英语专业八级(考研)阅读理解模拟试题及解析
英语专业八级(考研)阅读理解模拟试题及解析
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise；and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B] Identify a problem.[C] Bring together disparate facts.[D] Stipulate clear goals.2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4. The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案与考点解析1. 「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷128(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷128(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Distant indeed seem the days when the two great rivals of commercial aviation, Boeing and Airbus, would use big air shows to trumpet hundreds of new orders. This year’s Paris Air Show was a much more sombre affair, even if the Boeing-Airbus feud still took centre stage. There were one or two bright spots. Airbus was able to boast of a firm order for ten of its wide-body A350s from AirAsia X. John Leahy, its top salesman, expects deliveries in 2009 to match the record 483 in 2008. Boeing, which was hit by a prolonged strike last year, will probably deliver more aircraft this year than last. Both firms built up huge backlogs in the fat years: each has orders for about 3,500 planes. But many of those may soon evaporate. Giovanni Bisignani, the boss of IATA, the trade body that speaks for most airlines, gave warning earlier this month that his members might defer as many as 30% of aircraft deliveries next year. He also almost doubled his forecast for the industry’s cumulative losses in 2009, to $9 billion. Both Mr. Leahy and Jim McNerney, the chief executive of Boeing, think that Mr. Bisignani is overdoing the gloom. But they concede that potential customers may find purchases hard to finance. Another issue is the cost of fuel. Mr. McNerney thinks the recent increase in the oil price should encourage carriers to replace elderly gas guzzlers with efficient new planes. But if the price “spikes over $100”all bets are off. The two aviation giants agree on one other thing: the industry will not get a successor to its ubiquitous short-haul workhorses, the 737 and the A320, for more than a decade. That is partly because the 15 -20% efficiency gain that airlines say they want from the next generation is, says Mr. McNerney, “a bar that keeps moving north”thanks to the continuous improvements of 1 -2% a year that the manufacturers are making to existing planes. Moreover, both Boeing and Airbus are conserving cash for a long and bitter scrap to dominate the market for long-haul aircraft with up to 350 seats. Boeing’s troubled 787 Dreamliner will at last take to the air this month, two years late. The production problems that stemmed from both the revolutionary use of composites and an extended global supply chain appear to have been overcome. To speed up deliveries of the 787, for which Boeing has received more than 860 orders, Mr. McNerney is planning a second assembly line. The delays to the 787 have been a godsend for Airbus. Its rival, the slightly bigger A350, is on track to fly in early 2012 after a painful gestation. With nearly 500 orders, Airbus claims that the A350 is selling evenfaster than the record-breaking 787 did at the same stage in its development. The biggest concern for Boeing, however, is not that the A350 will take sales from the 787, but that its largest variant, the A350-1000, will be a strong rival to its successful 777. Mr McNerney says that Boeing can afford to wait and see how great a threat the biggest A350 is. But according to Airbus executives, Boeing will be faced with the dilemma of merely upgrading the 777 or taking the bigger and more costly step of building a replacement. The A350 and the 787 are at the heart of the long-running and acrimonious dispute between Boeing and Airbus at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) over state subsidies for large commercial aircraft. This week European governments declared that they were ready to contribute 3.5 billion ($4.9 billion) of reimbursable launch aid to the 11 billion cost of developing the A350. The announcement had Boeing executives scurrying to their BlackBerrys to condemn what they saw as a “provocative”move given that the WTO is expected to issue a ruling on Boeing’s complaint within weeks (a ruling on a counter-complaint by Airbus is due later in the year). Louis Gallois, the chief executive of EADS, the parent company of Airbus, denied there was anything odd about the timing: “We do not plead guilty,” he said. “Our support is much more transparent than Boeing’s. We have fully repaid with interest the support we received for the A320 and A330 and we are already paying back on the A380 (super-jumbo).” Tom Enders, the chief executive of Airbus, added that the aid was aimed only at “levelling the playing field” and that the European Union had described the 787 as the most subsidised commercial aircraft in history.1．It can be inferred from Paragraph One that Boeing and Airbus________.A．have not suffered from a reduction of new orders until this yearB．did not compete with each other intensely in the pastC．used to advertise their success in business at air showsD．would have to resolve their rivalry as early as possible正确答案：C解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷150(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷150(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)So Roger Chillingworth—a deformed old figure, with a face that haunted men’s memories longer than they liked—took leave of Hester Prynne, and went stooping away along the earth. He gathered here and there an herb, or grubbed up a root, and put it into the basket on his arm. His grey beard almost touched the ground, as he crept onward. Hester gazed after him a little while, looking with a half fantastic curiosity to see whether the tender grass of early spring would not be blighted beneath him, and show the wavering track of his footsteps, sere and brown, across its cheerful verdure. She wondered what sort of herbs they were, which the old man was so sedulous to gather. Would not the earth, quickened to by the sympathy of his eye, greet him with poisonous shrubs, of species hitherto unknown, that would start up under his fingers? Or might it suffice him, that every wholesome growth should be converted into something deleterious and malignant at his touch? Did the sun, which shone so brightly everywhere else, really fall upon him? Or was there, as it rather seemed, a circle of ominous shadow moving along with his deformity, whichever way he turned himself? And whither was he now going? Would he not suddenly sink into the earth, leaving a barren and blasted spot, where, in due course of time, would be seen deadly nightshade(颠茄), dogwood(山茱萸), henbane(天仙子), and whatever else of vegetable wickedness the climate could produce, all flourishing with hideous luxuriance? Or would he spread bat’s wings and flee away, looking so much the uglier, the higher he rose towards heaven? (2)”Be it sin or no,”said Hester Prynne bitterly, as she still gazed after him, “I hate the man!”(3)She upbraided herself for the sentiment, but could not overcome or lessen it. Attempting to do so, she thought of those long-past days, in a distant land, when he used to emerge at eventide(黄昏)from the seclusion of his study, and sit down in the firelight of their home, and in the light of her nuptial smile. He needed to bask himself in that smile, he said, in order that the chill of so many lonely hours among his books might be taken off the scholar’s heart. Such scenes had once appeared not otherwise than happy, but now, as viewed through the dismal medium of her subsequent life, they classed themselves among her ugliest remembrances. She marvelled how such scenes could have been! She marvelled how she could ever have been wrought upon to marry him! She deemed it her crime most to be repented of, that she had ever endured, and reciprocated, the lukewarm grasp of his hand, and had suffered the smile of her lipsand eyes to mingle and melt into his own. And it seemed a fouler offence committed by Roger Chillingworth, than any which had since been done him, that, in the time when her heart knew no better, he had persuaded her to fancy herself happy by his side. (4)”Yes, I hate him!”repeated Hester, more bitterly than before. “He betrayed me! He has done me worse wrong than I did him!”(5)Let men tremble to win the hand of woman, unless they win along with it the utmost passion of her heart! Else it may be their miserable fortune, as it was Roger Chillingworth’s, when some mightier touch than their own may have awakened all her sensibilities, to be reproached even for the calm content, the marble image of happiness, which they will have imposed upon her as the warm reality. But Hester ought long ago to have done with this injustice. What did it betoken? Had seven long years, under the torture of the scarlet letter, inflicted so much of misery, and wrought out no repentance? (6)The emotions of that brief space, while she stood gazing after the crooked figure of old Roger Chillingworth, threw a dark light on Hester’s state of mind, revealing much that she might not otherwise have acknowledged to herself. (7)He being gone, she summoned back her child. (8)”Pearl! Little Pearl! Where are you?”(9)Pearl, whose activity of spirit never flagged, had been at no loss for amusement while her mother talked with the old gatherer of herbs. At first, as already told, she had flirted fancifully with her own image in a pool of water, beckoning the phantom forth, and—as it declined to venture—seeking a passage for herself into its sphere of impalpable earth and unattainable sky. Soon finding, however, that either she or the image was unreal, she turned elsewhere for better pastime. She made little boats out of birch-bark(桦树皮), and freighted them with snail-shells , and sent out more ventures on the mighty deep than any merchant in New England: but the larger part of them foundered near the shore. She seized a live horse-shoe(鲎)by the tail, and made prize of several five-fingers(海星), and laid out a jelly-fish to melt in the warm sun. Then she took up the white foam, that streaked the line of the advancing tide, and threw it upon the breeze, scampering after it, with winged footsteps, to catch the great snowflakes ere they fell. Perceiving a flock of beach-birds, that fed and fluttered along the shore, the naughty child picked up her apron full of pebbles, and, creeping from rock to rock after these small sea-fowl, displayed remarkable dexterity in pelting them. One Utile grey bird, with a white breast, Pearl was almost sure, had been hit by a pebble, and fluttered away with a broken wing. But then the elf-child sighed, and gave up her sport: because it grieved her to have done harm to a Utile being that was as wild as the sea-breeze, or as wUd as Pearl herself. (10)Her final employment was to gather sea-weed, of various kinds, and make herself a scarf, or mantle, and a head-dress, and thus assume the aspect of a Utile mermaid. She inherited her mother’s gift for devising drapery and costume. As the last touch to her mermaid garb, Pearl took some eel-grass, and imitated, as best she could, on her own bosom, the decoration with which she was so familiar on her mother’s. A letter—the letter A—but freshly green, instead of scarlet! The child bent her chin upon her breast, and contemplated this device with strange interest: even as if the one only thing for which she had been sent into the world was to make out its hidden import.1．According to Para. 1, people are most impressed by ChilUngworth’s______.A．spiritB．figureC．ageD．appearance正确答案：A解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷192(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷192(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.5 ounces daily. (5)Anna Resurreccion, a University of Georgia food scientist, has focused her research on the resveratrol found in peanuts. By subjecting the nuts to stress—slicing the kernels, or subjecting them to ultrasound—the resveratrol level greatly surpassed that found in red wine, she said. This development opens the door for new products, such as enhanced peanut butter that could offer even more health benefits and serve as a way to get resveratrol into children’s diets, she said. “Young children can’t very well drink wine,” Resurrecction said. “But most of them love peanut butter and peanut snack foods.”4．The rhetorical device in the sentence of the first paragraph “Peanuts, a dietary outcast during the fat-phobic 1990s, have made a comeback...” is _____.A．personificationB．simileC．metaphorD．contrast正确答案：C解析：该句意为“在人们对脂肪满怀恐惧的上世纪90年代，花生成了食品中的弃儿。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷73(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷73(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.A recent article indicated that business schools were going to encourage the study of ethics as part of the curriculum. If graduate schools have to discover ethics, then we are truly in serious trouble. I no more believe that ethics can be taught past the age of 10 than I believe in the teaching of so-called creative writing. There are some things that you are born with, or they are taught by your parents, your priest or your grade-school teacher, but not in college or in graduate school. I believe that businesses should go back to basics in recruiting, should forget about the business schools and recruit the best young liberal arts students we can find. The issue of ethics, both in business and in politics, takes on a sharper focus in the money culture of a service economy than in our earlier industrial days. For the businessmen and the politicians, virtually the only discipline that can be applied is ethical. Financial scandals are not new, nor is political corruption. However, the potential profit, and the ease with which they can be made from insider trading, market manipulation, conflict-of-interest transactions and many other illegal or unethical activities are too great and too pervasive to be ignored. At the same time, those institutions that historically provided the ethical basis to the society—the family, the church and the primary school—are getting weaker and weaker. Hence, our dilemma. The application of ethics, as well as overall judgment, is made even more difficult by the increasing application of rapidly changing technology to major problems in our society. How does a layman deal with the questions raised by “Star Wars” , genetic engineering, AIDS and the myriad issues relating to the availability and affordability of life-saving drugs and other medical technology? It is clear that one cannot abdicate to the technocrats the responsibility of making judgment on these issues. Two important risks accompany the discarding of our value system when dealing with a money culture and high technology. The first risk is that more people will turn to radical religion and politics. People always search for frameworks that provide a certain amount of support. If they do not find it in their family, in their school, in their traditional church or in themselves, they will turn to more absolute solutions. The second risk is the polarization of society. We have created hundreds of paper millionaires and quite a few bilhonaires. But alongside the wealth and glamour of Manhattan and Beverly Hills, we have seen the growth of a semipermanent or permanent underclass. The most important function of higher education is toequip the individual with the capacity to compete and to fulfill his or her destiny. A critically important part of this capacity is the ability to critically evaluate a political process that is badly in need of greater public participation. This raises the issue of teaching ethics in graduate schools. Ethics is a moral compass. Ideally, it should coincide with enlightened self-interest, not only to avoid jail in the short run but to avoid social upheaval in the long run. It must be embedded early, at home, in grade school, in church. It is highly personal. I doubt it can be taught in college. Yet what is desperately needed in an increasingly complex world dominated by technicians is the skepticism and the sense of history that a liberal arts education provides. History, philosophy, logic, English, and literature are more important to deal with today’s problems than great technical competence. These skills must combine with an ethical sense acquired early in life to provide the framework needed to make difficult judgments. We most certainly need the creativity of great scientific minds. But all of us cannot be technical experts, nor do we need to be. In the last analysis, only judgment, tempered by a sense of history and a healthy skepticism of cant and ideology will give us the wherewithal to make difficult choices.1．Why are ethical rules more difficult to apply today?A．Because business is no longer a matter of interpersonal act.B．Because the movement of capital has become the result of all activities.C．Because people are not knowledgeable enough to make sensible judgment.D．Because making profits has become dominant in doing all businesses.正确答案：C解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷148含答案和解析
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷148讲座会话听力大题型(1)Joseph was an elderly, nay, an old man: very old, perhaps, though hale and sinewy. \1.The phrase \(A)A. simileB. metaphorC. analogyD. hyperbole解析：修辞题。
第二段第三句句意为：的确，这里肯定经常刮大风；只要看一看房屋一侧那几棵过度倾斜的矮小冷杉，以及那一排枯瘦的、全把枝条向着一个方向伸展，仿佛在向太阳乞求布施的荆棘，人们就可以猜想到北风刮过房檐的力量。
此处本体是动作“全把枝条向着一个方向伸展”，喻体是“向太阳乞求布施”，比喻词是as if，故[A]“明喻”为正确答案。
2.What can be inferred from Para. 3 about the author?(B)A. He found a date and a name on the door.B. He had planned to express his opinions.C. He listened to a brief introduction of the history of the house.D. He was welcomed to the house.解析：推断题。
第三段第二句提到，作者本想评论几句，并向板着面孔的主人请教这个地方的简短历史；但他在门口的态度似乎是要作者赶紧进屋或者干脆走人，而作者也不想在参观室内之前让他更加不耐烦。
原文用了虚拟语气would have made a few comments，由此可知，作者本来想评论几句并向主人询问房子的历史，但实际上并未做出任何评论，也并未询问历史。
[B]“作者本打算表达其意见(实际上并未表达)”符合文意，故为答案，同时排除[C]。
该段第一句的后半句提到作者在门上一群残破的狮鹫和不知羞耻的小男孩中，发现了日期“1500”和名字“哈里顿-恩萧”，这在原文中直接提到，不用推断，故排除[A]；第二句提到主人想让作者要么赶紧进屋，要么干脆走人，这表达了主人不耐烦的心情，而不是欢迎作者进屋，[D]与原文不符，故排除。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷46(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷46(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.2 million between them. Phil Hammond, who lost a 14-year-old son, received ￡3,500. He called the payments to the police (who belonged to an organisation that had caused the disaster to happen, as Lord Justice Taylor reported) “disgusting”. The culture has now mutated and we hear daily reports of its manifestations. It is in this context that you can connect a wide range of different phenomena. The fact that cans of nuts present the warning “Contains nuts”is connected to the fact that teachers won’t put a piaster on your child’s knee without written consent, which is also connected to the fact that tens of thousands of gravestones all over the country are being laid flat. Why? Because people sue for compensation when things go wrong. The authorities say it’s to do with public safety; it isn’t true. A child was killed when a gravestone fell on him. But the councils reacted only when a ￡30, 000 award was made to the mother three years later. It is the cost to the public purse caused by compensation cases that produces this bizarre behaviour. It’s the threat of legal suit and large pay-outs that give bite to Health and Safety procedures.11．What does the example of the Aberfan disaster illustrate?A．Disaster victims don’t tend to get proper compensation.B．Compensation culture didn’t exist in Britain.C．The authorities’ statements are far from truth.D．The public was poorly educated concerning its legal rights.正确答案：B解析：本题考查段落主旨题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.2 percent effective. The results were surprising because both vaccines, one from the French company Sanofi-Aventis and one developed by Genentech but now licensed to Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, a nonprofit health group, had failed when used individually. “This came out of the blue,” said Chris Viehbacher, Sanofi’s chief executive. Even 31 percent protection “was at least twice as good as our own internal experts were predicting,”he added. In 2004, there was so much skepticism about the trial just after it began that 22 top AIDS researchers published an editorial in Science magazine suggesting that it was a waste of money. One conclusion from the surprising result, said Alan Bernstein, head of the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, an alliance of organizations pursuing a vaccine, “is that we’re not doing enough work in humans.” Instead of going back to mice or monkeys, he said, different new variants on the two vaccines could be tried on a few hundred people in several countries. This vaccine was designed to combat the most common strain of the virus in Southeast Asia, so it would have to be modified for the strains circulating in Africa and the United States. Sanofi’s vaccine, Alvac-HIV, is a canarypox virus with three AIDS virus genes grafted onto it. Variations of it were tested in several countries; it was safe but not protective. The other vaccine, Aidsvax, was originally made by Genentech and contains a protein found on the surface of the AIDS virus; it is grown in a broth of hamster ovary cells. It was tested in Thai drug users in 2003 and in gay men in North America and Europe but failed. In 2007, two trials of a Merck vaccine in about 4,000 people were stopped early; it not only failed to work but for some men also seemed to increase the risk of infection. Combining Alvac and Aidsvax was simply a hunch: if one was designed to create antibodies and the other to alert white blood cells, might they work together? One puzzling result—those who became infected had as much virus in their blood whether they got the vaccine or a placebo—suggests that RV 144 does not produce neutralizing antibodies, as most vaccines do, Dr. Fauci said. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins formed by the body that clump onto invading viruses, blocking the surface spikes with which they attach to cells and flagging them for destruction. Instead, he theorized, it might produce “binding antibodies,” which latch onto and empower effector cells, a type of white blood cell attacking the virus. Therefore, he said, it might make sense to screen all the stored Thai blood samples for binding antibodies. “The humbling prospect of this,” he said, “is that we may not even be measuring the critical parameter. It may be something you don’t normally associate with protection.”Dr. Lawrence Corey, the principal investigator for the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, who was not part of the RV 144 trial, said new work on weakened versions of the smallpox vaccine had produced better pox “spines” that could be substituted for the canarypox. New trials, he added, could be faster and smaller if they were done in African countries where AIDS is more common than in Thailand.36．Which of the following is NOT true about RV 144?A．It has been on trial for six years.B．People who get it are protected against AIDS.C．People who get it are not as easily infected as others.D．It is regarded as a very important finding in the history.正确答案：B解析：此题是事实题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷139(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷139(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.The average U. S. household has to pay an exorbitant amount of money for an Internet connection that the rest of the industrial world would find mediocre. According to a recent report by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, broadband Internet service in the U. S. is not just slower and more expensive than it is in tech-sawy nations such as South Korea and Japan; the U. S. has fallen behind infrastructure-challenged countries such as Portugal and Italy as well. The consequences are far worse than having to wait a few extra seconds for a movie to load. Because broadband connections are the railroads of the 21st century —essential infrastructure required to transmit products (these days, in the form of information) from seller to buyer—our creaky Internet makes it harder for U. S. entrepreneurs to compete in global markets. As evidence, consider that the U. S. came in dead last in another recent study that compared how quickly 40 countries and regions have been progressing toward a knowledge-based economy over the past 10 years. “We are at risk in the global race for leadership in innovation,”Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Julius Genachowski said recently. “Consumers in Japan and France are paying less for broadband and getting faster connections. We’ve got work to do. “It was not always like this. A decade ago the U. S. ranked at or near the top of most studies of broadband price and performance. But that was before the FCC made a terrible mistake. In 2002 it reclassified broadband Internet service as an “information service”rather than a “telecommunications service.”In theory, this step implied that broadband was equivalent to a content provider (such as AOL or Yahoo!) and was not a means to communicate, such as a telephone line. In practice, it has stifled competition. Phone companies have to compete for your business. Even though there may be just one telephone jack in your home, you can purchase service from any one of a number of different long-distance providers. Not so for broadband Internet. Here consumers generally have just two choices: the cable company, which sends data through the same lines used to deliver television signals, and the phone company, which uses older telephone lines and hence can only offer slower service. The same is not true in Japan, Britain and the rest of the rich world. In such countries, the company that owns the physical infrastructure must sell access to independent providers on a wholesale market. Want high-speed Internet? You can choose from multiplecompanies, each of which has to compete on price and service. The only exceptions to this policy in the whole of the 32-nation Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are the U. S. , Mexico and the Slovak Republic, although the Slovaks have recently begun to open up their lines. A separate debate—over net neutrality, the principle that Internet providers must treat all data equally regardless of their origin or content—has put the broadband crisis back in the spotlight. Earlier this year a federal appeals court struck down the FCC’s plan to enforce net neutrality, saying that because the FCC classified the Internet as an information service, it does not have any more authority to ensure that Internet providers treat all content equally than it does to ensure that CNN treats all political arguments equally. In response, the FCC announced its intention to reclassify broadband Internet as a telecommunications service. The move would give the FCC power to enforce net neutrality as well as open broadband lines up to third-party competition, enabling free markets to deliver better service for less money. Yet, puzzlingly, the FCC wants to take only a half-step. Genachowski has said that although he regards the Internet as a telecommunications service, he does not want to bring in third-party competition. This move may have been intended to avoid criticism from policy makers, both Republican and Democrat, who have aligned themselves with large Internet providers such as AT&T and Comcast that stand to suffer when their local monopolies are broken. It is frustrating, however, to see Genachowski acknowledge that the U. S. has fallen behind so many other countries in its communications infrastructure and then rule out the most effective way to reverse the decline. We call on the FCC to take this important step and free the Internet.1．Which of the following statements can best describe American Internet service?A．People have to pay more to get better Internet connections.B．It has always been ranked low with regard to its broadband performance.C．Internet used to be regarded as the tool of providing information in America.D．Slower speed and higher price will hinder the competitiveness of American Internet.正确答案：D解析：细节题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷146(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷146(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)Being told I would be expected to talk here, I inquired what sort of talk I ought to make. They said it should be something suitable to youth—something didactic, instructive, or something in the nature of good advice. Very well. I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed to say for the instruction of the young: for it is in one’s tender early years that such things will best take root and be most enduring and most valuable. First, then, I will say to you my young friends—and I say it beseechingly, urgingly—(2)Always obey your parents, when they are present. This is the best policy in the long run, because if you don’t, they will make you. Most parents think they know better than you do, and you can generally make more by humoring that superstition than you can by acting on your own better judgment. (3)Be respectful to your superiors, if you have any, also to strangers, and sometimes to others. If a person offend you, and you are in doubt as to whether it was intentional or not, do not resort to extreme measures: simply watch your chance and hit him with a brick. That will be sufficient. If you shall find that he had not intended any offense, come out frankly and confess yourself in the wrong when you struck him: acknowledge it like a man and say you didn’t mean to. Yes, always avoid violence: in this age of charity and kindliness, the time has gone by for such things. Leave dynamite to the low and unrefined. (4)Go to bed early, get up early—this is wise. Some authorities say get up with the sun: some say get up with one thing, others with another. But a lark is really the best thing to get up with. It gives you a splendid reputation with everybody to know that you get up with the lark: and if you get the right kind of lark, and work at him right, you can easily train him to get up at half past nine, every time—it’s no trick at all. (5)Now as to the matter of lying, you want to be very careful about lying: otherwise you are nearly sure to get caught. Once caught, you can never again be in the eyes to the good and the pure, what you were before. Many a young person has injured himself permanently through a single clumsy and ill finished lie, the result of carelessness born of incomplete training. Some authorities hold that the young out not to lie at all. That of course, is putting it rather stronger than necessary: still while I cannot go quite so far as that, I do maintain, and I believe I am right, that the young ought to be temperate in the use of this great art until practice and experience shall give them that confidence, elegance, and precision which alone can make the accomplishment graceful and profitable. Patience, diligence,painstaking attention to detail—these are requirements: these in time, will make the student perfect: upon these only, may he rely as the sure foundation for future eminence. Think what tedious years of study, thought, practice, experience, went to the equipment of that peerless old master who was able to impose upon the whole world the lofty and sounding maxim that “Truth is mighty and will prevail”—the most majestic compound fracture of fact which any of woman born has yet achieved. For the history of our race, and each individual’s experience, are sewn thick with evidences that a truth is not hard to kill, and that a lie well told is immortal. There is in Boston a monument of the man who discovered anesthesia: many people are aware, in these latter days, that that man didn’t discover it at all, but stole the discovery from another man. Is this truth mighty, and will it prevail? Ah no, my hearers, the monument is made of hardy material, but the he it tells will outlast it a million years. An awkward, feeble, leaky he is a thing which you ought to make it your unceasing study to avoid: such a lie as that has no more real permanence than an average truth. Why, you might as well tell the truth at once and be done with it. A feeble, stupid, preposterous lie will not live two years—except it be a slander upon somebody. It is indestructible, then of course, but that is no merit of yours. A final word: begin your practice of this gracious and beautiful art early—begin now. If I had begun earlier, I could have learned how. (6)There are many sorts of books: but good ones are the sort for the young to read. Remember that. They are a great, an inestimable, and unspeakable means of improvement. Therefore be careful in your selection, my young friends: be very careful: confine yourselves exclusively to Robertson’s Sermons, Baxter’s Saint’s Rest, The Innocents Abroad, and works of that kind. (7)But I have said enough. I hope you will treasure up the instructions which I have given you, and make them a guide to your feet and a light to your understanding. Build your character thoughtfully and painstakingly upon these precepts, and by and by, when you have got it built, you will be surprised and gratified to see how nicely and sharply it resembles everybody else’s.1．According to the author, the youth should try to follow parents’advice in that______.A．parents can make the best policiesB．the young should avoid conflictsC．parents’ advice is usually beneficialD．parents always have better judgment正确答案：C解析：细节题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷40(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷40(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Fair Fares Railways: Cheaper Tickets Will Not Solve Rail’s Problems Most of the time, parliamentary committee reports embody every foreign stereotype of the British—dry, reserved and slightly dull, with only the occasional flash of sarcasm to lighten the mood. Not so those of the transport committee. Its latest report, on rail fares, accuses the rail industry of “holding passengers to ransom “with “extravagant”fares and an “impenetrable jungle”of ticket types. Some of these criticisms are fair. Ticketing arrangements, especially for long distance journeys, are Byzantine: the National Fares Manual describes over 70 ticket types within its 102 pages. Stung by public criticism, several big train companies, including Virgin, GNER and First Great Western, promise to simplify things. The MPS are on shakier ground with their complaints They point to the amount of state money given out to the railways—￡4.4 billion this year, with ￡5.3 billion planned for next year—and argue that train firms should be forced to cut prices. Costly tickets, they claim, are “ pricing many passengers out of the market”. That is a tough argument to sustain at a time when more people than ever are using the railways. On some parts of the network, overcrowding, not under-use, is the biggest problem, with commuter routes into big cities such as London, Leeds and Manchester especially jammed. Fares on these routes are already capped. That’s unwise, says Stephen Glaister of Imperial College. “If there is traffic jams in the system, then the economically correct solution is higher prices,” he says. “Otherwise you just end up with shortages and queues.” Giving railway firms greater freedom to set their own prices would let them spread demand around peak times, cutting traffic jams. The only way to reduce traffic jams and prices together is to do things like lengthening platforms and upgrading signals,. which would mean more people could be carried in the busiest areas. That would require tough decisions. A big improvement to the railway network would be expensive, and the government has shown little enthusiasm for increasing subsidies still further. Extra cash could be found by closing little-used (and heavily subsidised) rural lines, but that would be unpopular with fans of rail transport, who argue that branch lines provide a vital service to the poor and the earless. The report occasionally hints at such dilemmas, only to shy away from discussing them in a satisfactory way. The transport committee plans a broader look at rail policy next year. Perhaps then it will do a more thorough job.1．Parliamentary committee reports are mentioned in the first paragraph to highlight______.A．typical characteristics of British peopleB．general features of government reportsC．the peculiarity of the transport committee’s reportsD．wrong opinions about the rail industry正确答案：C解析：本题考查写作目的。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷108(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷108(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)I went back to the Devon School not long ago, and found it looking oddly newer than when I was a student there fifteen years before. It seemed more tranquil than I remembered it, more perpendicular and strait-laced, with narrower windows and shinier woodwork, as though a coat of paint had been put over everything for better preservation. But, of course, fifteen years before there had been a war going on Perhaps the school wasn’t as well kept up in those days; perhaps paint along with everything else, had gone to war. (2)I didn’t entirely like this glossy new surface, because it made the school look like a museum, and that’s exactly what it was to me, and what I did not want it to be. In the deep, tacit way in which feeling becomes stronger than thought, I had always felt that the Devon School came into existence the day I entered it, was vibrantly real while I was a student there, and then blinked out like a candle the day I left. (3)Now here it was after all, preserved by some considerate hand with paint and wax. Preserved along with it, like stale air in an unopened room, was the well known fear which had surrounded and filled those days, so much of it that I hadn’t even known it was there. Because, unfamiliar with the absence of fear and what that was like, I had not been able to identify its presence.(4)Looking back now across fifteen years, I could see with great clarity the fear I had lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it. (5)I felt fear’s echo, and along with that I felt the unhinged, uncontrollable joy which had been its accompaniment and opposite face, joy which had broken out sometimes in those days like Northern Lights across black sky. (6)There were a couple of places now which I wanted to see. Both were fearful sites, and that was why I wanted to see them. So after lunch at the Devon Inn I walked back toward the school. It was a raw, nondescript time of year, toward the end of November, the kind of wet, self-pitying November day when every speck of dirt stands out clearly. Devon luckily had very little of such weather—the icy clamp of winter, or the radiant New Hampshire summers, were more characteristic of it—but this day it blew wet, moody gusts all around me. (7)I walked along Gilman Street, the best street in town. The houses were as handsome and as unusual as I remembered. Clever modernizations of old Colonial manses, extensions in Victorian wood, capacious Greek Revival temples lined the street, as impressive and just as forbidding as ever. I had rarely seen anyone go into one of them, or anyoneplaying on a lawn, or even an open window. Today with their failing ivy and stripped, moaning trees the houses looked both more elegant and more lifeless than ever.(8)Like all old, good schools, Devon did not stand isolated behind walls and gates but emerged naturally from the town which had produced it. So there was no sudden moment of encounter as I approached it; the houses along Gilman Street began to look more defensive, which meant that I was near the school, and then more exhausted, which meant that I was in it. (9)It was early afternoon and the grounds and buildings were deserted, since everyone was at sports. There was nothing to distract me as I made my way across a wide yard, called the Far Commons, and up to a building as red brick and balanced as the other major buildings, but with a large dome and a bell and a clock and Latin over the doorway—the First Academy Building.(10)In through swinging doors I reached a marble foyer, and stopped at the foot of a long white marble flight of stairs. Although they were old stairs, the worn moons in the middle of each step were not very deep. The marble must be unusually hard. That seemed very likely, only too likely, although with all my thought about these stairs this exceptional hardness had not occurred to me. It was surprising that I had overlooked that, that crucial fact. (11)There was nothing else to notice; they of course were the same stairs I had walked up and down at least once every day of my Devon life. They were the same as ever. And I? Well, I naturally felt older—I began at that point the emotional examination to note how far my convalescence had gone—I was taller, bigger generally in relation to these stairs. I had more money and success and “security” than in the days when specters seemed to go up and down them with me. (12)I turned away and went back outside. The Far Common was still empty, and I walked alone down the wide gravel paths among those most Republican, bankerish of trees, New England elms, toward the far side of the school.(13)Devon is sometimes considered the most beautiful school in New England, and even on this dismal afternoon its power was asserted. It is the beauty of small areas of order—a large yard, a group of trees, three similar dormitories, a circle of old houses —living together in contentious harmony. You felt that an argument might begin again any time; in fact it had: out of the Dean’s Residence, a pure and authentic Colonial house, there now sprouted an ell with a big bare picture window. Some day the Dean would probably live entirely encased in a house of glass and be happy as a sandpiper. Everything at Devon slowly changed and slowly harmonized with what had gone before. So it was logical to hope that since the buildings and the Deans and the curriculum could achieve this, I could achieve, perhaps unknowingly already had achieved, this growth and harmony myself.1．Which of the following best describes the atmosphere of the Devon school when the author went back?A．Quiet.B．Forbidding.C．Fearful.D．Vibrant.正确答案：A解析：第1段第2句指出，此时的校园比当年还要寂静，原文中的tranquil 对应A(quiet)，所以本题应该选A。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷80(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷80(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1)One school night this month I sidled up to Alexander, my 15-year-old son, and stroked his cheek in a manner I hoped would seem casual. Alex knew better, sensing by my touch, which lingered just a moment too long, that I was sneaking a touch of the stubble that had begun to sprout near his ears. A year ago he would have ignored this intrusion and returned my gesture with a squeeze. But now he recoiled, retreating stormily to his computer screen. That, and a peevish roll of his eyes, told me more forcefully than words, Mom, you are so busted! (2)I had committed the ultimate folly: invading my teenager’s personal space. “The average teenager has pretty strong feelings about his privacy,” Lara Fox, a recent young acquaintance, told me with an assurance that brooked no debate. Her friend Hilary Frankel chimed in: “What Alex is saying is: “This is my body changing. It’s not yours.’”Intruding, however discreetly, risked making him feel babied “at a time when feeling like an adult is very important to him,” she added. (3)O.K., score one for the two of you. These young women, after all, are experts. Ms. Frankel and Ms. Fox, both 17, are the authors of Breaking the Code(New American Library), a new book that seeks to bridge the generational divide between parents and adolescents. It is being promoted by its publisher as the first self-help guide by teenagers for their parents, a kind of Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus that demystifies the language and actions of teenagers. The girls tackled issues including curfews, money, school pressures, smoking and sibling rivalry. (4)Personally, I welcomed insights into teenagers from any qualified experts, and that included the authors. The most common missteps in interacting with teenagers, they instructed me, stem from the turf war between parents asserting their right to know what goes on under their roof and teenagers zealously guarding their privacy. When a child is younger, they write, every decision revolves around the parents. But now, as Ms. Fox told me, “often your teenager is in this bubble that doesn’t include you.”(5)Ms. Fox and Ms. Frankel acknowledge that they and their peers can be quick to interpret their parents’ remarks as dismissive or condescending and respond with hostility that masks their vulnerability. “What we want above all is your approval,” they write. “Don’t forget, no matter how much we act as if we don’t care what you say, we believe the things you say about us.”(6)Nancy Samalin, a New York child-rearing expert and the author of Loving Without Spoiling(McGraw-Hill, 2003), said she didn’t agree witheverything the authors suggested but found their arguments reasonable. “When your kids are saying, ‘You don’t get it, and you never will,’there are lots of ways to respond so that they will listen,”she said, “and that’s what the writers point out.”(7)As for my teenager, Alex, Ms. Fox and Ms. Frankel told me I would have done better to back off or to have asked “Is your skin feeling rougher these days?”(8)A more successful approach, the authors suggest in their book, would have been for the mother to offer, as Ms. Fox’s own parents did, a later curfew once a month, along with an explanation of her concerns. “My parents helped me see,” Ms. Fox told me, “mat even though they used to stay out late and ride their bicycles to school, times have changed. These days there is a major fear factor in bringing up kids. Parents worry about their child crossing me street.”(9)The writers said they hoped simply to shed light on teenage thinking. For their parents it did. Reminded by Ms. Fox that teenagers can be quite territorial, her father, Steven Fox, a dentist, said, “These days I’m better about knocking on the door when I want to come into Lara’s room.”“I try to talk to her in a more respectful way, more as an adultish type of teenager rather than a childish type of teenager,” he added.1．The book Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus is mentioned in the third paragraph because ______.A．it has the same theme of the book written by the two girlsB．it has the opposite opinion to the book written by the two girlsC．it has ranked first on the list of best sellers for several timesD．it is another book that the two girls have ever written正确答案：A解析：第3段倒数第2句指出，这两位少女作家写的书类似《孩子来自火星，父母来自金星》这类书，剖析了青少年的言行举止，因此选A。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷75(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷75(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.7万节5号电池。
接着作者指出．请自问一下：这是不是你想在报纸上读到的那种故事?当然不是了，这很糟糕。
我们需要政府当局派人马上调查这一问题。
可以看出这个故事是虚构的，场景是在加利福尼亚，是作者对政府的警示，只有[C]“科幻小说”没有根据，故为答案。
知识模块：阅读11．A suitable title for the passage might be______.A．A Man Talking to PlumbingB．Putting Weapons on CockroachesC．Modern TechnologyD．Cannons, Cell Phones and Zippers正确答案：D解析：主旨题。
本文主要谈论的是高科技给人们带来的一些问题，作者巧妙地以一个在机场厕所看似同便池说话，实际上却是通过耳机进行通话的男人为例，引出自己的观点：科技虽好，但是如果做得太过分，也会给人们带来问题。
接着发挥自己的想象力，设想如果蟑螂武装起来，就会对人类进行攻击，以此来提醒政府当局注意适度应用高科技这一问题。
文中出现了“cannons，cell phones and zippers”，分别代表了作者用以说明问题的蟑螂的武装、男子使用的手机，它们都是高科技的代表，故[D]为答案。
[A]、[B]不全面，[C]过于笼统，故均排除。
知识模块：阅读In the go-go years of the late 1990s,no economic theorist looked better than Joseph Schumpeter, the Austrian champion of capitalism who died in 1950. His distinction? A theory he called “creative destruction”. The idea was straight-forward: in with the new, out with the old. Companies had life cycles, just as people do. They were born: they grew up. And when a better competitor came along, they died due to capital starvation. It was the way things were, and the way they should be. The markets had no sentiment. Capitalism was relentless, unforgiving. In their book Creative Destruction(367 pages. Doubleday. $27. 50), Richard N. Foster and Sarah Kaplan of the consulting firm McKinsey & Co. apply Schumpeter’s logic in the context of a technology-driven economy. They want their corporate readers to understand the implications of one basic idea: there is an inescapable conflict between the internal needs of a corporation and the total indifference capital markets have for those needs. Managers care desperately about the survival of their companies. Investors don’t give a hoot. This was always true, the authors say, but until recently nobody really noticed because of the relatively languid pace of economic change. No more. In the 1920s, when the first Standard & Poor’s index was compiled, a listed company had a life expectancy of more than 65 years. In 1998 the annual turnover rate of S&P firms was nearly 10 percent, implying a corporate lifetime of only 10 years. How does anyone manage in this environment? Foster and Kaplan argue that companies today must embrace “discontinuity”, the idea that everything theyhave always done is now irrelevant. Consider Intel: by its top executives’own accounts, the company had to kill its ground-breaking memory-chip business once it became clear that Japanese companies could deliver essentially the same product at a lower price. Intel then moved into the much more lucrative microprocessor business. It was an obvious decision, but one that was hard to make. Memory chips were Intel’s core competence. They were at the heart of the company’s self-image. The transition was wrenching, said Intel chief Andrew Grove. But as a result, the company survived and prospered. From now forgotten automobile companies like Studebaker to early technology leaders like Wang, the corporate landscape is Uttered with the bones of companies that couldn’t adapt to change. At bottom, say Foster and Kaplan, corporations are managed for survival. “They presume continuity in the business environment. They fail to introduce new products for fear of cannibalizing current product lines. They turn down acquisition opportunities to keep from diluting earnings. They prize rational decision making and internal control systems. They resist contrary information, and often punish managers who voice it. And all the while, capital markets are dedicated to finding and funding new competitors. Incumbents ignore this fact to their peril: if they don’t cannibalize their product lines, someone else will do it for them. Even the greatest of brand names are not immune. “As the authors ask rhetorically, would IBM even exist today had it stuck to its core business in mainframe computers? “Unless the corporation can learn to overcome the natural bias for denial,”they write,”it will, in the long term, fail, or at best underperform. “The successful company, Foster and Kaplan conclude, is one that manages for discontinuity. It presumes change. It is comfortable with fluid and even vague decision making. It has relatively flat hierarchies. In short, it adopts the fearlessness of capital markets themselves. And it doesn’t have to be a start-up, or even a young company. Typical success stories include Coming, which shifted its business from glass to optical fiber just in time to capture a growing market, and General Electric, which dumped one fifth of its asset base in the first four years of Jack Welch’s tenure as CEO. Not long ago, it was fashionable to liken business to warfare. Executives were reading Sun-tm, Machiavelli and Clausewitz for guidance on how to overcome the competition. But business differs from war in one vital respect. In war the advantage lies with the defense. In the New Economy, as Foster and Kaplan make clear, it belongs to the attacker.12．It can be inferred from the third paragraph that______.A．it is costly for a company to make a survivalB．most corporations aren’t managed for changeC．Intel was the first company that practiced discontinuityD．Intel defeated Japanese companies in microprocessor business正确答案：A解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷50(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷50(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.The U. S. economy has been dragging along lately, but here’s a small shot in the arm. Gasoline prices have fallen to their lowest level in 33 months. The average price of gasoline nationwide has dropped from $3. 74 per gallon in February to $3. 19 today. In states like Missouri and Texas, gasoline has sunk below $3 per gallon at the pump, a price not seen in years. Economists tend to think a fall in gasoline prices can help stimulate the economy by giving people more money to spend on other goods. Think of it like a tax cut. Earlier this month, the forecasting firm Macroeconomic Advisers estimated that falling gas prices could add 0. 3 percentage points to third-quarter GDP growth. But why is this happening? The reasons for the recent fall in gasoline prices are varied, but here are some of the big ones. Gasoline prices typically rise in the summer and go down in the winter. That’s because people take more vacations when the weather’s nice, and refiners have to put out a pricier “summer blend” of gasoline that’s mixed with butane and other ingredients to prevent evaporation in the heat. Once the summer’s over, gas prices typically fall again. So that’s worth mentioning. But this isn’t the only factor here. The supply of gasoline is up—for odd reasons. U. S. stockpiles of gasoline were at 210 million barrels in the first week of November, up about 4 percent from the same period last year. Normally, refineries cut back when stockpiles are high. But there are other forces at play here. Many Gulf Coast refiners are taking advantage of the boom in shale-oil drilling in the Midwest and producing ever more diesel for export to Europe and Asia. That’s a lucrative business. And that refining process also produces more gasoline for domestic consumption. So, as The Wall Street Journal reports, refiners can still make a profit from exporting diesel abroad even if they’re creating a glut of gasoline here at home. —Fewer refinery disruptions. It’s been a fairly quiet hurricane season in the Atlantic this year—with not a single hurricane making landfall. That means U. S. refineries have seen relatively few disruptions of late, apart from Tropical Storm Karen in October and scheduled shutdowns for maintenance. Oil prices have declined moderately. The price of oil typically makes up about 70 percent of the cost of gasoline. And a barrel of West Texas Intermediate crude cost just $93.60 on Tuesday, down from around $ 110 in September. Oft-cited factors for the drop include growing U.S. crude supplies and an easing of tensions between the United States and Iran. This also isn’t the whole story, but it’s a factor. Gasoline demand has been fairly restrained. In recent years, Americans have been buying more efficient cars andlight trucks, in part due to new fuel-economy standards by the Obama administration. That’s helped keep a lid on prices. But this trend may not last for long if driving demand picks back up. A bet on weakened ethanol rules. Earlier this year, many refineries were buying up renewable credits, known as “RINs,” in anticipation that the Environmental Protection Agency would tighten its rule on how much ethanol needs to be mixed in with gasoline in 2014. The price of RINs soared, which, in turn, may have driven up gasoline prices. The opposite is happening now as many observers think the EPA could weaken its ethanol targets for 2014(a leaked draft suggested as much). Partly as a result, the price of RINs has fallen sharply since July—and with it, some analysts think, the price of gasoline. The big question is whether prices will keep dropping—or whether they’ll eventually rebound sharply the way they did in 2011 and 2012 after temporary lulls. The winter drop in gasoline demand is obviously seasonal and temporary. And there’s always the possibility that geopolitical unrest could send oil prices soaring. For now, however, the U. S. Energy Information Administration is predicting that U. S. gasoline prices will stay restrained in the year ahead—falling from an average of $3. 50 per gallon in 2013 to $3. 39 per gallon in 2014. That’s still much higher than they were a decade ago. But it would count as a small bit of relief for the broader economy.1．In which way do lower gasoline prices affect U. S. economy?A．It will lead to a little decrease of GDP growth in the third quarter.B．It will reduce the cost of transportation of products.C．It will raise the sale of gasoline and cars.D．It will promote the economy as a whole.正确答案：D解析：细节题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷131(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷131(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.In last week’s Tribune, there was an interesting letter from Mr. J. Stewart Cook, in which he suggested that the best way of avoiding the danger of a “scientific hierarchy” would be to see to it that every member of the general public was, as far as possible, scientifically educated. At the same time, scientists should be brought out of their isolation and encouraged to take a greater part in politics and administration. As a general statement, I think most of us would agree with this, but I notice that, as usual, Mr. Cook does not define science, and merely implies in passing that it means certain exact sciences whose experiments can be made under laboratory conditions. Thus, adult education tends “to neglect scientific studies in favor of literary, economic and social subjects”, economics and sociology not being regarded as branches of science, apparently. This point is of great importance. For the word science is at present used in at least two meanings, but the whole question of scientific education is obscured by the current tendency to dodge from one meaning to the other. Science is generally taken as meaning either (a) the exact sciences, such as chemistry, physics, etc., or (b) a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from observed fact. If you ask any scientist, or indeed almost any educated person, “What is science?” you are likely to get an answer approximating to (b). In everyday life, however, both in speaking and in writing, when people say “science”they mean (a). Science means something that happens in a laboratory: test-tubes, balances, Bunsen burners, microscopes. A biologist, an astronomer, perhaps a psychologist or a mathematician, is described as a “man of science”: no one would think of applying this term to a statesman, a poet, a journalist or even a philosopher. And those who tell us that the young must be scientifically educated mean, almost invariably, that they should be taught more about radioactivity, or the stars, or the physiology of their own bodies, rather than that they should be taught to think more exactly. This confusion of meaning, which is partly deliberate, has in it a great danger. Implied in the demand for more scientific education is the claim that if one has been scientifically trained one’s approach to all subjects will be more intelligent than if one had had no such training. A scientist’s political opinions, it is assumed, his opinions on sociological questions, on morals, on philosophy, perhaps even on the arts, will be more valuable than those of a layman. But a” scientist”, as we have just seen, means in practice a specialist in one of the exact sciences. It followsthat a chemist or physicist, as such, is politically more intelligent than a poet or a lawyer. And, in fact, there are already millions of people who do believe this. But is it really true that a “scientist”, in this narrower sense, is any likelier than other people to approach non-scientific problems in an objective way? There is not much reason for thinking so. Take one simple test—the ability to withstand nationalism. It is often loosely said that “Science is international”, but in practice the scientific workers of all countries line up behind their own governments with fewer scruples than are felt by the writers and the artists. The German scientific community, as a whole, made no resistance to Hitler. There were plenty of gifted men to do the necessary research on such things as synthetic oil, jet planes, rocket projectiles and the atomic bomb. On the other hand, what happened to German literature when the Nazis came to power? I believe no exhaustive lists have been published, but I imagine that the number of German scientists—Jew apart—who voluntarily exiled themselves or were persecuted by the regime was much smaller than the number of writers and journalists. More sinister than this, a number of German scientists swallowed the monstrosity of “racial science”. But does this mean that the general public should not be more scientifically educated? On the contrary! All it means is that scientific education for the masses will do little good, and probably a lot of harm, if it simply boils down to more physics, more chemistry, more biology, etc. to the detriment of literature and history. Its probable effect on the average human being would be to narrow the range of his thoughts and make him more than ever contemptuous of such knowledge as he did not possess; and his political reactions would probably be somewhat less intelligent than those of an illiterate peasant who retained a few historical memories and a fairly sound aesthetic sense. Clearly, scientific education ought to mean the implanting of a rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. It ought to mean acquiring a method—a method that can be used on any problem that one meets—and not simply piling up a lot of facts. Put it in those words, and the apologist of scientific education will usually agree. Press him further, ask him to particularize, and somehow it always turns out that scientific education means more attention to the exact sciences, in other words—more facts. The idea that science means a way of looking at the world, and not simply a body of knowledge, is in practice strongly resisted. I think sheer professional jealousy is part of the reason for this.1．We know from the second paragraph that the author considers the present definition of the word “science”________.A．ambiguousB．ambivalentC．questionableD．inappropriate正确答案：A解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷172(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷172(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1) Newland Archer, during this brief episode, had been thrown into a strange state of embarrassment. (2) It was annoying that the box which was thus attracting the undivided attention of masculine New York should be that in which his betrothed (未婚妻) was seated between her mother and aunt; and for a moment he could not identify the lady in the Empire dress, nor imagine why her presence created such excitement among the initiated. Then light dawned on him, and with it came a momentary rush of indignation (愤怒). No, indeed; no one would have thought the Mingotts would have tried it on! (3) But they had; they undoubtedly had; for the low-toned comments behind him left no doubt in Archer’s mind that the young woman was May Welland’s cousin, the cousin always referred to in the family as “poor Ellen Olenska. “ Archer knew that she had suddenly arrived from Europe a day or two previously; he had even heard from Miss Welland (not disapprovingly) that she had been to see poor Ellen, who was staying with old Mrs. Mingott. Archer entirely approved of family solidarity (团结), and one of the qualities he most admired in the Mingotts was their resolute championship of the few black sheep that their blameless stock had produced. There was nothing mean or ungenerous in the young man’s heart, and he was glad that his future wife should not be restrained by false prudery (假正经) from being kind (in private) to her unhappy cousin; but to receive Countess Olenska in the family circle was a different thing from producing her in public, at the Opera of all places, and in the very box with the young girl whose engagement to him, Newland Archer, was to be announced within a few weeks. No, he felt as old Sillerton Jackson felt; he did not think the Mingotts would have tried it on! (4) He knew, of course, that whatever man dared (within Fifth Avenue’s limits) that old Mrs. Manson Mingott, the Matriarch (女族长) of the line, would dare. He had always admired the high and mighty old lady, who, in spite of having been only Catherine Spicer of Staten Island, with a father mysteriously discredited, and neither money nor position enough to make people forget it, had allied herself with the head of the wealthy Mingott line, married two of her daughters to “foreigners”(an Italian marquis and an English banker), and put the crowning touch to her audacities by building a large house of pale cream-coloured stone (when brown sandstone seemed as much the only wear as a frock-coat in the afternoon) in an inaccessible wilderness near the Central Park. (5) Old Mrs. Mingott’s foreign daughters had become a legend. They never came back tosee their mother, and the latter being, like many persons of active mind and dominating will, sedentary (久坐不动的) and corpulent in her habit, had philosophically remained at home. But the cream-coloured house (supposed to be modelled on the private hotels of the Parisian aristocracy) was there as a visible proof of her moral courage; and she throned in it, among pre-Revolutionary furniture and souvenirs (纪念品) of the Tuileries of Louis Napoleon (where she had shone in her middle age), as placidly as if there were nothing peculiar in living above Thirty-fourth Street, or in having French windows that opened like doors instead of sashes that pushed up. (6) Every one (including Mr. Sillerton Jackson) was agreed that old Catherine had never had beauty—a gift which, in the eyes of New York, justified every success, and excused a certain number of failings. Unkind people said that, like her Imperial namesake, she had won her way to success by strength of will and hardness of heart, and a kind of haughty effrontery (厚颜无耻) that was somehow justified by the extreme decency and dignity of her private life. Mr. Manson Mingott had died when she was only twenty-eight, and had “tied up”the money with an additional caution born of the general distrust of the Spicers; but his bold young widow went her way fearlessly, mingled freely in foreign society, married her daughters in heaven knew what corrupt and fashionable circles, hobnobbed with Dukes and Ambassadors, associated familiarly with Papists (教皇信徒者) , entertained Opera singers, and was the intimate friend of Mme. Taglioni; and all the while (as Sillerton Jackson was the first to proclaim) there had never been a breath on her reputation; the only respect, he always added, in which she differed from the earlier Catherine. (7) Mrs. Manson Mingott had long since succeeded in untying her husband’s fortune, and had lived in affluence for half a century; but memories of her early straits had made her excessively thrifty, and though, when she bought a dress or a piece of furniture, she took care that it should be of the best, she could not bring herself to spend much on the transient pleasures of the table. Therefore, for totally different reasons, her food was as poor as Mrs. Archer’s, and her wines did nothing to redeem it. Her relatives considered that the penury of her table discredited the Mingott name, which had always been associated with good living; but people continued to come to her in spite of the “made dishes”and flat champagne, and in reply to the remonstrances (规劝) of her son Lovell (who tried to retrieve the family credit by having the best chef in New York) she used to say laughingly: “What’s the use of two good cooks in one family, now that I’ve married the girls and can’t eat sauces?”(8) Newland Archer, as he mused on these things, had once more turned his eyes toward the Mingott box. He saw that Mrs. Welland and her sister-in-law were facing their semicircle of critics with the Mingottian APLOMB (泰然自若) which old Catherine had inculcated in all her tribe, and that only May Welland betrayed, by a heightened colour (perhaps due to the knowledge that he was watching her) a sense of the gravity of the situation. As for the cause of the commotion (骚动), she sat gracefully in her corner of the box, her eyes fixed on the stage, and revealing, as she leaned forward, a little more shoulder and bosom than New York was accustomed to seeing, at least in ladies who had reasons for wishing to pass unnoticed.1．Newland Archer was engaged with______.A．May WellandB．Ellen OlenskaC．the poor cousinD．Mrs. Manson Mingott’s daughter正确答案：A解析：推断题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷171(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷171(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSIONPART II READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1) Letty the old lady lived in a “ Single Room Occupancy” hotel approved by the New York City welfare department and occupied by old losers, junkies, cockroaches and rats. Whenever she left her room—a tiny cubicle with a cot, a chair, a seven-year-old calendar and a window so filthy it blended with the unspeakable walls—she would pack all her valuables in two large shopping bags and carry them with her. If she didn’t, everything would disappear when she left the hotel. Her “things” were also a burden. Everything she managed to possess was portable and had multiple uses. A shawl is more versatile than a sweater, and hats are no good at all, although she used to have lots of nice hats, she told me. (2) The first day I saw Letty I had left my apartment in search of a “bag lady”. I had seen these women round the city frequently, had spoken to a few. Sitting around the parks had taught me more about these city vagabonds. As a group, few were eligible for social security. They had always been flotsam and jetsam, floating from place to place and from job to job —waitress, short order cook, sales clerk, stock boy, maid, mechanic, porter—all those jobs held by faceless people. The “bag ladies” were a special breed. They looked and acted and dressed strangely in some of the most determinedly conformist areas of the city. They frequented Fourteen Street downtown, and the fancy shopping districts. They seemed to like crowds but remained alone. They held long conversations with themselves, with telephone poles, with unexpected cracks in the sidewalk. They hung around lunch counters and cafeterias, and could remain impervious to the rudeness ofa determined waitress and sit for hours clutching a coffee cup full of cold memories.(3) Letty was my representative bag lady. I picked her up on the corner of Fourteenth and Third Avenue. She had the most suspicious face I had encountered; her entire body, in fact, was pulled forward in one large question mark. She was carrying a double plain brown shopping bag and a larger white bag ordering you to vote for some obscure man for some obscure office and we began talking about whether or not she was an unpaid advertisement. I asked her if she would have lunch with me, and let me treat, as a matter of fact. After some hesitation and a few sharp glances over the top of her glasses, Letty the Bag Lady let me come into her life. We had lunch that day, the next, and later the next week. (4) Being a bag lady was a full-time job. Take the problem of the hotels. You can’t stay to long in any one of those welfare hotels, Letty told me, because the junkies figure out your routine, and when you get your checks,and you’ll be robbed, even killed. So you have to move a lot. And every time you move, you have to make three trips to the welfare office to get them to approve the new place, even if it’s just another cockroach-filled, rat-infested hole in the wall. During the last five years, Letty tried to move every two or three months. (5) Most of our conversations took place standing in line. New York State had just changed the regulations governing Medicaid cards and Letty had to get a new card. That took two hours in line, one hour sitting in a large dank-smelling room, and two minutes with a social worker who never once looked up. Another time, her case worker at the welfare office sent Letty to try and get food stamps, and after standing in line for three hours she found out she didn’t qualify because she didn’t have cooking facilities in her room. “This is my social life,” she said. “ I run around the city and stand in line. You stand in line to see one of them fancy movies and calling it art; I stand in line for medicine, for food, for glasses, for the cards to get pills, for the pills; I stand in line to see people who never see who I am; at the hotel, sometimes I even have to stand in line to go to the john. When I die there’ll probably be a line to get through the gate, and when I get up to the front of the line, somebody will push it closed and say, ‘ Sorry. Come back after lunch. ‘ These agencies, I figure they have to make it as hard for you to get help as they can, so only really strong people or really stubborn people like me can survive. “(6) Letty would talk and talk; sometimes, she didn’t seem to know I was even there. She never remembered my name, and would give a little start of surprise whenever I said hers, as if it had been a long time since anyone had said “Letty. “ I don’t think she thought of herself as a person, anymore; I think she had accepted the view that she was a welfare case, a Mediaid card, a nuisance in the bus depot in the winter time, a victim to any petty criminal, existing on about the same level as cockroaches.1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to “flotsam and jetsam” in the second paragraph?A．Old losers.B．Junkies.C．Vagabonds.D．Bag ladies.正确答案：C解析：语义题。
专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷151含答案和解析
专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷151讲座会话听力大题型(1)Letty the old lady lived in a \1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to \(C)A. Old losers.B. Junkies.C. Vagabonds.D. Bag ladies.解析：语义题。
第二段第五句提到，他们总是flotsam and jetsam，从一个地方游荡到另一个地方，从这个工作到那个工作。
根据上下文可知，此段话是对vagabonds的进一步描述，故答案为[C]。
该段第六句提到，“提兜女郎”是一个特殊群体，可知“提兜女郎”只是vagabonds 中的一类，故排除[D]。
2.According to Para. 2 and Para. 3, which of the following is NOT true about the bag ladies?(B)A. They tend to congregate in crowded city centers.B. They sometimes work as unpaid advertisement for certain candidates.C. They tend to dress and act in an eccentric way.D. They are often treated with contempt and indifference.解析：推断题。
第三段第四句提到，她随身带着一个有普通购物袋两倍大的棕色兜子和一个更大的白色兜子，让路人给某个机构的某个人投票。
于是，我们开始谈论她是不是在免费做广告。
故答案为[B]。
第二段第九句提到，她们看似喜欢群居，但却都是孑然一身，故排除[A]；第七句提到，他们看起来行为和着装奇怪，故排除[C]；最后一句提到，她们能够对服务员的无礼无动于衷，继续坐上几个小时，由此可推知人们对她们往往是漠然和轻视的，因此排除[D]。
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考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise；and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B] Identify a problem.[C] Bring together disparate facts.[D] Stipulate clear goals.2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4. The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案与考点解析1. 「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。