第二语言习得入门第三章讲解课件
二语习得ppt课件
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一、语言输入与语言形式调整的研究
（一）“外国人话语”的特点
“外国人话语”——指外国人的话语？（×） ——指对外国人说的话语。
Ferguson：“外国人话语”是指说某语言的人对该 语言能力有限者或者根本没有该语言能力者所使用 的一种简化的语体。 “外国人话语”与标准英语有三方面不用：
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“外国人话语”与标准英语有三方面不用： 1.语音方面：语速慢、发音清楚、停顿、重音、夸
Hatch and Wagner-Gough,1976 Hatch ,1978a Peck,1978
早期关注是学习者的语言产出 语言输入与互动
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研究材料来自母语者与学习者交流的转写材料，这些 材料使研究者不仅能观察到学习者的语言产出过程， 即学习者是怎么说的，同时也可以观察到母语者为学 习者提供语言输入的过程，即母语者对学习者是怎样 说的。
• 另一方面，外在的语言输入为学习者提供的仅仅 是关于目的语结构规则的“正面证据”（ positive evidence），缺少“反面证据”（ negative evidence）。
• 结果： 知道“怎样说”，不知道那些规则“不能 说”。
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对“儿向语言”的研究
• 有学者发现：儿童的父母或保姆为儿童提供的都是符合规 则的话语，几乎很少纠正儿童的语法错误，为儿童提供不 合规则的反面证据。
例：你是哪国人？ 你，哪个国家的？
教师语言：对外汉语教学课堂 例：请大家打开书。 书Book，打开Open
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第二语言习得发展的重要影响
1、母语者与第二语言学习者交流使用的话语具有的“外国 人话语”“教师语言”特点，这种特定的语域风格的话语 为第二语言学习者提供了一个可理解输入环境。
第二语言习得理论PPT课件
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四 第二语言习得与外语习得
第二语言习得是指学习者在目的语国家学习目的 语。学习者所学的目的语在目的语国家是公认的 交际工具，也是学习者用来交际的工具。
有指导的第二语言习得是以教学指导的方 式获得第二语言，语言习得通常是在课堂 教学环境中发生的。
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六 语言能力与语言表达
语言能力（Leabharlann ompetence）是由交际双方内在语 法规则的心理表征构成的。语言能力是一种反应 交际双方语言知识的心理语法。
（隐性语言知识-对句子合法性的直觉判断） 语言表达（performance）是交际双方在语言的
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第一章 第二语言习得 研究概述
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主要内容
1 第二语言习得研究的基本概念 2 第二语言习得研究的学科性质 3 第二语言习得研究的发端和发展的简要回
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第一节 基本概念
一 母语与目的语 母语通常是只学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言，
因而也称本族语。一般情况下，通常是儿童出生 以后最先接触习得的语言。母语常被称为第一语 言。 目的语也称目标语，一般是指学习者正在学习的 语言。它强调学习者正在学习的任何一种语言， 与学习者的语言习得环境无关。
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二 第一语言和第二语言
第一语言是指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的 语言。
第二语言是相对于学习者习得的第一语言 之外的任何一种其他语言而言的。
第二语言强调语言习得的先后顺序，与语 言习得的环境无关。
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三 习得与学习
第二语言习得PPT
• 1) Early age development • Language development takes place at an early age while other
kinds of learning take place much later. Therefore, it must be handled by a faculty that is separate from other cognitive mechanisms in the human mind.
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forms hypothesis about the language according to the UG and the linguistic data to which he or she is exposed; tests these hypothesis both in speech and in comprehension; reformulates 【Through this process, some hypotheses are abandoned as incorrect, others are revised, and still others, which work well, are reinforced】i.e., revises and improves, the hypothesis according to the results of such testing.
章萍 郑怡宇 朱良萍 陈娟
The “Chomskyan Revolution”
• 3.1 Introduction • 3.3 Criticisms of Chomskyan Linguistics • 3.4 Interlanguage Hypothesis
第二语言习得PPT
I. IntroductionII. Individual differences in SLAIII. Input and inter-languageIV. Contrastive analysis and error analysisV. Foreign language teaching approachesI. IntroductionThe term Applied Linguistics (AL) is an Anglo-American coinage.AL in the past based itself mainly on the findings of theoretical linguistics especially in language teaching.1.1 Definition of Applied LinguisticsCorder 1974---Crystal 1985---Richards 1985---Steven 1992Corder 1974:AL is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.Crystal 1985: AL is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.Richards et al. 1985: AL covers two main points:1.The study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.2.The study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.Steven 1992:AL is a multidisciplinary approach to the solution of language-related problems.The problems it attempts to solve include speech pathology, machine translation, national language planning policy, various facets of communication research and many others.HU Zhuang Lin 2004:Applied Linguistics (AL) serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user friendly to the language teacher and learner.1.2 EFL and ESL(EFL) ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE : Learning English in a community that doesn’t speak English.(ESL) ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: Leaning English in a place where it is the spoken language.According to UNESCO, second language is a language acquired/learned by a person in addition to his mother tongue.1.3 Learning and AcquisitionLearning is a deliberate, conscious attempt to master a language, while acquisition is a less deliberate, subconscious process of mastering language.As a L2 learner, you can hardly speak in the same way as a native speaker. Phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, semanticallyand pragmatically, there bound to be some differences.1.4 First and Second Language AcquisitionThink about a baby acquiring his first language.Think about a person acquiring a second language.What similarities and differences are there in the two processes? Second language learning :painstaking unsuccessfulFirst language acquisition: unconscious successfulFeature 1: Commandchildren normally achieve perfect L1 masteryadult L2 learners are unlikely to achieve perfect L2 mastery Feature 2: Successsuccess guaranteed complete success rareFeature 3: Intuitionschildren develop clear intuitions about correctnessL2 learners are often unable to form clear grammaticality judgments (The house is easy to catch fire.)Feature 4: Negative evidencecorrection not found and not necessarycorrection generally helpful or necessaryFeature 5: GoalsTarget language competenceL2 learners are more concerned with fluency than accuracy, as targetlanguage competence is too difficult to achieve.II. Individual differences in SLAIndividual differences: Age, Personality traits, Cognitive style, Learning strategies, Motivation, Language aptitude2.1 Age and Second Language AcquisitionIs it better to learn a second language when one is young or when one is older? Why?Lenneberg (1967) stated that L2 is best learned between age 2 and puberty.Case studyDo we actually find such a critical period for L2 acquisition?What would a critical period for L2 acquisition look like?Do late learners ever attain nativelikeness?Critical period for L2 acquisitionGeometric features”Heightened sensitivity at beginningClear point where offset (decline) beginsFlat period when critical period is overTemporal features”Heightened sensitivity through early childhoodSensitivity bottoms out when full neurocognitive maturity is reached Continued low sensitivity throughout adulthoodTentative conclusionsIs there a sharp cutoff point where sensitivity begins to decline? NO Does sensitivity flatten out in adulthood? NOIs there a significant change in sensitivity when maturation is reached? NOAdvantages to being a younger learnerMore likely to develop a native-like accentLess to learn to be considered proficientMore likely to receive comprehensible inputAdvantages to being an older learnerCan consciously use strategies to aid learningHas knowledge from L1 to draw fromHas greater control over inputGrammatical CompetenceMastery of language code: Lexicon (vocabulary), Word formation rules, Sentence formation rules, Pronunciation rules, Spelling rules Sociolinguistic CompetenceMastery of appropriate language use in different contextsHow to speak to a friendHow to speak to someone in authorityHow to speak socially vs. ProfessionallyDiscourse CompetenceMastery of how to combine meanings and forms to create a text in different modesExamples: Telephone inquiry ,Narrative text, Oral reportStrategic CompetenceMastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communicationExamples: How to ask for help How to rephrase a statement2.2 MotivationThere isn’t much theory that “provides an all-round explanation of what we do and why.”(Dörnyei 2003:1)“Motivation is a multifaceted construct, and the exact nature of the constituent components activated in a particular situation depends greatly on contextual factors.”(Dörnyei 2003:1) Instrumental motivation--- Immediate achievement Go abroad Social responsibility Individual development----Instrumental motivationCultural motivation---Intrinsic interest Go abroad Social responsibility Information medium---Integrative motivation Interest motivationSituational motivation---Learning situation---Situational motivation Metacognitive strategiesA. Centering your learningB. Arranging and planning your learningC. Evaluating your learningAffective strategiesA. Lowering your anxietyB. Encouraging yourselfC. Taking your emotional temperatureSocial strategiesA. Asking questionsB. Cooperating with othersC. Empathizing with othersResearch has demonstrated(1) Learners are actively involved in their learning.(2) Learners use different kinds of strategies(3) Learners have different beliefs about strategy use and learning approaches(3) Several factors have powerful influence on strategy choice/use: motivation, proficiency, years of study,sex, major, if requirementThe good language learner:(1) is guesser, but an accurate guesser!(2) has a strong drive to communicate.(3) is not often inhibited (a risk-taker).(4) focuses on communication, but also attends to form.(5) practices—and creates opportunities to do so.(6) knows what is appropriate.(7) monitors his own and the speech of others.(8) attends to meaning.(9) Actively participates (aloud and silently).III. Input and Inter-language3.1 Input theory by Krashen Interaction theory by Long Output theory by Swain3.2 InterlanguageDefinition of inputQuestion：Could you explain “input”in second language acquisition？Learners' most direct source of information about the target language is the target language itself. When they come into direct contact with the target language, this is referred to as "input." (/wiki)Stephen Krashen (University of Southern California) is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 20 years, he has published well over 100 books andarticles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada.3.1 Krashen’s Input HypothesisKrashen's theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses:1) the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,2) the Monitor hypothesis,3) the Natural Order hypothesis,4) the Input hypothesis,5) the Affective Filter hypothesis.Input Hypothesis"The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production."The Input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language.This hypothesis claims that “humans acquire language in only one way-by understanding messages or by receiving ‘comprehensibleinput’”（Krashen, 1985:2)Comprehensible input: i+1; output plays little role.Comment on Input theoryInfluential: application in SLT, Types of input, Ways of input, Variety of input, Sufficiency of input, Efficiency of input Controversial:How to quantify and qualify the “i”and “1”in “i+1”Ignorance of outputViews diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners.Authentic input, Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input, Interactively modified inputInput-based teachingDirect method, Natural approach, Total physical response, Communicative approach, Community language learning (CLL) , Suggestopedia, Silent wayLong’s Interaction HypothesisLong's interaction hypothesis proposes that language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction. In particular, the negotiation of meaning has been shown to contribute greatly to the acquisition of vocabulary (Long, 1990).Study: NSs-NNSs, negotiation for meaning---comprehensible inputThe Interaction Hypothesis highlights the role of social interaction in increasing the amount of comprehensible input that students receive. This interaction includes students asking for help when they do not understand input. Perhaps, the collaborative setting in groups and the trust that can grow among groupmates make it more likely that students will have opportunities to repair comprehension breakdowns.Swain’s Output HypothesisMerrill Swain(Ph.D., University of California)She is Professor in the Curriculum, Teaching and Learning department at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto. website: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/mlc/swain.htmThe output hypothesis claims that the act of producing language (speaking or writing) constitutes, under certain circumstances, part of the process of second language learning.It states that while comprehensible input is necessary for L2 learning, learners also need to speak and to write, i. e., produce output, in their L2.Three functions of output in second language learning:1) the noticing/triggering function 发现所想与所能之间的差别2) the hypothesis-testing function 测试语言假设3) the metalinguistic (reflective) function.增加元语言知识没有输出需要的输入不易转化为程序性知识没有输入帮助的输出不利于语言体系的拓展输出-输入结合的教学活动更具有交际的真实性（文秋芳,2008）3.2 InterlanguageThe type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage.It is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.E.g. data from SWECCLInterlanguage is a dynamic language system, which is constantly moving from the departure level to the native-like level.Can be done in two ways:investigating the psychological, biological or neurological mechanisms involved in the production of interlanguage; investigating the linguistic features of interlanguage.Concerning the linguistic features of interlanguage, the following questions can be asked:Linguistically, how is interlanguage in general different from the target language or the native language?In what way is lower level interlanguage different from higher levelinterlanguage?How is the interlanguage system used to convey meaning?IV. Contrastive Analysis and Error AnalysisWe assume that the student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. Lado, 1957, 24.1 Contrastive Analysis (1940s ---1960s)Paul Nation is Professor in Applied Linguistics at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (LALS) at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.“Research shows that the first language has a small but important role to play in communicating meaning and content.”(Paul Nation, in his article, The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language)4.1.1 Definition of Contrastive Analysis (CA)A way of comparing L1 and L2 to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what not in a second language learning situation. (Gass & Selinker, 2001:72) An approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 todetermine similarities and differences”(Saville-Troike, 2006: 34) 4.1.2 Objectives of CAProviding insights into similarities and differences between languages;Explaining and predicting problems in L2 leaningDeveloping course materials for language teaching4.1.3 Contrastive Analysis HypothesisMain assumptions1) L2 learning involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language;2) The main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1;3) Contrastive analysis can predict, or at least account for, difficulties in L2 learning, so teaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effects of interference and difficulties, and facilitate L2 learning.Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis"Where two languages were similar, positive transfer would occur; where they were different, negative transfer, or interference, would result." (Larsen-Freeman & Long 1991: 53)3 versions of the CA hypothesisThe Strong Version: Fries & LadoIt (a priori) claimed that prediction of difficulties in learning L2 could be made based upon a comparison of two languages. This starts with a crosslinguistic analysis and then attempts to predict trouble spots.The Weak Version: Wardhaugh (1970)It (a posteriori) claimed that cross-linguistic comparison could help to explain learner errors. This starts with learner errors and attempts to account for them with cross-grammatical comparisons.The Moderate Version: Oller & ZiahosseinyIt differs from the above two in that it emphasizes the significance of minimal distinctions, which may actually cause the greatest interferences and difficulties.4.1.4 Procedures of CA2 principles of CA as proposed by Halliday:Describe before comparingComparing patterns, not whole languagesSteps:The separate description of the relevant features of each language; The establishment of comparability;The comparison and contrast.4.1.5 Evaluation of CAHA. Application, Prediction & Diagnosis of errorsTesting, Course design, Selection, Grading,Contrastive teaching B. Problems with contrastive analysisProblem #1The predictions made by proponents of the CAH were often inaccurate, or even false.There was underprediction (i.e. the CAH failed to predict some errors).There was overprediction (i.e. the CAH predicted errors that did not materialize).French object pronouns precede the verb: Je les vois "I them see." English L1 learners of French will say:*"Le chien a mange les" instead of "Le chien les a mange*"Il veute les encore" instead of "Il les veut encore"" (Ervin-Tripp, 1974)But, French L1 learners of English do not say"I them see." (Je les vois) instead of "I see them"Why does it work one way but not the other?Problem #2It is not true that similarity always equals ease of learning and difference always equals difficulty; (sometimes it’s the other way round)Problem #3L1 transfer is effected by other factors, e.g. the amount and type of TL exposure learners receive.Problem #4Many studies have shown SLLs from very different L1 backgrounds make similar errors.This suggests that many of the most common learner errors are not due to interference of native language.See Ortega, 2009. Section 3.1 p. 310nly about 30% of errors have been attributed to L1. This ranges from 3% for child Spanish learners of English (Dulay & Burt, 1973) to 50% for adult Chinese ESL (Tran Chi Chau 1975)ConclusionWhile interference plays a role in SLA, so do many other factors and thus the role of the first language is less than what was thought by proponents of CA.4.2 Error AnalysisEA refers to the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners.Purposes of EA:1) identify strategies which learners use in language learning;2) identify the causes of learner errors;3) obtain information on common difficulties in language learning,as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.4.2.1 Error and mistakeError: Systematic deviation by learners who have not yet mastered the rules. More difficult to correct. Indication of learner’s attempt to figure out the L2 systemMistake: Random performance slip caused by fatigue, excitement, etc. Readily self-corrected.4.2.2 Types of errorsStructural errors (breaking of a rule)e.g. (1) The fast economic growth causes people’s living condition has improved.(2) The job is fit me very well.(3) 报有希望carry the hope; entertain the hope(4) 找借口look for an excuse; make an excuse(5) rather proud, good, young, fresh, practicalquite annoyed, nervous, wrong, serious, limited, difficult, common Non-structural errors,deviations from some kind of norm ('breaches of code') quantitative differences (overuse, underuse)E.g. No smoking, please.Overuse of “make”, “happy”, “glad”.Underuse synonyms of “happy”such as cheerful, light-hearted,delighted etc.Interlingual errors (transfer errors): misuse of an item because of L1 influence. based on cross-linguistic comparisonsIntralingual errors (developmental errors): within L2 (e.g. overgeneralization) based on language being learned4.2.3 Procedure of error analysis1. Collection of samples of learner language2. Identification of errors3. Description of errors4. Explanation of errors (Ellis 1994)4.2.4 Problems with Error Analysis1) Focus on errors mean that researchers ignored what the learner did right.2) Empirically it was difficult to identify the source of many errors.3) It doesn't account for all the problems that learners have, e.g. Avoidance. Learner avoids a certain word or structure.V. Foreign Language Teaching MethodologyDiscussion:What teaching method do you know in ELT?On which theory is it founded?A Retrospective of Foreign Language Teaching Methodology Traditional gramma: Classical language teaching (before 1880)Grammar- Translation MethodStructuralism: Beginning of Modern Language Teaching (from 1880 to the 1st world war): Direct methodMentalism: Development of Modern Language Teaching (from the 1st World War to ’70) : Cognative MethodFunctionalism: Intensification of Modern Language Teaching (after ’70): Communicative MethodConstructivism: Improvement of Modern Language Teaching( after 1980’s) : Constructivist MethodPost-modernism : Perfection of Modern Language Teaching(after1990’s): Post-method1) Traditional grammar---Grammar-Translation Method Correctness, literary excellence, the use of Latin models, the priority of the written languageTextbook takes prominent writers as language models.Teaching involves the presentation of numerous definition, rules and explanations.2) Structuralist linguistics---Direct methodThe spoken language in people’s communication.The focus on the grammatical structures of a language.A pattern drill technique aiming at the learner’s automatisms for language forms.3)Mentalism/Transformational-GenerativeLinguistics---Audio-lingual Method把语言看成一个内在的规则系统( a system of innate rule)，认为语言学习者有一种普遍的语言知识(linguistic competence)。
语言习得理论 ppt课件
语言工具主动海地豚获杂得技社表会演的和个体的经验， 并产生比较持鸭久子的下行水为游变戏化。P145
精品资料
• 你怎么称呼老师？
• 如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你 是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？
学习重点
1.掌握语言学习和的区分 2.掌握几种第一语言习得理论 3.掌握几种第二语言习得假说
Second Language Acquisition
第一节 语言学习与习得
一、学习与学习理论 1 . 本什能么行是为学习in行st为in的ct分iv类e behavior ① 广学义习：行指为人和le动ar物ne在d生be活h过av程io中r 获得经
3 把学生的失误
变成教学资源
● 偏误分析
❖ （1）什么是偏误分析？ ❖ 分析偏误—研究来源—揭示体系—了解规律 ❖ （2）什么是偏误？[英]科德 ❖ 偏误：由于目的语掌握不好产生的规律性错误。 ❖ 失误：偶然产生的口误或笔误。 ❖ 区别：看使用频率；看使用者能否自行纠正 ❖ （3）理论基础：认知论、普遍语法理论
❖ 中介语随着学习者的努力和交际需要而 不断变化。
（3）反复性：有规律的重现。 （4）顽固性：语言“石化”现象。
△为什么外国人说中文总是感觉“洋腔洋调”的？ △为什么有些同学大学毕业后不经常使用外语，
感到自己的外语甚至退步了？
◆ 石化现象对教学的启示
提高教师 专业素质
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坚持有效的
1
语言输入
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强化母语的 正迁移效应
周小兵：《外国人学汉语语法偏误研究》，北 京语言大学出版社，2012
❖ 内容介绍
第二语言习得理论PPT课件
语言能力是关于语言的知识； 语言表达是关于语言运用的知识。
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第二节 第二语言习得研究的学科性质
一 第二语言习得研究与语言学 1 研究对象不同 2 目的不同 3 方法不同
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第二节 第二语言习得研究的学科性质
二、第二语言习得研究与心理学 1 研究目的不同 2 研究范0
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二 第一语言和第二语言
第一语言是指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的 语言。
第二语言是相对于学习者习得的第一语言 之外的任何一种其他语言而言的。
第二语言强调语言习得的先后顺序，与语 言习得的环境无关。
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三 习得与学习
习得（acquisition）指非正式的语言获得 （informal learning），儿童大多是通过这 种方式来获得母语的。（下意识，隐性知 识）
有指导的第二语言习得是以教学指导的方 式获得第二语言，语言习得通常是在课堂 教学环境中发生的。
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六 语言能力与语言表达
语言能力（competence）是由交际双方内在语 法规则的心理表征构成的。语言能力是一种反应 交际双方语言知识的心理语法。
（隐性语言知识-对句子合法性的直觉判断）
语言表达（performance）是交际双方在语言的 理解与生成过程过程中对其内在语法的运用。
外语习得指学习者所学的语言在本国不是作为整 个社团的交际工具，而学习者所学的语言主要是 在课堂学习的。
第二语言习得与外语习得是指两种不同的语言环 境而言的。
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五 自然地第二语言习得与有指导的 第二语言习得
自然的第二语言习得是指以交际的方式获 得第二语言，而且语言习得通常是在自然 的社会环境下发生的。
二语习得理论ppt课件
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在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习， 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度，由 浅入深 ，所提 出的问 题也很 明确
Negative Transfer
Lado proclaimed that most of the difficulties originated from the differences between L1 and L2. He believed that the more different the two languages are, the more difficult learning would be, and by knowing this, we could predict what errors would appear.
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在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学提 出的问 题也很 明确
Contrastive Analysis (CA)
Contrastive Analysis was rooted in the practical need to teach a L2 in the most effective way possible. It’s psychological base is behaviorism and linguistic base is structuralism.
Many of the errors which learners make are not predictable on the basis of the CAH.
1. Some errors are similar across learners from a variety of L1 backgrounds.
第二语言习得入门第三章讲解课件
comprehension production
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
• First Language refers to the mother tongue one learns during childhood
Unit 3
Defining Concepts of Second Language Acquisiton
Contents ❶ Competence and Performance ❷ First Language, Second Language, and Foreign Language ❸ Acquisition and Learning ❹ Input and Output ❺ Interlanguage ❻ Variability ❼ Fossilization ❽ Language Transfer
Acquisition and learning
Comprehensible Input or Output
• Comprehensible input is a hypothesis first proposed by Stephen Krashen(1981). He purports that learners acquire a second language by hearing and understanding messages that are slightly above their current second language language level.
• basic similarity: non-native language • basic distinction:
第二语言习得研究概述PPT课件
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语言能力与语言表达 （competence / performance）
• Competence: (in Transformational
Generative Grammar) a person’s
internalized grammar of a language. This
means a person’s ability to create and
understand sentences, including sentences
they have never heard before. It also
includes a person’s knowledge of what are
and what are not sentences of a particular
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19ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
自然的第二语言习得与有指导 的第二语言习得
• Naturalistic SLA: It may happen in natural settings, as when children acquire their mother tongue: no one teaches children any grammar rules, but by age five or six, they are said to be in good command of almost all the basics of their mother tongue.
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第一语言习得与第二语言习得 的差异
• 习得方式的差异：母语习得者先口语后 书面语；二语习得者常口头语言和书面 语言同时起步，增加了学习难度。
第二语言习得入门全册配套PPT教学课件
areas of second language acquisition
history of second language acquisition
Pre-learning Tasks:
1. When do you begin to learn a foreign language? Do you feel it difficult or easy to learn a language as a child or adult? Why?
3. Combine web search with your own examples of learning in a PowerPoint presentation to show your experience and understanding of how to learn a foreign language well.
2. Second language acquisition is an interdisciplinary discipline in that it not only draws upon theories from a single science, but from several sciences such as sociolois Second Language Acquisition Important?
第二语言习得PPT课件
六、“语言能力”与“语言表达”
• “语言能力”（competence）： • 反映交际双方语言知识的心理语法。 • 母语使用者对句子的合语法性的直觉判断所依据的隐性语言知
识。 • “语言表达”（performance）： • 交际双方在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在语法的运用。 • 区别：语言能力是关于语言的知识，语言表达是关于语言运用
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第 要•• 一二三回、十第世节顾二纪语6第0言年二习代语得末研：言究习的发得端研究的发端与发展的简
• 1. Corder：《学习者偏误的意义》 • 2. Selinker：《中介语》 • 二、第二语言习得研究发展的途径 • 1. 50-60年代：理论初创 • 2. 70年代：理论大发展 • 3. 80年代中期至今：新兴研究领域与方法 • 三、汉语作为第二语言习得的研究 • 80年代、90年代和90年代后
• 描写（Description)：对两个语音系统进行细 致描写。
• 选择(selection): 结合偏误找出困难语项。 • 比较（comparison）：对选定语项进行分析对
比，寻找共同处与不同处。 • 预测（prediction）：在对比基础上预测可能
出现的错误。 • 2、难度等级：根据相同与不同点难度上的差异
进行了分级。认为差异越大难度越大，其实也 不尽然。
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四、对比分析的局限
对比分析在60年代盛行，在70年代衰落。 对比分析的局限性主要表现在： 1、心理学基础为行为心理学，其核心思想“刺激—反应”理论受到乔姆斯基的猛
烈抨击和批判。 2、结构主义语言学并没有为对比分析找到解决问题的出路。（有共同范畴与否） 3、将“差异”等同于“难度”是不符合逻辑的。 4、其他理论假设也受到来自实验研究和教学实践的挑战和质疑。
第二语言习得理论课件
具体步骤是：模仿——强化——重复——成 形。
影响行为形成的要素有三：模仿、 强化、扩展（类比）。
遵循六原则： 结果控制原则 对可观察现象的测量 邻近原则 反应强度原则 概括原则 连锁和定型原则
受其影响的教学法：听说法。
忽视了人的主观能动性、创造性。
过分强调语言学习之外在行为，忽视语 言学习的内在过程。这样使语言学习过 程机械化简单化，不利于对语言学习的 研究。
阶段1 阶段2 阶段3 阶段4 ……
母语
中介语
目的语
中介语的特点
可渗透性：中介语是非封闭的，是一个有待 充实完善的系统，并非“紧实”，可受来自 母语、目标语规则的渗透。
渐变性（动态性）：学习者的中介语始终处 于变化发展当中，且朝着目标语方向发展。
化石性（僵化）：指中介语某些项目的僵化 。
反复性（多变性）：中介语不是直线型发展 的，而是曲折发展的，会反复、多变。
将“差异”、“难”、“错误”这些概念简单的画上 等号是不对的。
将语言看作是可以分割的结构的组合，语言习得是掌 握各种结构的积累过程：1+1=2+1=3+1=4+……忽视能 动性、创造性。1+具 有很大的局限性。
偏误分析
1967年科德（Corder）发表了《学习者言语错 误的重要意义》一文，从一个全新的角度来 看待学习者的错误及第二语言习得研究。
※我和丈夫、女儿在留老师楼租了一个房间。
※愤怒的老百姓在广州附近杀害了外国人。
※去中国的人都要去看看世界文明的万里长城 。
※我来中国以后，第一次经验北京的夏天。
※方便的时去自选商场，要求服务高级、商品 高级的时去百货商场。
第二语言习得研究概述PPT课件
L2习得的研究领域
SLA是20世纪50年代开始出现的一门新兴学科。 R.Ellis(1986)在其著作Understanding Language Acquisition中提出了一个研究SLA 的框架，他称所列因素为SLA的“key issues”, 这些因素是：情境因素、语言输入、学习过程、 学习者的差异、语言输出。 除了如上关键问题，SLA研究还较多地关心如 下两个问题：1.第一语言的作用；2.正规训练
上世纪70年代，第二语言习得研究已经发展成 为一个独立的研究领域。
这个时期是第二语言习得研究理论大发展的阶段， 对比分析衰落之后，偏误分析应运而生， Lightbown (1985) 指出，在第二语言习得研究领域， 学者们大都把Corder 1967年发表的 “The significance of leaners’ errors” 以及Selinker 1972发 表的 “Interlanguage” 这两篇文章看作这个学科建 立的标志。
上世纪60年代，乔姆斯基对行为主义学习理论的 批判对第二语言教学领域曾经产生过巨大的影响。
正象Corder（1967）指出的那样，这种影响之 一就是第二语言教学领域以教学为中心向以学习 为中心的转变。
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第二语言习得研究的简要回顾
在70年代还有两个重要的理论研究和创建， 一个是以Dulay和Burt为代表的第二语言习
SLA这一术语也可以指一门学科，即研究习得第二语 言过程和规律的学问。SLA是应用语言学的一个分支， 已经发展成为一门诸多学科交叉的有明确研究对象及 一整套独立于普通语言学、母语习得理论的完整知识 体系和研究方法的独立学科, 并迅速发展成为当代应用 语言学的前沿阵地和相关学科( 如外语教学法理论)的 基础理论研究。
西安外国语大学第二语言习得概论课件
说，这就是间接消极证据。 积极证据 儿童从环境中听到的话语，这些话语告诉儿童什么是正确的，合法的。
有研究表明：在儿童习得母语过程中，消极证据不够充分，他们习 得语言时，只能把希望寄托在积极证据上。
在与儿童交谈时，成人关注的是内容，对语言形式关注较少。儿童 的语言形式出现问题时，成人也很少纠正。但是，主动纠正的情况 也确实存在。 成人：“洗脸”，说！ 儿童：洗脸。 成人：嗳（赞许），“洗手”。 儿童：洗手。 成人：嗳（赞许），“洗脚”。 儿童：脚。 成人：“洗脚”。 儿童：洗手。
能力指抽象的知识， 水平是运用知识的本领， 表现是水平付诸实施的结果。
2.乔姆斯基能力概念批评
能力概念的核心，是把语言当成一个抽象的系统，并且认为语言学 家的责任就是研究这一抽象系统。为了达到这一目的，必须排除社会 和文化的影响以及使用者的个体差异因素。 塞林格： 乔姆斯基只关注理想的说话人/听话人，但学习者的个体差异是第二语
——哈默尔
6.母语者和非母语者
母语者的语言知识和运用语言的能力，为第二语言提供了相对明 确的标准。 母语能力的特点： 下意识地理解与应用母语规则。 不自觉地掌握母语形式所表达的认知、情感和社会文化意义。 在实际交际中，直觉地理解语言形式所表达的社会功能，而且理
解语言形式服从功能。 上述能力分表达和接受两种表现形式。 能创造性地使用母语，可以说出或听懂从来没有接触过的话语。 上述能力因人而异，具有个人特点，儿童跟成年人也有差别。
例1：
A:劳驾，西安外大怎么走？ B:劳驾，西安外大一直走。
例2：
问：你觉得平时说话时用“把字句”困难吗？ 答：我大概不用。因为用把字的时候，后面的词想一想的时候，用
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Competence and Performance
（second language acquisition)
• • competence • (internal )
comprehension(indirectly)
superior to prior to
production(directly)
• • performance
Acquisition and Learning
• The distinction between acquisition and learning is formally made by S.Krashen.
• According to Krashen, acquisition refers to subconscious learning in the natural environment that is not influenced by explicit instruction in a second language's rules and system or about errors(1985)
• basic similarity: non-native language • basic distinction:
education,goverment or business(ESL)
geographical context little exposure to native use of the language or few opportunities(EFL)
Competence and Performance
• It is a distinction introduced by Chomsky into linguistic theory but of wider application.
Competence and Performance
• Competence refers to a speaker's knowledge of his language as manifest in his ability to produce and to understand a theoretically infinite number of sentences most of which he may have never seen or heard before.
Unit 3
Defining Concepts of Second Language Acquisiton
Contents ❶ Competence and Performance ❷ First Language, Second Language, and Foreign Language ❸ Acquisition and Learning ❹ Input and Output ❺ Interlanguage ❻ Variability ❼ Fossilization ❽ Language Transfer
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
similarities and differences
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
• Sencond language vs Foreign language
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
• Foreign Language is an additional language taught and learned in a non-target language environment.
accompanying the use of language.
• It is the actual production or use of language such as speaking ,writing,or the comprehension(listening,reading)of linguistic events
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
• Second Language refers to the learning of an additional language after learners have acquired their mother tongue.
First Language,Second Language, and Foreign Language
first language vs second language
1.second language is acquired later than a first language 2.second language has lower proficiency level than that of first language
• 这实际上是说写或者语言界中的理解（听看）等方面的产出与运 用
Competence and Performance
• relations • comprehension(listening and reading)≠competence • production(speaking and writing) ≠performance
(external)
comprehension producecond Language, and Foreign Language
• First Language refers to the mother tongue one learns during childhood
能力是指一个语言习得者在他的语言知识上显示出他能够理解并 能够产出之前从没见过或听说过的句子。
Competence and Performance
• Performance refers to the specific utterances, including gramatical mistakes and non-linguistic features such as hesitations,