英语国家概况知识点总结

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英语国家概况总结资料全

Unit1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕2.The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngla nd London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化〞3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derivesfrom this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕, drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。

《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分

《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。

预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。

移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。

现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。

城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。

1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。

美国是移民国家。

第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。

三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。

第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。

第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。

来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。

Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。

四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。

从东海岸向西部迁移。

第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。

第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。

第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。

Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。

自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。

代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。

1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。

1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。

60年代爆发民权运动。

1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。

英语国家概况考试复习要点

英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。

英语国家概况复习资料

英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。

在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。

一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。

它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。

此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。

二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。

美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。

美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。

此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。

三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。

加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。

加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。

此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。

四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。

澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。

澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。

此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。

五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。

新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。

新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。

英语国家概况归纳

Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。

●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。

由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。

陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。

国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。

Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。

市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。

Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。

城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。

著名古迹有：Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。

这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。

以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。

英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。

它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。

英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。

苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。

苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。

苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。

苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。

威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。

它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。

威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。

威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。

英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。

爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。

它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。

爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。

爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。

美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。

美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。

美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。

在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。

加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。

加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。

加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。

余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频

余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Geographical Features1. The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2. Rivers and LakesⅡ. Climate1. A Maritime Climate2. Factors Which Influence the Climate3. RainfallⅢ. Plant and Animal Life1. Plant Life2. Animal LifeⅣ. People1. Ethnic Groups2. Languages3. Religion4. Urbanization5. Population Growth6. Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. The total population of the UK was around 63 million, which is the third-largest in the European Union and the 22nd-largest in the world.3. The UK is a developed country with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally.4. The UK’s capital is London, and it has other major cities including, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1. 大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家，主要分布在英联邦国家和美洲国家。

这些国家在文化、经济等方面有着广泛的联系和合作，具有丰富的历史及文化背景，是世界上最具影响力的国家之一。

下面将对英语国家的概况进行整理。

英联邦国家是指以英国为领袖的国际组织，由英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、印度、巴基斯坦等53个国家和地区组成。

这些国家中以英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰为代表的国家，在经济、政治、文化、教育等方面有着密切的联系和合作，军事上也有协调和互助的关系。

英国是英语国家的中心，由四个国家：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。

英国拥有悠久的历史和文化背景，是文化艺术、科技创新、高等教育等方面的领袖国家。

英国的文化产业发达，英语是世界第一大语言，英国的音乐、电影、电视剧等文艺作品也备受全球瞩目。

澳大利亚位于太平洋和印度洋之间，是由六个州和两个地区组成的联邦制国家。

澳大利亚是一个多元化的国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和景观。

澳大利亚在旅游、采矿、农业等方面具有突出的优势，是世界经济中不可忽视的力量。

加拿大是北美洲最大的国家，拥有广阔的土地和丰富的自然资源。

加拿大是世界上最发达的国家之一，其经济主要以服务业和加工制造业为主。

加拿大在金融、信息技术等领域具有较强的实力。

新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，由北岛和南岛以及其他一些小岛组成。

新西兰优美的自然环境使其成为了世界上著名的旅游胜地，同时其在农业、林业、渔业等领域也有着不俗的表现。

美洲国家是指以英语为官方语言的南、北美洲国家，包括美国、加拿大和13个加勒比国家。

这些国家在经济、政治、文化等方面也有着紧密的联系和合作。

美国是世界经济最大的国家之一，是世界级的大国和超级大国。

美国拥有强大的军事实力和文化影响力，同时也在国际事务中发挥着重要作用。

美国是全球科技、金融和文化中心之一，其在电影、音乐、时尚、饮食等方面也有着巨大的影响力。

加勒比国家是指坐落在加勒比海与墨西哥湾之间的一批岛国，其中比较著名的包括牙买加、海地、巴哈马等。

英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。

以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。

英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。

2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。

华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。

美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。

渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。

加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。

堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。

澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。

惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。

新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。

二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。

英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。

美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。

加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。

2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。

英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。

加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。

英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

英语国家概况谢福之知识点总结

英语国家概况谢福之知识点总结1. 英国- 首都：伦敦- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：议会制共和国，国家元首为女王伊丽莎白二世。

- 经济：服务业占主导地位，金融业、旅游业、创意产业等具有重要地位。

- 文化：莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、简·奥斯汀等著名文学家。

多元化的音乐文化，有古典音乐、流行音乐、摇滚乐等。

2. 美国- 首都：华盛顿特区- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：总统制联邦共和国，总统为国家元首。

- 经济：产业多样化，有农业、工业、服务业等。

世界上最大的经济体之一。

- 文化：好莱坞电影、美国文学、音乐、时尚等具有世界影响力。

3. 澳大利亚- 首都：堪培拉- 官方语言：英语- 政治制度：议会制联邦制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。

- 经济：服务业是主要产业，同时还有矿业、农业、制造业等。

- 文化：澳大利亚文学、电影、音乐、美食等具有独特风格。

4. 加拿大- 首都：渥太华- 官方语言：英语、法语- 政治制度：议会制联邦制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。

- 经济：移民国家，有制造业、自然资源开发、服务业等产业。

- 文化：加拿大文学、电影、音乐、美食等具有多元化和包容性。

5. 新西兰- 首都：惠灵顿- 官方语言：英语、毛利语- 政治制度：议会制君主立宪制，女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。

- 经济：服务业占主导地位，同时还有农业、林业、制造业等产业。

- 文化：毛利文化、新西兰电影、音乐、户外活动等具有独特特色。

自考英语国家概况汇总版有效

Chapter 1 Land and People一、本章知识点1.重点：重点： ① Different names for Britain and its parts 2.难点、考点：难点、考点： ① Britain‘s official name ② British Commonwealth 三、课本内容（一）Different names for Britain and its parts Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names. 1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands. （see map of UK ） The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. 2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom isthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. （UK ） capital: London The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国爱尔兰共和国 has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin . 3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales . England is the largest, most . England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―Englandǁ and ―Englishǁ when they mean ―Britainǁ and ―Britishǁ. 4. The British Empire 大英帝国: one fourth of th e world‘s people a nd and one fourth of the world‘s land area.5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）Others Geographical Features 1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France . （p.4）T aiwan Strait ：台湾海峡：台湾海峡2. ―Chunnel ǁ: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult 3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis , 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）The longest river: t he Severn River the Severn River （338 km ）The second largest and most important river: the Thames River （336 km ）（p.7）4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）5. The English are Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts 凯尔特人. （p.12）四、总结 ① Britain‘s official nam e ② British Commonwealth Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts ② Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons ③ The Viking and Danish invasions ④ King Alfred and his contributions ⑤ The Norman Conquest and its consequences 2.难点、考点：① the Anglo-Saxons: Heptarchy 七王国; foundation of the English state ② King Alfred ③ Norman Conquest 三、课本内容（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts （p.17）1. began to arrive about 700 BC2. originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany3. three main waves ——————11st . Gaels 盖尔人, about 600 BC; 2nd . Brythons 布列吞人, 400 BC, （Britain ）; 3rd . Belgae 比利其人, 150 BC, （Belgium ）. Gaelic ：盖尔语：盖尔语4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. 5. Religion: D ruidism Druidism : The C elts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of Celts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of the moon. 6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410） p.18: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion . For nearly . For nearly 400400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. The Roman capital was London （Londinium ）. （二）Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes: Jutes 朱特人（from southern Denmark ）, Saxons , and Angles （both from northern Germany ）; Angles were to give their name to the English people.2. ★Heptarchy 七王国————seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Marcia and Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy ：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes 部落部落 were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 3. In 829, Egbert 伯特became an overlord of all the English. 4. T eutonic 日耳曼人的日耳曼人的 religion: Tiu religion: Tiu——war, Woden war, Woden——heaven, Thor —Storms, Freya —Peace 5. St. Augustine 奥古斯丁—— the first Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主坎特伯雷大教主6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state : divide the country into shires （郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip, three-field farming system （三田轮作）; manorial 庄园庄园 system; Witan （议会）（council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人会议）, the basis of the Privy Council 枢密院枢密院 which still exists today. （三）The Viking and Danish invasions （p.23-24）1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海盗和丹麦人挪威海盗和丹麦人2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw ǁ（丹麦法区）, the north and east of England. 3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire.（四）King Alfred and his contributions 1. King of Wessex （871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2. ★his contributions : ―the father of the British navy ǁ; reorganized the f yrd fyrd 英国民兵英国民兵（the Saxon army）; translated into English Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English People ; established schools and formulated a legal system. 3. ―Alfred the Greatǁ（五）The Norman Conquest and its consequences （p.24-25）1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor ǁ, was far more Norman than Sax on 心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国). 2. 4 men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two brothers of Edward‘s Queen ）; 4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟 3. Oct. 14, 10661066, Hastings, A nglo-Saxon England perished Anglo-Saxon England perished w ith Harold‘s death.with Harold‘s death.因为因为Harold 的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败英国被诺曼人打败4. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day. 5. William the Conqueror: the best-known event in English history; the feudal system was completely established.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度. 四、总结: 历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：Celts, （Romans ） Anglo-Saxons, Viking/Dales, and Normans Chapter 3 the shaping of the nation1066-1381本章知识点本章知识点1重点: : 1 1 1 England‘s England‘s England‘s feudalism feudalism feudalism under under under the the the rule rule rule of William of William the the Conqueror Conqueror Conqueror; ; ; 2 2 2 Contents Contents Contents and and and the the the significance significance significance of of of the the the Great Charter; 3 Great Charter; 3 Origins Origins of of of the the the English English English Parliament; Parliament; Parliament; 4 4 4 The The The Hundred Hundred Hundred Years‘ War Years‘ War with with France France France and and and its consequences its consequences ; ; 5 5 5 Consequences of Consequences of the the Black Black Death; 2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter; English Parliament; 3课本内容课本内容i. i. England‘s feudalism under t England‘s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned the land personally. William gave his barons 男爵男爵 large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‘s produce.The barons parceled out 分配分配分配 land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. ★Class structure 等级结构: the king ; barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villains\serfs (补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词for the king: ―we who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accep accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁt you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.ǁ国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.) 2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council (大会议) William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned. 3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书) In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day. 注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence. 4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years. Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years. In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over -rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another. The The common common common law law law is is is the the the unwritten unwritten unwritten law law law common common common to to to the the the whole whole whole people people people as as as distinct distinct distinct from from from law law law governing governing governing only only only sections sections sections of of of it, it, it, and and and is is ―case -madeǁ, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom. In Henry‘s day the jury system -whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle. ii. contents and the significance of the Great charter 1. Crusades (十字军东征十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215. 2. Magna Carta, 1215 The The barons‘ charter, barons‘ charter, or or Magna Magna Magna Carta Carta Carta as as as it came it came to to be known, be known, was was presented presented presented by by by a a a delegation delegation delegation of of of their their their class class class to to to the the the king king king and and and his his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor. 3. contents -63 -63 clauses: clauses: clauses: No No No tax tax tax should should should be be be made made made without without without the the the approval approval approval of of of the the the Grand Grand Grand Council; Council; Council; no no no freeman freeman freeman should should should be be be arrested, arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; elections; London London London and and and other other other towns towns towns should should should retain retain retain their their their ancient ancient ancient rights rights rights and and and privileges, privileges, privileges, and and and there there there should should should be be be the the the same same same weights weights weights and and measures throughout the country. Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 4. significance : regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king iii. o rigins of the English Parliament 1. king John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled. King john defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled. 2. provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act. A civil war broke out between the king‘s support ers, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner. 3. ★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses (citizens) from each town.The Great Council developed later into the lords and the Commons known as parliament. 3. Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice. At this point parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. 4. under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was conquered (1277-1284) and came under the English Crown. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. iv. t he hundred years‘ war with France and its consequences1. the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453. 2. the causes: partly territorial and partly economic 3. Edward III declared war. When Edward III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war. 4. England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德) After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France. 5. By 1453, only Calais By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. 6. a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity. The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth wealth of of of France France France would would would certainly certainly certainly have have have hindered hindered hindered the the the development development development of of of a a a separate separate separate English English English national national national identity, identity, identity, while while while French French French national national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. V. consequences of the Black Death 1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350. 2. It killed between one half and one third of the population, reduced England‘s population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century. 3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages. The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages. IV . 总结: William the Conqueror and feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power: Great Charter and Parliament ; the Hundred Years‘ war; Black Death Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. 本章知识点本章知识点1. 重点: the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the English reformation; Elizabeth I and Parliament; Elizabeth‘ Elizabeth‘ s s s religious religious religious reform reform reform and and and her her her foreign foreign foreign police; police; police; Distinctive Distinctive Distinctive features features features of of of the the the English English English renaissance; renaissance; renaissance; The The The Civil Civil Civil Wars Wars Wars and and and their their consequences; The commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The restoration and the Glorious Revolution; 2. 难点\考点: the English reformation; Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The restoration; The Glorious revolution; III. 课本内容课本内容一 the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses 1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity; the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose ) between 1455 and 1485. This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. 2. the name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott. The name wars of the roses was ,in fact ,coined by the great 19th century novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and that of York, symbolized by the white. 3. the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged. 4. the last last battle battle battle was was was fought fought fought between between between Richard Richard Richard III III III and and and Henry Henry Henry Tudor Tudor Tudor in in in 1485. 1485. 1485. Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, after after after his his his victory victory victory ,married ,married ,married Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth of of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of the roses was fought between Richard III and another another claimant claimant claimant to to to the the the throne, throne, throne, Henry Henry Henry Tudor, Tudor, Tudor, part-welsh part-welsh part-welsh grandson grandson grandson of of of Owen Owen Owen Tudor Tudor Tudor and and and descendant descendant descendant of of of John John John of of of Gaunt, Gaunt, Gaunt, Duke Duke Duke of of Lancaster. Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. 5. Consequences: Consequences: feudalism feudalism feudalism received received received its its its death death death blow; blow; blow; the the the nobility nobility nobility was was was much much much weakened weakened weakened and and and discredited; discredited; discredited; the the the king‘s king‘s king‘s power power power now now became supreme. Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business business as as as usual. usual. usual. From From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king‘s power now became supreme.6. parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon. 二 Henry VIII and the English reformation 1. 6wives, divorced 2and executed 2 Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. 2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money. 3. purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.4. two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535 The power of the mon arch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before. Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology. 5. real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time . People call this ―the reformationǁ ---the switch to protestant theology.6. Mary Tudor, ―bloody Maryǁ: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais. 7. Elizabeth I, a protestant queen The reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since. 三 Elizabeth I and Parliament 1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single. Elizabeth‘s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle. 2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestant Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform. 3. avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约) besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court. 4. but often turbulent.(动荡不安) Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 四 Elizabeth‘s Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy religious reform and her foreign policy 1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but op inion should be left freeǁ. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to b oth the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics. 2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict. For For nearly nearly nearly 30 30 30 years years years Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth successfully successfully successfully played played played off off off against against against each each each other other other the the the two two two great great great catholic catholic catholic powers, powers, powers, France France France and and and Spain, Spain, Spain, and and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict. 3. the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588 showed England‘s superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country. 五 distinctive features of the English renaissance 1. renaissance ---t he revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European historythe revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history ; the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650; it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual. 2. in England, beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor in 1485. In England, the renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 3. 5 characteristics: English English culture culture culture was was was revitalized revitalized revitalized mainly mainly mainly by by by contemporary contemporary contemporary Europeans; Europeans; Europeans; insular insular insular country; country; country; native native native literature literature literature (14(14thcentury poet Chaucer) ;English renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the reformation. 4. the English renaissance was largely literary –Elizabethan drama 5. William Shakespeare 莎士比亚莎士比亚 is the greatest writer in the English language. 注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes Day; 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kingsǁ(君权神授) Puritanism 清教; simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian 平等平等 attitude. 1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the 2nd Magna Carta. 六 the civil wars and their consequences 1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament from southeast England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king , while the parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the supporters of parliament were called Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their short haircuts. 2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁骑军), new Model Army. Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsidesǁ cavalry regiment at Marston Moor.Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the new model army. 3. second civil war, 1648 Charles was tried by a high court of justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649. 4. Charles was executed (beheaded) on a scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇宫)on Jan 30, 1649. 5. also called the puritan revolution the English civil war is also called the puritan revolution ,because the king‘s opponents were mainly puritan, and his suppor ters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic. 6. as a conflict between the parliament and the king , but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the crown. 7. it not only overthrew feudal system in England , but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. 8. as the beginning of modern world history. 七 the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell 1. 1. Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump rump ((残余国会) ) declared declared declared England England a a commonwealth. commonwealth. commonwealth. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Oliver Oliver Oliver Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell and and and the the the rump rump –members of the long parliament who had voted for Charles‘s execution declared England a commonwealt h. 2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均派) One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the levelers. 3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth of England. He became Lord protector of the commonwealth of England. 4. direct military rule –tyrant; tough control of the nation‘s morals八 the restoration and the Glorious revolution 1. the re storation : the parliament asked the late king‘s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685). 2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不信奉英国国教者) 3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资格审查法> excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind; the disabling act <无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in either house of parliament . 4. John Bunyan-P ilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton Pilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton -paradise lost -paradise lost 5. the glorious revolution : the English politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and appealed to a protestant king , William of Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James‘s daughter. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed.6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise: excluding any roman catholic from the succession; confirmed the principle of parliamentary 。

英语国家概况知识点总结

英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。

英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。

这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。

本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。

1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。

其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。

2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。

在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。

3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。

这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。

4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。

英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。

美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。

澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。

5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。

英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。

这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。

6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。

它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。

掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。

7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。

在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。

英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。

结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。

了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。

掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况是指使用英语作为官方语言或主要语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大洲，包括欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、非洲、亚洲、大洋洲等地区。

下面是对英语国家概况的整理和相关参考内容。

一、英语国家概况1. 英语国家数量截至目前，全球有超过70个国家和地区官方或主要使用英语。

其中包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家，以及南非、印度、新加坡等国家。

2. 英语在国际交流中的地位由于历史、文化、经济和政治原因，英语成为了世界共通的交流语言。

在国际贸易、国际关系、科学技术、旅游等领域中，英语的地位举足轻重。

很多国家把英语作为第二语言学习，以便更好地融入国际社会。

3. 英语国家文化特点英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，包括文学、艺术、音乐、电影等。

英国文化以其悠久的历史、文学作品和皇室传统而闻名；美国文化则以其多元文化、好莱坞电影、流行音乐等领域有着巨大影响力。

4. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家拥有世界顶尖的教育体系，包括英国的牛津大学、剑桥大学等，美国的哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。

这些学府不仅吸引着来自全球的学生，也为国际学生提供了优质的教育资源。

二、参考内容1. 英国英国是英语国家的发源地，拥有悠久的历史、文化和传统。

英国的教育体系著名于世，在全球范围内享有盛誉。

参考内容可包括英国的地理位置、历史概述、国家特色、名胜古迹、教育体系等。

2. 美国美国是使用英语的最大国家，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

美国的文化多元，享有世界级的艺术、电影和音乐产业。

参考内容可包括美国的地理、历史、政治制度、经济实力、文化特点等。

3. 加拿大加拿大是英语国家中面积最大的国家，也是全球最宜居的国家之一。

加拿大的教育体系、医疗服务和社会福利享誉国际。

参考内容可包括加拿大的地理特点、历史发展、多元文化、经济实力等。

4. 澳大利亚澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚是一个富有自然景观和野生动物资源的国家，吸引着来自世界各地的游客和留学生。

英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)

英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。

英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版

英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

(完整版)英语国家概况重要知识点

What are the differences three: (1) The surrounding differences in regional Roman occupation, though Christianity was only a between Britain and the waters balance the seasonal speech. The chief division it was never a total fringe belief. So, in 579, British Isles,Great differences by heating up is between southern occupation. British Pope Gregory I sent St Britain, England, the the land in winter and England and northern recorded history begins Augustine to England to United Kingdom and the cooling it off in summer; (E2n)gland. Generally with the Roman invasion. convert the heathen English British Commonwealth? The prevailing southwest speaking southerners speak Why was the Roman to Christianity. Augustine ~The British Isles, Great winds bring warm and wet the type of English closer to influence on Britain so was very successful in Britain and England are air in winter and keep the BBC English. They do not limited? converting the king and the geographical names, not the temperatures moderate; (3) have a special accent ~Britain was under the nobility, and became the official names of the The North Atlantic Drift, a except the Cockneys from Roman occupation for first Archbishop of country, while the official warm current, passes the the East End of London. nearly 400 years. The Canterbury. But the name is the United western coast of the British However, the northerner Roman built many towns, conversion of the commonKingdom, but the full na m Iseles and warms them. speak broader English than roads, temples and is the United Kingdom of The northwestern part southerners, and often leave buildings. They also Great Britain and Northern has the most rainfall,while out the artic“l e t he”and the brought the new religion, Ireland. The British the southeastern corner is possessive adjectives“my”,Christianity to Britain. Commonwealth is a free the driest. “your ”,“their”, etc. However ，a lthough Britain association of independent Describe the distribution The Welsh are became part of the Roman countries that were once of Britain’s population. emotional and cheerful Empire, Roman influence colonies of Britain. ~Britain has a population of people, They are music upon Britons was very Describe the geographical about 57 million. It is lovers and are proud of limited. The Roman treated position of Britain. densely populated, with an their past. Throughout the the Britons as a subject ~Britain is an island average of 237 people per year thy hold com petitions people of slave class. They country. It lies in the north square kilometer. It is also in Welsh poetry, music, never intermarried. The Atlantic Ocean off the north very unevenly distributed, singing and art, and in this Romans had no influence coast of Europe. It is with 90% of the population way they keep the Welsh on the language or culture separated from the rest of in urban areas, 10% in ruraLlanguage and Welsh of ordinary Britons.Europe by the English areas. Geographically, mostculture alive. Who were the Channel in the south and British people live in What is the main problem Anglo-Saxons and how the North Sea in the east. England. Of the total of 57 in Northern Ireland? did the heptarchy come Whereabouts in Great million people, 47 million ~Hundreds of years ago into being?Britain are mostly live in England, 14million Scots and English ~The Anglo-Saxons highland and lowland? live in London and Protestants were sent to live referred to the three ~The north and west of southeastern England. in Northern Ireland. Since Teutonic tribes who Britain are mainly highland, What are the three then there has been bitter invaded Britain in the while the east and southeast natural zones in Scotland? fighting between the mid-5 th century. They were are mostly lowlands. ~The three natural zones in Protestants and the Roman Jutes, Saxons and A ngles.Does Britain have a Scotland are:the Highlan d C s a tholics.The former are In the7th century,the favourable climate? Why? in the north, the central the dominant group, while Anglo-Saxons invaded Yes, it bas a favourable Lowlands and the southern the latter are seeking more Britain and three tribes climate. Because it has a uplands. social, political and settled in different parts of maritime type of climate—What is the difference economic opportunities. Britain which was divided winter is mild,not too col b d e,tween the ancestors of The British Government in many smal l kingdoms. and summer is cool, not to t o he English and Scots, and Government of Ireland Among them, there were hot. It has a steady reliable Welsh and Irish? are now working together seven principal kingdoms rainfall throughout the ~The ancestors of the to bring peace to Northern of Kent, Essex, Sussex, whole year. It has a small English are Anglo-Saxons, Ireland. Wessex, East Anglia, range of temperature, too. while the Scots, Welsh and What do you know about Mercia and Northumbria What are the factors Irish are Celts. the Roman invasion of have been given the namewhich influence the What are the differences Britain? ofHeptachy.climate in Britain?Whi c in h character and wpeech~In55BC and54BC,Jul i H u s o w were the early part of Britain has the between southern Caesar, a Roman general, Anglo-saxons converted most rainfall and which England and northern invaded Britain twice. In to Christianity?part is the driest? England? How do the AD 43, the Emperor ~The Anglo-Saxons ~The factors which Welsh keep their language Claudius invaded Britain brought their own Teutonic influence the climate in and culture alive? successfully. For nearly 400 religion to Britain when Britain are the following ~The English have many years Britain was under the they invaded Britain, and people was largely due tothe missionary activities ofthe monks in the north. Many small monasteries sprang up throughout the country.What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state?~Though the Anglo-Saxons were brutal people, theylaid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, the modern names of “England” and “English ” derived from the Angles. Secondly, they divided the country into shires, withshire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Thirdly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Fourthly, they also established the manorial system, whereby the lord of the manor collected taxesand organized the local army. Finally, they created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.Who were Vikings and how did thry invade Britain?~The Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danesfrom Denmark. They attacked various partsof England from the end of the8th century. They became aserious problem in the 9th was crowned kingof state. After that, were the Stephen ’s time;century, especially between England, thus beginning the invasions of the Vikings strengthen e d a nd widened 835 and 878. they even Norman Conquest of and Danes. Finally, in 1066,the powers of his sheriffsmanaged to capture York, England. WilliamofNormandy and reliedfor armed an important center of What werethe invade d Englan d and beg a s u n pport upon a militia Christianity in867. they consequencesofthe the age of the Normancomposed ofEnglishgained control of the north Norman Conquest? Conque sw t hich resulted infreemen.and east of England(“the ~The Norman Conquest of great French influence. How did King Henry II Danelaw”).1066 is one of the bestTheref ore,many reform the courts and theWhat do you know about known events in English different peoplesof law?King Alfred? What makes history. It brought about different origins are living ~Henry IIgreatly him worthy of the title of many consequences. “Alfred the G reat ”?Williamconfiscated in Britain. Th’ast the reason strengthenedthe king’swhy we say English nation court and extended its~Alfred was the king of almost all the land and gave is a mixture of nationalities judicial work. He divided Wessex. He defeated the it to his Norman followers. Danes who attacked He replaced the weak England and reached an Saxon rule with a strong agreement with them in 879. Norman government. So The Danes gained control the feudal system was of the north and east, while completely established in of different origins.the country into six circuits What was feudalism like and appointed itinerant in England under the rule justices who apply the law of Williamthe impartially.Conqueror ？In Henry II’s reign, a ~Under the rule of William, common law wasAlfred ruled the rest. He England. Relations with thtehe Conqueror, the feudal established which overrodealsoconvertedsome Continent were opened, and leadingDanesinto civilization and commerceChristians.wereextended. Alfred is known as Norman-French culture, “the father of the British language, manners, and navy” as he founded a architecture were beensystem in England was local law and private lawcompletely established. and was common to theAccording to this system, whole people.the king owned all the land Thejurysystempersonally. William gave replaced old Englishhis barons large estates in ordeals and old Normanstrong fleet to beat the introduced. The church wa rs e turn for military services trials. At that time, a jury Danes at sea, to protect the brought into closer coasts and to encourage connection with Rome, and trade. He reorganized the the church courts were Saxon army to make it separated from the civil more efficient. He even courts. translatedBede’s Why do we say that the“Ecclesiastical History of Englishnationisa the English People” from mixture of nationalities o f Latin to English. He also different origins? established schools and ~The population of Britain formulated a legal system. is made up of the English, All this made him worthy the Scottish, the Welsh, the and a proportion of the was composed of 12 men land’s produce. These and the jurors function was estates were scattered all to act as witnesses, not to over the country so that the hear evidences and give barons could not easily verdict. combine to rebel the king.As part of his legalThen, the barons parceled reforms, Henry II insistedout land to the lesser nobles t h , at all clergymen charged knights and freemen, also with criminal offences be in return for goods andtried in the king’s courtservices. At the bottom of instead of in the Bishop’s the feudal scale were the courts.of his title “Alfred the Irish, the Northern Irish and serfs. One peculiar feature What was the quarrelGreat ”.other peoples. The Why did the William the formation is complicated Conqueror invade because England was England after Edward ’s invaded by different races death?at various times from~It was said that King Europe. Edward had promised the Besides the early of the feudal system of between King Henry IIEnglandwasthatall and Thomas Becket?landowners must take the ~As part of his legal oath of allegiance not only reforms, Henry II wished to to their immediate lord, but reform certain abuses in also to the king.church governmentandHow did King Henry II insisted that all English throne to William settlers, the Iberians and the consolidate monarchy?but the Witan chose HaroldCelts, includingGaels andas king. So William led his Britons, Roman occupied ~HenryII took somemeasures to consolidate the army to invade England. In Britain for nearly 400 ye am rosnarchy . He forced the October 1066, during theafter55BC. Thenthe important battle of Hastings, invasions of Anglo-Saxons Flemish mercenariestoleaveEngland; recalledWilliam defeated Harold helped to form English racg erants of Royal lands madeandkilledhim.On and language and laid theChristmasDay, Williamfoundation of the Englishby Stephen; demolished scores of castles built in。

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况：英语是目前世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，被称为国际语言。

以下是关于英语国家的概况。

1. 英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或重要语言的国家。

主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰等。

此外，英语也是许多其他国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言，如印度、菲律宾、南非等。

2. 英国英国是英语的发源地和最重要的英语国家之一。

它由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。

英国是一个世界上最多元化和文化历史最悠久的国家之一，拥有众多的名胜古迹，如大本钟、巨石阵、伦敦塔等。

3. 美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，拥有丰富的资源和多元文化。

美国是一个移民国家，人口大部分由来自不同国家的移民组成。

美国的经济实力雄厚，是世界上最大的经济体之一。

美国的主要城市有纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥等。

4. 加拿大加拿大是世界上第二大国家，拥有广袤的土地和丰富的自然资源。

英语和法语是加拿大的两种官方语言，但英语在加拿大的大部分地区得到广泛使用。

加拿大是一个文化多元化的国家，各个城市和地区拥有不同的文化特点。

5. 澳大利亚澳大利亚位于南半球，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。

澳大利亚是一个拥有多种语言和文化的国家，但英语是其主要语言。

悉尼和墨尔本是澳大利亚最大的城市，也是该国的文化和商业中心。

6. 新西兰新西兰位于太平洋地区，是一个自然环境优美的国家。

英语是该国的官方语言，也是教育、商务和政府机构使用的主要语言。

新西兰是一个小而友好的国家，拥有丰富的户外活动和独特的文化。

7. 爱尔兰爱尔兰位于欧洲西部，是一个英语国家，英语是该国的官方语言。

爱尔兰是一个美丽而古老的国家，有着浓厚的文化和历史。

爱尔兰以其独特的音乐、文学和舞蹈而闻名，如爱尔兰民谣和著名的作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

8. 其他英语国家除了以上国家，英语也是印度、菲律宾、南非等许多国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言。

这些国家拥有丰富的历史和文化遗产，每个国家都有自己独特的文化和风景。