2019年湖北省博士生入学考试(非英语专业)英语联考真题
2019湖北专升本英语作文真题
The Power of Perseverance in OvercomingChallengesIn the journey of life, we are constantly faced with various challenges that test our resolve and perseverance. The topic of the 2019 Hubei Vocational College Student's Upgrade English essay, "The Importance of Perseverance in Overcoming Difficulties," resonates deeply with this universal truth. It reminds us that perseverance, the steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty ordelay in achieving success, is a critical ingredient in overcoming challenges and achieving our goals.Perseverance is the invisible force that propels us forward when faced with obstacles and setbacks. It is the driving force that keeps us going when the going gets tough. Without perseverance, we may give up too easily, allowing ourselves to be defeated by the challenges that come our way. However, with perseverance, we can turn these challenges into stepping stones to our success.In the realm of academics, perseverance is paramount. The road to acquiring knowledge and skills is not always smooth. It involves hard work, dedication, and consistenteffort. Students who persevere in their studies despite the difficulties and challenges they encounter are more likelyto achieve academic excellence. They understand thatsuccess does not come easily and is the result ofrelentless hard work and dedication.Moreover, perseverance is not just about enduring difficulties; it is also about learning from them. Each challenge and setback provides us with an opportunity to learn and grow. By reflecting on our failures and mistakes, we can identify our weaknesses and work on improving them. This continuous learning process helps us to become more resilient and adaptable, equipping us with the tools and skills necessary to overcome future challenges.In addition to academics, perseverance is also crucialin other aspects of life. Whether it is pursuing a career, achieving personal goals, or overcoming personal challenges, perseverance is the key to success. It is the driving force that keeps us going when faced with obstacles and setbacks. It is the fuel that powers our dreams and ambitions, propelling us forward towards our desired destination.However, perseverance does not mean stubbornly sticking to one path regardless of obstacles. Sometimes, it is necessary to reevaluate our goals and plans and make adjustments to align with changing circumstances. This flexibility combined with perseverance allows us to navigate through life's challenges more effectively.In conclusion, the importance of perseverance in overcoming difficulties cannot be overstated. It is the invisible force that propels us forward when faced with obstacles and setbacks. It is the driving force that keeps us going when the going gets tough. With perseverance, we can turn challenges into opportunities for growth and turn dreams into realities. Let us embrace perseverance in our lives and use it as a guiding light to overcome the challenges that come our way and achieve our desired goals. **坚持不懈：克服困难的力量**在人生的旅途中，我们不断面临各种挑战，考验着我们的决心和毅力。
湖北省2019届高三英语招生统一考试试题(含答案)
湖北省2019届高三英语招生统一考试试题考试时间：120分钟试卷总分：150分注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时候将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15B. ￡9.18C.￡9.15答案是B1. What transportation did the man take?A. The bus.B. The taxi.C. The subway.2. Why doesn’t the man wear his yellow shirt?A. It’s missing.B. He doesn’t like it.C. Two buttons are off it.3. What is Cindy’s bad behavior in class?A. Sending text messages.B. Arguing with Mr. Jackson.C. Talking with her classmates.4. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Details of the report.B. The data for the report.C. The use of the report.5. What will the man most probably do tomorrow?A. Go to the party.B. Spend time with Linda.C. Celebrate his 22nd birthday.第二节 (共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题。
2019届湖北省高三招生全国统一考试英语试卷试卷(Word版,含答案,全站免费)
2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语模拟试题卷（一）考试时间：120分钟试卷总分：150分注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时候将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15B. ￡9.18C.￡9.15答案是B1. What transportation did the man take?A. The bus.B. The taxi.C. The subway.2. Why doesn’t the man wear his yellow shirt?A. It’s missing.B. He doesn’t like it.C. Two buttons are off it.3. What is Cindy’s bad behavior in class?A. Sending text messages.B. Arguing with Mr. Jackson.C. Talking with her classmates.4. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Details of the report.B. The data for the report.C. The use of the report.5. What will the man most probably do tomorrow?A. Go to the party.B. Spend time with Linda.C. Celebrate his 22nd birthday.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题。
【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A Vocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes thestrength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart towhich he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.race does certain During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all ofour long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more evenby the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periodsof history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons maybe good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it,or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man,she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, orit will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, itbe not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurpits throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women,by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families gropingin the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that ofthe reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tigeris probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the bodyto give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those ofthe shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animalsgrow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes healthor growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
(精校版)2019湖北省英语高考试题及答案
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2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷共12页，72题。
全卷满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项:1.答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号余黑。
写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效.3。
非选择题的作答：用黑色签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效.第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分).做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共S小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面S段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来问答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读遍。
例： How much is the shirt？A. £19.15. B。
湖北联考博士研究生英语入学考试-模拟题2-笔记
Practice Examination 2Part I Reading Comprehension (40 %)Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:The National Trust in Britain，together with similar voluntary organization，plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the government，it is not a rich government，supported by public taxes. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoild countryside and the ancient sites to preserve them for the permanent enjoyment of the public. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. It has 160,000 members in England，Wales and Northern Ireland who pay a small subscription each year，and its primary duties are to protect for the nation places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest and preserve them from the dangers of modern development and extinction.英国的国民托管组织，和类似志愿者组织一起，在保护公众最喜爱的未被破坏的英国乡村中起着越来越重要的作用。
2019年西南大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》试题及答案详解
西南大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》试题及答案详解Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research _____on the human brain.A. was…didB. has been…to be doneC. was…doingD. has been…done25.“I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like _____ .”“We told you not to eat at a restaurant. You’d better _______ at home when you are not in the shape.”A. to throw up…to eatB. throwing up…eatingC. to throw up…eatD. throwing up…eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27. According to psychoanalysis, a person’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, and information content.A. not less than…asB. as…just asC. so much…asD. not so much…as28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. its windows openedD. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to be a distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31. Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insistedyesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.A. ConsulationB. ConstitutionC. ConsulateD. Consular32. American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’Neal,who ______ the “Great Wall”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33. Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34. She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house. “I actually think there’s something about the______ of paper that feels more comforting.” She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35.“They said what we always knew,”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC. who asked not be namedD. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______ their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37. He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has left the country_______.A. energizedB. EnervatedC. NervedD. enacted38. The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he is a terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC. pure and simpleD. as pure and simple39. This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and to a rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had hadany training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, “It’s the armistice. The war is over.” For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was the narrator’s family when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC. it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator’s mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war, because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was very patrioticB. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like themD. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of “Wal-Martizatio n”of America, which refers to the attempt of America’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumerprices, they’re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India.The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decried schools’in adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they are poorD. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46. Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroadC. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop people’s mobility upward47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioningtheir own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And they are willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shavebroken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburban retirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer, Fran Mc Carthy asks: “Who ever thought that suburban flight would be roundtrip?”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48. Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life against loneliness49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of construction with senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who moved back into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people’s moving back into the city would take place all over the United StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51) Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says.There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient’s emotional state just before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results with a control groupof uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in “road rage,”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,”said the study’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans to install500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But last year’s London bombing, in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for “anti-terror”(63)______.In a British poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty to improve(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66) begunbeganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, oncea major component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages for entire senior class, they essentially recreate an applicant’s class rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“If we’re looking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that they are among the best in their school, with a rank we don’t necessarily know that,”said Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financialaid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled: “We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics”. The article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People’s Congress or the People’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64. ready/ willing 65. security北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5 BCAAD 6-10 BADCA11-15 CBADA 16-20 BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomnia Structureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd 26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of getting physically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for people who intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55. People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury. Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。
华中科技大学诊断学(专业型)2019年考博真题考博试卷
三、名词解释 5 个 20 分 3 个英语（Jaundice,Austin_flint 杂音，vital signs） 2 个汉语（肝颈静脉回流征 肌张力）
四、简答题 5 个 25 分 呕血和咯血的区别 二尖瓣关闭不全的体征 肝脏触诊的内容 干啰音和湿罗音的区别 心肌梗塞的心电图演变与特点
五、病例分析 2 个 20 分 1.COPD 肺心病 继续问诊 完整的主诉 全身体格检查阳性指标 2.冠心病 心肌梗塞 完善问诊 完整的主诉 心脏听诊顺序与内容
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊断学（专业型） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题 25 道 25 分
二、多选题 5 道 10 分
湖北专升本英语考试真题及答案2019
湖北专升本英语考试真题及答案2019全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hubei Adult College Entrance Examination (ACEE) in English 2019Part I: Reading Comprehension (共30分)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the passage you have just heard.1. What might the woman suggest?A. Sitting near the door.B. Going to see Joan's friend.C. Arriving at the theater early.D. Having a meal before the play.2. What is the purpose of the man's question?A. To choose a play they both like.B. To make sure they have time for dinner.C. To see if Joan knows the theater's address.D. To plan the evening in an organized way.3. What is suggested about the man?A. He probably won't be hungry after the theater.B. He is used to seeing plays without eating first.C. He prefers to have meals at home.D. He hasn't seen Joan for some time.4. The woman's attitude is _______.A. firm.B. casual.C. irritated.D. uncertain.5. The man volunteers to _______.A. phone the theater for tickets.B. tell Joan how to get to the theater.C. take Joan to a restaurant.D. pick up Joan's friend.Answers: A, B, B, B, DPart II: Vocabulary and Structure (共25分)Directions: There are thirty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.These days I hear people talk about the same things: how much 6/7 they feel, how work makes their lives 8 and how they just wish things were better. Would you also like things to be______? Do you perhaps have the idea that changing your work, moving to another country or earning twice as much money will make a real ______? Perhaps you have already tried all three ways and it has made no difference at all. 9, has it ever crossed your mind that going to live in a completely different world, such as on a desert island, might make you happier for a while? To someone ______ money means everything and who is extremely concerned about respectability, a desert island would not seeman attractive place to live. So perhaps for you money and good looks are all ______ your happiness. Of course, it is vital to have enough money to live on, but perhaps you are wishing to ______ the same person you were at 25 — slim, beautiful/handsome, ______ without realizing that all those little wrinkles, frowns and lines are acutally you as well.Answers: A, D, C, A, C, being, having, treated, treating, recoveringPart III: Cloze Test (共10分)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Last Sunday’s Oscar ceremony saw two directors from the same country P __ the top prizes. Ang Lee won Best Director for "Life of Pi" while Quentin Tarantino's "Django U_L” took home Best Picture. The winners were announced at the end of a show which saw h_s_s, tears, and musical performances. Before the event _t_att he was worried _u_ps. Les Miserables star Anne Hathaway _i_n he could be going home _i_th an Oscar,_ont_passing them in their dressing rooms. The first threeAwards of the night were for Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Adapted Screenplay.Answers: T, C, hugging, started, about, said, with, confrontingPart IV: Translation (共15分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.21. The task will be completed once the quality is improved. (improve)22. Many people still cannot believe that the talented young singer passed away so suddenly. (believe)23. Susan is very confident that she will win the competition. (win)24. The company has decided to expand its business internationally. (expand)25. Lucy had always dreamed of becoming a successful novelist. (dream)Answers: improved, believe, win, expand, dreamPart V: Writing (共20分)Directions: Write an essay in response to the following question. You should write at least 120 words and base your essay on the outline given below.Essay Question: Describe a memorable childhood experienceOutline:1. What was the experience?2. When and where did it happen?3. Why was it memorable?4. How did it affect you?Essay:When I was a child, I had a remarkable experience that has stayed with me till this day. It happened when I was about 10 years old during a family trip to the countryside. One day, we decided to visit a local farm and I remember being fascinated by all the animals and the peaceful surroundings. The most memorable part of the experience was when I got to bottle-feed a lamb that had just been born. The feeling of holding the warm, soft creature in my arms and watching it drink from the bottle was truly unforgettable. This experience taught me the importance of caring for others and showed me the beauty ofnature. It also sparked my love for animals and inspired me to pursue a career in veterinary medicine. Overall, this childhood experience had a profound impact on me and shaped the person I am today.Overall, the 2019 Hubei Adult College Entrance Examination in English covered a range of topics including reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, translation, and writing. Students who prepared thoroughly and practiced regularly were likely to have performed well in the exam. Good luck to all the test-takers!篇2Hubei Adult College Entrance Examination for English Subject 2019The Hubei Adult College Entrance Examination (ACEE) is a standardized test that assesses the English proficiency of individuals seeking admission to undergraduate programs in Hubei province. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and an essay component. The following is a sample of the 2019 ACEE English exam, along with the correct answers.Multiple Choice Questions:1. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?A. She did good on the test.B. She did well on the test.C. She did better on the test.D. She did best on the test.Correct Answer: B. She did well on the test.2. Choose the correct spelling of the word:A. RecieveB. RecieveC. ReceiveD. ReceaveCorrect Answer: C. Receive3. In the following sentence, which word is an adverb?"The dog quickly ran down the street."A. dogB. quicklyC. streetD. ranCorrect Answer: B. quicklyShort Answer Questions:4. Fill in the blank: "I have _______ seen that movie before."Correct Answer: never5. Rearrange the words to form a correct sentence: "is / my / sister / in / the / room / not"Correct Answer: My sister is not in the room.Essay:6. Write an essay of at least 200 words on the following topic: "The importance of learning a second language."Possible points to address:- Improved cognitive abilities- Increased career opportunities- Cultural appreciation and understanding- Personal growth and developmentCorrect Answer:Learning a second language is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it enhances cognitive abilities by challenging the brain to think in new ways. This can lead to improved problem-solving skills and increased creativity. Secondly, it opens up a world of career opportunities, as multilingual individuals are highly sought after in today's global market. Additionally, learning a second language allows for a greater appreciation and understanding of different cultures, fostering more meaningful connections with people from around the world. Finally, mastering a new language can lead to personal growth and development, as it requires dedication, perseverance, and a willingness to step outside one's comfort zone. In conclusion, the benefits of learning a second language are vast and can positively impact both career prospects and personal well-being.Overall, the 2019 ACEE English exam evaluates candidates on their grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing skills. It is crucial for individuals preparing for the exam to practice regularly and familiarize themselves with various question formats to maximize their chances of success.篇3湖北专升本英语考试真题及答案2019Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. Yes, I want to do it. B. Yes, I've decided to do it.C. No, I don't think it will work.D. No, I think it's a waste of time.2. A. I feel terrible. B. I've gotten better.C. I've been sick.D. I'm a bit tired.3. A. Trying to save money. B. Making some changes.C. Trying to look cute.D. Taking a photography class.4. A. I know where Ring Street is. B. I'm familiar with Lang Street.C. I've heard of it.D. I'm not sure about it.5. A. It's early. B. It's nice and warm.C. It's cloudy.D. It's a bit chilly.6. A. Twenty minutes. B. Two hours.C. Fifteen minutes.D. Thirty minutes.7. A. To talk about the homework. B. To talk to the man.C. To get some help.D. To watch a movie.8. A. A jacket. B. A sweater.C. A pair of jeans.D. A coat.9. A. Report something to the teacher. B. Go to the library.C. Submit his paper.D. Talk to the professor.10. A. It's heavy. B. It's very large.C. It's beautiful.D. It's not worth the money.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. Speak English. B. Study hard.C. Save money.D. Be confident.12. A. New York. B. San Francisco.C. Los Angeles.D. San Diego.13. A. Because they speak English.B. Because they have great food.C. Because of the beautiful weather.D. Because it's an exciting place.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. To study medicine. B. To become a nurse.C. To become a doctor.D. To help others.15. A. At a doctor's office. B. At a school.C. At a hospital.D. At a library.16. A. It's interesting. B. It's boring.C. It's stressful.D. It's rewarding.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. It helps people relax. B. It releases stress.C. It's good for your health.D. It makes you stronger.18. A. The actor's performance. B. The story.C. The special effects.D. The tickets.19. A. They get a discount. B. They watch movies at home.C. They listen to music.D. They go shopping.20. A. Eight dollars. B. Fifteen dollars.C. Twenty dollars.D. Twenty-five dollars.Part II Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.21. Our teacher speaks ______________ French and Italian.A. bothB. allC. everyD. each22. The __________ is so pretty at this time of year.A. viewB. sightC. lookD. scene23. After the car accident, the woman was in a ______________ condition.A. poorB. weakC. sickD. serious24. Sarah ___________ the book all night so she could finish it for her book club meeting.A. reviewedB. browsedC. skimmedD. read25. My grandmother ___________ that this was the best meal she had ever cooked.A. complimentedB. suggestedC. disgustedD. assumed26. I can't believe how __________ the weather is today, I thought it was supposed to be cold.A. accurateB. extremeC. mildD. typical27. I ____________ I had brought an umbrella with me, I wouldn't be getting so wet right now.A. shouldB. couldC. wouldD. might28. I ______________ the doctor's instructions carefully so I could take my medication properly.A. rememberedB. overwhelmedC. undertookD. considered29. The children were ___________ to recite a poem in front of their class.A. requestedB. permittedC. offeredD. obligated30. The company is ___________ for a new assistant to help with administrative tasks.A. viewingB. observingC. searchingD. watching31. I can't ___________ how much progress he has made in such a short amount of time.A. emphasizeB. comprehendC. justifyD. evaluate32. The movie was so __________ that it made me cry.A. emotionalB. complexC. intellectualD. monotonous33. The new restaurant downtown has received ___________ reviews from food critics.A. favorableB. fluentC. practicalD. severe34. If you don't study, you won't ____________ the test tomorrow.A. succeedB. graduateC. passD. develop35. She felt ___________ about wearing her new dress to the party.A. nervousB. ashamedC. confidentD. embarrassed36. I've ___________ to buy a new car this year.A. determinedB. wonderedC. suggestedD. required37. The movie was based on a __________ story that happened in real life.A. fictionB. documentaryC. fantasyD. nonfiction38. He had to __________ between taking the job in New York or staying in California.A. chooseB. distinguishC. compareD. analyze39. The party was so __________ that people were still talking about it days later.A. glamorousB. ordinaryC. fantasticD. predictable40. The city has a ___________ history that dates back centuries.A. modernB. historicC. futuristicD. ancientPart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Many people dream of traveling to far-off destinations, but what holds them back is often the ______________ of actually planning the trip. They may worry about the cost, the time it will take, or even the language barrier once they arrive. However, with proper ______________ and advice, planning a trip can be much less stressful than one might think.One of the most important steps in planning a trip is setting a budget. This will help you ______________ your expenses and ensure that you don't overspend. Researching the cost of transportation, accommodations, and food ahead of time can help you get a better idea of how much you will need to save.Another key aspect of trip planning is deciding on a destination. It's important to choose a place that appeals to yourinterests and fits within your budget. Whether you prefer a relaxing beach vacation or an adventurous mountain trek,_____________ a destination that you are excited about will make your trip more enjoyable.Once you have chosen a destination, it's time to start booking your travel arrangements. Whether you are flying, taking a train, or driving, it's important to book your transportation in advance to ensure you get the best rates. Additionally, _____________ your accommodations early will give you more options and help you avoid last-minute stress.In conclusion, planning a trip may seem daunting at first, but with careful ______________ and organization, it can be a rewarding and enjoyable experience. By setting a budget, choosing a destination that interests you, and booking your travel arrangements early, you can make your dream trip a reality.Section BDirections: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Throughout history, cities have been places of ______________ and opportunity, attracting people from all walks of life. Whilethe urban lifestyle can be fast-paced and demanding, it also offers a wide range of _____________ and cultural experiences.One of the key benefits of living in a city is the access to______________. Cities are often home to top-rated restaurants, museums, theaters, and galleries, giving residents the opportunity to explore diverse cuisines and artistic expressions. Additionally, cities tend to offer more job opportunities and higher ______________ compared to rural areas, making them attractive destinations for young professionals.However, living in a city can also have its challenges. The cost of living is often higher in urban areas, with rent and property prices being considerably more expensive than in rural settings. Traffic congestion, pollution, and noise pollution are other common concerns for city dwellers.Despite these drawbacks, many people still choose to live in cities for the ______________ they provide. From access to education and healthcare to cultural diversity and entertainment, cities offer a wealth of opportunities for personal and professional growth. As urban populations continue to grow, cities will play an increasingly ______________ role in shaping the future of society.Questions:41. What has historically attracted people to cities?42. What are some of the cultural experiences that cities offer?43. What are some of the challenges of living in a city?44. Why do many people still choose to live in cities despite the drawbacks?Part IV Translation (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are required to translate a passage from English into Chinese. You should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the click of a button, we can connect with people around the world and access a wealth of knowledge. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have become essential tools for communication, allowing us to share our thoughts, experiences, and photos with friends and family. Additionally, online search engines like Google have made it easier to find information on any topic imaginable.网络已经彻底改变了我们交流和获取信息的方式。
2019届湖北省高三招生全国统一考试英语试卷试卷(含答案,全站免费)
2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语模拟试题卷（一）考试时间：120分钟试卷总分：150分注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时候将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15B. ￡9.18C.￡9.15答案是B1. What transportation did the man take?A. The bus.B. The taxi.C. The subway.2. Why doesn’t the man wear his yellow shirt?A. It’s missing.B. He doesn’t like it.C. Two buttons are off it.3. What is Cindy’s bad behavior in class?A. Sending text messages.B. Arguing with Mr. Jackson.C. Talking with her classmates.4. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Details of the report.B. The data for the report.C. The use of the report.5. What will the man most probably do tomorrow?A. Go to the party.B. Spend time with Linda.C. Celebrate his 22nd birthday.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题。
武汉理工大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
武汉理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifactsA. extravagant D. impulsiveA. painstaking D. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with great agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered bythe prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C Dpersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyBsurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhaps onlyto the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal forfood production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists,63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates. 71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economicmachine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitratorsmove in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "h opefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer from alack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war c ry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" . Slogans operate in s ociety as social “symbols" and, as such, their intended o r perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试真题仿真试卷及答案_044713
2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语仿真试卷说明：本年度考试延后，具体考试时间未知。
基于版权考虑，本试卷对真题存在一定程度改编（比如词汇题保留正确选项，但对题干进行改写；部分阅读理解保留文章或主题一致而改编部分题目等）。
该试卷与真题考点高度一致，以最大程度达到“从真题入手”进行复习的效果。
试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Part II Vocabulary(10%)S ection ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes thesentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Gradually he lost his______and wasted away till he was nothing but skin and bones.A.willingB.appetiteC.interestD.enthusiasm32.There are many ways to purify water,among which distillation is the best process for water______because the water does not contain other impurities.A.purityB.clearingC.cleansingD.purition33.They came to the monument to pay tribute to the martyrs on such a special day,full of the_______for their contribution in that history.A.altitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudeD.magnitude34.A________of more than1,000philosophers,teachers and students by the authoritative Philosophers’Magazine placed Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species as the third most important work.A.researchB.surveyC.listD.writing35.It is_______because the truth will turn out and dangerous because secrecy delays the necessary remedial action.A.exaggeratingB.futileC.figurativeD.fugitive36.This ensures that concurrent updates to an item do not result in_______data loss.A.incidentalB.constantC.accidentalD.instant37.Hospitals,clinics and other infrastructure of health systems in many countries are_______to disasters.A.weakB.destroyableC.vulnerableD.subject38.All information reported to or_______obtained by the commission is considered confidential.A．directly B．similarly C.likewise D.clockwise39.Some measures of the hospital can better serve the patients;_______,the feedback evaluationof the patients can also improve the medical quality of the hospital.A.in turnB.neverthelessC.howeverD.whereas40.Armed with this tooling,analysts no longer________diagrams for knowledge in the same way.A.turn fromB.turn toC.turn outD.turn downS ection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep themeaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The war’s impact on the population of the country was catastrophic.A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical42.Different congenital deformity fetuses have different effects in the development of fetus's colon.A.malformationB.malnutritionalC.degradedD.reformed43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city center have further aggravated the problems of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB.deterioratedC.duplicatedD.increased44.I tripped over on the pavement and my ankle was swollen.I had to soak in the ice water.A.immerseB.immenseC.emergeD.merge45.The three branches of government—the legislative,the executive,and the judicial—curb andstabilize one another through their separated functions.A.relateB.restrainC.associateern46.With the rapid development of aerial technology,aircraft security and reliability are ever increasing.However,insecure events related to aircraft up-keeping by people are on the rise.A.maintenanceB.retainingC.pertainingD.entertaining47.If you pick the high-fat fries and shake,you may feel sluggish and blow that test.A.worriedB.inactiveC.hurriedD.anxious48.Reading from a monotonous technical brief for hours on end,he would stray into difficult territory.A.difficultB.tediousC.sophisticatedD.mountainous49.The war’s impact on the population of the country was distinct.A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical50.It will be never be too slim for women,so variety of diet pills are often over-marketed.A.slenderB.longC.skinnyD.thinPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letterof your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.54.A.constantly B.originally C.always D.presumably55.A.another B.other C.the other D.others56.A.question B.object C.determine D.express57.A.threat B.threaten C.threatening D.threatened58.A.related B.decided C.relation D.decision59.A.suggest B.suggested C.to suggest D.suggesting60.A.to B.of C.at D.aboutPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.P assage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone---far from it.Certainty,Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial.Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to dealwith.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negativeC.is obviousD.is more serious in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern______.A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were had to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A.They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby’s proposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn’t totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D.He doesn’t quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.P assage T woLess than a year ago,a new generation of diet pills seemed to offer the long sought answer to our chronic weight problems.Hundreds of thousands of pound-conscious Americans had discovered that a drug combination known as“fen-phen”could shut off voracious（贪吃的）appetites like magic,and the FDA had just approved a new drug,Redux,that did the same with fewer side effects.Redux would attract hundreds of thousands of new pill poppers within a few months.But now the diet-drug revolution is facing a backlash.Some of the nation’s largest HMOs,including Aetna U.S.Healthcare and Prudential Healthcare have begun cutting back or eliminating reimbursement （退款补偿，报销）for both pills.Diet chains like Jenny Craig and Nutri/System are backing away from them too.Several states,meanwhile,have restricted the use of st week the Florida legislature banned new prescriptions entirely and called on doctors to wean（使断绝）current patients from the drug within30days.It also put a90-day limit on Redux prescriptions.Even New Jersey doctor Sheldon Levine,who touted Redux last year on TV and in his book The Redux Revolution,has stopped giving itto all but his most obese patients.The reason for all the retrenchment:potentially lethal side effects.Over the summer,the FDA revealed that82patients had developed defects in their heart values while on fen-phen,and that seven patients had come down with the same condition on Redux.As if that weren’t bad enough,physicians reported that a woman who had been taking fen-phen for less than a month died of primary pulmonary hypertension,a sometimes fatal lung condition already associated with Redux.And an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association last month confirmed earlier reports that both fen-phen and Redux can cause brain damage in lab animals.These findings led the New England Journal to publish editorial admonishing doctors to prescribe the drugs only for patients with severe obesity.Meanwhile,FDA asked drug makers to put more explicit warnings on fen-phen and Redux labels.Since mid-July,prescriptions for fen-phen have dropped56%, and those for Redux36%,according to IMS America,a pharmaceutical market research firm.All that really does,however,is to bring the numbers down to where they should have been all along. Manufacturers said from the start that their pills offered a short-term therapy for the obese,not for people looking to fit into a smaller bathing suit.FDA approved Redux with just such a caveat,and when limited to these patients,the drugs may still make sense—despite the risks—because morbid obesity carries its own dangers,including heart disease,diabetes and stroke.Too often,however,Redux and fen-phen were peddled to all comers,almost like candy.The current backlash,says Levine,is a“roller coaster that never should have happened”.66.What does the phrase“pill poppers”in the first paragraph mean?A.pill distributorsB.pill manufacturersC.pill promotersD.pill takers and abusers67.The worst case that revealed the fatal dark side of the diet pills is.A.82patients on fen-phen and seven on Redux had developed heart diseaseB.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of abnormally high blood pressureC.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of a lung diseaseD.both diet pills have caused brain damage68.New England Journal admonished doctors to.A.give the pills only to the severely overweight personsB.take the obese patients off the drugs completelyC.reduce prescriptions of the pills drasticallyD.put clearer warnings on the drug labels69.According to the drug manufacturers,the pills.A.only offer temporary treatment for patients with morbid obesityB.are meant for all the people who yearn for slimnessC.are the best cure to our chronic weight problemsD.are the most important weight-loss discoveries70.We can infer from the last paragraph that.A.the severe obesity carries the potential of illnessB.the pills were sold to all comers without discriminationC.the pills may still be effective if properly administeredD.the pills shouldn’t have been hailed as miraculous cures and then discardedP assage T hreeThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glass windows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery？No one knows,but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record. In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow, danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha,who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years has lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic,eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it.Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her;"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep？Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind.Dr.Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.71.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that______.A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfully recorded stories72.______was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep73.Sleepwalking is the result of______according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB.a vivid dreamck of sleep and great anxietyD.insanity74.Dr.Zelda Tepltz seemed to______.A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness75.The writer makes it obvious that______.A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisP assage F ourHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby's liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However,the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effectsof low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee)caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1),and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up'phase,characterised by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth. However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."76.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.lower birth weightB.smaller stressC.liver development problemD.growth problem77.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.78.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.79.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A.lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.B.higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.C.lower stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.80.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems.P assage F iveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called“drives”:aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface, heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain,the seat of higher mental functions. In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse,the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new.“What I was seeing,”he says,“was the urge to do stuff.”Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido.“Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,”says Solms.“Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.”Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it, though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the“seeking”emotion.Dreams,it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind.“Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes,”says Panksepp.“Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it,test it.”Perhaps it’s nota matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido.A．were the only two sources of psychic energyB．could sometimes surfact in our conscious lifeC．affected our behavior unconsciouslyD．could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A．Emotion.B．Lust.C．Seeking D．Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive.A．originates in the limbic systemB．involves parts of the forebrainC．controls how we respond to stimulusD．exists in many other animals84.According to Mark Solms,dreaming.A．takes place during the whole sleeping periodB．involves a primitive part of the brain known as the ponsC．originates in the forebrainD．just takes place in a certain period85.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories.A．have long been discreditedB．provided good guide for further researchC．are placed in the same categoryD．are concerned about human beingP assage S ixYou are what you eat,or so the saying goes.But a new generation of molecular biologists is starting to give that old adage a decidedly high-tech twist.By combining the latest discoveries in human genetics with a deeper understanding of the hundreds of compounds found in food,investigators have begun to tease apart some of the more complex interactions between your diet and your DNA.In the process,they hope eventually to give consumers more personalized advice about what to eat and drink to stave off heart disease,cancer and other chronic conditions of aging."We are trying to put more science behind the nutrition,"says Jose Ordovas,a geneticist at the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts."We want to finally understand why nutrients do what they do and to whom--why a low-fat diet may not work for some but works for others."Do you drink three cups or more of coffee a day?Genetic tests can now determine whether you--like approximately10%to20%of the population--have a specific genetic variation that makes it harder for your body to absorb calcium in the presence of caffeine,thus increasing your rate of bone loss.Are you getting enough folic acid,found in beans,peas and fortified grains?Researchers have learned that many people have a genetic predisposition that puts them at greater risk of developing heart disease because they need more folic acid than the average person to maintain normal blood chemistry.Would a high-fat diet be particularly damaging to your health,given your genetic makeup?About 15%of folks are born with a form of a liver enzyme that causes their HDL,or good cholesterol,level to go down in response to dietary fat.In most people the HDL level goes up,counterbalancing some of the bad effects of dietary fat on LDL--the dangerous cholesterol.None of those genetic variations are immediately life threatening.In fact,most of them have no apparent effect.The variants are not like the mutations most of us learned about in school--alterations that cause entire genes or series of genes to malfunction and that result in diseases like sickle-cell anemia and。
湖北省联考考博英语部分真题
湖北省联考考博英语部分真题SectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C,or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40points）Text1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York''s Veteran''s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries（the female reproductive organs）removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman''s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased opportunities for stress.It''s not necessarily that women don''t cope as well.It''s just that they have so much more to cope with,says Dr.Yehuda.Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men''s, she observes,It''s just that they''re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family numbers,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but wad determined to finish college.I struggled a lot to get thecollege degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother.It''s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarez''s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda''s research suggests that women[A]Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]Are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.（Line 6,Para.5）shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez''s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under Stress本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019 年版)
2019英语二考试大纲全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2019年版)I.考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2.词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2.写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III.考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A V ocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes the strength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart to which he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, it be not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurp its throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women, by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families groping in the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the body to give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those of the shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animals grow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes health or growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
2019年普通高校招生统一考试湖北卷(英语)word版
2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)英语本试卷共16页，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项。
1.答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案示号，在试题卷上作答无效。
．．．．．．．．．．第一部分:听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案划在试卷上.录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分,满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.19.5.B.9.15.C.9.18.1.What will the woman do?A.Stay indoors.B.Have a walk.C.Get a coat.2.What will the speakers order?A.Coke and orange juice.B.Orange juice and coffee.C.Coffee and Coke.3.How did the woman know about the fire?A.She read about it.B.She winessed it.C.She saw it on TV.4.What is the man worried about ?A.The match may be delayed.B.Their car may go out of control.C.They may arrive late for the game.5.What does the man mean?A.He had a terrible vacation.B.He rmained at home all the time.C.The woman asked a silly question.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分,满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白.每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。