英语国家国情(1)

英语国家国情The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1Full name of Britain: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland British Isles（大不列颠群岛）is divided into 2 parts that is Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great Britain divided into 3 parts: England, Scotland and Wales.The island of Ireland is divided into 2 parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.In 1949, the Republic of Ireland is an independent country.Compare:England-largest part of Great Britain (130,281 square kilometers)-the capital of England and the United Kingdom-located in the south of the island, with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north-The River Thames (the second longest river and most important river in Britain)-highly urbanizedScotland-occupy the northern part of Britain (78,772 square kilometers)-the second largest of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom-The Clyde River （克赖德河）is the most important river in the Scotland-capital of Scotland: Edinburgh（爱丁堡）-Tourism is one of Scotland’s most important industries.Wales-most densely populated parts of central England-20,780 squarekilometers-capital: Cardiff（加的夫）-The Severn River（塞文河）:The longest river of Britain (originates in mid-Wales and flows through western England)-language: WelshNorthern Ireland-smallest-14,135 square kilometers-capital: Belfast （贝尔法斯特）。

Climate：Three characteristics: 1.foggy 2.rainy days 3.changeabilityWhy its climate is mild and temperate?1.proximity to the Atlantic Ocean2.the warming of the waters around the British Isles by the Gulf StreamMajor cities:London1.the capital of England and the United Kingdom2.the industrial, cultural and financial center of the country3.one of the world’s leading banking and financial centers4.city landmarks: Buckingham Palace, Guildhall, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Big Ben, Thetower Bridge of London (open in 1894)5.cultural institution: the University of LondonEdinburgh1.the capital of Scotland2.Scotland’s administrative, financial, legal, medical and insurance centerCardiff1.Europe’s youngest capital city and the capital of WalesBelfast1.the largest city and the capital city of northern IrelandPeopleBritain has a population of about 63 million (2012) and its overall population density is among the highest in the world. 53 million-in LondonThe majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(English) Scotland and Welsh origin: Celtic people-Celtic language becomes the official language of the country.The English LanguageEnglish is a member of the Indo-European family of language.English is in the Germanic group of this family.Germanic group-three distinct subgroups: East Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic.The English can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of Latin and Greek words to English.Old EnglishAncestor: The Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes.Begin: 5th and 6th centuriesEnd: the Norman Conquest in 1066Middle English (1066-1500?)The characteristic of Middle English is the French influence on English.Black Death（黑死病）-Why did English become more important after Black Death? Modern EnglishWilliam Caxton brought standardization to English because the spelling and grammar are fixed.The first dictionary published in 1604.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary—A Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1755.Standard English1.Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeasternEngland, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media.2.It is also called “the Queen’s English” or “BBC English”, and has become thelanguage preferred by the educated.3.Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabularyof English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used.Chapter 2 HistoryThe Founding of the NationRecorded history in Britain begins in the year 55 BC.In 55 BC and 54 BC, Britain was twice invaded by Roman troops led by Julius Caesar and invaded again under Claudius I in 43 BC.In the 5th century, many of the natives Celts were driven to the mountainous regionsof Scotland and Wales.In 410, Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain in order to defend their own nation.The roman left, the Angles (settled in East Anglia, the Midlands and the North), the Saxons (in South and the Midlands) and the Jutes (the south and the southeastern) landed in Britain.By the late 7th century, Roman Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain.In the 8th century, the Vikings begin to attack the English coast.It is believed that the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism in England.By 1154, Henry II, William’s great grandson, ascended the throne and thus begin the rule of the House of Anjou （安茹王朝，1154-1485）in England, is also named as the House of Plantagenet.（金雀花王朝）Henry II built up a large empire which included England and more than half of France. ----Best remembered for the reform of the courts and laws.Richard I (son of Henry II) was killed in France, his brother John ascended the throne in 1199. ---- Richard I demands more feudal taxes and army service in order to avenge himself on France.The Magna Carta（《大宪章》）, or the Great Charter is forced by the lords signed by John as it is more commonly referred to, on June 15, 1215.The Magna Carta（《大宪章》）contains 63 clauses. P16Although the Magna Carta was made in the interest of the privileged class, it was of progressive significance in that it granted the townspeople freedom of trade andself-government.The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism. Henry III, the son of King John, was crowed in 1216-1234.---wage a series of war on France to regain NormandyPrivy Council（枢密院）Common People（代议制）In the 14th and 15th century, several important historical events took place. Among them were the Hundred Year’s War and the Wars of the Roses.The Hundred Year’s War (1337--1453)Competitor: British and FranceReason: over the trade, territory, security, and the throne.Meaning:1.have a significant impact on English society.2.promote the concept of English nationalism and the development of the textileindustry.3.raise the social position of the bourgeois class（资产阶级）4.All these factors contribute to the decline of feudalism in England.The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)Competitor: two great noble families---the House of York（约克王朝）and the House of Lancaster.（兰开斯特王朝）Reason: battle for power, wealth and the throneResults: the House of Lancaster win and the leader Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VII and start the House of Tudor.（都铎王朝）The Tudor family ranged England from 1485 to 1603. ---- a national state with an efficient centralized government and started changing from the Medieval to a modern country.Transition to the Modern AgeThe ReformationHenry VIII started the Reformation by declaring a break with Rome.1. A wholesale suppression of the monasteries and confiscated the property of thechurch.2.Issued the Act of Supremacy（《至尊法典》）and declared himself to be theSupreme Head of the Church of England.Queen Elizabeth I1.support the protestants2.tried her best to make peace by appeasing the Catholics3.Although working for the compromise between different religious factions, shedefended the fruit of the Reformation in essence.The Civil War P18—P19Reason: the monopolyKing Charles I was dissatisfied with the Parliament that declared the monopoly without its consent is illegal, so he dissolved the Parliament and ruled the country for 11 years.The first Civil War begins at 1642 and ends in 1646.Competitor: the Cavalier (the royalists) and the Roundheads (the Parliamentarian)In 1651, Cromwell destroys the army of Charles II and ends the Civil war. Meaning: P19Restoration and the Glorious Revolution （王位复辟及光荣革命）James II, brother of the Charles II, succeeded the throne and showed his readiness to reestablish Catholicism in England.In 1689, Parliament passed the Bills of Rights.（《人权宣言》）----limit the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament.Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制The Industrial Revolution 工业革命Time: take root in Britain in the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century Reasons:1. A huge market----single domestic market and seize the most of France colonialterritory in Northern America, India----trading colonies2.England acquired from its colonies enormous wealth with which to develop itsindustry and accumulate a lot of capital through slave trade.3.The enclosure movement （圈地运动）4.The market demands for manufactured goods exceed the supply.5.Transportation↓↓Changes in Britain1.The most advanced industrial country2.Undergoing a process of mass urbanization3.New cities spring up4.Creating changes in the social class structure----the Capitalist class become themost important force, meanwhile, Proletariat come into beingNew inventions1.Spinning Jenny2.The water frame3.The spinning mule4.The power loom5.The steam engineThe Rise and Fall of the British Empire↓↓Formation of the EmpireThe Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837. (1837-1901)Achievements of Queen Victoria1.Encouraging further industrialization, the building of trade and the growth of tradeand commerce2.Adopting new policy—New Imperialism3.Developing a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’slandmassWorld War ITwo camps----the Central Powers 同盟国Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey ----the Allies 协约国France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy…The immediate cause of WWI lay in the conflict on the Balkan Peninsula.Direct cause: the Sarajevo eventWorld War IIReasons:1.the treaty of Versailles (sign in the end of WWI in 1919)2.relinquish all its colonies and to permanently disarm3.reparationsa policy of appeasement 绥靖政策↓↓ the rise and fall of British EmpireBritain Since World War II↓↓Why did Britain cooperate closely with American after WWII?? P260 III.3 Chapter 3 Government and the CommonwealthConstitutionBritish is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy.The King and Queen is the head of state, their power in largely symbolic.↓The British Constitution is made up of 3 main parts: statutory law, common law, and conventions.↓The British government is characterized by a division of powers among the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.The Prime Minister, the head of the government, is also the leader of the majority party in Parliament.GovernmentThe Legislature↓Parliament is the law-making body of Britain.↓Parliament consists of the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The importance of the monarchy is found in its effect on public attitude. It representsthe continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British Unity, an indissoluble bond among people who retain many regional and cultural differences.↓↓The House of Lords, sometimes referred to as the Upper House, consists of life peers who are granted noble titles by the King and Queen on the advice of the Prime minister, a limited number of 26 Church of the England archbishops and bishops, and elected hereditary peers.↓↓The House of the Commons, though often referred to as the Lower House, is the center of the parliamentary power.↓↓The House of the Commons performs 3 major functions: P33最后一段重点关注1.drafting new laws—the most important2.scrutinizing the actions of the government3.influencing future government policyThe Executive↓The government is made up of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet minister and assistants to the ministers.Civil Servant 公务员The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is at the center of the British Political system.The Cabinet works on the principle of the collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.Political PartiesThe British Parliament operates on a two-party system, which means that two political parties play the roles of the Government and the Opposition.↓The U.K. has many political parties, the three main being the Conservation Party, the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrats.↓The Conservation Party 保守党Class: Middle and upper-middle classBefore the World War II, the leadership of the Britain was almost continually in the hands of the Conservation Party.Functions:1.It supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises.2.It is against too much government intervention, especially nationalization.3.It favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditure onsocial welfare.Conclusion: pragmatism and a belief in individualism↓The Labor Party 工党Created in: 1900Functions:1.Egalitarian economy2.Taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor3.Responsible for the provision of a range of public services4.Set up the National Health Service to provide high-quality, free health care for all ↓The Liberal Democrats 自由民主党Created in: 1988 by a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party↓↓What kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?Many people see it as comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social.Election↓A general election is held every 5 years.The Commonwealth↓↓The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the symbolic head of the association. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their own internal and external affairs.↓The purpose of the Commonwealth is to advocate democracy, human rights and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its member.Chapter 4 EconomyRecent History of British EconomyAlthough Britain remained a member of the Great of Seven after WWII, its economy experienced a period of great difficulty and relative economic decline for the following reasons.1.Britain suffered great losses in the two World Wars.2.The era of British Empire was over3.Britain was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseaslocations4.Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.Thatcher’s economic policies in the 1980s1.Privatized state-owned industries and promoted a more competitive spirit in theBritish economyernment reduced old age pensions, shortened the period of unemploymentbenefits and cut child benefits3.Curbed the power of the trade unionsThe valuation of Thatcher:1.Remain, highly controversial2.Responsible for revivng the British economy3.Responsible for mass unemployment and a vast increase in inequality between therich and the poor4.Mrs. Thatcher’s economic record from 1983 onward was impressive. Achievement of Blair:1.Made the Bank of England independent2.In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice ofusing tax system, public expenditure and control to reduce inequality and put anemphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes.3.It emphasizes individual responsibility.Current British EconomyAgricultureEnergy ProductionManufacturing IndustryService IndustryForeign TradeChapter 5 Education, Media and HolidaysEducationEducational PolicyEducation in Britain is compulsory for all the children at the age of 5 and 16. Comprehensive school 综合学校Grammar school 文法学校Function: train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university.V ocational school 职业学校Function: help the less successful students to learn a trade↓Education in Britain is divided into 4 stages: Primary school, secondary school, further education and higher education.Children start primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 until 16.Two years more is prepared for higher education.University starts about 18.小升初11-plus学业水平考试GCSE高考A-Levels (General Certificate of Education-Advanced Level)Educational SystemThere are two parallel school system in Britain that is the state system (free of charge) and independent system (prestigious and time honored)—↓occupy the population of 7%.The National Curriculum is compulsory for state system, optional for independent system.↓↓Graduates from state school in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous university than those from independent schools.↓In Britain, the division between grammar school and vocational school was ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in 1960s.MediaNewspapersBritain has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries.The Times first published in 1785.The Observer first appealed in 1791.The Times, The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph are referred to as Britain’s “Big Three”.BBC (The British Broadcast Corporation)—“Beeb”—Britain’s main public service broadcasterThe BBC starts daily radio broadcast in 1922 and made its first TV broadcast in 1936. The BBC—certain thing—News, Documentaries [wildlife programs—(Life on the Earth)], costume drama, classic—BBC “Shakespeare” series, BBC World Service. British Sky Broadcast Group PLC (BskyB) 英国天空广播公司Holidays and FestivalsThroughout the year the British celebrate many holiday which reflect the religious, historical, social and cultural diversity of their country.1.The nation and mark important events in the Christian calendar2.Local customs and traditionsFestivalsChristmasPurpose: commemorates the birth of Jesus ChristTime: Dec. 25thCustom: exchanging gifts, Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods and decorating homes…Christmas Traditions:1.Christmas pantomime 童话剧2.Queen’s Christmas message3.Boxing Day 节礼日—people gives Christmas gifts and money to their staff andservant.EasterThe most important Christian festivalPurpose: commemorate the resurrection of Jesus ChristTime: a Sunday between Mar. 22nd and Apr. 25th on the first full moon after the spring equinoxBonfire Night—Guy Fawkes NightTime: Nov. 5th national festivalChapter 6 British LiteratureThe Old English Period and Middle English Period↓The most famous work in the old English period is the historical epic Beowulf. Norman Conquest in 1066—Britain enters Middle Age.↓The most significant Middle English author is the poet Geoffrey Chaucer.The Canterbury tales is his masterpiece.The RenaissanceIt was characterized by the admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.The highest glory of the English Renaissance in unquestionably is drama.The first professional theater opened in London in 1576.Famous playwrights: Christopher Morlowe, William ShakespeareChristopher Morlowe: greatest pioneer of English drama-paves the way for the ShakespeareImportant play: The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus.his short life is ended in a deliberately planned political murder.William Shakespeare: is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatistsShakespeare's play fall into three categories: comedy, tragedy and historical play comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of V enice 威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth NightTragedies: Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Romeo and JulietHistorical play: Richard III Henry V Antony and CleopatraWhy Shakespeare is famous? P67最后一段The neoclassical periodJohn Milton-English poet, pamphleteer, historianTwin poem-L'Allegro Il PenserosoAfter he release, he retired into obscurity and produced his masterpiece, the epic Paradise Lost and Paradise RegainedAlexander Pope the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.His work: An Essay on Criticism The Rape of the LockJonathan Swift the foresome prose satiristHis work: Gulliver's TravelDianel Defoe --famous English pamphleteer, journalist and novelistHis work: Robinson CrusoeThe romantic period↓↓What is romanticism?At the turn of the 19th century, Romanticism appeared as a new trend in English Literature. It is a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Writers of Romantic literature are mire concerned with imagination and feeling than with reasonand intellect. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge began the trend! bringing emotionalism and introspection to English literature with a new concentration on the individual and the common man. They are also representatives of the Lake Poets who lived in the lake district to expolre nature. Discontent with the development of capitalism, they sought literary refuge.Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣--a volume of poems—written by Wordsworth and ColeridgeThe major second generation of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats.↓George Gordon Byron—Lord ByronAutobiographical: Child Harold’s PilgrimageHis masterpiece: Don Juan↓Percy Bysshe Shelley—a great poet of revolutionary Romanticism in England Long poem: “The Revolt of Islam” “The Masque of Anarchy”Short poem: “Ode to the West Wind” “To a Skylark”Masterpiece: Prometheus UnboundThe Victorian Period↓↓What is Critical Realism??Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished I the 1840s and the early 1850s. The critical realists described the chief traits of society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist is Charles Dickens.↓Charles Dickens (1812-1870)Fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian EnglandFirst novel: The Pickwick PapersBest-known novel: Great Expectation, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield—his best and most autobiographical novel↓Jane Austen (1775-1817)—comic irony and moral firmnessNotable Works: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma↓ Bronte sisters—Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848), and Anne (1820-1849) Charlotte famous work: Jane EyreEmily famous work: Wuthering Heights↓George Eliot (1819-1880)--“philosophical writer”Works: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, Middlemarch↓Thomas Hardy—English novelist and poet, one of the representative of the Critical Realism at the turn of 19th century↓Major works: The Return of the Native, The Major of Casterbridge, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure↓New literary trends prevailed at the end of the 19th century, such as Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism.Representative of Neo-Romanticism—Robert LouisWork: Treasure Island, KIdnappedRepresentative of Aestheticism—Oscar WildeWorks: The Picture of Dorian GreyThe Modern Period↓↓The 20th century English literature can be roughly divided into two period—Modernism and Postmodernism.Modernism prevailed before WWII—a deliberate departure from tradition and is characterized by the use of innovative forms of expressions.FictionJoseph Conrad (1857-1924)—Polish-born British novelistFunction: His literary works bridge the gap between classical literary tradition and the emerging Modernist Schools of Writing.Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)—one of the leader writer of ModernismNovels: Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, Orlando↓↓What’s the stream of consciousness?In her work she experiments with the stream of consciousness: the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page. Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves.↓James Joyce—Irish novelist—use of interior monolog↓D. H. LawrenceBest-known Book: Son and Lovers, The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley’s LoverPoetryWilliam Butlar Yeats (1865-1939)—Irish poet, dramatist, prose writerT. S. Eliot (1888-1965)—American-English poet, dramatist, literary criticSong Poem: The Waste LandDramaGeorge Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)—the winner of Noble Prize for Literature in 1925—An Irish dramatist, literary critic, socialist spokesmanDrama: Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant↓The most famous is Widowers’ Houses.The Postmodern PeriodFictionOne of the famous novels in the post-war period is George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.↓William Golding—↓the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1983—Works: Lord of the Files↓V. S. Naipaul—a Trinidadian-British writer—his pessimistic work is famous--↓the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 2001—Works: An Area of Darkness, India: A Wounded Civilization…Drama↓Samuel Beckett—an Irish novelist and playwright—↓the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1969—↓famous work: Waiting for Godot↓Harold Pinter—English playwright— the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 2005The United States of AmericaChapter 8 Geography and PeopleGeographyGeographical FeaturesThe United States is located in the central part of North America.面积：9.6 million square kilometers 50 states(America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China.)↓The United States can be divided into 3 distinct areas: the eastern part, the western part, and the Great Plains.The United States can be typically divided into 6 regions: New England, theMid-Atlantic States, the South, the Midwest, the Southwest and the West.↓↓ New England consists 6 states—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont↓The South is composed of 16 states and the District of Columbia—grown frost-free ↓The West includes 13 states, including Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii…ClimateTaking the country as a whole, the climate of the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical zones. The southern Florida and Hawaii are t ropical.Almost through the middle of the country, north to south, runs a well-known50-centimeter rainfall line, to the east of which there is comparatively more rain. To the west there is much less rain.Major citiesNew York—commercial and financial center of the United StatesNew York is composed of five boroughs.—Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, QueensEntertainment center: Broadway, Times Square, Wall Street, Fifth Avenue and Central Park.The Statue of Liberty standing at the gate of New York Harbor is the symbol of America.Washington—governed by the federal governmentHistorical places: Washington Monument, the Library of Congress…San Francisco—a center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce, finance and the shipping center.Historical places: the transcontinental railroad, the Golden Gate BridgeLos Angeles—the second largest city in America—electronic centerChicago—the nation’s third largest city—founded in the early 1800s↓PeoplePopulationThe United States is the third most populous in the world.The most densely populated region is the northeastern part.Nation of ImmigrantThe westward movement 西进运动1. The majority of American people are descendants of the European immigrants.2. After the early periods of settlement, the first sharp increase in immigration took place in the 1830s and the 1840s.3. In the 1890s, another tremendous tide of immigration appeared, this time largely from Southern and Eastern Europe.↓Why was the Immigration of Act instituted? P107 第二段↓ How is the American population distributed? P106第二段↓↓Why is the United States regarded as a “melting pot” and a “salad bowl”? P107 Chapter 9--12 自己阅读！！！Chapter 13 LiteratureThough the nation won its War of Independence in 1783, its cultural independence did not arrive until the mid-19th century. Therefore, the history of American literature is also the history of the slow emergence of native elements and national characteristics. The Colonial and Revolutionary PeriodThe time of Colonial period: first settlement at Jamestown (1607) to the outbreak of the American Revolution (1775)The major topic deals with American Puritanism, which stresses predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement or the salvation of a selected few who would receive God’s grace.Jonathan EdwardsBest-known book is an intimidating sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”.↓The Enlightenment 启蒙运动↓The Great Awaking Movement 大觉醒运动Benjamin Franklin—political leader, diplomat, scientist and inventorHis famous work: AutobiographyContents: It recorded his rise from poverty and obscurity to wealth and fame. It is a record of spiritual growth in addition to self-examination and self-improvement. P164 The time of Revolutionary Period: refers to the period between 1765 and 1790.↓The Stamp Act 《印花税法》The more representative work of this period is Thomas Jefferson’s world famous Declaration of Independence.They respectively represent the dual nature of American Puritanism and American character: religious idealism and level-headed common sense.The Romantic Period。