微观经济学-课后练习题-答案第三章
微观经济学第三章练习+答案
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第三章练习一、单项选择题1.设劳动是唯一可变要素,当总产量下降时,( )A. 劳动的平均产量等于零B. 劳动的边际产量等于零C. 劳动的平均产量小于零D. 劳动的平均产量下降2.当劳动的平均产量大于零时,边际产量是( )A. 下降的B. 0C. 负的D. 以上都可能3.当边际产量小于零时,要素的投入阶段是()A. 阶段ⅠB. 阶段ⅡC. 阶段ⅢD. 以上都不对4.当AP L为正且递减时,MP L可以()A. 递增且为正;B. 递减且为负;C. 递减且为正;D. 上述三个选项中只有A不可能。
5.以下各项中可能是短期成本函数的是()A.TC=0.6Q3-10Q2+300QB. TC=2Q3-10Q2+300Q+100C. TC=10Q2-3Q3+300Q+100D. TC=10Q2-3Q3+300Q6.等产量线特性()A. 一般斜率为负B. 凹向原点C.不同的等产量线只有一个交点D. 以上说法都对7.设横轴为劳动L,纵轴为资本K,P L、P K是劳动和资本的价格,则等成本线的斜率为()A. P L/P KB. P K/P LC. -P L/P KD. -P K/P L8.下列说法中错误的是()A.只要总产量减少,边际产量一定为负数;B.只要边际产量减少,总产量一定减少;C.边际产量曲线在平均产量曲线的最高点与之相交;D.只要平均产量增加,边际产量就大于平均产量;9.理性的短期生产者选择的生产区域应是()A. MP>AP阶段B. MP下降阶段C. AP下降阶段D. MP与AP相交之点起至MP与横轴交点止10.下列说法中正确的是()A.总产量TP开始下降时,边际产量MP也开始下降B.只要边际产量MP下降,总产量TP一定下降C.边际产量MP曲线必定交于平均产量AP曲线的最高点D.只要边际产量MP下降,平均产量AP 也一定下降11.生产者均衡时()A. MP L/MP K=P K/P LB. MRTS LK=MP K/MP LC. MRTS KL=MPK/MPLD. 以上都不对12.L型的等产量曲线,表示两要素的边际替代率()A.无穷大B. 保持不变C. 为零D. 以上都有可能13.规模报酬考查的是()生产A. 短期B. 长期C.短期和长期都可以D. 以上都不对14.边际收益递减规律的适用条件是()A. 生产技术没有发生重大变化B. 不考虑技术是否变化C. 所有要素投入同时改变D. 以上三条都不适用15.与生产理论中的扩展线相类似的,是消费者理论中的( )A. 价格—消费曲线B. 恩格尔曲线C. 收入—消费曲线D. 预算约束线16.边际收益(边际生产力、边际产量)递减规律所研究的问题是()A. 各种生产要素同时变动对产量的影响B. 其他生产要素不变,一种生产要素变动对产量的影响C. 一种生产要素不变,其他几种生产要素变动对产量的影响D. 两种生产要素同时以相同比例变动时对产量的影响17.规模报酬递减是在下述情况下发生的:( )A. 按比例连续增加各种生产要素B. 不按比例连续增加各种生产要素C. 连续地投入某种生产要素而保持其他生产素不变D. 上述都正确18.在生产者均衡点上有()A.MRTS LK=P L/P KB.MP L/P L=MP K/P KC.等产量曲线与等成本线相切D.上述都正确19.如果等成本曲线与等产量曲线没有交点,则要生产等产量曲线所表示的产量,应该()A.增加投入B.保持原投入不变C.减少投入D.上述三者都不正确。
微观经济学第三章部分课后答案
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微观经济学第三章部分课后答案4.对消费者实行补助有两种方法:一种是发给消费者一定数量的实物补助,另一种是发给消费者一笔现金补助,这笔现金额等于按实物补助折算的货币量。
试用无差异曲线分析法,说明哪一种补助方法能给消费者带来更大的效用。
解答:一般说来,发给消费者现金补助会使消费者获得更大的效用。
其原因在于:在现金补助的情况下,消费者可以按照自己的偏好来购买商品,以获得尽可能大的效用。
如图3—3所示。
在图3—3中,直线AB 是按实物补助折算的货币量构成的现金补助情况下的预算线。
在现金补助的预算线AB 上,消费者根据自己的偏好选择商品1和商品2的购买量分别为x *1和x *2,从而实现了最大的效用水平U 2,即在图3—3中表现为预算线AB 和无差异曲线U 2相切的均衡点E 。
而在实物补助的情况下,则通常不会达到最大的效用水平U 2。
因为,譬如,当实物补助的商品组合为F 点(即两商品数量分别为x 11、x 21),或者为G 点(即两商品数量分别为x 12和x 22)时,则消费者能获得无差异曲线U 1所表示的效用水平,显然,U 1<U 2。
5. 已知某消费者每年用于商品1和商品2的收入为540元,两商品的价格分别为P 1=20元和P 2=30元,该消费者的效用函数为U =3X 1X 22,该消费者每年购买这两种商品的数量应各是多少?每年从中获得的总效用是多少?解答:根据消费者的效用最大化的均衡条件MU 1MU 2=P 1P 2其中,由U =3X 1X 22可得MU 1=d TU d X 1=3X 22 MU 2=d TU d X 2=6X 1X 2于是,有3X 226X 1X 2=2030整理得 X 2=43X 1 (1) 将式(1)代入预算约束条件20X 1+30X 2=540,得20X 1+30·43X 1=540解得 X 1=9将X 1=9代入式(1)得X 2=12将以上最优的商品组合代入效用函数,得U *=3X *1(X *2)2=3×9×122=3 888它表明该消费者的最优商品购买组合给他带来的最大效用水平为3 888。
微观经济学习题与答案03
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第三章消费者行为理论一、单项选择题1、总效用曲线达到最高点时( )。
A.边际效用为正B.边际效用为负C.边际效用为零D.边际效用达到最大2、某消费者消费一个单位的某商品获得的效用为40,消费两单位该商品的效用为90,消费三单位的效用为125,则该消费者消费第三单位的该商品获得的效用边际效用为()。
A 80B 40C 35D 613、预算线的斜率决定于()。
A 消费者的偏好 B消费者的收入C 消费者的收入与商品的价格D 商品的相对价格4、对于低档商品,价格下降()。
A替代效应使消费变少 B收入效应使消费变少C收入效应使消费变多 D价格效应使消费变少5、无差异曲线上任一点处的边际替代率取决于两种商品()。
A 价格之比B 数量之比C 边际效用之比D 边际成本之比6、如果商品X、Y的价格分别为PX、PY是既定的,当MRSXY>PX/PY时,消费者要实现其均衡,应该()。
A 增加消费X,减少消费YB 同时增加消费X和YC 减少消费X,增加消费Y D同时减少消费X和Y7、对于吉芬商品,价格下降()。
A替代效应使消费变少 B替代效应使消费变少C 收入效应使消费变多 D价格效应使消费变少8、消费者消费X,Y两种商品,当X的价格下降,Y的价格不变,预算约束线怎样变化()。
A 向外平移B Y的截距不变,向外旋转C X的截距不变,向外旋转D 向内平移9、边际替代率递减意味着( )。
A 无差异曲线的斜率为正B 无差异曲线的斜率为负C 预算线斜率小于零D 无差异曲线凸向原点10、需求曲线上每一价格所对应的需求量都能给消费者带来( )效用。
A 最小B 可能最大C 最大D 与效用无关二、名词解释1、消费者剩余2、边际效用递减规律3、边际替代率4、效用5、预算线6、消费者均衡7、 替代效应8、收入效应三、简答题1、无差异曲线的含义和特征。
2、两种消费品的边际替代率(MRSXY )的含义是什么,为什么它是递减的?3、简述基数效用论。
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第三章 消费者选择
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微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第三章 消费者选择第一部分 教材配套习题本习题详解1.已知一件衬衫的价格为80元,一份肯德基快餐的价格为20元,在某消费者关于这两种商品的效用最大化的均衡点上,一份肯德基快餐去替代衬衫的边际替代率MRS是多少?解答:用 X 表示肯德基快餐的份数;Y 表示衬衫的件数;MRSXY 表示在 维持效用水平不变的前提下,消费者增加一份肯德基快餐消费时所需要放弃的衬衫的消费数量。
在该消费者实现关于这两种商品的效用最大化时,在均衡点上有边际替代率等于价格比,则有:201804X XY YP Y MRS X P ∆=-===∆ 它表明,在效用最大化的均衡点上,该消费者关于一份肯德基快餐对衬衫 的边际替代率MRS为0.25。
2.假设某消费者的均衡如图3—21所示。
其中,横轴OX1和纵轴OX2分别表示商品1和商品2的数量,线段AB为消费者的预算线,曲线U 为消费者的无差异曲线,E点为效用最大化的均衡点。
已知商品1的价格P1=2元。
求: (1)求消费者的收入; (2)求商品2的价格P2; (3)写出预算线方程;(4)求预算线的斜率; (5)求E点的MRS12的值。
图3—21 某消费者的均衡解答:(1)横轴截距表示消费者的收入全部购买商品1的数量为30单位,且已知P1=2元,所以,消费者的收入 M=2×30=60元。
(2)图3—1中纵轴截距表示消费者的收入全部购买商品2的数量为20单位,且由(1)已知收入 M=60元,所以,商品2的价格P 2=M 20=6020=3(元)。
(3)由于预算线方程的一般形式为 P 1X 1+P 2X 2=M,所以本题预算线方程具体写为:2X 1+3X 2=60。
(4)(4)将(3)中的预算线方程进一步整理为X 2=-23X 1+20。
所以,预算线的斜率为-23。
(5)在消费者效用最大化的均衡点E 上,有211212X PMRS X P ∆=-=∆,即无差异曲线斜率的绝对值即MRS 等于预算线斜率的绝对值P 1P 2。
微观经济学答案
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第三章 练习题参考答案1、已知一件衬衫的价格为80元,一份肯德鸡快餐的价格为20元,在某消费者关于这两种商品的效用最大化的均衡点上,一份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率MRS 是多少?解:按照两商品的边际替代率MRS 的定义公式,可以将一份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率写成: XYMSR XY ∆∆-= 其中:X 表示肯德鸡快餐的份数;Y 表示衬衫的件数; MRS 表示在维持效用水平不变的前提下, 消费者增加一份肯德鸡快餐时所需要放弃的衬衫消费数量。
在该消费者实现关于这两件商品的效用最大化时,在均衡点上有MRS xy =P x /P y即有MRS xy =20/80=0.25它表明:在效用最大化的均衡点上,消费者关于一份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率MRS 为0.25。
2 假设某消费者的均衡如图1-9所示。
其中,横轴1OX 和纵轴2OX ,分别表示商品1和商品2的数量,线段AB 为消费者的预算线,曲线U 为消费者的无差异曲线,E 点为效用最大化的均衡点。
已知商品1的价格P 1=2元。
(1)求消费者的收入; (2)求上品的价格2P ; (3)写出预算线的方程; (4)求预算线的斜率; (5)求E 点的12MRS 的值。
解:(1)图中的横截距表示消费者的收入全部购买商品1的数量为30单位,且已知P1=2元,所以,消费者的收入M=2元×30=60。
(2)图中的纵截距表示消费者的收入全部购买商品2的数量为20单位,且由(1)已知收入M=60元,所以,商品2的价格P2斜率=-P1/P2=-2/3,得P2=M/20=3元(3)由于预算线的一般形式为:P1X1+P2X2=M所以,由(1)、(2)可将预算线方程具体写为2X1+3X2=60。
(4)将(3)中的预算线方程进一步整理为X2=-2/3 X1+20。
很清楚,预算线的斜率为-2/3。
(5)在消费者效用最大化的均衡点E上,有MRS12= = MRS12=P1/P2,即无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值即MRS等于预算线的斜率绝对值P1/P2。
《微观经济学》课后练习题3-1910
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第三章效用论一、选择题1.当消费者对商品X的消费达到饱和点//最大值时,则边际效用MU X为( C )A.正值B.负值C.零D.不确定2.总效用曲线达到顶点时,( B )A.边际效用最大;B.边际效用为零;C.边际效用为正;D.边际效用为负。
3.当总效用增加时,边际效用应该( B )A.为正值,且不断增加;B.为正值,但不断减少;C.为负值,且不断减少;D.为负值,但不断增加。
4.当两种商品X、Y的效用函数为U(X,Y)=XY时,下列哪一种效用函数描述了相同的偏好次序?( B )A. U(X,Y)=(X-5)(Y-5)B. U(X,Y)=(X/5)(Y/5)C. U(X,Y)=(X+5)(Y+5)D. U(X,Y)=(X+5)(Y-5)5.序效用论认为,商品效用的大小( C )A.取决于商品的价格;B.取决于商品的使用价值;C.可以比较;D.不可以比较。
6.序数效用理论认为,不同消费者从相同商品中获得的效用大小( C )A.取决于商品的使用价值B.取决于商品的价格C.不可比较D.可以比较7.无差异曲线的形状取决于( A )A.消费者偏好;B.消费者收入;C.所购商品的价格;D.商品效用水平的大小。
8.同一无差异曲线上的不同点表示( B )A.效用水平不同,但所消费的两种商品的组合比例相同;B.效用水平相同,但所消费的两种商品的组合比例不同;C.效用水平不同,两种商品的组合比例也不相同;D.效用水平相同,两种商品的组合比例相同。
9.在无差异曲线上的任意一点,该曲线的斜率衡量消费者的( B )A.收入B.用一种商品换另一种商品的意愿C.对两种商品是替代还是互补的认知D.需求弹性10.无差异曲线上任一点上商品X和Y的边际替代率是等于它们的(B)A.价格之比;B.边际效用之比;斜率的绝对值C.数量之比;D.边际成本之比。
11.商品X和Y的价格按相同比率上升,而收入不变,预算线( A )A.向左下方平行移动;B.向右上方平行移动;C.不变动;D.顺时针旋转。
微观经济学第三章效用论习题与答案
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第3章效用论一、名词解释1.边际效用2.边际替代率3.补偿预算线4.消费者剩余5.恩格尔曲线6.吉芬难题7.劣等品和吉芬品8.边际替代率9.边际替代率递减规律10.边际效用递减规律11.价格-消费曲线12.收入-消费曲线13.边际效用14.消费者剩余15.消费者均衡16.效用17.基数效用18.序数效用19.无差异曲线20.预算约束线21.替代效应22.收入效应二、判断正误并解释原因1.基数效用论采用的分析方法是无差异曲线分析法。
()2.所谓效用,就是指商品的功能。
()3.同一商品的效用的大小,也会因时、因人、因地而不同。
()4.当消费者从物品消费中所获得的总效用不断增加时,边际效用是正的。
()5.如果消费者从每一种商品中得到的总效用与它们的价格之比分别相等,他们将获得最大效用。
()6.根据基数效用论,假定消费者的货币收入不变,则消费者获得效用最大化的条件中所指的货币的边际效用也不变。
()7.假定商品价格不变,预算线的移动说明消费者的收入发生变化。
()8.需求曲线上的每一个点都是在不同的价格水平下的消费者效用最大化的点。
()9.价格效应可以分解为替代效应和收入效应,并且替代效应和收入效应是同向变化的。
() 10.低档物品和吉芬物品的关系是:吉芬物品一定是低档品,但低档物品不一定是吉芬物品。
()11.不确定性是指消费者在不完全信息的情况下,无法预知结果。
()三、判断题1.同样一种商品的效用将因人,因地,因时的不同而不同。
()2.假定其他条件不变,消费者从每单位商品中得到的效用,随着这种商品数量的增加而增加()3.只要总效用是正数,边际效用就不可能是负数()4.对于一个消费者来说,同一数量的商品不管在什么情况下都提供同样数量的效用()5.如果消费者从每一种商品中得到的总效用与它们的价格之比分别相等,他将获得最大利润()6.在均衡条件下,消费者购买商品所得到的总效用,一定等于他因支付货币所失去的货币的总效用()7.在均衡的条件下,消费者对每单位商品所支付的货币的效用,等于他所购买的商品的边际效用()8.两条无差异曲线的交点所表示的商品组合,对于同一个消费者来说具有不同的效用()2.用商品X代替商品Y的边际替代率等于3意味着,1单位商品X和3单位商品Y具有同样的效用()3.在消费者的收入和商品的价格一定的条件下,预算线是一条确定的直线()4.当无差异曲线和预算线相交时,消费者从交点所表示的商品组合所得到的商品效用达到最大()5.假定其他条件不变,如果某种商品的价格下降了,根据效用论最大化原则,消费者会增购这种商品()13.当某人消费X商品的数量逐渐增加时,他得到的效用是递减的()5.对于理性人来说,当某物品边际效用已降到零时他不会再逐渐消费()6.总效用曲线是凸形的()7.任何两条无差异曲线不可能相交()8.无差异曲线定义为一位消费者再一定收入下可以负担的一组商品组合()9.价格效应是替代效应和收入效应的总和()10.效用是人们需要商品的一种特性,它是客观的()11.需求曲线可由价格-消费曲线导出()12.若某消费者只消费X,Y两种商品,若X,Y的价格上涨一倍,他的收入也上涨一倍,他对X,Y 的需求量将不变()22.预算线的位置与斜率取决于消费者的收入()8.馒头每个40美分,包子每个59美分,馒头边际效用为4单位,包子边际效用为5单位,追求效用最大化的消费者应保持现有的消费组合不变()9.如果边际效用递减,则总现有想要下降()10.在同一条预算线上,货币收入是不变的()26.无差异曲线的形状越接近于直线,说明带消费者消费的两种商品之间的替代性就越大()11.预算线上的每一点代表了当收入一定时消费者可能购买的不同数量的商品组合()12.基数效用论采用的分析方法是无采用曲线分析法()13.只要商品的数量增加,边际效用大于零,消费者得到的总效用就一定在增加()14.如果消费者的收入增加而商品的价格不变,则无差异曲线向右上方平行移动()四、单项选择题1.已知消费者的收人为100元,物品A、B的价格分别为10元、3元。
周惠中《微观经济学》课后习题答案第三章
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第三章习题解答1.效用函数为(,)2U x y x y =+,原先效用为(9,10)16U =,现在4x =,由(4,)16U y =可解得12y =。
2.(1)如有图;)如有图; (2)(,)min{int(/2),}U L R L R =;(3)多一只左手套不增加效用;)多一只左手套不增加效用;(4)若原先L 是奇数,增加一只左手套将增加一单位是奇数,增加一只左手套将增加一单位效用,若L 是偶数,增加一只左手套将不增加效用,是偶数,增加一只左手套将不增加效用, 3.分别用,x y 表示大、小冰棍的数量,表示大、小冰棍的数量,(1)大大的效用函数是(,)2U x y x y =+,小小的效用函数是(,)U x y x y =+ (2)两个组合(3,1)和(1,4),大大喜欢前者,小小喜欢后者。
,大大喜欢前者,小小喜欢后者。
5.某甲的无差异曲线是以原点为心的同心圆(第一象限部分),其偏好不是凸的。
,其偏好不是凸的。
6.7.效用函数为22121122(,)2U x x x x x x =++ 时,边际效用分别为时,边际效用分别为1122()x MU x x =+,2122()x MU x x =+,边际替代率为1;(1)效用函数为1212(,)V x x x x =+ 时,边际替代率仍然是1;(2)两个效用函数代表同一偏好,因为221212(,)(,)U x x V x x =,平方函数是严格增函数。
,平方函数是严格增函数。
8.因为某甲对,X Y 商品的边际效用分别是2y +和x ,因此最优选择满足该等式。
,因此最优选择满足该等式。
L R 1 (3) 0 2 4 6 2 3 (4) X Y 0 9.某甲的预算约束方程是x y z P x P y P z I ++=,目标函数为(,,)U x y z Ax y za b g=。
构造拉格朗日函数(,,,)F x y z Ax y z a b gl =+()x y zP x P y P z I l ++-,联立方程,联立方程11100x y zx y z A x y z P A x y z P A x y z P P x P y P z Ia b ga b g a b g a l b l g l ---ì+=ïï+=ïíï+=ïï++=î得需求函数:x I x P a a b g =++,y I y P b a b g =++,zI z P g a b g =++。
微观经济学第3章部分练习题答案
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微观经济学第3章部分练习题答案《微观经济学》第三章练习题参考答案1、已知⼀件衬衫的价格为80元,⼀份肯德鸡快餐的价格为20元,在某消费者关于这两种商品的效⽤最⼤化的均衡点上,⼀份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率MRS 是多少?解:按照两商品的边际替代率MRS 的定义公式,可以将⼀份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率写成: XY MRS XY ??-=其中:X 表⽰肯德鸡快餐的份数;Y 表⽰衬衫的件数; MRS 表⽰在维持效⽤⽔平不变的前提下, 消费者增加⼀份肯德鸡快餐时所需要放弃的衬衫消费数量。
在该消费者实现关于这两件商品的效⽤最⼤化时,在均衡点上有MRS xy =P x /P y 即有MRS xy =20/80=它表明:在效⽤最⼤化的均衡点上,消费者关于⼀份肯德鸡快餐对衬衫的边际替代率MRS 为。
2 假设某消费者的均衡如图1-9所⽰。
其中,横轴1OX 和纵轴2OX ,分别表⽰商品1和商品2的数量,线段AB 为消费者的预算线,曲线U 为消费者的⽆差异曲线,E 点为效⽤最⼤化的均衡点。
已知商品1的价格P 1=2元。
(2)求上品的价格P;2(3)写出预算线的⽅程;(4)求预算线的斜率;(5)求E点的MRS的值。
12解:(1)图中的横截距表⽰消费者的收⼊全部购买商品1的数量为30单位,且已知P1=2元,所以,消费者的收⼊M=2元×30=60。
(2)图中的纵截距表⽰消费者的收⼊全部购买商品2的数量为20单位,且由(1)已知收⼊M=60元,所以,商品2的价格P2斜率=-P1/P2=-2/3,得P2=M/20=3元(3)由于预算线的⼀般形式为:P1X1+P2X2=M所以,由(1)、(2)可将预算线⽅程具体写为2X1+3X2=60。
(4)将(3)中的预算线⽅程进⼀步整理为X2=-2/3 X1+20。
很清楚,预算线的斜率为-2/3。
(5)在消费者效⽤最⼤化的均衡点E上,有MRS12= = MRS12=P1/P2,即⽆差异曲线的斜率的绝对值即MRS等于预算线的斜率绝对值P1/P2。
微观经济学-第三章-效用论-习题及答案
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微观经济学-第三章-效用论-习题及答案最新精品文档,知识共享1!第3章一、名词解释效用论1.边际效用2.边际替代率3. 补偿预算线4.消费者剩余5.恩格尔曲线6.吉芬难题7.劣等品和吉芬品 8.边际替代率 9.边际替代率递减规律 10.边际效用递减规律 11.价格-消费曲线 12.收入-消费曲线13.边际效用 14.消费者剩余 15.消费者均衡 16.效用 17.基数效用 18.序数效用 19.无差异曲线20.预算约束线 21.替代效应 22.收入效应二、判断正误并解释原因1.基数效用论采用的分析方法是无差异曲线分析法。
( ) 2.所谓效用,就是指商品的功能。
( ) 3.同一商品的效用的大小,也会因时、因人、因地而不同。
( ) 4.当消费者从物品消费中所获得的总效用不断增加时,边际效用是正的。
() 5.如果消费者从每一种商品中得到的总效用与它们的价格之比分别相等,他们将获得最大效用。
( )6.根据基数效用论,假定消费者的货币收入不变,则消费者获得效用最大化的条件中所指的货币的边际效用也不变。
( ) 7.假定商品价格不变,预算线的移动说明消费者的收入发生变化。
( ) 8.需求曲线上的每一个点都是在不同的价格水平下的消费者效用最大化的点。
( )9.价格效应可以分解为替代效应和收入效应,并且替代效应和收入效应是同向变化的。
( )10.低档物品和吉芬物品的关系是:吉芬物品一定是低档品,但低档物品不一定是吉芬物品。
( )11.不确定性是指消费者在不完全信息的情况下,无法预知结果。
( )三、判断题1.同样一种商品的效用将因人,因地,因时的不同而不同。
() 2.假定其他条件不变,消费者从每单位商品中得到的效用,随着这种商品数量的增加而增加()3.只要总效用是正数,边际效用就不可能是负数() 4.对于一个消费者来说,同一数量的商品不管在什么情况下都提供同样数量的效用() 5.如果消费者从每一种商品中得到的总效用与它们的价格之比分别相等,他将获得最大利润()6.在均衡条件下,消费者购买商品所得到的总效用,一定等于他因支付货币所失去的货币的总效用() 7.在均衡的条件下,消费者对每单位商品所支付的货币的效用,等于他所购买的商品的边际效用() 8.两条无差异曲线的交点所表示的商品组合,对于同一个消费者来说具有不同的效用()最新精品文档,知识共享1!9.用商品X代替商品Y的边际替代率等于3意味着,1单位商品X和3单位商品Y具有同样的效用( ) 10.在消费者的收入和商品的价格一定的条件下,预算线是一条确定的直线() 11.当无差异曲线和预算线相交时,消费者从交点所表示的商品组合所得到的商品效用达到最大()12.假定其他条件不变,如果某种商品的价格下降了,根据效用论最大化原则,消费者会增购这种商品() 13.当某人消费X商品的数量逐渐增加时,他得到的效用是递减的() 14.对于理性人来说,当某物品边际效用已降到零时他不会再逐渐消费() 15.总效用曲线是凸形的() 16.任何两条无差异曲线不可能相交() 17.无差异曲线定义为一位消费者再一定收入下可以负担的一组商品组合() 18.价格效应是替代效应和收入效应的总和() 19.效用是人们需要商品的一种特性,它是客观的() 20.需求曲线可由价格-消费曲线导出() 21.若某消费者只消费X,Y两种商品,若X,Y的价格上涨一倍,他的收入也上涨一倍,他对X,Y的需求量将不变() 22.预算线的位置与斜率取决于消费者的收入()23.馒头每个40美分,包子每个59美分,馒头边际效用为4单位,包子边际效用为5单位,追求效用最大化的消费者应保持现有的消费组合不变() 24.如果边际效用递减,则总现有想要下降() 25.在同一条预算线上,货币收入是不变的( )26.无差异曲线的形状越接近于直线,说明带消费者消费的两种商品之间的替代性就越大()27.预算线上的每一点代表了当收入一定时消费者可能购买的不同数量的商品组合() 28.基数效用论采用的分析方法是无采用曲线分析法() 29.只要商品的数量增加,边际效用大于零,消费者得到的总效用就一定在增加() 30.如果消费者的收入增加而商品的价格不变,则无差异曲线向右上方平行移动()四、单项选择题1.已知消费者的收人为100元,物品A 、B的价格分别为10元、3元。
微观经济学第三章习题及答案
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第三章习题:一、名词解释:效用基数效用论序数效用论边际效用边际效用递减规律消费者均衡消费者剩余无差异曲线预算线边际替代率收入效应替代效用二、选择题1、总效用曲线达到顶点时,( B )A.平均效用达到最大点B。
边际效用为零C.边际效用达到最大点D。
平均效用与边际效用相等2、对于同一消费者而言,处在不同的无差异曲线上的各种商品组合( A )A。
效用是不可能相等的B.一般情况下,效用是不可能相等的,但在个别场合,有可能相等C。
效用是否相等或不相等要视情况而定D。
效用是可能相等的3、无差异曲线的形状取决于( D)A。
商品效用水平的高低B.消费者的收入C.商品价格D。
消费者偏好4、随着收入和价格的变化,消费者的均衡也发生变化。
假如在新的均衡下,各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用,这意味着( C )A。
消费者生活状况没有变化B。
消费者生活状况恶化了C.消费者生活状况得到了改善D。
无法确定5、如果一条无差异曲线的斜率等于,说明( A )A.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y换取0。
5个单位的XB.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y换取0.5个单位的XC。
这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y换取2个单位的XD.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y换取2个单位的X6、若小王的MRS XY小于小张的MRS XY,则对小王来说,要想有所得,就可以(A )A。
放弃X,用以与小张交换YB。
放弃Y,用以与小张交换XC.或者放弃X,或者放弃YD.维持现状,不交换7、无差异曲线如果是呈直角形的话,说明(D)A.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是替代品B.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是互补品C.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全替代品D.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全互补品8、某消费者需求曲线上的各点( A )A、表示该消费者的效用最大点B、不表示效用最大点C、有可能表示效用最大点9、恩格尔曲线从( B )导出A.价格-消费曲线 B。
收入-消费曲线C.需求曲线 D。
微观经济学 第三章 参考答案
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第3章 消费者选择【练习及思考】参考答案要点1.填空题(1)基数效用论采用的是_边际效用分析 方法,序数效用论采用的是_无差异分析方法。
(2)用公式来表示消费者均衡条件为yy x x P MU P MU =和M Q P Q P y y x x =⋅+⋅。
(3)无差异曲线是用来表示两种商品的不同数量的组合给消费者所带来的_效用_完全相同的一条曲线。
(4)无差异曲线是一条向 右下方 倾斜的线,其斜率为_负__________。
(5)在同一坐标图上,离原点越远的无差异曲线,所代表的效用水平越___高________,离原点越近的无差异曲线,所代表的效用水平越__低_________。
2.判断题(下面判断正确的在括号内打√,不正确的打×)(1)(×)效用是一个客观的概念,因为它就是商品的使用价值。
(2)(×)基数效用论与序数效用论截然相反,分析结果不同。
(3)(√)同样商品的效用因人、因时、因地的不同而不同。
(4)(√)只要商品的数量在增加,边际效用大于零,消费者得到的总效用就一定在增加。
(5)(×)在同一条无差异曲线上,不同的消费者所得到的总效用是无差别的。
(6)(×)在无差异曲线与消费可能线的交点上,消费者所得到的效用达到最大。
(7)(√)需求线上的任何一点消费者都实现了效用最大。
(8)(×)消费者剩余是指消费者花费的货币少,而买到的东西多。
3.选择题(1)无差异曲线(B )A 向右上方倾斜B 向右下方倾斜C 与纵轴平行D 与横轴平行(2)消费可能线上每一点所反映的可能购买的两种商品的数量组合( B )。
A 是相同的B 是不同的C 在某些场合下是相同的D 在某些场合下相同,在某些场合下不相同(3)总效用曲线达到最高点时( D )A 边际效用达到最大B 边际效用为负C 边际效用为正D 边际效用为零(4)一个消费者想要一单位X 商品的心情甚于想要一单位Y 商品,原因是(A )。
《微观经济学》第3章效用论练习题及答案解析
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第三章效用论一、选择题1.假如某消费者所消费的几种商品的价格都相同,为了使其在消费的过程中获得最大的满足,该消费者应该购买()。
A.相同数量的这几种商品 B.这几种商品并使其总效用相等C.这几种商品并使其边际效用相等 D.以上答案都不对解析:C.本题考察效用最大化均衡条件当P X=P Y= P n,要满足效用最大化均衡条件必须使MU X=MU Y=MU n.2.假设货币的边际效用为1,消费者购买每一单位物品所支付的价格一定等于()。
A.消费者从消费第一单位的这种物品中获取的边际效用B.消费者从消费这种物品中获取的总效用C.消费者从平均每单位物品的消费中获取的效用D.消费者从消费最后一单位物品中获取的边际效用解析:D.本题考察效用最大化均衡条件当λ=1,要满足效用最大化均衡条件必须使,即MU X=P X MU Y=P Y MU N=P N3.就一个消费者对某种商品的需求曲线来看,该需求曲线上与每一个价格水平相对应的需求量()。
A.均是能给这个消费者带来最大效用的均衡数量B.并不是能给这个消费者带来最大效用的均衡数量C.有可能是能给这个消费者带来最大效用的均衡数量D.是这个消费者边际效用达到最大的需求数量解析:A.本题考察效用论如何推导出需求曲线,当消费者只购买一种商品时,满足效用最大化均衡条件,货币的边际效用λ可以假设不变,随着消费者消费的商品数量越来越多,商品带给消费者的边际效用递减,消费者愿意出的价钱也递减。
表现为需求曲线向右下方倾斜。
需求曲线上的每一个价格下消费者对应的消费数量都满足均衡条件,令消费者获得最大效用。
4.一个消费者愿意为第一杯啤酒支付11元,为第二杯支付7元,为第三杯支付4元,为第四杯支付2元,为第五杯支付1元。
如果每杯啤酒的价格为2元,则此消费者效用最大时消费者剩余是()元。
A.25 B.23 C.16 D.15解析:C.本题同时考察效用最大化均衡条件和消费者剩余计算方法。
当消费者只购买一种商品时,满足效用最大化均衡条件,第四杯啤酒带给消费者和2元钱相同的效用,正好市场价格是2元钱,此时总效用最大。
微观经济学第三章答案
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微观经济学第三章答案第3 章供给与需求的基本原理二、问答题与计算题1.(1)仔细定义需求表或需求曲线。
表述需求曲线向下倾斜规律。
用两个你自己经历的事例说明需求曲线向下倾斜规律。
(2)定义供给表或供给曲线。
说明供给的增加意味着供给曲线向右下方移动。
把它与需求增加所意味的需求曲线向右上方的移动做一下比较。
答:(1)在其他条件相同时,一种商品的市场价格与该商品的需求数量之间的关系可以用一张需求表或一条需求曲线表示。
需求曲线表示在其他条件不变的情况下,每单位可选价格上某种商品的需求数量,即把一种商品的需求量看成是这种商品的价格的函数,该函数的图象表示就是需求曲线。
需求曲线向下倾斜规律是对商品价格与需求量之间的反向相关关系的描述。
也就是说,在其他条件保持不变的情况下,一种商品的需求量的大小,取决于该商品价格的高低。
如果商品价格上升,则消费者对该商品的需求量就相应减少;反之,如果该商品的价格下降,其需求量就增加。
例如一些学生喜欢读小说,现在由于政府加大了打击盗版的力度,小说出版物的价格因而突然上涨,许多学生的需求量随之下降。
再比如,有人喜欢吃葡萄,但是由于该地区冬季的葡萄价格远远高于夏季,因此这些消费者就会减少对葡萄的购买。
(2)一种商品的供给表或供给曲线体现的是:在其他条件不变的情况下,该商品每单位可选价格上的商品供给数量。
也就是说,如果假定其他因素均不发生变化,把一种商品的供给量只看成是这种商品价格的函数,该函数的图形表示即为供给曲线。
供给的增加是指在商品价格不变的条件下,由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的增加。
这里的其他因素变动可以指生产成本的变动、生产技术水平的变动、相关商品价格的变动和生产者对未来的预期的变化等等。
因此,供给的增加意味着在每个价格点上会供给更多数量的商品,所以,在几何图形中,供给的增加表现为供给曲线向右下方移动。
与供给的增加类似,需求的增加意味着在每个价格点上会需求更多数量的商品。
微观经济学第八版课后习题答案第三章
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Chapter 3Consumer BehaviorQuestions for Review1. What are the four basic assumptions about individual preferences? Explain the significance ormeaning of each.(1) Preferences are complete: this means that the consumer is able to compare and rank all possiblebaskets of goods and services. (2) Preferences are transitive: this means that preferences are consistent, in the sense that if bundle A is preferred to bundle B and bundle B is preferred to bundle C, then bundleA is preferred to bundle C. (3) More is preferred to less: this means that all goods are desirable, andthat the consumer always prefers to have more of each good. (4) Diminishing marginal rate ofsubstitution: this means that indifference curves are convex, and that the slope of the indifference curve increases (becomes less negative) as we move down along the curve. As a consumer moves down along her indifference curve she is willing to give up fewer units of the good on the vertical axis in exchange for one more unit of the good on the horizontal axis. This assumption also means that balanced market baskets are generally preferred to baskets that have a lot of one good and very little of the other good.2. Can a set of indifference curves be upward sloping? If so, what would this tell you about thetwo goods?A set of indifference curves can be upward sloping if we violate assumption number three: more ispreferred to less. When a set of indifference curves is upward sloping, it means one of the goods is a “bad” so that the consumer pref ers less of that good rather than more. The positive slope means that the consumer will accept more of the bad only if he also receives more of the other good in return. As we move up along the indifference curve the consumer has more of the good he likes, and also more of the good he does not like.3. Explain why two indifference curves cannot intersect.The figure below shows two indifference curves intersecting at point A. We know from the definition of an indifference curve that the consumer has the same level of utility for every bundle of goods that lies on the given curve. In this case, the consumer is indifferent between bundles A and B because they both lie on indifference curve U1. Similarly, the consumer is indifferent between bundles A and C because they both lie on indifference curve U2. By the transitivity of preferences this consumer should also be indifferent between C and B. However, we see from the graph that C lies above B, so C must be preferred to B because C contains more of Good Y and the same amount of Good X as does B, and more is preferred to less. But this violates transitivity, so indifference curves must not intersect.Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.32 Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.4. Jon is always willing to trade one can of Coke for one can of Sprite, or one can of Sprite for onecan of Coke.a. What can you say about Jon’s marginal rate of substitution?Jon’s marginal rate of substitution can be defined as the number of cans of Coke he would bewilling to give up in exchange for a can of Sprite. Since he is always willing to trade one for one, his MRS is equal to 1.b. Draw a set of indifference curves for Jon.Since Jon is always willing to trade one can of Coke for one can of Sprite, his indifference curves are linear with a slope of -1. See the diagrams below part c.c. Draw two budget lines with different slopes and illustrate the satisfaction-maximizing choice.What conclusion can you draw?J on’s indifference curves are linear with a slope of -1. Jon’s budget line is also linear, and will have a slope that reflects the ratio of the two prices. If Jon’s budget line is steeper than his indifference curves, he will choose to consume only the good on the vertical axis. If Jon’s budget line is flatter than his indifference curves, he will choose to consume only the good on the horizontal axis. Jon will always choose a corner solution where he buys only the less expensive good, unless his budget line has the same slope as his indifference curves. In this case any combination of Sprite and Cokethat uses up his entire income will maximize Jon’s satisfaction.The diagrams below show cases where Jon’s budget line is steeper than his indifference curvesand where it is flatter. Jon’s indifference curves are linear with slopes of -1, and four indifferencecurves are shown in each diagram as solid lines. Jon’s budget is $4.00. In the diagram on the left, Coke costs $1.00 and Sprite costs $2.00, so Jon can afford 4 Cokes (if he spends his entire budget on Coke) or 2 Sprites (if he spends his budget on Sprite). His budget line is the dashed line. Thehighest indifference curve he can reach is the one furthest to the right. He can reach that level ofutility by purchasing 4 Cokes and no Sprites. In the diagram on the right, the price of Coke is $2.00 and the price of Sprite is $1.00. Jon’s budget line is now flatter than his indifference curves, andhis optimal bundle is the corner solution with 4 Sprites and no Cokes.Chapter 3Consumer Behavior335. What happens to the marginal rate of substitution as you move along a convex indifferencecurve? A linear indifference curve?The MRS measures how much of a good you are willing to give up in exchange for one more unit of the other good, keeping utility constant. The MRS diminishes along a convex indifference curve.This occurs because as you move down along the indifference curve, you are willing to give up less and less of the good on the vertical axis in exchange for one more unit of the good on the horizontal axis. The MRS is also the negative of the slope of the indifference curve, which decreases (becomes closer to zero) as you move down along the indifference curve. The MRS is constant along a linear indifference curve because the slope does not change. The consumer is always willing to trade the same number of units of one good in exchange for the other.6. Explain why an MRS between two goods must equal the ratio of the price of the goods for theconsumer to achieve maximum satisfaction.The MRS describes the rate at which the consumer is willing to trade off one good for another to maintain the same level of satisfaction. The ratio of prices describes the trade-off that the consumer is able to make between the same two goods in the market. The tangency of the indifference curve with the budget line represents the point at which the trade-offs are equal and consumer satisfaction is maximized. If the MRS between two goods is not equal to the ratio of prices, then the consumer could trade one good for another at market prices to obtain higher levels of satisfaction. For example, if the slope of the budget line (the ratio of the prices) is 4, the consumer can trade 4 units of Y(the good on the vertical axis) for one unit of X (the good on the horizontal axis). If the MRS at the current bundle is 6, then the consumer is willing to trade 6 units of Y for one unit of X. Since the two slopes are not equal the consumer is not maximizing her satisfaction. The consumer is willing to trade 6 but only has to trade 4, so she should make the trade. This trading continues until the highest level of satisfaction is achieved. As trades are made, the MRS will change and eventually become equal to the price ratio.7. Describe the indifference curves associated with two goods that are perfect substitutes. What ifthey are perfect complements?Two goods are perfect substitutes if the MRS of one for the other is a constant number. In this case, the slopes of the indifference curves are constant, and the indifference curves are therefore linear. If two goods are perfect complements, the indifference curves are L-shaped. In this case the consumer wants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion, say one unit of good 1 for every one unit of good 2. If she has more of one good than the other, she does not get any extra satisfaction from the additional units of the first good.8. What is the difference between ordinal utility and cardinal utility? Explain why the assumptionof cardinal utility is not needed in order to rank consumer choices.Ordinal utility implies an ordering among alternatives without regard for intensity of preference. For example, if the c onsumer’s first choice is preferred to his second choice, then utility from the first34Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Editionchoice will be higher than utility from the second choice. How much higher is not important. An ordinal utility function generates a ranking of bundles and no meaning is given to the magnitude of the utility number itself. Cardinal utility implies that the intensity of preferences may be quantified, and that the utility number itself has meaning. An ordinal ranking is all that is needed to rank consumer choices. It is not necessary to know how intensely a consumer prefers basket A over basket B; it is enough to know that A is preferred to B.9. Upon merging with the West German economy, East German consumers indicated a preferencefor Mercedes-Benz automobiles over Volkswagens. However, when they converted their savings into deutsche marks, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships. How can you explain thisapparent paradox?There is no paradox. Preferences do not involve prices, and East German consumers preferredMercedes based solely on product characteristics. However, Mercedes prices are considerablyhigher than Volkswagen prices. So, even though East German consumers preferred a Mercedes to a Volkswagen, they either could not afford a Mercedes or they preferred a bundle of other goods plus a Volkswagen to a Mercedes alone. While the marginal utility of consuming a Mercedes exceeded the marginal utility of consuming a Volkswagen, East German consumers considered the marginal utility per dollar for each good and, for most of them, the marginal utility per dollar was higher forVolkswagens. As a result, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships to buy VWs.10. Draw a budget line and then draw an indifference curve to illustrate the satisfaction-maximizing choice associated with two products. Use your graph to answer the followingquestions.a. Suppose that one of the products is rationed. Explain why the consumer is likely to beworse off.When goods are not rationed, the consumer is able to choose the satisfaction-maximizing bundle where the slope of the budget line is equal to the slope of the indifference curve, or the price ratio is equal to the MRS. This is point A in the diagram below where the consumer buys G1 of good 1 and G2 of good 2 and achieves utility level U2. If good 1 is now rationed at G* the consumer will no longer be able to attain the utility maximizing point. He or she cannot purchase amounts ofgood 1 exceeding G*. As a result, the consumer will have to purchase more of the othergood instead. The highest utility level the consumer can achieve with rationing is U1 at point B.This is not a point of tangency, and the consumer’s utility is lower than at point A, so theconsumer is worse off as a result of rationing.Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.Chapter 3Consumer Behavior35b. Suppose that the price of one of the products is fixed at a level below the current price. As aresult, the consumer is not able to purchase as much as she would like. Can you tell if theconsumer is better off or worse off?No, the consumer could be better off or worse off. When the price of one good is fixed at alevel below the current (equilibrium) price, there will be a shortage of that good, and the goodwill be effectively rationed. In the diagram below, the price of good 1 has been reduced, and theconsumer’s budget line has rotated out to the right. The consumer would like to purchase bundle B, but the amount of good 1 is restricted because of a shortage. If the most the consumer can purchase is G*, she will be exactly as well off as before, because she will be able to purchase bundle C on her original indifference curve. If there is more than G* of good 1 available, the consumer will bebetter off, and if there is less than G*, the consumer will be worse off.11. Describe the equal marginal principle. Explain why this principle may not hold if increasingmarginal utility is associated with the consumption of one or both goods.The equal marginal principle states that to obtain maximum satisfaction the ratio of the marginal utility to price must be equal across all goods. In other words, utility maximization is achieved when the budget is allocated so that the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure (MU/P) is the same for each good. If the MU/P ratios are not equal, allocating more dollars to the good with the higher MU/P will increase utility. As more dollars are allocated to this good its marginal utility will decrease,which causes its MU/P to fall and ultimately equal that of the other goods.If marginal utility is increasing, however, allocating more dollars to the good with the larger MU/P causes MU to increase, and that good’s MU/P just keeps getting larger and larger. In this case, the36Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Editionconsumer should spend all her income on this good, resulting in a corner solution. With a corner solution, the equal marginal principle does not hold.12. The price of computers has fallen substantially over the past two decades. Use this drop in priceto explain why the Consumer Price Index is likely to overstate substantially the cost-of-living index for individuals who use computers intensively.The Consumer Price Index measures the cost of a basket of goods purchased by a typical consumer in the current year relative to the cost of the basket in the base year. Each good in the basket is assigneda weight, which reflects the importance of the good to the typical consumer, and the weights arekept fixed from year to year. One problem with fixing the weights is that consumers will shift their purchases from year to year to give more weight to goods whose prices have fallen, and less weight to goods whose prices have risen. The CPI will therefore give too much weight to goods whoseprices have risen, and too little weight to goods whose prices have fallen. In addition, for non-typical individuals who use computers intensively, the fixed weight for computers in the basket will understate the importance of this good, and will hence understate the effect of the fall in the price of computers for these individuals. The CPI will overstate the rise in the cost of living for this type of individual.13. Explain why the Paasche index will generally understate the ideal cost-of-living index.The Paasche index measures the current cost of the current bundle of goods relative to the base year cost of the current bundle of goods. The Paasche index will understate the ideal cost-of-living index because it assumes the individual buys the current year bundle in the base period. In reality, at base year prices the consumer would have been able to attain the same level of utility at a lower cost by altering his or her consumption bundle in light of the base year prices. Since the base year cost is overstated, the denominator of the Paasche index will be too large and the index will be too low, or understated.Exercises1. In this chapter, consumer preferences for various commodities did not change during theanalysis. In some situations, however, preferences do change as consumption occurs.Discuss why and how preferences might change over time with consumption of these twocommodities:a. CigarettesThe assumption that preferences do not change is a reasonable one if choices are independentacross time. It does not hold, however, when “habit-forming” or addictive behavior is involved,as in the case of cigarettes. The consumpt ion of cigarettes in one period influences the consumer’spreference for cigarettes in the next period: the consumer desires cigarettes more because he hasbecome more addicted to them.b. Dinner for the first time at a restaurant with a special cuisineThe first time you eat at a restaurant with a special cuisine can be an exciting new diningexperience. This may make eating at the restaurant more desirable. But once you’ve eaten there,it isn’t so exciting to do it again (“been there, done that”), and pre ference changes. On the otherhand, some people prefer to eat at familiar places where they don’t have to worry about new and unknown cuisine. For them, the first time at the restaurant would be less pleasant, but once they’veeaten there and discovered they like the food, they would find further visits to the restaurant more desirable. In both cases, preferences change as consumption occurs.Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.Chapter 3Consumer Behavior37 2. Draw indifference curves that represent the following individuals’ preferences for hamburgersand soft drinks. I ndicate the direction in which the individuals’ satisfaction (or utility) isincreasing.a. Joe has convex preferences and dislikes both hamburgers and soft drinks.Since Joe dislikes both goods, he prefers less to more, and his satisfaction is increasing in thedirection of the origin. Convexity of preferences implies his indifference curves will have thenormal shape in that they are bowed towards the direction of increasing satisfaction. Convexity also implies that given any two bundles between which the Joe is indifferent, any linear combination of the two bundles will be in the preferred set, or will leave him at least as well off. This is true of the indifference curves shown in the diagram below.b. Jane loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If she is served a soft drink, she will pour itdown the drain rather than drink it.Since Jane can freely dispose of the soft drink if it is given to her, she considers it to be a neutral good. This means she does not care about soft drinks one way or the other. With hamburgers on the vertical axis, her indifference curves are horizontal lines. Her satisfaction increases in theupward direction.c. Bob loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If he is served a soft drink, he will drink it tobe polite.Since Bob will drink the soft drink in order to be polite, it can be thought of as a “bad.” Whenserved another soft drink, he will require more hamburgers at the same time in order to keep his satisfaction constant. More soft drinks without more hamburgers will worsen his utility. Morehamburgers and fewer soft drinks will increase his utility, so his satisfaction increases as wemove upward and to the left.38 Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.d. Molly loves hamburgers and soft drinks, but insists on consuming exactly one soft drink forevery two hamburgers that she eats.Molly wants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion so her indifference curves areL-shaped. For a fixed amount of one good, she gets no extra satisfaction from having more of theother good. She will only increase her satisfaction if she has more of both goods.e. Bill likes hamburgers, but neither likes nor dislikes soft drinks.Like Jane, Bill considers soft drinks to be a neutral good. Since he does not care about soft drinks one way or the other we can assume that no matter how many he has, his utility will be the same. His level of satisfaction depends entirely on how many hamburgers he has, so his satisfactionincreases in the upward direction only.f. Mary always gets twice as much satisfaction from an extra hamburger as she does from anextra soft drink.How much extra satisfaction Mary gains from an extra hamburger or soft drink tells us something about the marginal utilities of the two goods and about her MRS . If she always receives twice the satisfaction from an extra hamburger then her marginal utility from consuming an extra hamburger is twice her marginal utility from consuming an extra soft drink. Her MRS , with hamburgers onthe vertical axis, is 1/2 because she will give up one hamburger only if she receives two softdrinks. Her indifference curves are straight lines with a slope of 1/2.Chapter 3 Consumer Behavior 393. If Jane is currently willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 basketball ticket, then she must likebasketball better than movies. True or false? Explain.This statement is not necessarily true. If she is always willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 basketball ticket then yes, she likes basketball better because she will always gain the same satisfaction from 4 movie tickets as she does from 1 basketball ticket. However, it could be that she has convex preferences (diminishing MRS ) and is at a bundle where she has a lot of movie tickets relative to basketball tickets. As she gives up movie tickets and acquires more basketball tickets, her MRS will fall. If MRS falls far enough she might get to the point where she would require, say, two basketball tickets to give up another movie ticket. It would not mean though that she liked basketball better, just that she had a lot of basketball tickets relative to movie tickets. Her willingness to give up a good depends on the quantity of each good in her current basket.4. Janelle and Brian each plan to spend $20,000 on the styling and gas mileage features of a new car.They can each choose all styling, all gas mileage, or some combination of the two. Janelle does not care at all about styling and wants the best gas mileage possible. Brian likes both equally and wants to spend an equal amount on each. Using indifference curves and budget lines, illustrate the choice that each person will make.Plot thousands of dollars spent on styling on the vertical axis and thousands spent on gas mileage on the horizontal axis as shown above. Janelle, on the left, has indifference curves that are vertical. If the styling is there she will take it, but she otherwise does not care about it. As her indifference curves move over to the right, she gains more gas mileage and more satisfaction. She will spend all $20,000 on gas mileage at point J . Brian, on the right, has indifference curves that are L-shaped. He will not spend more on one feature than on the other feature. He will spend $10,000 on styling and $10,000 on gas mileage. His optimal bundle is at point B .5. Suppose that Bridget and Erin spend their incomes on two goods, food (F ) and clothing (C ).Bridget’s preferences are repres ented by the utility function (,)10U F C FC =, while Erin’spreferences are represented by the utility function 22(,)0.20U F C F C =.40 Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. a. With food on the horizontal axis and clothing on the vertical axis, identify on a graph the setof points that give Bridget the same level of utility as the bundle (10,5). Do the same forErin on a separate graph.The bundle (10,5) contains 10 units of food and 5 of clothing. Bridget receives a utility of10(10)(5) = 500 from this bundle. Thus, her indifference curve is represented by the equation10FC = 500 or C = 50/F . Some bundles on this indifference curve are (5,10), (10,5), (25,2),and (2,25). It is plotted in the diagram below. Erin receives a utility of 0.2(102)(52) = 500 fromthe bundle (10,5). Her indifference curve is represented by the equation 0.2F 2C 2 = 500, or C =50/F . This is the same indifference curve as Bridget. Both indifference curves have the normal,convex shape.b. On the same two graphs, identify the set of bundles that give Bridget and Erin the samelevel of utility as the bundle (15,8).For each person, plug F = 15 and C = 8 into their respective utility functions. For Bridget, thisgives her a utility of 1200, so her indifference curve is given by the equation 10FC = 1200, orC = 120/F . Some bundles on this indifference curve are (12,10), (10,12), (3,40), and (40,3). Theindifference curve will lie above and to the right of the curve diagrammed in part a. This bundlegives Erin a utility of 2880, so her indifference curve is given by the equation 0.2F 2C 2 = 2880, orC = 120/F . This is the same indifference curve as Bridget.c. Do you think Bridget and Erin have the same preferences or different preferences? Explain.They have the same preferences because their indifference curves are identical. This means theywill rank all bundles in the same order. Note that it is not necessary that they receive the samelevel of utility for each bundle to have the same set of preferences. All that is necessary is thatthey rank the bundles in the same order.6. Suppose that Jones and Smith have each decided to allocate $1000 per year to an entertainmentbudget in the form of hockey games or rock concerts. They both like hockey games and rock concerts and will choose to consume positive quantities of both goods. However, they differ substantially in their preferences for these two forms of entertainment. Jones prefers hockey games to rock concerts, while Smith prefers rock concerts to hockey games.a. Draw a set of indifference curves for Jones and a second set for Smith.Given they each like both goods and they will each choose to consume positive quantities of both goods, we can assume their indifference curves have the normal convex shape. However sinceJones has an overall preference for hockey and Smith has an overall preference for rock concerts, their two sets of indifference curves will have different slopes. Suppose that we place rock concerts on the vertical axis and hockey games on the horizontal axis, Jones will have a larger MRS thanSmith. Jones is willing to give up more rock concerts in exchange for a hockey game since heprefers hockey games. Thus, indifference curves for Jones will be steeper than the indifferencecurves for Smith.b. Using the concept of marginal rate of substitution, explain why the two sets of curves aredifferent from each other.At any combination of hockey games and rock concerts, Jones is willing to give up more rock concerts for an additional hockey game, whereas Smith is willing to give up fewer rock concerts for an additional hockey game. Since the MRS is a measure of how many of one good (rock concerts) an individual is willing to give up for an additional unit of the other good (hockey games), the MRS , and hence the slope of the indifference curves, will be different for the two individuals.7. The price of DVDs (D ) is $20 and the price of CDs (C ) is $10. Philip has a budget of $100 to spend on the two goods. Suppose that he has already bought one DVD and one CD. In addition there are 3 more DVDs and 5 more CDs that he would really like to buy.a. Given the above prices and income, draw his budget line on a graph with CDs on the horizontal axis.His budget line is +=D C P D P C I , or 20D + 10C = 100. If he spends his entire income on DVDs he can afford to buy 5. If he spends his entire income on CDs he can afford to buy 10. His budget line is linear with these two points as intercepts.b. Considering what he has already purchased and what he still wants to purchase, identify the three different bundles of CDs and DVDs that he could choose. For this part of the question, assume that he cannot purchase fractional units.He has already purchased one of each for a total of $30, so he has $70 left. Since he wants 3 more DVDs, he can buy these for $60 and spend his remaining $10 on 1 CD. This is the first bundle below. He could also choose to buy only 2 DVDs for $40 and spend the remaining $30 on 3 CDs. This is the second bundle. Finally, he could purchase 1 more DVD for $20 and spend the remaining $50 on the 5 CDs he would like. This is the final bundle shown in the table below.Purchased Quantities Total Quantities DVDsCDs DVDs CDs 31 42 23 34 15 2 68. Anne has a job that requires her to travel three out of every four weeks. She has an annual travel budget and can travel either by train or by plane. The airline on which she typically flies has a frequent-traveler program that reduces the cost of her tickets according to the number of miles she has flown in a given year. When she reaches 25,000 miles, the airline will reduce the price of her tickets by 25% for the remainder of the year. When she reaches 50,000 miles, the airline will reduce the price by 50% for the remainder of the year. Graph Anne’s budget line, with train miles on the vertical axis and plane miles on the horizontal axis.The typical budget line is linear (with a constant slope) because prices do not change. In this case, the price of airline miles changes depending on how many miles Anne purchases. As the price changes, the slope of the budget line changes. Because there are three prices, there will be three slopes (and two kinks) to the budget line. Since the price falls as Anne flies more miles, her budget line will become flatter with each price change.。
《微观经济学》课后练习题3-1110
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第三章效用论一、选择题1.总效用曲线达到顶点时,(B )A.边际效用最大;B.边际效用为零;C.边际效用为正;D.边际效用为负。
2.当总效用增加时,边际效用应该(B )A.为正值,且不断增加;B.为正值,但不断减少;C.为负值,且不断减少;D.为负值,但不断增加。
3.当两种商品X、Y的效用函数为U(X,Y)=XY时,下列哪一种效用函数描述了相同的偏好次序?(B )A. U(X,Y)=(X-5)(Y-5)B.U(X,Y)=(X/5)(Y/5)C. U(X,Y)=(X+5)(Y+5)D. U(X,Y)=(X+5)(Y-5)4.序数效用论认为,商品效用的大小( C )A.取决于商品的价格;B.取决于商品的使用价值;C.可以比较;D.不可以比较。
5.序数效用理论认为,不同消费者从相同商品中获得的效用大小(C )A.取决于商品的使用价值B.取决于商品的价格C.不可比较D.可以比较6.无差异曲线的形状取决于(A )A.消费者偏好;B.消费者收入;C.所购商品的价格;D.商品效用水平的大小。
7.同一无差异曲线上的不同点表示(B )A.效用水平不同,但所消费的两种商品的组合比例相同;B.效用水平相同,但所消费的两种商品的组合比例不同;C.效用水平不同,两种商品的组合比例也不相同;D.效用水平相同,两种商品的组合比例相同。
8.无差异曲线上任一点上商品X和Y的边际替代率是等于它们的(B )A.价格之比;B.边际效用之比;C.数量之比;D.边际成本之比。
9.商品X和Y的价格按相同比率上升,而收入不变,预算线( A )A.向左下方平行移动;B.向右上方平行移动;C.不变动;D.顺时针旋转。
10.商品X和Y的价格以及消费者的收入都按同一比率同一方向变化,预算线( C )A.向左下方平行移动;B.向右上方平行移动;C.不变动;D.顺时针旋转。
11.预算线反映了( A )A.消费者的收入约束;B.消费者的偏好;C.消费者人数;D.货币的购买力。
《微观经济学》课后练习题参考答案3
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第三章效用论一、选择题二、名词解释1.效用:就是人们通过消费某种商品或劳务所产生的满足某种欲望的程度,是人们主观心理感觉。
2.边际效用:指消费者在一定时间内增加或减少一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量或减量。
英文简写为MU。
3.边际效用递减规律:在一定时间内,在其它商品的消费数量不变的条件下,随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加,消费者增加的最后一单位消费所得到的效用是递减的。
4.无差异曲线:表示两种商品的不同数量的组合,给消费者所带来的效用完全相同的一条曲线。
5.边际替代率:边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution):为了保持同等的效用水平,消费者要增加1单位X物品就必须放弃一定量的Y物品,这二者之比率被称为边际技术替代率。
6.边际替代率递减规律:随着某种商品和服务的消费量增加,为了保持总效用不变,消费者愿意放弃的其他商品和服务的数量越来越小,即这种商品能够替代的其他商品的数量越来越小。
7.恩格尔系数(Engel’s coefficient):用于食物的支出占总支出的比例。
8.恩格尔定律:一个家庭收入越少,其恩格尔系数越大;一个国家越穷其恩格尔系数越大,反之,富国的恩格尔系数就小。
9.替代效应:在保持实际收入水平不变既效用水平不变的情况下,一种商品的价格变化,导致两种商品的相对价格发生变化,消费者增加跌价商品的购买量以代替其价格相对上涨的商品,这种现象称为替代效应。
10.收入效应:一种商品的价格变化,导致实际收入的变化,由实际收入变化引起的向另一条无差异曲线的移动而导致购买量变化的现象,称为收入效应。
11.价格效应:当消费者的偏好和货币收入不变,一种商品的价格变化导致替代效应和收入效应的产生,这两者之和为价格效应。
三、问答题1.如何用无差异曲线分析消费者均衡的实现?答:(1)无差异曲线分析是西方经济学家用来研究如何实现收入的有效配置的常用工具。
无差异曲线是表示消费者对两种或两组商品的不同数量组合有同样偏好的曲线。
微观经济学3-6章习题.答案
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西经练习第三章效用论与消费者行为一、选择题1 . 基数效用论关于消费者均衡的条件是(CD)A 无差异曲线与预算线相切B MRSxy=Px/PyC MUx/Px=MUy/PyD MUx/MUy=Px/Py2 . MRCSxy递减,意味着当X商品的消费量不断增加时,能代替的Y商品的数量(B)A 越来越多B 越来越少C 保持不变D 以上均不正确3 . 设对某一消费者有 MUx/Px<MUy/Py ,为使他得到的效用最大,他将(B)A X、Y的价格不变,增加X的购买量,减少Y的购买量B X、Y的价格不变,增加Y的购买量,减少X的购买量C 仅当X的价格降低时,才有可能增加X的购买D 仅当Y的价格降低时,才有可能增加Y的购买4 在同一条无差异曲线上,若增加1个单位X商品的购买,需要减少2个单位的Y 商品的消费,则有(AC)A MRSxy=2B MRSxy=1/2C MUx/MUy=2D MUx/MUy=1/25 正常物品价格上升导致需求量减少的原因在于(C)A 替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量减少B 替代效应使需求量增加,收入效应使需求量增加C 替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量减少D 替代效应使需求量减少,收入效应使需求量增加6 . 当只有商品价格变化时,连接消费者各均衡点的轨迹称作(B)A 需求曲线B 价格--消费曲线C 恩格尔曲线D 收入--消费曲线7 . 某消费者消费更多的某种商品时(D)A 消费者获得的总效用递增B 消费者获得的边际效用递增C 消费者获得的总效用递减D 消费者获得的边际效用递减8 . 商品价格变化引起的替代效应,表现为相应的消费者的均衡点(A)A 沿着原有的无差异曲线移动B 运动到另一条无差异曲线上C 沿着原有的预算线移动D 不变9. 低档物品价格下降,其需求量(C)A 增加B 减少C 替代效应的效果大于收入效应的效果时增加D 替代效应的效果小于收入效应的效果时增加10 . 商品价格变化引起的收入效应,表现为相应的消费者的均衡点(B)A 沿着原有的无差异曲线运动B 运动到另一条无差异曲线上C 不变D 不规则变动11 . I=PxX+PyY是消费者的(C)A 需求函数B 效用函数C 预算约束方程D 不确定函数12 当消费者处于均衡时(A)A 每单位货币购买不同商品所增加的满足程度相等B 每种商品的总效用相等C 每种商品的替代效应等于收入效应D 所购买的商品的边际效用相等13 商品的边际替代率递减规律决定了无差异曲线(A)A 凸向原点B 凹向原点C 垂直于横轴D 平行于横轴二、判断题1. 在同一条无差异曲线上,不同的消费者得到的效用水平是无差异的。
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第三章效用与偏好
一、选择题
1.一种商品价格下降所引起的该商品需求量变动的总效应可以分解为替代效应和收入效应两部分,总效应为负值的商品是()。
A.正常物品 B.低档物品 C.吉芬物品 D.必需品
2.当总效用增加时,边际效用应该()
A.为正值,且不断增加 B.为正值,但不断减少
C.为负值,且不断减少 D.为负值,且不断增加
3.张三愿意用20美元买第一件衬衫,愿意用35美元卖头两件衬衫,45美元买头三件衬衫,如果衬衫的价格是10美元,他如果购买了三件衬衫,则他获得的消费者剩余为()
A.0 B.5 C.10 D.15
4.当X商品的价格下降时,替代效应X1X3=+5,收入效应X3X2=+3。
则该商品是()。
A.正常商品 B.一般低档商品 C.吉芬商品 D.独立商品
5.已知某正常商品的价格下降时,替代效应X1X3=+2,则收入效应X3X2=()。
A.-4 B.-2 C.-1 D.+1
6.消费者的收入不变,但其中一种商品的价格变化,则预算线()。
A.不动 B.向右上方移动 C.向左下方移动 D.绕着某一点转动
7.若消费者张某只准备买两种商品X和Y,X的价格为10,Y的价格为2。
若张某买了7个单位的X和3个单位的Y,所获得的边际效用值分别为30个单位和20个单位,则()。
A.张某获得了最大效用
B.张某应增加X的购买,减少Y的购买
C.张某应增加Y的购买,减少的X购买
D.张某要想获得最大效用,需要借钱
8.某消费者消费更多的某种商品时,则()
A.消费者获得的总效用递增 B.消费者获得的总效用递减
C.消费者获得的边际效用递增 D.消费者获得的边际效用递减
9.若商品X的价格发生变化,X的替代效用小于收入效应,则X是()。
A.正常品或低档品 B.低档品 C.正常品或吉芬商品 D.必需品
10.市场需求曲线是()
A.由每个需求数量上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出的
B.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出的
C.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出的
D.独立于个人需求曲线
二、判断题
1.无差异曲线上任何一点的商品的边际替代率等于无差异曲线在该点的斜率。
()
2.收入效用表示消费者的效用水平发生变化,替代效用不改变消费者的效用水平。
()
3.消费者均衡就是指消费者所获得的边际效用最大。
()
4.因为商品的边际效用递减,所以商品的需求曲线向右下方倾斜。
()5.货币的边际效用随着货币数量的增加而递减。
()
6.低档商品就是其需求量随着消费者收入的增加而减少的商品。
()7.价格下降时,任何商品的替代效应都是正数。
()
8.需求曲线上每一点都是满足消费者效用最大化均衡条件的商品的价格—需求量组合点。
()
9.价格下降时,吉芬商品的需求量反而下降。
()
10.任何情况下商品的边际替代率都是递减的,因此无差异曲线总是凸向原点的。
()
三、计算题
1.已知一件衬衫的价格为80元,一双皮鞋的价格为200元,在某消费者关于这两种商品的效用最大化的均衡点上,一双皮鞋对衬衫的边际替代率RCS是多少?
2.已知某消费者每年用于商品1和商品2的收入为540元,两商品的价格分别为P1=20元,P2=30元,该消费者的效用函数为U=3X1X22,该消费者每年购买这两种商品的数量各应是多少?每年从中获得的总效用是多少?
X1
X2
10 20 30
20
10
I=P1X1+P2X2
3.假设某消费者的均衡如图所示。
其中,横轴OX1和纵轴OX2分别表示商品1和商品2的数量,线段AB为消费者的预算线,曲线I为消费者的无差异曲线,E点为均衡点。
已知商品1的价格P1=2元。
求:
(1)消费者的收入;
(2)求商品2的价格;
(3)写出预算线方程;
(4)求预算线的斜率;
(5)求E点的RCS12的值。
4.一个理性的追求效用最大化的人,生活在只有两种商品X和Y的世界里,其效用函数为:,货币收入每月为656元,P x=8元。
(1)导出其对Y的需求曲线方程;
(2)如果P y=2元,①计算Y对X的交叉弹性;②计算此人对X的收入弹性。
(3)现在他得到一个加入某俱乐部的机会,会费为每月176元,若加入这个俱乐部,他将获得下列权利中的一项:①他将能以正常价格的50%买X商品;②他将能以正常价格的50%买Y商品;③他将能以正常价格的75%买X、Y商品。
(4)若X、Y正常价格仍为P x=8元,P y=2元,每月收入仍为656元,他会加入这个俱乐部吗?若加入,他将选择哪些权利?
5.消费者张某的收入为270元,他在商品X和Y的无差异曲线上的斜率为dY/dX=-20/Y的点上实现均衡.已知商品X和Y的价格分别为P X=2,P Y=5,那么,此时的张某将消费多少X和Y?
6.汤姆每周花3元用于购买花生奶油和果冻。
花生奶油每盎司0.05元,果冻每盎司0.10元。
面包是免费的。
汤姆只想吃1盎司花生奶油和2盎司果冻作的面包三明治,他的这一习惯将不会改变。
试求:
(1)汤姆每周买多少花生奶油和果冻?
(2)如果果冻的价格上升到每盎司0.15元,则汤姆将买多少花生奶油和果冻?
(3)每周用于三明治的总支出应增加多少元,才能弥补果冻价格的上涨?
四、问答题
1.简述边际效用递减规律的内容。
2.什么叫无差异曲线?它有何特点?
3.简述商品的边际替代率递减规律的内容。
4.水的用途比钻石广泛得多,为什么水的价格远远低于钻石?
参考答案
一、选择题
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.B
二、判断题
1.×2.√3.×4.√5.√6.√ 7.√ 8.√ 9.√10.×
三、计算题
1.MRS=
2.5
2.商品1的数量是9,商品2的数量是12。
总效用为3888。
3.(1)消费者收入为60
(2)商品2的价格为3
(3)2X1+3X2=60
(4)预算线的斜率为-2/3
(5)MRS12=2/3
4.(1)
(2)Y对X的交叉弹性为-1。
此人对X的收入弹性为1。
(3)应该加入1或2
5.消费10个单位的X,50个单位的Y。
6.(1)12盎司的花生奶油,24盎司的果冻。
(2)8.57盎司的花生奶油,17.14盎司的果冻。
(3)1.2元
四、问答题
1.参照教材P61
2.参照教材P71-73
3.参看教材P74
4.略。