任,将儒家的圣王之道传承下去。

魏晋时期儒学衰微,除了有社会动荡的客观因素外,也因儒家学者在“家法师守”的过程中忽视对儒家文化本身的传承与创新。

这样的人在韩愈看来,不过是“经师”,远远称不上“人师”。

中国教育传统强调的“以文化人”,关键在于化,而不在于文。

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语月考试题及答案解析

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语月考试题及答案解析

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语月考试题及答案解析第一部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AFor some people, there’s no better companion than mans best friend-a dog. This four-legged pet can bring comfort and joy and provide much- needed exercise for you when it needs walkies! This probably explains why dog ownership increased last year because people spent more time at home during he CovID-I9 lockdown.However, as demand for a new dog increased, so did the price tag. Popular breeds, such as Cockapoos and Cocker Spaniels, saw even sharper price increases, and puppies have been selling for $3,000 or more.Animal welfare charities fearthat high prices could encourage puppy farming, smuggling (走私) or dog theft. An investigation found some breeders have been selling puppies and kittens on social media sites--something charities have called “extremely irresponsible”.But despite some new owners purchasing a dog legally, maybe from a rescue center or registered breeder, they’ve proved to be ill-prepared for life with a new pet, and the pet itself has found it hard tocome to terms withlife in a new home.Looking to the future, there are concerns about the welfare of these much-loved pets. Lan Alkin manager of the Oxfordshire Animal Sanct uary in the UK, notes: “At the moment, the dogs are having a great time, but separation anxiety could still surface when people go back to work.” And Cliare Calder from the UKs Dogs Trust rescue charity says, “The economic situation also means that some people may find they can’t afford to look aftera dog.” The message is not to buy a dog in haste and to pick one that fits into our lifestyle.1. The greater demand for dogs can cause the following problems except ________.A. illegal trade of dogsB. less dog farmingC. high prices of dogsD. online sale of dogs2. What does the underlined phrase"come to terms with"in paragraph 4 mean?A. Fit in withB. Go in forC. Make up for.D. End up with3. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Despite the problems, dogs are living happily.B. The writer has a positive attitude towards dogs future.C. Experts are worried that dogs will be unaffordable to people.D. The writer advises people to think twice before keeping dogs as pets.BAccording to a survey, the wasteof food on the dining table occupies 10% of the total grain output.Last week, Meituan, a giant online food ordering platform, co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and help develop new eating habits for customers. Following the proposal, merchants are asked to offer guidance for consumers, including reminding them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes, to helpthem avoid excessive ordering and food waste.Catering(餐饮)associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to remove food waste. The Wuhan Catering Association proposed an “NT" ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required. On Friday, the China Cuisine Association announced that it had teamed up with Ele. me, the Alibaba Group Holding-owned food delivery platform, to launch a "half-dish plan," encouraging restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions.Tang Zhisong, a professor at Southwest University Education School, said "Evaluating how much you can eat, how much you should buy and how to deal with the leftover is a way for young people to improve their self-management. It's also a means to teach them sharing food, caring about others, and more importantly, developing a mindset of suitability. "4. What's the purpose of the proposal mentioned in the passage?A. To change customers' attitude toward life.B. To promote a new policy on food delivery.C. To spread the idea of healthy eating.D. To encourage restaurants to reduce food waste.5. What does the underlined word “excessive" in Paragraph 2 prolably mean?A. More than enough.B. Less than required.C. Better than ever.D. Worse than before.6. Paragraph 3 is mainly developed by.A. offering analysesB. presenting a surveyC. giving examplesD. making comparisons7. What do Tang's words suggest?A. Sharing food is caring about others.B. Young people should have self-discipline.C. Reducing food waste has all-round benefits.D Saving food contributes to a sustainable society.CThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) included on December 17, 2020 China's Tai Chi on the Representative List of the Intangible(无形的)Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The decision was announced during the online meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage held from December 14 to19 inKingston, capital ofJamaica.“Born in the mid-17th century in a small village named Chenjiagou located in Central China's Henan province, Tai Chi is not only a kind of traditional Wushu integrated with slow movements and deep breathing, but is also deeply rooted in many areas of Chinese culture, such as medicine and philosophy,”Zhu Xianghua says, who is the son of the famous Tai Chi master Zhu Tiancai.Although it has spread to more than 150 countries and regions, attracting more than 100 million people to practice, the idea that Tai Chi is for the elderly has stopped many young people practicing the ancient Wushu. They think of it as a slow exercise, which is specially made and better suited for their grandparents. Instead, many young people are turning to the Indian practice of yoga(瑜伽)to relieve stress, which was placed on the UNESCO's List in 2019.In order to promote Tai Chi, joint efforts have been made from individuals and the Chinese government in the last decades. Xi'an Jiaotong University requires students to learn Tai Chi. Wang Yunbing, a professor in the university's sports center, stressed that Tai Chi is not only good physical exercise-researchers from the American College of Rheumatology find that it can help manage several diseases but is also conned ted to ancient Chinese eivilization. Since 2014, the World Tai Chi Championships have been held every two years by the International Wushu Federation. It provides a platform for communication and learning between the Tai Chi masters and Tai Chi lovers around the globe. In January 2020, Tai Chi became an official event in the 2026 Dakar Youth Olympic Games.8. What does Zhu Xianghua say about Tai Chi in paragraph 2?A. It originated from fast Kung Fu action.B. It was born around the 1750s in a village.C. It is related to other cultural fields ofChina.D. It integrates Chinese medicine and western philosophy.9. Why do some young people choose to practice yoga instead of Tai Chi?A. They think it easier to practice yoga to keep fit.B. The elderly stop young people practicing Tai Chi.C. They consider Tai Chi is custom-built for old people.D. Yoga was included in the world culture earlier than Tai Chi.10. What is the main purpose of the last paragraph?A. To promote contemporary Chinese civilization.B. To show many efforts made to popularize Tai Chi.C. To stress the importance of Chinese Tai Chi masters.D. To advise people to practise Tai Chi to cure diseases.11. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Tai Chi Steps on the UNESCO's List.B. Tai Chi isCompeting against Yoga.C. Tai Chi Has Regained populate Globally.D. Opinions Greatly Differ on Tai Chi and Yoga.DGlobal food demand will double by 2050, according to a new projection, and the farming techniques used to meet that unprecedented(空前的) demand will significantly determine how severe the impact is on the environment, researchers said.The study researchers warned that meeting the demand for food would clear more land, increase nitrogen(氮) use and significantly add to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.“Agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions could double by2050 if current trends in global food production continue,” study researcher David Tilman, of theUniversityofMinnesota, said in a statement. “This would be a major problem, since global agriculture already accounts for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions.”The researchers studied various ways in which the increasing food demand could be mentioned. They found that the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach would be for more food producers to adopt the nitrogen-efficient “intensive” farming method, which involves the heavy use of labor and the production of more crops per acre.This approach was shown to be more effective than the “extensive” farming currently practiced by many poornations, a method that includes clearing more new land to produce more food.Different farming methods produce significantly different yields, the researchers found — in 2005, the crop yields for the wealthiest nations were more than 300 percent higher than what the poorest nations produced.According to their analysis of the effects of extensive farming, if poorer nations continue using this method, by 2050theywill have cleared an area larger than theUnited States, about 2.5 billion acres. However, if wealthy nations help poorer nations to improve food yields by incorporating(吸收) intensive farming practices, that number could be reduced to half a billion acres.The researchers stress that the environmental effects of meeting future food demand depend on how global agriculture expands and develops.“Our analyses show that we cansave most of the Earth’s remaining ecosystems by helping the poorer nations of the world feed themselves,” Tilman said.12. What is the best title of this passage?A. The World Will Need Double Food by 2050B. Man Will Face the Risk of Lacking Food in the FutureC. Future Farmers Hold Environment’s Fate in Their HandsD. Different Farming Methods Produce Significantly Different Yields13. The character of the extensive farming is ________.A. very cost-effectiveB. to produce more crops per acreC. at cost of more new land to produce more foodD. very environmentally friendly14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. poorer nations mainly use the intensive farmingB. wealthy nations mainly use the extensive farmingC. the intensive farming needs less food producersD. the extensive farming has a worse effect on ecosystems15. According to the passage, the underlined word “they” in the 7th paragraph refers to “________”.A. poorer nationsB. the effects of extensive farmingC. wealthy nationsD.future food demand第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

宁波市鄞州职业高级中学教学计划表

宁波市鄞州职业高级中学教学计划表

宁波市鄞州职业高级中学教学计划表【中英文实用版】**Teaching Schedule of Ningbo Yinzhou Vocational Senior High School****一、课程设置**Our school offers a comprehensive curriculum that covers various fields, including liberal arts, science, engineering, economics, law, and education.The aim is to provide students with a broad foundation and foster their professional skills.宁波市鄞州职业高级中学设有一系列全面的专业课程,包括文科、理科、工科、经济、法律和教育等领域。

目的是为学生打下扎实的基础,培养他们的专业技能。

**二、学制与学分**The schooling system of our school is four years for full-time students and five to six years for part-time students.To graduate, students need to accumulate a certain number of credits, usually around 160.宁波市鄞州职业高级中学的学制为全日制四年,业余制五年至六年。

学生毕业需要累积一定的学分,通常约为160个。

**三、教学方法**We emphasize practical learning and encourage students to participate in internships and extracurricular activities to gain real-world experience.Our teaching methods combine lectures, seminars,workshops, and laboratory work.宁波市鄞州职业高级中学注重实践教学,鼓励学生参与实习和课外活动,以获得实际经验。

宁波市各高中排名表

宁波市各高中排名表

★★★★★1. 镇海中学(经过二十年的追赶,成为宁波 NO.1,是无可争议,实至名归,今年成为百年学府。

最近美国某教育机构给中国高中的排名中,名列浙江省第1,全国第22名)2. 效实中学(又称5中,瘦死的骆驼比马大,市区双骆驼之一,学子心目中曾经和镇海齐名的名校。

比镇海中学小一岁,如今江河日下,居然沦落到靠上线总人数来吆喝,感觉其素质教育也是言过其实,不过英语教学着实不错,近年中考难度下降,生源质量有下降之嫌。

虽然在中国名校的高考升学率,已经被镇海中学赶超,但凭其过硬的英语教育,在海外,尤其是北美,欧洲的世界顶级研究生院中,效实学子的数量和势力异常庞大,远非其他学校可比拟)以上2所名校代表宁波中等教育界的最好水平,人才辈出,各自为共和国培养的中科院院士数量都是两位数。

中国第一学府给宁波地区的自主招生名额,也只给这两所学校。

★★★★3. 慈溪中学(老牌名校,县级市学校里面的老大,每年都有北大、清华。

目前稳居宁波三甲)4. 鄞州中学(老牌名校,吸引了鄞州的最好生源,近年高考成绩不输效实,但是缺乏顶尖学生)5~9. 余姚中学,奉化中学,北仑中学,象山中学,宁海中学(这5所为个县市的老大,算是齐名,成绩优异,不再细分)10. 宁波中学(又称1中,市区双骆驼的第二只,宁波名校中资历最老的学校,宁波地区传统3强。

在上世纪,已经成为百年学府,曾经的“国立”二字,更是拥有宁波地区其他中学从没有享受过的待遇。

90年代出过省状元,曾风光一时,2000年后一蹶不振,搬到鄞州后更是把不少生源拱手让给二中,当年响誉全省的“国立浙江四中”,现在已沦落到“宁波高教园区第一名校”。

好在历界毕业生留在宁波发展的居多,不像效实那样,在外地和海外比例高。

随着近几年“国考”盛行,宁中校友当上宁波市区公务员的数量众多,正所谓“朝中有人好提拔”,随时可以把宁波的教育资源集中起来留给自己母校。

其想咸鱼翻身,也并非难事。

印证了一句话:“瘦死的骆驼比马大。

宁波鄞州区正始中学课程建设总体规划-鄞州高级中学

宁波鄞州区正始中学课程建设总体规划-鄞州高级中学

宁波市鄞州高级中学课程建设规划(2014—2018学年)根据《浙江省深化普通高中课程改革方案》和《浙江省关于加强普通高中选修课程建设的意见》文件精神,为全面、科学地规划和实施我校高中新课程改革,在深入调查研究、广泛听取意见的基础上,结合我校实际情况,特制定鄞州高级中学2014-2018学年课程建设规划。

一、指导思想课程是指在教育经验的基础上经过不断改进和设计的、促进学生生命全面发展、充满教育意义的计划或方案;教育就是通过课程培养人和发展人.课程建设应坚持全面扎实实施国家课程与积极稳妥开发学校课程相结合的原则,重视对已有课程的科学化、规范化、系列化建设,努力实现课程的校本化。

课程建设应与学校培养目标相一致,要坚持可持续发展原则,注重基础知识、基本能力和核心价值观教育,为全体学生终身学习和可持续发展奠定坚实基础.课程建设应立足学生成长需求,符合学生认知规律,要坚持多样化和选择性原则,关注不同类型学生的成长需要,建立多层次、多元化、可选择的课程体系和自主选择课程制度,为学生有个性学习创造条件。

课程建设应着力整体规划、必修和选修的融通和内在学术逻辑的梳理,以学科为轴心,加强学段之间、学科之间的融合,注重与社会实际、信息技术的联系,形成系列课程;应结合学校的文化积淀和地域的人文沿承,融入生命发展的人文素养,整合并挖掘开发各方面的资源,形成人文特色课程;对原有已经实践多年的课程,应在理念和实施层面要加以提升,使其成为精品课程;在条件成熟的情况下,引进国际优质课程,在可能的领域里努力实现中外课程的融合.课程是师生安身立命的共同家园,一个学校的办学构想和实践应深深地扎根于课程之中。

学校教师团队应深化课程意识,从课程的高度来理解教育、理解校园、理解教学,理解过去、现在和未来。

只有构建起完整的课程体系,一个学校的教育才有真正展开的可能.二、规划原则(一)服务大局的原则。

严格执行国家课程政策,严格执行上级文件精神,重点依据《浙江省深化普通高中课程改革方案》及学校五年教育发展规划,遵循课程开发开设的规律,进行科学的课程规划,努力让本校的课程成为区域内课程改革的引领者。

近年来 宁波各重点高中一本上线率 全国高中排行

近年来 宁波各重点高中一本上线率 全国高中排行

2011年一本率2010年一本率2009年一本率1 效实 75.2% 1 效实 75.3% 1 效实 70.2%2 宁中 65.3% 2 宁中 57.9% 2 宁中 63.6%3 惠贞 61.7% 3 二中 32.0% 3 万里 29.6%4 二中 38.9% 4 万里 29.6% 4 二中 26.1%5 万里 29.3% 5 惠贞 29.3% 5 宁外 22.4%6 效实东校区26.9% 6 效实东校区27.6% 6 兴宁 19.8%7 宁外 14.5%7 宁外 18.5%7 华茂(含公办) 11.4%8 兴宁 20.7%8 兴宁 16.9%8 三中 9.2%9 华茂(含公办)14.6%9 三中 12.3%9 李惠利 5.6%10 三中 11.6%10 华茂(含公办)11.4%10 四中 2.7%11 李惠利 10.6%11 李惠利 5.9%11 慈湖 1.5%12 四中 6.7%12 四中 2.1%12 四明 0.0%13 慈湖 2.1%13 慈湖 0.8%14 四明 0.3%14 四明 0.4%镇海中学 上线率97.4%2012宁波市各校一本率慈溪中学 上线率90.5% 镇海中学 91.7 97.4宁海中学 上线率82.5% 慈溪中学 83.3 89余姚中学 上线率80% 余姚中学 83.3 85.0蛟川书院 上线率79.5% 鄞州中学 88.4 81.25鄞州中学 上线率77% 效实中学 72.6 80.9效实中学 上线率75.86% 宁波中学 73.1 64.2北仑中学 上线率71.9% 北仑中学 57.1 75象山中学 上线率65.3%一本率95.3%(理科状元,32人全省前100名) 蛟川书院一本率78.7% 北仑中学一本率72% 鄞州中学一本率82.3%效实中学一本率78.8%象山中学一本率61.1%宁波中学 上线率62.2%鄞州高级中学 上线率54%惠贞书院 上线率30.2%龙赛中学 上线率30%华茂 理科实验班70.9%,创新班34.5%奉化中学 上线率未知,上线人数366人宁波二中 实验班70.2%,普通班25%左右姜山中学 上线率未知 上线人数132余姚中学一本率84.4% 慈溪中学一本率87.7% 镇海中学一本率95.3%(理科状元,32人全省前100名) 蛟川书院一本率78.7% 北仑中学一本率72% 鄞州中学一本率82.3%效实中学一本率78.8%象山中学一本率61.1%一、(理科)2012年宁波城区17所学校第一批录取比例,供中考家长参考。

2022-2023学年浙江省宁波市鄞州高级中学高二下学期期中地理试题

2022-2023学年浙江省宁波市鄞州高级中学高二下学期期中地理试题

2022-2023学年浙江省宁波市鄞州高级中学高二下学期期中地理试题1. 蚂蚁森林是支付宝设计的一款公益行动:用户通过步行、地铁出行、在线缴纳水电燃气费、网上缴交通罚单、网络挂号、网络购票等行为,减少相应的碳排放量,可以用来在现实某个地域种下一棵实体的树或保护某个自然保护区的一小块土地。

据此完成下面小题。

1. 该公益活动主要针对的生态环境问题是()A.生物多样性减少和全球变暖B.全球变暖和酸雨C.土地荒漠化和全球变暖D.生物多样性减少和水土流失2.截至2019年8月,蚂蚁森林已累计种植真树1.22亿棵,分别种植于内蒙古阿拉善、鄂尔多斯,巴彦淖尔和甘肃武威等地,这些树的主要功能是()A.保持水土B.涵养水源C.防风固沙D.净化空气2. 人口迁移选择指数用于衡量不同区域间人口迁移的相互作用量,可以反映人口从原地向目的地迁移的意愿程度,其大小表示人口迁移强度的大小。

下图示意2015年黑龙江省省际人口迁移选择指数。

据此完成下面小题。

1.黑龙江省人口选择指数中辽宁省远大于上海市,主要原因有()①地域文化相同②经济发达③距离较近④就业机会多A.①②B.③④C.①③D.②④2.黑龙江省人口迁移选择指数受气候因素影响最大的省级行政区是()A.海南省B.广东省C.浙江省D.江苏省3. 木刻楞是俄罗斯传统民居(如下图),在我国与俄罗斯临近的部分地区也有分布。

该建筑具有冬暖夏凉的优点,以原木排列成墙,缝隙间垫上苔藓。

此外屋顶倾角较大,上面还外铺铁皮,房门前建有门斗,四周墙体均可开窗。

据此完成下面小题。

1.下列有关木刻楞建筑结构说法正确的是()①屋顶倾角较大,防止积雪压塌②屋顶外铺铁皮,利于房屋保暖③墙体内垫苔藓,利于吸水防潮④门前建有门斗,减弱寒风直吹A.①②B.②③C.①④D.③④2.木刻愣最有可能位于我国以下哪个山区()A.太行山B.祁连山C.秦岭D.阿尔泰山4. 青藏铁路沱沱河段沙害严重,以就地起沙为主。

为保护铁路免受流沙侵害,该路段修建了石方格、高立式沙障。

2023宁波顶尖高中排名哪些高中最好

2023宁波顶尖高中排名哪些高中最好

2023宁波顶尖高中排名哪些高中最好
宁波重点高中学校排名有:浙江省宁波市镇海中学、浙江省余姚中学、宁波效实中学、宁波市镇海蛟川书院、宁波市镇海蛟川书院、宁波滨海国际合作学校等。

2023宁波顶尖高中排名
浙江省宁波市镇海中学
宁波市镇海中学创建于1911年,坐落于浙江宁波镇海,其前身蛟川书院创办于1743年(清乾隆八年);1978年、1984年相继被确定为浙江省十四所重点中学和浙江省首批办好的十八所重点中学之一;1995年被评为首批“浙江省一级重点中学”,2014年被授予首批“浙江省一级普通高中特色示范学校”称号。

浙江省余姚中学
余姚中学创建于1935年9月,前身为“余姚私立实获初级中学”,是余姚第一所中学。

在80年的办学过程中,学校三迁校址、十一次易名。

在历代姚中人的共同努力下,办学质量始终保持一流水平,被评为首批省一级重点中学,为国家输送了以中科院院士陈宜张、中国特
色社会学重要奠基人郑杭生等校友为代表的3万余名优秀毕业生,在省内外享有盛誉。

宁波市鄞州区教育局学校章程核准书第73号

宁波市鄞州区教育局学校章程核准书第73号

宁波市鄞州区教育局学校章程核准书第号(宁波市鄞州高级中学)宁波市鄞州高级中学:根据《中华人民共和国教育法》、《全面推进依法治校实施纲要》和《宁波市中小学校章程管理办法(试行)》,你校报我局核准的《宁波市鄞州高级中学学校章程》,经区教育局学校章程核准委员会评议,年月日区教育局局长办公会议审议通过,现予核准。

核准书所附章程为最终文本,自即日起生效,未经法定程序不得修改。

你校应当以章程作为依法自主办学、实施管理和履行公共职能的基本准则和依据,按照建设中国特色现代学校制度的要求,完善法人治理结构,健全内部管理体制,依法治校、科学发展。

附件:宁波市鄞州高级中学学校章程宁波市鄞州区教育局年月日附件宁波市鄞州高级中学学校章程第一章总则第一条为适应现代教育发展的需要,深化教育改革,积极推进素质教育,全面提高教育教学质量和办学效益,依据《中华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和国教师法》、《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》及相关法律法规,结合本校实际,制定本章程。

1 / 16第二条学校名称为宁波市鄞州高级中学,简称“鄞高”;英文译名为。

地址为宁波市鄞州区鄞州大道,邮政编码为。

学校网址为:。

第三条学校由宁波市鄞州区教育局举办,经宁波市鄞州区事业单位登记管理局登记。

业务主管单位是鄞州区教育局。

本校为实施三年制高级中学教育的全日制公办教育机构,具有法人资格,独立承担民事责任。

学校根据社会需要、上级计划和办学条件,确定办学规模为个班级,人。

学校具体经费来源办学经费来源为区财政全额拨款。

第四条学校发展目标:学校秉承“自由、自律、博学、博爱”的校训,以“为学生奠基幸福人生,为社会培养优秀人才”为使命,致力于打造书香浓郁的人文校园、个性鲜明的活力校园、开放包容的和谐校园,力争使鄞州高级中学成为一所学生向往、社会信任的高品位现代学术高中。

第五条学生培养目标:学校通过引导学生进行生涯规划,确立远大目标,不断地磨练自己,反思自己,超越自己,成为身心健康、学力扎实、情趣高雅、视野开阔的高素质人才。

2020-2021学年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语期末考试试卷及参考答案

2020-2021学年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语期末考试试卷及参考答案

2020-2021学年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语期末考试试卷及参考答案第一部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AInformation on school visits to Kew GardensEnjoy yourselves in a wonderland of science with over 50,000 living plants and a variety of educational events or amusing activities. Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.Educational course pricesYou can plan a self-led visit or book one of our educational courses. Students will take part in the educational courses in groups of 15. Prices vary according to different situations.EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) to Key Stage 4:45-minute course: 35/group 90-minute course: 70/groupKey Stage 5:Half day (one course): 80/group Full day (two courses): 160/groupTeachers and adults:Up to required key stage proportions (比例): FreeAdults needed for 1:1 special educational needs support: FreeAdults above the required proportions: 11/personThe payment will due within 28 calendar days of making the booking.Health and safetyRequired supervising (监护) adult-student proportions:Key Stage 1: 1:5 Key Stage 2: 1:8Key stage 3: 1:10 Key Stage 4: 1:12Key Stage 5: 1:12The group sizes should be controlled if you are visiting potentially busy areas such as the glasshouse and other attractions. The maximum number of students visiting the glasshouses is 15 per group and each group to Kew shops should include no more than 10 students.If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333for direct and quick support. Please do not call 999.Planning your visitYour tickets and two planning passes will be sent to you upon receipt of your payment. You can complete your risk assessment with the passes, ensure you bring your tickets and the receipt document and show them to the staff members at the gate on the day of your visit.Recommended timingsThe Kew Gardens opens at 10 am. You are recommended to spend at least three to five hours on your visit. The closing time varies throughout the year. But the earliest is 3:30 pm. We have a fixed schedule for educational courses, which is from 10:30 am to 2:20 pm.1.How much should a group of 15 Key Stage I students and 4 teachers pay for a 45-minute course?A.35B.46C.57D.812.What should one do in an emergency?A.Check the risk assessment.B.Call 999 immediately.C.Ask adults or teachers for help.D.Seek help from the staff member nearby.3.What is the purpose of the text?A.To introduce Kew Gardens.B.To give tips on visiting Kew Gardens.C.To attract potential visitors to Kew Gardens.D.To inform coming activities in Kew Gardens.BIn the Hollywood industry, most of the studios are using AI to make movies for various reasons such as getting the actors out of danger, replacing the actors indifferent scenes, forming appealing atmosphere to enhance(增强)the views, etc.Directors and producers are using VFX (Visual effects), animations and AI to makea model that looks like the actor and replaces the actor's place. In particular, AI is used in scenes where actor shave to produce certain stunts (特技)to develop setups in the studio artificially. VFX is used to later change the internal studio backgroundsto a different place in the movie.There are many movies with two characters of the same actor. When AI was not a part of the film, editorsused different methods to show the two aspects of the same actor in one scene, but now AI is being used to form the second character of the same actor and is being performed to the viewers.By a perfect combination of animation, VFX and AI, realistic models are being created. And the most fun part is the fictitious character can hold the face of the actor but the age, hairstyles, and clothing can be changed to create more enhanced looks according to the movie scene and story. With the help of AI, the directors recreating appealing scenes to enhance the thrill and excitement. InJurassic Park,no dinosaurs were running but with the help of AI and visual effects, we could enjoy the scenes and the atmospheres.The directors and the producers direct to form a green screen including the obstacles and those green screens get replaced with the views that are made from AI and VFX, and the actors make the scenes alive and deliver the most suitable action-packed movie scenes. This method also enhances the viewers' experience, which makes the movie a blockbuster(大片).4. What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 1?A. How AI helps actors.B. What AI brings to movies.C. Why AI is applied to movies.D. Where AI is made full use of.5. What can we infer from paragraph 3?A. AI can be used as an editor.B. Editors consider AI irreplaceable.C. Editors used many methods to replace AI.D. AI makes what used to be complex scenes easier.6. What's the author's attitude to using VFX, animations and AI in movies?A. Supportive.B. Sceptical.C. Unconcerned.D. Enthusiastic.7. Which of the following could be the best title for thetext?A. What AI Brings Out Hollywood MoviesB. Why AI Is Applied to Hollywood MoviesC. Which Hollywood Movies Make Much Use of AID. How AI Is Being Applied to Hollywood MoviesCI cried the first time I saw the Notre Dame(巴黎圣母院)years ago. I'd waited my entire life to see this great French architecture, and experienced it in its full glory on a bright sunny day. Last night, I again cried for the centuries-old church while watching it burn.I hadn't expected to spend my evening that way. My friend and I were having dinner at a cafe a block or so away from the Notre Dame, choosing to skip going inside with the intention to go back the next day.However, we heard that it caught fire, so we left the cafe and ran towards the church, following heavy smoke from it, and soon we joined a nearly silent crowd. Some were praying, some were crying, but most were staring in disbelief at the disaster happening before us. The fire continued to get worse. About 400 firefighters were working to control the fire. We could see their flashlights shining as they inspected the front from a balcony.The Notre Dame is part of the heartbeat ofParis, I reflected on the experiences I've had there, from attending a bread market out front to admiring the beautiful windows and architecture inside. It is a spot that helps makeParismagical. And here we were, watching it burn down. It was too much to handle, but it was impossible to look away.About 9:30 pm, the gathered crowd spontaneously(自发地)began to sing Hymns(圣歌)to the church. We sang along with the group, feeling at once less like tourists and more like members of them. I hadn't imagined all that before.For hundreds of years, the Notre Dame hasseen the most joyous and the most terrible moments in the lives of both France and her people. And when everyone was able to become one emotional force, it showed that even in her darkest hour, the Notre Dame was still there to bring us all together.8. Why did the author cry for the Notre Dame for the first time?A. She was touched by its greatness.B. She was sorrowful to watch it burn.C. She was regretful for missing its glory.D. She was excited about French cultures.9. What was the author doing when the Notre Dame caught fire?A. Heading for a faraway cafe.B. Visiting a church with a friend.C. Eating nearby with a friend.D. Wandering along the street alone.10. What can we know about the fire scene?A. People expressed their sadness in different ways.B. People were nervously rushing in different directions.C. Hundreds of volunteers joined in putting out the fire.D. Firefighters kept people away with shining flashlights.11. What impressed the author most?A. The church allowed visitors to gaingreat experiences.B. Many foreign tourists became members of the church.C. The church survived disasters for hundreds of years.D. People were brought together to sing to the church.DThe history of the flying car is almost as old as that of powered flight itself. It started with the Curtiss Autoplane of 1917, an awkward-looking machine with removable wings. It never left the ground. Later machines made it into the skies but failed to take off commercially. Money is now pouring into flying taxis. On March 30th Lilium, a German company that develops them, announced a merger with SPAC, an acquisition company that values it at $3. 3 bn -- a sign that investors think the business will fly.Thanks to better batteries and lightweight materials, some of them are ready to carry passengers. Up to 300 firms are working on short-range battery-powered craft that take off and land vertically. Carmakers, tech companies and others are investing money into the field. The government isoffering a glide pathto certification.America's Federal Aviation Administration is engaged in the process with around 30 firms, says Natasha Santha of LEK, a consulting company.Midway between a cab and a helicopter, flying taxis have distinct advantages over both. Quiet electric motors allow them to operate frequent services. They require only a patch of concrete to land, unlike noisy helicopters, which face severe operating restrictions in most cities. They can fly four or five times faster than a cab can drive and do not get stuck in traffic. Prices can be kept low by ride-sharing. Joby, based inCalifornia, says its five-seater machine will enter commercial service in 2024. The firm calculates the initial cost of around $4 per person per mile may soon fall by 25%. A trip fromManhattanto JFK airport would then cost $30-40 per passenger.The real revolution will come when full autonomy takes out the cost of a pilot. Archer hopes to run such aircraft by 2028. They face fewer obstacles in the air than earth-bound cars do on the road; airliners mostly fly on autopilot as it is. Still, as one industry insider puts it, it is probably best to accustom passengers and regulators to airborne taxis before getting rid of the driver.12. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A. The flying car can date back to the 1920s.B. Investors see the potential of the business of the flying car.C. The flying car never left the ground successfully in history.D. A German company has launched a new flying car into the market.13. What does "offering a glide path" in Paragraph 2 probably refer to?A. Giving the green light.B. Providing timely assistance.C. Presenting legal guidance.D. Conducting strict management.14. Which of the following is the strength of flying taxis?A. Costing as little as cabs.B. Saving passengers from the traffic jam.C. Reducing air pollution.D. Having no operating restrictions.15. What can be inferred about the flying taxis from the last paragraph?A. They will develop faster than cars.B. Passengers will quickly get used to taking them.C. The regulators will take measures to promote them.D. Autopilot flying taxis will probably replace those with pilots.第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

成就生命,绘制“文化育德”同心圆陈吉玲1吴鹏2

成就生命,绘制“文化育德”同心圆陈吉玲1吴鹏2

成就生命,绘制“文化育德”同心圆陈吉玲1 吴鹏 2发布时间:2021-11-30T02:18:24.112Z 来源:《现代中小学教育》2021年11 下作者:陈吉玲1 吴鹏 2 [导读] 德育即育德,是以道德价值为核心的教育。

鄞州高级中学副校长陈吉玲鄞州高级中学德育处主任吴鹏摘要:德育即育德,是以道德价值为核心的教育。

人文见长的宁波市鄞州高级中学在立德树人指向下,重视中华优秀传统文化,挖掘传统文化中丰富的德育资源,通过校园环境、课程体系、经典活动、家校协同等要素的优化,打好学生核心素养的文化基础,在文化竞争日益激烈的今天提升青年学生的文化自信和文化自觉。

关键词:立德树人;核心素养;文化育人中华优秀传统文化以导人向善为目标,历来有重德尚德和崇德讲德的优良传统,古代教育一贯主张“学校之中,惟以成德为事”[1]。

习近平总书记更是明确的指出:“不忘本来才能开辟未来,善于继承才能更好创新,我们要努力用中华民族创造的一切精神财富来以文化人、以文育人。

”[2]鄞州高级中学作为宁波市一所重点中学,多年来深入挖掘传统文化的育人价值,着力打造“书香气、人文化”的校园,重视文化特色的营造和创新,本着成就生命的宗旨,提倡唤醒、激励、引导,强化学生的自主体验与感悟,引领学生成为更好的自己。

一、扎根传统文化:墨韵书香满校园前苏联教育家苏霍姆林斯基说“一所好的学校连墙壁也能说话”,学校的环境建设不能止于审美需求,而要突出育人思想,彰显学校文化。

为营造鲜明的有人文特色的育人氛围,充分发挥环境育人功能,学校挖掘传统文化中的人文精神,实施了“墨韵书香”校园环境建设工程。

校园书香物质环境。

学校围绕弘扬中华传统文化的理念设计学校环境,让内隐文化可视、可感,陶冶情操塑造品性:彰显中华传统书法文化寓意伏案读书的“鄞”篆体学校logo;校园一角篆刻了“弟子规”三字经文化墙;主体教学楼之间“笔墨纸砚”文房四宝石雕,其中竹简做的“纸”雕上刻有《论语》中的《劝学》;体现学校人文特色的文化长廊从一楼到三楼墙面分别布置了“梅兰竹菊”四君子的廉政诗篇、取自古诗词中代表为人处世的修身之言以及世界前沿的科技发展等图示。

宁波市区重点高中排名一览表

宁波市区重点高中排名一览表

宁波市区重点高中排名一览表宁波市地处浙江省的东南部,是世界上最早开发的大型港口之一,也是浙江省经济发展最快的重要城市。

它拥有优越的地理位置,气候宜人,人杰地灵,行政、文化和经济发达,交通便利,经济发展迅速,教育事业正在得到发展,生活水平不断提高。

宁波市的教育事业也取得了显著成就,它拥有众多高素质的高中,学校设施完备,教师素质高,管理有序,深受家长们的青睐。

下面是宁波市区重点高中的排名一览表。

1、宁波外国语学校。

宁波外国语学校建立于1960年,是宁波市地区唯一一所综合性的外语领域的重点高中,是宁波市地区资历最深的一所重点高中,也是省重点学校。

学校有多名国内外知名的学者作为教授,师资力量雄厚。

学校注重学生外语能力的全面发展,不仅在纯语言学习方面发挥着重要作用,而且还大力开展多种外语实践性活动,增强学生实践能力,以致每一位学生都能在学习上获得很大的提高。

2、宁波市第三中学。

宁波市第三中学成立于1972年,是宁波市地区历史最悠久的高中之一,也是宁波市地区重点高中之一。

学校素有“学贵有礼,以礼招生”的美誉,致力于提高学生素养,注重学习效果,引导学生掌握新知识,努力推进教学进步。

学校始终特别重视学生的智力素质培养,坚持以科学、技术和文化为先导,以创新精神和实践能力为重点,培养学生系统地、全面地掌握科学知识,提高学生的创新精神和实践能力,鼓励学生参与实践锻炼,以便在将来的职业生涯中取得更大的成功。

3、宁波鄞州中学。

宁波鄞州中学成立于1962年,是宁波市地区仅有的三所重点高中之一,在宁波市地区赢得了良好的口碑。

学校注重学生的社会实践能力的提升,强调学生积极参加各类活动,发挥自身才能,主动发现和解决实际问题,还结合本校特色与实际,组织开展了各种实践学习活动,让学生们在实践中发展思维能力、提升自身能力。

4、宁波市第五中学。

宁波市第五中学建立于1966年,是宁波市地区重点建设的高中之一,也是省重点学校之一。

学校注重学生多元文化氛围的构建,大力开展体育、文艺等活动,培养学生健康的身心发展,促进学生良好的素质和良好的心态。

宁波有哪些职高

宁波有哪些职高

宁波有哪些职高宁波有哪些职高职业高中,全称职业高级中学,是职业中学的一种,普通教育与职业教育相结合的中等学校,属于高中阶段的一种中等职业教育。

以下是小编为大家整理宁波有哪些职高相关内容,仅供参考,希望能够帮助大家!1、宁波市职教中心首批国家级重点职业学校、浙江省职业教育的窗口单位——宁波市职业技术教育中心学校,地处江东桑田路885号,地理位置优越,交通便捷。

学校占地54767.7平方米,建筑总面积40152平方米,白墙蓝瓦,色调和谐,整体格局大气。

2、宁波市甬江职业高级中学宁波市甬江职业高级中学是一所国家级重点职业学校,其前身为创建于1844年的全国最早的.女子中学——甬江女中。

学校位于翠柏路309号,总体建筑面积3万5千平方米。

下设有宁波甬江中英国际商务管理学校、宁波上影影视艺术学校、宁波育才培训学校。

3、宁波兴港职业高级中学宁波兴港职业高级中学是目前宁波市规模较大的一所综合性中等职业学校。

学校现隶属于宁波市经济委员会,系全民事业单位。

经过三十多年的发展与壮大,学校规模日益扩大,社会声誉不断提升,已形成集职业教育、技能鉴定、就业培训一体的多层次、多规格、多形式的职业教育中心和技能培训基地。

4、宁波市第九中学学校创办于1956年,职业教育始办于1984年,2006年被评为浙江省一级重点职高,2008年2月成为国家级重点职业学校。

5、宁波市鄞州职业高级中学宁波市鄞州职业高级中学,位于浙江省宁波科技园区龙山脚下,是高新区区第一所国家级重点职高,学校占地面积约136亩,环境优美,交通便利。

学校先后荣获国家级重点职高、国家级绿色学校、省级先进学校等多项荣誉称号。

扩展资料:职业高级中学在改革教育结构的基础上发展起来的中等职业学校,大部分由普通中学改建而成,一般招收初中毕业生,学制3年。

培养目标与中等职业学校类似。

职业高中属于初中毕业后考入,毕业后可以参加对口高考继续升学。

职业高中是高中的一部分,一般简称高中阶段。

贺同万、宁波市鄞州职业高级中学人事争议二审民事判决书

贺同万、宁波市鄞州职业高级中学人事争议二审民事判决书

贺同万、宁波市鄞州职业高级中学人事争议二审民事判决书【案由】民事劳动争议、人事争议其他劳动争议、人事争议【审理法院】浙江省宁波市中级人民法院【审理法院】浙江省宁波市中级人民法院【审结日期】2020.04.13【案件字号】(2019)浙02民终5667号【审理程序】二审【审理法官】赵晖周娜樊瑞娟【审理法官】赵晖周娜樊瑞娟【文书类型】判决书【当事人】贺同万;宁波市鄞州职业高级中学【当事人】贺同万宁波市鄞州职业高级中学【当事人-个人】贺同万【当事人-公司】宁波市鄞州职业高级中学【代理律师/律所】徐健浙江导司律师事务所【代理律师/律所】徐健浙江导司律师事务所【代理律师】徐健【代理律所】浙江导司律师事务所【法院级别】中级人民法院【字号名称】民终字【原告】贺同万【被告】宁波市鄞州职业高级中学【本院观点】关于《终止聘用关系通知书》的效力问题。

已有生效判决对双方于2014年9月19日签订的聘用合同效力作出有效认定,且依据《事业单位人事管理条例》第十四条规定,该聘用合同签订时,贺同万并不符合可以订立无固定期限聘用合同的条件,因此贺同万以其与鄞州职高存在无固定期限聘用合同关系为由要求鄞州职高与其签订新的聘用合同,显然缺乏依据。

【权责关键词】无效胁迫撤销代理合同回避反证证明力合法性质证诉讼请求维持原判执行【指导案例标记】0【指导案例排序】0【本院查明】本院对一审认定的事实予以确认。

【本院认为】本院认为,关于《终止聘用关系通知书》的效力问题。

鄞州职高2018年1月7日送达给贺同万的《终止聘用关系通知书》上加盖有鄞州职高的公章,且鄞州职高已明确表示认可顾一平向贺同万送达《终止聘用关系通知书》的行为系代表其学校的行为,故2018年1月7日鄞州职高向贺同万送达的《终止聘用关系通知书》有效,贺同万提出的关于《终止聘用关系通知书》无效的上诉主张,因其缺乏事实和法律依据,本院不予支持。

贺同万主张其于2014年9月与鄞州职高签订的是无固定期限聘用合同,鄞州职高提供给法院的期限为2014年7月1日至2017年7月30日的聘用合同系经篡改后的无效合同。

鄞州高级中学选科走班方案

鄞州高级中学选科走班方案

鄞州高级中学创建于2004年,秉承“自由、自律、博学、博爱”的校训,以“为学生奠基幸福人生,为社会培养优秀人才”为使命,致力于打造书香浓郁的人文校园、个性鲜明的活力校园、开放包容的和谐校园,让每位学生成为身心健康、学力扎实、情趣高雅、视野开阔的高素质人才,力争使鄞州高级中学成为一所学生向往、社会信任的高品位学校。

根据《浙江省深化普通高中课程改革方案》、《浙江省深化高校考试招生制度综合改革试点方案》和浙教考〔2014〕129号《浙江省教育厅关于印发浙江省普通高中学业水平考试实施办法和浙江省普通高校招生选考科目考试实施办法的通知》等有关文件精神,结合我校的实际制订高中选科走班的学校实施方案。

第一章组织机构课程的组织实施是一个复杂的系统工程,为确保选科走班工作的顺利实施,必须建立坚强有效的组织领导机构。

具体如下:选科走班学校组织机构结构图1.深化课程改革工作领导小组深化课程改革工作领导小组由校长兼任组长,分管教学副校长兼任副组长,其成1员有:校长室成员、各处室主任等。

主要职责:①定期召集会议,研究新课改实施情况,负责对学校新课改实施作出科学的决策与部署,制定学校课程方案和特色发展规划;②安排新课改的经费投入、教学设施设备增添,修订与新课改相配套的教育教学管理制度;③加强课程资源的开发与建设,强化师资队伍的建设与培训提高;④落实课程实施过程的管理,学生的走班选课管理,做好新课程实施的质量监测、评价分析与学生学分认定等工作;⑤加强新课改的舆论导向和成果宣传。

2.课程教学与管理中心负责制定选科走班方案、选科指导方案,安排选科走班的课程,选科走班的教学管理和教学评价等。

3.年级段负责年级段学生的选科指导具体工作,组织好选科工作,协助课程教学与管理中心做好教学管理工作,并处理好选科走班中的具体问题。

2第二章高考方案根据《浙江省深化高校考试招生制度综合改革试点方案》文件要求,全面深化统一高考招生改革,实行统一高考和高中学业水平考试(以下简称高中学考)相结合,考生自主确定选考科目,高校确定专业选考科目及其他选拔条件要求,综合评价,择优录取。

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试卷及答案

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试卷及答案

2021年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试卷及答案第一部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AA medical capsule robot is a small,often pill-sized device that can do planned movement inside the body after being swallowed or surgically inserted. Most models use wireless electronics or magnets or a combination of the two to control the movement of the capsule. Such devices have been equipped with cameras to allow observation and diagnosis, with sensors that “feel,” and even with mechanical needles that administer drugs.But in practice, Biomechatronics engineer Pietro Valdastri has found that developing capsule models from scratch (从头开始) is costly, time-consuming and requires advanced skills. “The problem was we had to do them from scratch every time,” said Valdastri in an interview. “And other research groups were redeveloping those same modules from scratch, which didn’t make sense.”Since most of the capsules have the same parts of components: a microprocessor, communication submodules, an energy source, sensors, and actuators (致动器), Valdastri and his team made the modular platform in which the pieceswork in concertand can be interchanged with ease. They also developed a flexible board on which the component parts are snapped in like Legos. The board can be folded to fit the body of the capsule, down to about 14 mm. Additionally, they compiled (编译) a library of components that designers could choose from, enabling hundreds of different combinations. They arranged it all in a free online system. Designers can take the available designs or adapt them to their specific needs.“Instead of redeveloping all the modules from scratch, people with limited technological experience can use our modules to build their own capsule robots in clinical use and focus on their innovation,” Valdastri said.Now, the team has designed a capsule equipped with a surgical clip to stop internal bleeding. Researchers at Scotland’s Royal Infirmary of Edinburg have also expressed interest in using the system to make a crawling capsule that takes images of the colon(结肠). One research group, led by professors at the Institute of Digestive Disease of the Chinese University of HongKong, is making a swimming capsule equipped with a camera that pushes itself through the stomach.One limitation of Valdastri’s system is that it’s only for designing models. Researchers can confirm their hypotheses (假设) and do first design using the platform, but will need to move to a custom approach to develop their capsules further and make them practical for clinical use.1. According to the passage, Valdastri and his team created the platform to ________.A. adopt the latest technologiesB. make their robots dream come trueC. help build specialized capsule robotsD. do preciser observation and diagnosis2. What does the underlined phrase “work in concert” mean in Para.3?A. Perform live.B. Run independently.C. Act in a cooperative way.D. Carry on step by step.3. What can be learnt from the passage?A. Valdastri’s system can’t provide a complete capsule creation.B. The modular platform is more useful than a custom approach.C. The capsules can move in human’s body automatically.D. It costs more to module the capsules on the board.BDogs are often called as “man's best friend”, MacKenzie, a four-pound Chihuahua(吉娃娃), was named winner of the 2020 American Hero Dog Competition on October 19, 2020.In its tenth year in 2020 the annual contest is the brainchild of American Humane, the country's first national charitable organization founded for the safety and well-being of animals. Often called the “Oscars for dogs”, the award recognizes dogs who make extremely great contributions to society.The competition of 2020 attracted over 400 entries(参赛者)from across the country. These heroic dogs have gone above the call of duty, saving lives, comforting the ill and aged and reminding us of the powerful, age-old ties between animals and people. While all were impressive, it was tiny MacKenzie who wonthe judges' hearts.MacKenzie's growth was not easy. Born with a mouth disability, she had to be fed through a tube(管子)for the first year of her life. Despite her own struggles, she always seemed to think more of other animals in need. “Never have I seen such a will to live. Though sick, she carefully looked after the baby animals at the rescue(救助)center,” said her caretaker.A life-saving operation performed in 2014 gave MacKenzie the ability to eat independently. The seven-year-old chihuahua is now working for the Mia Foundation, an organization that rescues and nurses animals with inborn disabilities. The chihuahua does an excellent job and has raised various animals. She plays nurse, cleans, comforts and hugs them, acting as their mother and teaching them how to socialize, play and have goodmanners.In addition to her role as an animal caretaker, MacKenzie also visits schools to educate kids about the importance of accepting physical differences in both animals and people. Her heartwarming and inspiring story makes MacKenzie a worthy receiver ofAmerica's top dog honor.4. What can we infer about the American Hero Dog Competition?A. It was first held in 2010B. It was held to honor caretakers of dogs.C. It takes place every ten years.D. It was started by a charitable organization.5. With what quality did MacKenzie win the award?A. Talent and braveryB. Friendliness and care.C. Courage and selflessness.D. Confidence and independence.6. In which aspect can students benefit from MacKenzie's visits?A. Learning from failures.B. Understanding the disabled.C. Valuing physical health.D. Developing practical ability.7. What's the best title for the text?A. Dogs Are Man's Best Friends.B. Treat Dogs the Way We Want to Be Treated.C. Touching Stories between MacKenzie and PeopleD. 2020 American Hero Dog: A TinyChihuahua.CIn the old days, when you had to drive to a movie theater to get some entertainment, it was easy to see how your actions could have an impact(影响)on the environment. After all, you were jumping into your car, driving across town, coughing out emissions(产生排放)and using gas all the way. But now that we're used to staying at home and streaming movies, we might get a littleproud. After all, we're just picking up our phones and maybe turning on the TV. You're welcome. Mother Nature.Not so fast, says a recent report from the French-based Shift Project. According to "Climate Crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video", digital technologies are responsible for 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, and that energy use is increasing by 9% a year. Watching a half-hour show would cause 1. 6 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions. That's like driving 6. 28 kilometers. And in the European Union, the Eureca project found that data centers(where videos are stored)there used 25% more energy in 2017 compared to just three years earlier, reports the BBC.Streaming is only expected to increase as webecome more enamored ofour digital devices(设备)and the possibility of enjoying entertainment where and when we want it increases. Online video use is expected toincrease by four times from 2017 to 2022 and account for 80% of all Internet traffic by 2022. By then, about 60% of the world's population will be online.You're probably not going to give up your streaming services, but there're things you can do to help lessen the impact of your online use, experts say. For example, according to Lutz Stobbe, a researcher from the Fraunhofer Institute in Berlin, we have no need to upload 25 pictures of the same thing to the cloud because it consumes energy every time. If instead you delete a few things here and there, you can save energy. Moreover, it's also a good idea to stream over Wi-Fi, watch on the smallest screen you can, and turn off your Wi-Fi in your home if you're not using your devices.8. What topic is the first paragraph intended to lead in?A. The environmental effects of driving private cars.B. The improvements on environmental awareness.C. The change in the way people seek entertainment.D The environmental impacts of screaming services.9. What does the underlined phrase become more enamored of" in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Get more skeptical of.B. Become more aware of.C. Feel much crazier about.D. Get more worried about.10. What can we infer about the use of streaming services?A. It is being reduced to protect the planet.B. Its environmental effects are worsening.C. It is easily available to almost everyone.D. Its side effects have drawn global attention.11. Which of the following is the most environmentally-friendly?A. Watching downloaded movies on a mobile phone.B. Downloading music on a personal computer.C. Uploading a lot of images of the same thing.D. Playing online games over mobile networks.DContrary to the long-held belief that plants in the natural world are always in competition, new research has found that in severe environments adult plants help smaller ones and grow well as a result.The research, led by Dr Rocio, studied adult and seedling (幼苗)plants in the ecological desert in thesouth-east of Spain. Dr Rocio said, “If you're a seedling in a poor land — the top of a mountain or a sand hill, for example-and you’re lucky enough to end up underneath a big plant, your chances of survival are certainly better than if you landed somewhere on your own. What we have found, which was surprising, is an established large plant, called a ‘nurse’, protects a seedling; it also produces more flowers than the same plants of similar large size growing on their own.”Other benefits of nurse-seedling partnerships include that more variety of plants growing together can have a positive effect on the environment. For example, vegetation areas with nurse plants with more flowers might be able to attract higher numbers of pollinators(传粉者)in an area, in turn supporting insect and soil life and even provide a greater range of different fruit types for birds and other animals.“The biggest winner for this system of nursing a plant is biodiversity(生物多样性),” Dr Rocio said. “The more biodiversean area, the greater number of species of plants, insect life, mammals and birds, and the better the chances of long-term healthy functioning of the environment and ecosystems. ” This system is win-win for adult and seedling plants in unfavorable environments.The research is of value to those who manage and protect plants in tough environments. Most home gardeners and farmers plan to ensure their soil and conditions are the best they can be for plant growth, but the findings might be of value to those who garden in bare places.12. What is a common understanding of plants?A. They can help each other.B. They can survive ill conditions.C. They compete with each other.D. They grow well on their own.13. What will happen to seedling plants if they grow under adult plants?A. They will produce more flowers.B. They will die owing to competition.C. They will make adult plants larger.D. They will get support from adult plants.14. What is the effect of the nurse-seedling partnership?A. It leads to unfavorable environments.B. It produces long-term healthy chances.C. It attracts higher and larger pollinators.D It provides a more variety of plant types.15. Who will benefit from the new research?A. People studying organic farming.B. People protecting plants on sand hills.C. People wanting to change biodiversity.D. People keeping more animals on the farm.第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2021届宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试题及参考答案

2021届宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试题及参考答案

2021届宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语一模试题及参考答案第一部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThree Things to Do Before You Are 18Are you bored with your daily life? Here are some things you should try before you are 18.★Learn to swimSeriously, this is so important that it can save your life. If you can’t swim well, you won’t be able to dowater sports like waterskiing, surfing and diving. Even taking a boat trip will be dangerous for you. Make sure you do it.★Try at least one kind of team sportsBeing a good team player is an important skill in life. You can’t just think of yourself, but have to work well with other people. Other advantages of team sports like basketball, football and baseball are that they keep you fit and healthy, and they are also great fun. Teams usually have a good social life too—you’ll go to lots of parties and make many friends.★Collect somethingOne of the best hobbies for under-18s is collecting things. You could collect kinds of stamps, or you could collect things that make you remember what you have done, like cinema tickets for films you have seen or letters from friends. The best way to collect is to have a special album to put your collection in and to write what each thing means to you. That way you won’t forget.1. The most important reason for learning to swim is that ________.A. you might feel wellB. it can make you healthyC. you might easily do lots of thingsD. it can save your life2. The writer tells us that one of the best hobbies is to ________ .A. collect somethingB. do some water sportsC. send letters to your friendsD. play basketball with your friends23. The passage is mainly about ________before you are 18.A. good habits to keepB. skills to haveC. things to doD. sports to playBI have a memory of being about five years old, picking up a beautiful grilled(烧烤的)cheese sandwich made for me by my hard —working mother and turning it over to see that theother side was burned. Suddenly what I thought was the perfect sandwich was not so perfect. Mom had tried to hide that fact from me. There was no question; I ate it anyway without complaining. However, that moment has stuck in my mind for many years. Now, at the age of 43 as a mother of two children and as a biology professor where I am routinely the "academic mother" of hundreds of students every year,I find that I believe inThe Grilled Cheese Principle.Here is what I mean Making a grilled cheese sandwich is easy right? But when I think of how many burned grilled cheese sandwiches I have eaten, or I have made myself, I realize that most of the grilled cheese sandwiches I have known have had at least one burned side. The thing is that although it is a ly easy thing to make, I can also easily lose focus, and before long the sandwich is burned. For my mother, the first side was usually perfect and the second side got burned due to her being distracted. For me,I have tended to burn the first side,but then I more carefully monitor the second side.Either way,the grilled cheese sandwich suffers because it has not been given the attention it deservesSo, I have learned that even the simplest task deserves my full attention. When I am multi-tasking, I am doing none of the tasks well. And when I allow myself to be distracted, I am not in the present moment — not paying attention to the small details of living or enjoying the processSo now, I believe the best way to make a perfect grilled cheese sandwich is to make only one at a time and give it my full attention.4. How did the writer react to the sandwich with burned side?A. She ate it with some complaintsB. She showed no interest.C. She thought it was still perfectD. She was deeply impressed with it5. What doesThe Grilled Cheese Principlemean?A. Even simple things deserve full attentionB. Losing focus makes the sandwich burnedC. Self-made sandwiches are always burnedD. we should make only one sandwich at a time6. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?A. Everything cannot be done well without full attentionB. Moms always like to lie to kids when they have done something wrongC. We can lose focus more easily when we do easy things.D. Multi-tasking can be an obstacle to the achievement of tasks.7. What does the writer mainly want to tell us?A. Nothing is perfectB. Learn to appreciate the burned sandwichesC. Devote yourself to one thing at a time.D. Never do multi-tasksCDragon boating is a team sport that has its root in ancient China. The boats are decorated with a dragon head and tail. In recent years cancer survivor groups have got involved in the sport to help make friends and help rebuild their lives.On a recent Saturday morning, a group of 20 women were on a boat in the Anacostia River in Washington DC. They moved their paddles(船桨)in rhythm to the call of a coach. The women belong to the dragon boat team GoPink! DC, which trains weekly. It also races against other breast cancer survivor teams in dragon boat festivals. As a result, GoPink! DC won medals in this Washington dragon boat festival.Lydia Collins joined five years ago after finding out she had breast cancer. “I was diagnosed with breast cancer.I was demoralized because of my illness - I lost all interest in life and wouldn't even get out of bed to eat. But now I love the team spirit. I just love everything about it. It is like a floating support group on the water.”The paddles are breast cancer survivors and their supporters. Annette Rothemel helped establish(建立)the group in 2006. She is a researcher with the National Institutes of Health as well as a breast cancer survivor. “It is sort of an easy entry sport because on the same boat people at different levels can be doing the same sport.” But Ms Rothemel saysdragon boating can be physically demanding, especially for someone who is sick and getting treatment for cancer.“It’s hard but I think you have to challenge yourself in life. This is something I look forward to. I get to be out here with my sisters and supporters that understand what I’m going through and help motivate me. So it makes me stronger and it makes me feel better,” another cancer survivor Rhonda Hartzel said.Annette Rothemel says the cancer survivors feel a sense of sisterhood and share good times when they paddle together. She says both feelings are treasured by the team.8. What do the underline wordsdemoralizedIn para.3 probably mean?A. depressedB. anxiousC. astonishedD. awkward9. What can we know about Lydia Collims from the text?A. she helps establish Go Pink !DCB. she tries to find a cure for the cancerC. she benefits from the dragon boat raceD. she gives up hope because of her illness10. How can the dragon boat race help the cancer survivorsA. forget their tough experiencesB. recover physically and mentallyC. get rid of the pains of their cancerD. enjoy their rest life without sufferings11. What does the text tell us about Annette Rothemel?A. she is an expert in studying the cause of the cancerB. she helps the cancer survivors in financial difficultiesC. she believes there is a healthful result from the dragon boat raceD. she thinks it unwise for the patient to join in the dragon boat raceDJapan is known to have higher than average rates of stomach cancer. Recently, the town of Kaneyama in Yamagata Prefecture decided to get its 6, 000 residents (居民) tested.However, the frozen urine samples (尿样) are not tested in conventional ways. Instead, Professor Masao Miyashita and his team are using them in a trial to determine if specially trained cancer-sniffing dogs can accurately detect the disease. Though the study is still in its early stages, Miyashita is thrilled with the results. He said, “In our research so far, cancer detection dogs have been able to find signs of cancer with an accuracy of nearly 100 percent.”Researchers have known about the animals’ superior sensory skills for decades. However, their ability to detect cancer in humans came to light in 1989, after a dog sniffed out early-stage malignant melanoma (恶性黑色素瘤) on a patient’s leg in London. Since then, scientists from many countries have conducted studies to test dogs’ great skill at identifying cancer chemicals.While most dogs can be trained for the task researchers say the best candidates are dogs that are precise, quiet, and perhaps even a little shy. The training process is similar to how dogs are taught to learn any trick — byrewarding them with treats! However, it takes much longer because the dogs have to learn to separate the “cancer scent (气味)”from the thousands of organic compounds (有机化合物) in the human body. Researchers begin by exposing the dogs to urine samples from people with cancer, people with other diseases, and patients with no health issues, Once the dogs are able to accurately identify cancer, they are further trained to detect particular kinds of cancer.Successful as they may be, experts think dogs are unlikely to replace conventional tests. For one, it takes about seven years and costs as much as $45,000 to train a single dog. Klaus Hackner, a researcher and physician who studies dogs detecting cancer in breath samples at Krems University Hospital in Austria, is also not convinced dogs can be relied upon alone. Patients, therefore, have to receive further tests to confirm if they have the disease.12. What do we know about the cancer-sniffing dogs mentioned in Paragraph 2?A. They have done a great job.B. They are trained in a special way.C. They can easily learn to distinguish cancer.D. They can be seen in many Japanese hospitals.13. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3?A. Offer readers some advice.B. Add some background information.C. Summarize the previous paragraphs.D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.14. What kind of dog is suitable for the cancer-sniffing job?A. Smart and brave.B. Active and faithful.C. Strong and patient.D. Careful and peaceful.15. What is Klaus Hackner’s opinion on cancer-sniffing dogs?A. They should work as a team.B. They need to receive more training.C. They can replace doctors in detecting cancer.D. They should be used together with traditional tests.第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

国家级重点职高鄞州职业高级中学

国家级重点职高鄞州职业高级中学

国家级重点职高鄞州职业高级中学

【期刊名称】《中等职业教育》
【年(卷),期】2007(000)09Z
【摘要】鄞州职业高级中学,位于宁波市鄞州区邱隘镇,距离宁波市中心13公里,整座校园青山环绕,绿树相映,幽静整洁。

学校以艰苦创业的精神和长期坚持服务地方的办学宗旨而闻名省内外,是宁波市职业教育界第一所国家级重点职校。

【总页数】1页(PF0003)
【作者】无
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G718.2
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宁波市鄞州高级中学试论数字“三”在文化建构中的作用刘少龙[摘要]:语言中的文化符号对于民族文化的继承和建构有至关重要的作用。

数字“三”在长达数千年的中国历史中,产生了一种奇特的文化指令功能,形成了独具一格的汉字文化。

这体现在很多方面:丰富多彩的词汇和独特审美内涵的文化。

[关键词]:三礼文化建构语言中的文化符号,对于民族文化的继承和建构有至关重要的作用。

对于在文化建构中,“民族文化的思想家们为了得到理论建构所需要的术语,往往用日常的语言符号通过隐喻的方式来指称他们认识到的范畴,于是就把日常的语言符号改造成了文化符号”,①正是这样的文化符号,在文化理论大厦的推衍、发生及建构过程中,起了一种“内核”的功能。

某些数字,因为汉民族的独特阐释而成为一种特殊的“文化符号”,以至在长达数千年的中国历史上,产生了一种奇特的文化指令功能,而且凭借汉民族某些文化人独特阐释活动创造出了独具一格的汉民族文化。

这些数字所产生的文化功能和其他语言符号文化功能一样,根深蒂固地积淀在汉民族的心理结构之中。

数字“三”作为一个神秘的文化语言符号,在我国汉民族的心理结构中,具有特殊的文化内涵和审美价值。

中国的数字文化,素来有信三、喜八和崇九的传统,但很多人对“三”这个神秘的文化符号了解的还不够,本文试图从词汇学和文化学的视野,对数字“三”作一些考察。

壹作为数词,“三”既可以实指“二加一所得之数”,也可以泛指,虚指多、好、差等各种褒贬概念,是个约数。

这种用法,在“三”和别的数词组合时更常见,其大致有以下几种情况:1.“三”单用表实义:如三光(古代指日月星)、三曹(曹操、曹丕与曹植的合称)、三伏(指初伏、中伏和末伏)、三王(夏禹、商汤和周文王)。

2.“三”单用虚指,多作褒义:如韦编三绝,三过其门而不入,三省吾身等。

3.“三”与“二”组合虚指,多为贬义:如三头两面,三心二意等。

4.“三”与“四”组合虚指,多为贬义:如三番四复。

5.“三”与“五”组合实指,如三辰五星,三侠五义,三皇五帝,三纲五常等。

6.“三”与“五”组合虚指壮、多等:如五大三粗,五荤三厌,三令五申,三番五次等。

7.“三”与“五”组合虚指贬用:如五花三层,五眉三道等。

8.“三”与“六”组合虚指概数:三亲六眷,三头六臂,三茶六饭,三姑六婆,三班六房等。

9.“三”与“八”组合虚指概数:如三灾八难等。

10.“三”与“九”组合虚指概数:如三旬九食,三教九流等。

11.“三”与多个数词组合虚指:三六九等,三下五除二(亦为珠算口诀,喻干净利落)等。

综上所述,作为汉语数词,“三”无论单用或组合,虚义多与实义,或有些原为实义,后多转为虚指(如三令五申,三教九流等,其中“三”都是由实向虚的外延的伸展,形成无比丰富的文化内涵)。

贰“三文化”外延之广博,还体现在汉语中由“三”构成的复合词特别多,反映了古人对“三”的强烈数崇拜,尤其是宗教、中医学和天时与“三”结缘最深。

例如:佛教:三归、三世、三生、三藏、三昧、三界、三教、三纲、三乘、三宝、三衣、三科、三性、三障、三法印、三论宗、三界唯心。

道教:三尸、三壬、三清、三洞、三元、三一。

中医:三七、三因、三阳、三消、三棱、三焦、三喉、三芝、三阴交、三阳络、三毒。

宗法:三才、三尺、三少、三司、三师、三台、三纲、三牲、三事、三赦。

古籍:三玄、三礼、三笑、三颂三通、三略、三传、三百篇、三农记、三国志、三言二拍。

天时:三巳,三元、三五、三伏、三正、三更、三时、三秀三朝、三九、三始。

地名:三齐、三水、三门、三穗、三吴、三原、三涂、三峡。

地理:三山、三川、三卫、三蜀、三屿、三关、三楚、三江、三巴。

音乐:三六、三小戏、三弦、三叠、三重奏、三和弦。

饮食:三韭、三麦、三桃。

文体:三艺、三言诗、三一律。

兵器:三翼、三尺、三叉戢。

其他:三胡(异族)、三铢(古钱币)。

叁上举种种“三”的复合词中,有的一词跨数类,有的一词只属一类,但本身所指又有不同的说法。

若细加考察,几乎每一词或每一种说法都有其不同的出典或源流,蕴藏着“三”文化的丰富内涵。

一词多类如:三元:①道教称天、地、水(《云笈七签》);②旧称乡试、会试、殿试的第一名为解元、会元、状元,合称三元;③“三才”的别称(郑馀庆《享太庙乐章》);④阴历正月初一日,为年月日三者之始,故称“三元”(颜师古《奉和正日临朝》);⑤旧以阴历正月十五为上元节,七月十五为中元节,十月十五为下元节。

源出于道教;三五:①指参宿、昴宿(《诗·召南·小星》);②指十五(郭璞《方言序》);③指阴历每月十五(《古诗十九首》);④指三皇五帝(《楚辞·九章·抽思》);⑤三个、五个;三老:①指上寿、中寿、下寿(《左传·僖公三十二年》);②古时掌管教化的乡官(《汉书·高帝记上》);③船工;三九:①指三公九卿(《后汉书》);②指三种韭菜,比喻清贫(《南齐书·庾杲之传》);③即“三九天”(《农政全书》);三宫:①古代诸侯夫人的宫(《谷梁传·桓公十四年》);②汉人奏疏,用作皇帝、太后、皇后的合称(《汉书·王嘉传》);③指明堂、辟雍、灵台(张衡《东京赋》);一词多释如:三关:①上党关、壶口关、石陉关(《后汉书·冯衍传》);②阳平关、江关、白水关、(《三国志》);③义阳三关;④淤口关、益津关、瓦桥关;⑤居庸关、倒马关、紫荆关为“内三关”,雁门关、宁武关、偏头关为外三关;三江:①今吴凇江和芜湖、宜信间由长江通太湖一水,并长江下游为南、中、北三江(《汉书·地理志》);②赣江、岷江、汉江(初学记);③长江上、中、下合称“三江”(盛宏之《荆州记》);④浙江、浦江、郯江(《吴越春秋》);⑤松江、钱塘江、浦阳江(韦昭《国语》注);⑥岷江、松江、浙江(《水经注》);⑦松江、娄江、东江(顾夷《吴地记》);三司:①东汉称太尉、司徒、司空为三司;②唐以御史大夫、中书、门下为三司(《新唐书·百官志》);③五代称盐铁、户部、度支为三司;④尽以劝农、盐铁、度支户部三科为三司;⑤明代以各省之都指挥史司、布政史司、按察史司为三司;三皇:①天皇、地皇、泰皇(《史记·秦始皇本纪》);②天皇、地皇、人皇(《史记·补三皇本纪》引《河图》《三五历》);③伏羲、燧人、神农(《风俗通义》引《礼纬含文嘉》);④伏羲、女娲、神农(《风俗通义》引《春秋纬运斗枢》);⑤伏羲、神农、祝融(《白虎通》);⑥伏羲、神农、共工(《通鉴外记》);三族:①父族、母族、妻族(《大戴礼记·保傅》);②父、子、孙(《礼记·仲尼燕居》);③父母、兄弟、妻子(《史记·秦本纪》);④父昆弟、己昆弟、子昆弟(《仪礼·士昆礼》);这种“三”复合词中大量存在的一词多类或多释现象,和三以虚义多指为主的用法是一脉相承的。

正是这些超越了数学上精确性的模糊用法,作为数词“三”才得以遨游于汉字文化的历史长河之中,创造、繁衍出自身富有时代和地域特色的华夏“三文化”。

肆“‘三’是用于规划‘礼’的基本数”②数字三与上古礼教有着密切的关系。

其原因主要有三点。

首先,“三”在古人观念中,有一种神性。

上古神话传说中有许多神怪都具有三之数:三足乌、三足龟、三足鳖、三头人、三面人等。

瀛洲、蓬莱、方丈等海外“三神山”是仙人居住之处。

其次,“三”“九”比“五”更易作系列性的安排,既可以形成“三、六、九、二十七、八十一”等递升序列,又可形成“九、七、五、三”等递降序列。

这样正好符合礼数中贵贱亲疏等级序列。

另外,“三”被选作规划礼的基本数,同古人对世界“三才”(天地人)构成观念有很大的关系。

《荀子·礼论》中说:“礼有三本:天地者,生之本也;先祖者,类之本也;君师者,治之本也。

……故礼,上事天,下事地,尊先师,而隆君师,是礼之三本也。

”所以,古代有“三礼”:祭天、地、宗庙的三种祭礼。

祭品有“三牺”(雁鹜雉)、“三牲”(牛羊猪)或“三俎”(猪鱼腊)。

祭天地时,要三次献酒,叫“三献”。

为了分出亲疏长幼,在宗亲中有“三族”、“三党”。

在官职中,把太师、太保和太傅称为“三公”;把司马、司徒和司空称为“三卿”等等。

在刑罚和军事中,常使用“三”这一基本数。

《周礼·秋官》:“大司寇之职,掌建邦之三典……一曰刑新国,用轻典;二曰刑平国,用中典;三曰刑乱国,用重典(注:典,法也)。

”“司刺掌三刺三宥三赦之法……”军事方面,周制天子设六军,诸侯大国设三军。

兵书有《三略》。

作战时击鼓进军也以三次为号,称为“三鼓”。

中国被称为“礼仪之邦”,来源于古代繁琐的“揖让”之礼。

这一点从《周礼·秋官·司仪》中的一段文字就可见一斑:凡诸公相为宾,主国五积,三问,皆三辞,拜受,皆旅摈。

再劳,三辞三揖,登,拜受,拜送。

主君郊劳,交摈,三辞,车逆拜辱,三揖,三辞,拜受,车送,三还再拜。

……及将币交摈,三辞,车送拜辱,宾车进,答拜。

三揖三让每门止一相。

及庙,唯上相入。

宾三揖三让,登,再拜受币,宾拜送币。

每事如初,宾也如之。

及出,车送,三请三进,再拜,宾三还三辞,告辟。

综上所述,上古把“三”选作规划礼制的基本数,“三”就成了一种维持奴隶制国家统治秩序的符号系统。

因而,“三”对后世的影响就不难理解了。

伍我们从哲学的角度看,“三”的产生即具有神圣意义。

《老子》中说:“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。

”在古人看来,“三”是阴阳结合的产物,代表着世界万事万物,这既是“三”常用来表虚指多的原因,也是“三”受人们重视的哲学渊源。

数字“三”同时反映了我国古代的宇宙观。

古人的宇宙观,就是天地观,信奉天圆地方,认为圆的天和方的地,这二者周径之间的比例为3:4,因而“三”“四”便成为天地和圆方的象征数字,“天三地四”即《易·系词》所云两个真正的“天地之数”,蕴涵“天地交泰”“阴阳合德”造化宇宙万物之意。

因而数字“三”从产生起,就已在人们心里烙下了宗教的神秘崇拜的印记。

人们对“三”的青睐,也就不足为奇了。

心理学角度看,从一到二再到三,只有“三”,才可以形成一个平面,以稳稳的托住事物(如古代的司母戊鼎为两耳三脚),因而三就是稳定之数的基数,从而在人们心里留下了“稳定”的心理印象。

这又是数字“三”受人重视的心理机制。

反映在我国民俗文化中,与“三”结缘最深的要数三月三日上巳节了。

上巳原为三月上旬巳日,俗以此日临水祓除不详,称“修禊”。

到曹魏时规定三月三日为上巳节,逐渐演化为郊游野饮的节庆日。

“三月三日天气新,长安水边多丽人”(杜甫《丽人行》),就是长安唐时上巳节盛况的描绘。

不同民族的上巳节有不同的过法。

壮族的三月三,为青年的社交活动。

对唱山歌,选择和会见情人,举行歌圩,男女盛服,聚会作歌,成为欢乐的节日。

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