托福TPO41综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

合集下载

TPO41听力文本

TPO 41 听力文本Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and a professorP: I have some good news for you, one of the students who was signed up for the summer term at the field station next year won’t be attending after all. Your name’s first on the waiting list. So if you still want to do it, the space is available.S: Oh, That’s terrific.P: You’re also interested in doing an independent research project next summer right? S: Yeah, uh salt marsh restoration. But I was before when I thought I wasn’t get into the field station.P: Well, you can still do it if you want. I looked over your application for the independent research project and it looks strong. I approved it. And you’d even have more resource there at the field station. So…S: The field station and the independent study. But the summer term is a few weeks shorter than the regular term.P: Oh, it’s up to you. You’d have to work hard but I think you can do very well. Professor Garfield’s one of the professors over the field station.S: Yeah, I’ve heard of them.P: Yes, well, Professor Garfield’s been doing research on salt marshes for years, assessing human impact in methods of salt marsh restoration.He’s willing to oversee your project.S: Wow, that’s too good an opportunity to pass up.P: I thought you’d say that. When I spoke with Doctor Garfield, he suggested you take a particular course he’ll be teaching here in the spring. It’s called ‘advanced topics in salt marsh management’. The course looks like salt marsh cytology in depth, and it also focuses on factors that stress salt marsh systems, and how do we assess and monitor the level of stress.S: And that background information all fit right into my project on salt marsh restoration. This is so great.P: Oh, one more thing, do you know John Arnold?S: Not really, but he lives in my dorm. Why?P: John’s another ecology student who will be at the field station next summer. I approved an independent research project for him too. Initially he had the same concern as you. But anyway his topic will be similar to yours. He’ll be researching how bridges and covers that have been installed to allow tidal waters to move underneath roads between the sea and the salt marshes. Well, they are often too small.S: I guess that’d result in not enough tidal water flowing into the marshes to maintain the natural vegetation right?P: Exactly, and he’ll be looking at how to determine the right size. So I was thinking he might be a good choice for a summer roommate for you.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between two studentsW: Hi, can I help you?M: Yes, um I’d like to get help with the ahh… you know payment for my classes, some sort of financial aid? The problem is, I don’t know much about it so I don’t really know where to begin. I saw this poster about work study programs? Can you tell something about that?W: Well, I think you are talking about the government sponsored work-study program. It works like this, you work on campus and get paid in hourly wage just like a regular job. However, instead of getting a pay check, the money goes directly to your bill for your courses. But almost all the work study jobs pay minimal wage which is usually pretty low. The truth is, you might do better getting a job off campus since you can do whatever you want with the money, like paying your rent or buying textbooks.M: Thanks, that’s very useful. So how do I find out what’s out there?W: Let me show you our catalog of various programs as well as scholarships offered here. That’s your best bet really if you can find a good scholarship, because you don’t have to pay the money back. You may qualify if your grades are good enough or if you have the right background.M: Yeah, that sounds like something I should try for.W: Now this is my desk copy of the catalog. But I can give you your own copy if you want. Oh yeah, be sure to visit the university library too. There’s a whole section on financial aid, including application forms.M: Why isn’t all the information listed in the catalog? It’d be so much easier.W: Oh, if we did that the catalog would be too heavy to pick up. Civic clubs, foundation, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships or other financial assistance to college students. And all kinds of companies have programs to help their employee’s children go to the college. If either of your parents works for a large corporation, have them check to see if their companies do that.M: Ok, good idea. Hey, my dad works for a big accounting firm, and he is a member of a professional accounting organization. Do you think they’d offer financial aid?W: Yes, that’s fairly common. Especially if you are planning to go into accounting. What are you studying? What do you plan to do after you graduate?M: I want to become a dentist. I’m enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry.W: Okay, so I’d suggest looking in the library for information on organizations that have to do with dentistry. Any number of them might offer scholarships to student planning to join their profession.M: I’ll definitely investigate that one.W: Great, but be sure to talk to one of our librarians too. They get the same questions over and over so they can save you a great deal of time.Lecture 1Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions: extreme heat or cold or very dry conditions, like plants in the desert. Your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants. But I think the desertplants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions. So with desert plants, there are basically three different adaptive strategies, and I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species. Many different species have developed each of the adaptations. So first of, there are succulent plants. There are many different species of succulent plants. But they all can absorb and store a lot of water. Obviously, opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally, rains are light and short so the rain doesn’t seem too far down into the soil. And there is a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it vaporizes. But succulent plants have a spread out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil, though the soil has to be saturated. Since succulents aren’t good at absorbing water from the soil that’s only a little moist. Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water, important in the environment where rainy days are rare. Succulent plants can store water in their leaves, in their stems or in their roots, and to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun. Most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their store mates are closed. They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area. The more of the plant is out in the sun, the more potential there is to lose stored up water, and that means that most succulent plants have few, if any, leaves.Now, besides succulent plants, there are also drought tolerant plants. Drought tolerant plants are like bears in a way. You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter? They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down. Well, drought tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources, in their case water, run short.A drought tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying. I said before that most desert rains are light and brief, but occasionally there’s a heavy one. Drought tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls and they are able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots. Actually, the root system for drought tolerant plants is more extensive than the root system of many plants that live in wetter climates. Drought tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots, in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions all together. Yes-- there are plants that do this—annual plants. An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants. In desert conditions, annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter. Of course, these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happen to be very dry. They would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds but they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds and annual plant puts out or grow the following year. Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years. It’s a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from the season of poor growing conditions of unfavorable weather.Lecture 2P: It’s interesting how much we can learn about culture in the United States by looking at how Christopher Columbus has been portrayed throughout United States history. So let’s start at the beginning. Columbus’s ship first landed… landed in the Caribbean. Oh, there is some debate about which island he landed in 1492. But it wasn’t until 300 years later in 1792 that its landing was first commemorated. And this was the bring child of John Pintard. Pintard was a wealthy New Yorker, the founder of the New York historical society and he decided to use his influence and wealth to find a great hero, a patron for the young country and he chose Columbus. And in New York in 1792 the anniversary of Columbus’s landing was commemorated for the first time. Now, other cities, Philadelphia then Baltimore followed. And…S: But why Columbus and why then?P: Well, to Pintard, it was a way to build patriotism in the young, politically fractured country. We remember the United State had only declared its independence from Britain sixteen years earlier and had yet to form a national identity. Pintard also had a hand in helping to create an independent state in July 4th as a national holiday so you see that he was very involved in creating sort of a national story for Americans. And Columbus, he felt Columbus could be become a story that Americans could tell each other about their national origins that was outside of the British colonial context. The United States was in search of a national identity and its people wanted heroes.S: But why not some of leaders of the revolution? You know like George Washington. P: The leaders of the revolution were the natural candidates to be heroes. But many were still alive and didn’t want the job. To them, being raised to heroes’ status was undemocratic. So Columbus became the hero. And the link between Columbus and the United States took hold.S: And so what was that link？P: Well, Columbus was portrayed as entrepreneurial, someone who took chances, who took risks and he was cast as somebody who was opposed to the rule of kings and queens. Perhaps most of all Columbus was portrayed as someone who was destined to accomplish things. Just as America in those early years was coming to see itself as having a great destiny.S: But Columbus was supported by the king and queen of Spain. He wasn’t against them.P:True, to be historically accurate the way Pintard thought about Columbus doesn’tmatch up with the fact of his life at all. And I really have to stress this, the fact that Columbus became the hero of a young country had little to do with Columbus. Anything he did had a lot to do with what was happening in United States 300 years later. Columbus was extraordinary adaptable to the purposes of America’s nation builders. People like John Pintard in the early part of the 19th century and since not a lot of facts were known about Columbus, his writing were available in North America until 1816, that might’ve actually helped the process of adapting him to American purposes.S: Since no one knew about the real Columbus, it was easy to invent a mythical one? P: Exactly, and this mythical Columbus, he became a reflection of the society which chose him. So in the early history of the United States, Columbus represented an escape from the political institutions of Europe. He was the solitary individual who challenged to the unknown. And now there was this new democracy, this new country in a world without kings. Columbus became sort of the mythical founder of the country. So as historians, we wouldn’t want to study these myths about Columbus and mistaken them for facts about Columbus. But if we are trying to understand American culture, then we can learn much by studying how America adapts Columbus for its own purposes. Evaluations of Columbus then will reflect what Americans think of themselves. Oh, there is a quote. Something like a society’s re-constructor passed rather than faithfully recorded. And how that reconstruction takes place and what it tells us. That’s something we are going to be paying a lot of attention to.Lecture 3P: Ok, as art historians, one of our fundamental tasks is to assign authorship to works of art, right? We are presented with a work of art and we are to figure out who made it. But this task becomes particularly difficult when we dealing with works produced in Italy during the Renaissance. The sixteenth, seventeenth centuries. Now, why is this the case? Anyone? Emily?Emily: umm, is it because artists didn’t sign their work? I mean, didn’t whole concept of the artists as individual developed later, in like the 19th century?P: Well, you are sort of on the right track. The concept of the individual artist, especially the concept of the artists that has artistic genius, struggling alone with the vision as opposed to say a mere artisan. Well the idea of the artists as alone genius didn’t develop until later. But artists, individual artists did sign their work during the Renaissance, that you could say that’s part of the problem. Paintings were signed by the artists and that used to be understood to be a mark of Renaissance individualism. If a piece had Raphael signature on it, we assume this was done by great artist himself, Raphael in singular. But you see, art in Renaissance Italy was very much a collaborative business. Paintersand sculptors worked in a workshop. It was almost like a small business run by a master artist. You see, to deal with the wide varieties of commissions they received, orders, basically, for specific types of art, specific projects. To handle this, master artists often employ assistants as apprentices and, this was especially so if they work on a large scale, huge paintings of sculptures, or if they were much in demand like Raphael, for instance. He worked on some large paintings, he painted fresco for the V odacom. He also received a great many commissions. There is no way he could complete every part of every project all by himself.Now these assistances might work for the master artists on a temporary or permanent basis, and they may also specialize. For example, in Raphael’s workshop, which may be called Raphael incorporative, one of the assistants specialize in animals. He actually painted good number of the animals in Raphael’s art. It may be that the master assigning the work with simply make a declaration that the work met the standards of the shop; and it wasn’t just painters, sculptors also work together. In fact, the systems were even more necessary if you are a master sculptor because status take longer to make than paintings. The master had to arrange from marble to the quarry, things like that. Perhaps the most collaborative of all was architecture. There we see a real division of labor, with carpenters, masons, unskilled labor just carry materials to and fro and so on. Thus of course your skilled artisans who carried out the master architects design. Think of it like umm a ballet, you know. All the dancers worked together. There is division of labor, people who have different roles, and in order for the things to come together everyone needs to be aware what others are doing, and coordinate the work and have good timing. So, for architecture, it’s almost impossible to know who was responsible for any given detail. Was it the master architect? The mason? The assistant mason? Maybe it was even the patron. The client who was paying for the art. Remember, it wasn’t yet customary for architects to give their assistants measure drawings to work from. Instructions were given orally, not in writing.So we don’t have those documents to tell us what exactly the master’s architect plans were. The only time we have written records is when the architect wasn’t actually there. Perhaps the architect was away on business and had to write out instructions and sent them into shop. And another thing to think about, what affect do you suppose this approach would have had on innovation? I mean, since the hired artisans had been trained by other artisans, they tended to trained to use traditional styles and technics. So if you were a master architect, and you’ve developed your own style. Say your calling for certain detail in the building you design, right? And see this detail different, purposely different from established tradition, the established style. Well, most likely when the hired artisans would execute the design rather than follow the intended design. They stick with the more traditional styles that they were familiar with. Workers would have to be supervised very closely to prevent this from happening. Otherwise, as often happened, there goes to designers’ style and creativity.Lecture 4P: Ok, we’ve been discussing the planets in our solar system and how some of the ones farthest from sun were discovered. Well today, I’d like to turn to what are called exoplanets and how researchers detect them. Meriam.M: Exoplanets are planets that orbit around a star other than our sun right? They’re not in our solar system.P: Right, they have different, what are called, host stars. And the study of exoplanets has been getting more and more exciting, hundreds of them have been discovered so far. This is quite remarkable, in view the fact of the discovery of the first exoplanet was confirmed only in the mid-1990s. Now we are finding new ones every few weeks or so.M: So, uhh, exactly why are we interested in these exoplanets anyway? Is it to see if there’s life on them? Because it seems to me like the only exoplanets we ever hear about are gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn that couldn’t possibly support carbon-based life.P: Ok, well, let’s take about that. First, as for discovering life, well, I think that sort of discovery is pretty far in the future but it is an eventual goal. For now, the focus is on locating planets within the host stars’ so called habitable zone. A zone that’s a certain distance from its star. Because only planets within this zone could conceivably support carbon-based life. So, what would such a planet need?M: Water?P: Yes, it need to be the right temperature to sustain liquid water.S: And it would need to be a rocky planet. I mean as opposed to a gas giant.P: Ok, good, and earth-like planet. Now, as to that, there are some recently detected exoplanets that might actually be earth-like. For example, there is a red dwarf star, that’s what most stars are. Umm, that called Gliese 581. Gliese 581 is, well, it’s a lot more interesting than that name makes it seem. This host star is considered a near neighbor of our solar system because it’s only about 20 lightyears away. That’s pretty close, right? Astronomical standards. And being a right dwarf star, it’s small and relatively cool, at least compared with the sun. And researchers have discovered planets orbiting Gliese 581.These exoplanets have been named, ready? Gliese 581-BCDE, in alphabetical order of their discovery. Gliese 581-D and E are the planets I want to focus on now. See, in 2009, a group of researchers made an announcement. These two exoplanets Gliese 581-D and E do have some earth-like qualities.Gliese 581-D had actually been discovered a couple of years earlier. And when its orbit was originally calculated, it was thought to be too far away from its host star to be warmenough to support a liquid ocean, let along carbon-based life. But then its orbit is re-calculated. And now we see that Gliese 581-D is within its host’s habitable zone.S: So, it might have an ocean?P: Well, conceivably, see, Gliese 581-D weighs seven times what earth weighs. And it’s unlikely that it’s made entirely of rocks because it’s so massive. The researchers studying it said it could have a rocky core an ice-layer, a large deep ocean and an atmosphere. Ok, and there was another announcement along with the recalculated orbit of Gliese 581-D. That was the discovery of another planet in the system, Gliese 581-E. Compared with other exoplanets its mass is quiet small, only about twice about that of earth.S: So, is Gliese 581-E a more earth-like planet?P: Well, we have to consider its orbit. Gliese 581-E orbits its host star in a much shorter period of time than the other planets in the system. Meaning it’s very close to the star. And, therefore, too hot for water, for an ocean. However, the fact that it’s relatively close to the size of the earth, small in astronomical terms, that was pretty exciting. It’s impressive that we have a technology to detect it and it bolds well for future research. Who knows what we will find the more we search.。

tpo41综合写作范文

tpo41综合写作范文TPO 41 Integrated Writing Sample。

The reading passage discusses the potential benefits of implementing a new policy that would require all university students to take a course in nutrition. The author of the passage believes that such a policy would have several positive effects, including improving the overall health of students and reducing healthcare costs. However, the professor in the listening passage casts doubt on the effectiveness of this policy, arguing that it would be unlikely to achieve the desired outcomes.The reading passage argues that a mandatory nutrition course for university students would lead to a number of positive outcomes. Firstly, it suggests that students would be able to make healthier food choices, leading to a decrease in obesity and related health issues. Additionally, the passage claims that students would be able to apply their knowledge of nutrition to their daily lives, leading to improved overall health and well-being. Finally, the passage suggests that the overall healthcare costs would decrease as a result of the improved health of the student population.In contrast, the professor in the listening passage challenges the effectiveness of the proposed policy. He points out that simply taking a nutrition course does not guarantee that students will make healthier food choices. He argues that students may simply memorize the course material to pass the exam, without actually changing their eating habits. Additionally, the professor questions whether a single nutrition course would be enough to significantly impact students' overall health. He suggests that other factors, such as exercise and stress management, also play a significant role in determining students' health.After considering both the reading and listening passages, it is clear that the effectiveness of a mandatory nutrition course for university students is not guaranteed. While the reading passage presents a compelling argument for the potential benefits of such a policy, the professor in the listening passage raises valid concerns about its effectiveness. It is possible that simply taking a nutrition course may not be enough tosignificantly impact students' health, and that other factors should also be taken into consideration.In conclusion, while the idea of implementing a mandatory nutrition course for university students may seem promising, it is important to consider the potential limitations of such a policy. It is possible that additional measures may be necessary in order to truly improve the overall health and well-being of students. Therefore, further research and consideration should be given before implementing such a policy.。

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本第2篇

Climate of VenusEarth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere. By contrast, Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth, or outgassed, by volcanoes. The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth, such as Mount Saint Helens, are predominantly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth. Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets, icy bodies formed in the outer solar system.In fact, water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces. Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now, so the temperature in Venus’ early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower. Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus. But if water vapor and carbon dioxide were once so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus, what became of Earth’s carbon dioxide? And what happened to the water on Venus?The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. If Earth became as hot as Venus, much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust. Our planet would soon develop a thick, oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus.To answer the question about Venus’ lack of water, we must return to the early history of the planet. Just as on present-day Earth, the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks. But being closer to the Sun than Earth is, enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor clouds. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this humid atmosphere—perhaps denser than Earth’s present-day atmosphere, but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today—would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun. At first, this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus. Although the temperature would have climbed above 100° C, the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth, the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus’ oceans in the liquid state.This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years. But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time, the tempera ture at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C. Above this temperature, no matter what the atmospheric pressure. Venus’ oceans would have begun to evaporate, and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect. This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster, producing more water vapor. That, in turn, would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.Once Venus’ oceans d isappeared, so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more Temperatures eventually became highenough to" bake out” any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks. This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus. Over time, the rising temperatures would have leveled off, solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. With all the water vapor gone, the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.Paragraph 1Earth has abundant water in its oceans but very little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere. By contrast, Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. The original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were derived at least in part from gases spewed forth, or outgassed, by volcanoes. The gases that emanate from present-day volcanoes on Earth, such as Mount Saint Helens, are predominantly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These gases should therefore have been important parts of the original atmospheres of both Venus and Earth. Much of the water on both planets is also thought to have come from impacts from comets, icy bodies formed in the outer solar system.1. According to paragraph 1, in what major respect are Venus and Earth different from each other?A. Whether carbon dioxide v/as present in their original atmospheresB.How thin their original atmospheres wereC. What their present-day atmospheres mainly consist ofD. How long ago they first developed an atmosphere2. Why does the author mention "present-day volcanoes on Earth"?A. To provide an example of an important difference between present-day Venus and present-day EarthB. To help explain why Earth's atmosphere still contains traces of sulfur dioxide but Venus' does notC. To indicate one source of information about the likely composition of the original atmospheres of Venus and EarthD. To account for the fact that Earth’s water supply no longer comes primarily from impacting cometsParagraph 2In fact, water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces. Studies of how stars evolve suggest that the early Sun was only about 70 percent as luminous as it is now, so the temperature in Venus’ early atmosphere must have been quite a bit lower. Thus water vapor would have been able to liquefy and form oceans on Venus. But if water vapor and carbon dioxide were once so common in the atmospheres of both Earth and Venus, what became of Earth’s carbon dioxide? And what happened to the water on Venus?3. According to paragraph 2, what is one reason for thinking that at one time, there were significant amounts of water on Venus?A. B ecause of Venus’ size and mass, its volcanoes probably produced much more water vapor thanvolcanoes on Earth did.B. The low temperature of Venus' early atmosphere can be explained only by the presence of water.C. The presence of carbon dioxide in a planet's atmosphere is an indicator of water on that planet.D. Venus probably was struck by roughly as many comets as Earth was.4. The word “luminous” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. denseB. brightC. largeD. activeParagraph 3The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. If Earth became as hot as Venus, much of its carbon dioxide would be boiled out of the oceans and baked out of the crust. Our planet would soon develop a thick, oppressive carbon dioxide atmosphere much like that of Venus.5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The first question to be answered is how Earth’s atmospheric carbon dioxide either got dissolved in the oceans or got chemically bound into carbonate rocks.B. The fact that Earth’s abundant carbon dioxide is more often found in carbonate rock than dissolved in the oceans is the answer to the first question.C.Earth still has abundant carbon dioxide, but instead of being in the atmosphere it is now dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into ocean rock s.D. The formation of limestone and marble used up the carbon dioxide that was dissolved in Ear th’s oceans so that only carbon dioxide in atmospheric form remained.Paragraph 4To answer the question about Venus’ lack of water, we must return to the early history of the planet. Just as on present-day Earth, the oceans of Venus limited the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide by dissolving it in the oceans and binding it up in carbonate rocks. But being closer to the Sun than Earth is, enough of the liquid water on Venus would have vaporized to create a thick cover of water vapor clouds. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this humid atmosphere—perhaps denser than Earth’s present-day atmosphere, but far less dense than the atmosphere that envelops Venus today—would have efficiently trapped heat from the Sun. At first, this would have had little effect on the oceans of Venus. Although the temperature would have climbed above 100° C, the boiling point of water at sea level on Earth, the added atmospheric pressure from water vapor would have kept the water in Venus’ oceans in the liquid state.6. According to paragraph 4, what is one factor that kept the amount of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere of early Venus relatively low?A.The presence of water vapor cloudsB.The presence of oceansC.Rapidly increasing temperatures at ground levelD. Low atmospheric pressuresParagraph 6Once Venus’ oceans disappeared, so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more Temperatures eventually became high enough to" bake out” any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks. This liberated carbon dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus. Over time, the rising temperatures would have leveled off, solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. With all the water vapor gone, the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.7. The phrase “mechanism for” in the passage is c losest in meaning toA. means ofB. importance ofC. need forD. benefits ofParagraph 5This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years. But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time, the temperature a t the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C. Above this temperature, no matter what the atmospheric pressure. Venus’ oceans would have begun to evaporate, and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect. This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster, producing more water vapor. That, in turn, would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.8. The word “persisted” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA. improvedB. continuedC. weakenedD. evolved9. According to paragraph 5, what happens when temperatures rise above 374°C?A. Atmospheric pressure begins to decrease.B. Water vapor disappears from the atmosphere.C. Water evaporates regardless of atmospheric pressure.D. More energy is required to evaporate a given volume of water.Paragraph 6Once Venus’ oceans disappeared, so did the mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. With no oceans to dissolve it, outgassed carbon dioxide began to accumulate in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect even more Temperatures eventually became high enough to" bake out” any carbon dioxide that was trapped in carbonate rocks. This liberated carb on dioxide formed the thick atmosphere of present-day Venus. Over time, the rising temperatures would have leveled off, solar ultraviolet radiation having broken down atmospheric water vapor molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. With all the water vapor gone, the greenhouse effect would no longer have accelerated.10. According to paragraph 6, extremely high temperatures increased the amount of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere byA. increasing the rate which carbon dioxide was outgassedB. baking out carbon dioxide from carbonate rocksC. creating additional water vaporD. replacing the previous mechanisms for removing carbon dioxide with less effective ones11. The passage supports the idea that the basic reason that Venus and Earth are now so different from each other is thatA.early Venus had more frequent volcanic outgassing than early Earth didB. early Venus had far less liquid water than early Earth didC. volcanic activity stopped relatively early on Venus but continued on EarthD.Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth isParagraph 512. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This cycle of rising temperatures following an increase in greenhouse gases is known as therunaway greenhouse effect.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.This hot and humid state of affairs may have persisted for several hundred million years. But as the Sun’s energy output slowly increased over time, the temperature at the surface would eventually have risen above 374°C.[■] Above this temperature, no matter what the atmospheric pressure. Venus’ oceans would have begun to evaporate, and the added water vapor in the atmosphere would have increased the greenhouse effect.[■] This would have made the temperature even higher and caused the oceans to evaporate faster, producing more water vapor. [■] That, in turn, would have further intensified the greenhouse effect and made the temperature climb higher still.[■]13. Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the 2 phrases that correctly characterize earlyVenus and the 3 phrases that correctly characterize present-day Venus. Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Early VenusPresent-day VenusAnswer ChoicesA.High percentage of water vapor in the atmosphereB.Carbon dioxide present only in atmospheric formC.An atmosphere quite similar to that of early EarthD.Very dense but relatively cool atmospherepletely covered with waterplete absence of surface waterG. Essentially stable temperaturesAmphibian ThermoregulationIn contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Specieswhose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than )exercise some control over their body temperature.paragraph 1In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.1.According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.paragraph 2Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions)2.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?A. To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factorsB. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibiansC. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newtD. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted3. According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing?A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6°C.B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexibleD. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.paragraph 3Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).4. “Phyllomedusa sauvager ” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation thatA. protects its glandular systemB. helps reduce its secretionsC. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflectD. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sunparagraph 4However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.5. Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPTA. pressing against the groundB. speeding up of the metabolismC. reducing activity during the summerD. adjusting exposure to the sun6. The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus”illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications?A. Heliothermy and thigmothermyB. Diurnal avoidance behaviorC. Absorbing heat from the airD. Moving to shelter during the summer7. The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. raisesB. lowersC. reachesD. regulates8.The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers toA gradually increasing body temperature by 10°CB. basking as soon as the sun comes upC. waiting for the ground and air to warmD. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the airparagraph 5Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.9. According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians?A. Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.10.The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.arrivingB.originatingC.evolvingD. livingparagraph 6In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.11. In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack?A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibiansC. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climateD. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperatureB. Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.C. Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.D. Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature13. Look at the fou r squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. [■] Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. [■] The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. [■] Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible。

tpo41托福综合写作范文

tpo41托福综合写作范文一、阅读文章要点。

阅读文章的观点是，人类可以在火星上建立永久性的居住点，并且给出了三个理由：1. 火星的大气含有二氧化碳：这一气体可以被利用来生产燃料和氧气。

通过一些技术手段，比如将二氧化碳分解成一氧化碳和氧气，氧气可供人类呼吸，一氧化碳可作为燃料的组成部分。

这样就能解决人类在火星上生存所需要的呼吸用气和能源问题。

2. 火星的重力较低：这对于人类来说是一个优势。

低重力环境使得从火星发射宇宙飞船返回地球更加容易。

相比在地球发射火箭，需要克服巨大的重力，在火星上发射火箭所需要的燃料会少很多，从而大大降低了太空探索任务的成本和难度。

3. 火星上有冰存在：火星上的冰可以融化成水。

水是生命之源，它可以用于人类饮用、灌溉农作物等。

而且，水还可以分解成氢气和氧气，进一步为人类提供能源。

这就使得人类在火星上建立永久性居住点有了最基本的资源保障。

二、听力文章要点。

听力文章对阅读中的观点进行了反驳，理由如下：1. 二氧化碳利用困难：虽然火星大气中有二氧化碳，但是这些二氧化碳大多以固体干冰的形式存在于火星的两极。

要将其收集并转化为有用的氧气和燃料，需要复杂的设备和大量的能量投入。

以目前人类的技术水平，要将这些设备运送到火星并且维持其运行是非常困难的，所以无法像阅读中所说的那样轻易地利用二氧化碳。

2. 低重力带来健康问题：火星的低重力环境对人类健康有严重的危害。

长时间处于低重力环境下，人类的肌肉和骨骼会萎缩。

例如，宇航员在国际空间站待一段时间后返回地球时，身体就会出现各种问题。

在火星上建立永久性居住点意味着人类要长期面对这种低重力环境，这会使人类的身体状况变得非常糟糕，甚至可能威胁到生命，所以低重力并不是一个像阅读中说的那样的优势。

3. 火星上的冰难以利用：火星上的冰并不是像阅读中所说的那样容易被利用。

因为这些冰里含有很多有害物质，像高氯酸盐。

如果要将这些冰融化成水供人类使用，首先需要去除这些有害物质，而目前我们还没有一种简单有效的方法来做到这一点。

托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Trade and Early State Formation Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. In the 1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization. Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade,nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete. American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilization in Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands,from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized byindividual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities. Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states. Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies. Paragraph 1 Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world. 1.The word"notions"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.ideas B.rules C.degrees。

【威学教育】托福口语TPO41综合体听力文本

【威学教育】托福口语T P O41综合体听力文本(总2页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除托福口语TPO 41综合体听力文本TPO41Task3Now listen to two students discussing the assignment.I don't know about this.Why not Sounds okay to me.Thing is: depending on someone else makes me nervous. My roommate had to do a project like this and the other girl didn't show up to meetings, didn't do any research. My roommate had todo everything herself.That's a drag. I guess if your partner is irresponsible, you are out of luck.Exactly. It hurt her grade. I don't want the same thing to happen to me. Right now l'm more concerned with getting a good grade even though I know that's not the lesson the professor hasin mind.Still, it'll be good to listen to everyone's stuff.Well, I don't know. I mean, at the end of the semester, people are focused on studying for exams.Yeah.Who has time to put something like this together when they're busy studying?True.I can't imagine anyone will be able to really do a good job with it. And everyone will be so preoccupied by then that they probably won't listen anyway. I think the professor's gonna be disappointed. And students…well...we'll all just be frustrated by the whole thing.Task4Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class.Here's an example from my own life. Before I started teaching, I worked as a research assistant ina laboratory for a year.Well, during my very first week on the job, I made a suggestion to my boss on how we could improve the way we were running an experiment. My suggestion was a good one. Theexperiment was successful and we got great results.Anyway, that first week, because of that one experiment, my boss decided, perhaps without evenrealizing it, he decided I was a great research assistant and he never changed his mind. After thatfirst week, I was...l was okay, you know, average. I was a good worker, but I also made mistakes.Everyone does. But whenever my boss introduced me to someone, he'd say, this is John, our starresearch assistant.But a co-worker of mine, she wasn't as fortunate, her first week at the lab, she made a big mistake and the lab lost some important data. We recovered the data, but it cost of the lab timeand money. Well, our boss concluded that week that my co-worker was unreliable, incompetent. And he continued to think that. But, actually, after that week, she turned out to be a good research assistant, probably better than me. She made some other small mistakes, like I said, everyone does. But our boss thought of her as unreliable cuz he only noticed her mistakes. Task5Now listen to a conversation between two students about campus housing.Hi. Kate. How is it going?Pretty good. I just found out l'm going to be staying on campus during the semester break. Professor Clark asked me to help him with some research.That's a pretty big deal.Yeah. I guess it is, but the problem is: the dorm is always closed. So I need to find housing forabout two weeks.Oh, that's rough. But didn't you mention that you had a couple of friends that live in an apartment not too far from campus Are they gonna be aroundYeah. Mary and Alan. They say they are gonna stick around here during the break.Well, so why don't you just stay with them?I've been thinking about asking them.And they probably wouldn't charge you anything, right Just for a couple of weeks.Yeah. Probably not. i'm sure they'd be fine with it. But since it's between classes and they won'thave classes and stuff, l'm worried that…You're afraid that they might want to party too much?Right. They'll be on vacation, but l'll have to get up early in the morning to work all day, so we'll be on completely different schedules.Hmm...well, another possibility is that sometimes you can get special permission to stay at thedorm.Really You mean they'd let me stay in my own dorm room I wouldn't have to moveWell, you would, actually, because they usually only keep one of the dorms open and it's not theone you're in.Hmm...l wonder how much they charge.Well, it's not as cheap as staying with friends, but…But it would be quieter…True.Task6Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.Children like to play. Everybody knows that. When kids play, they have fun. But there's more toplay than just having fun. Play is also important if kids are to develop in an emotionally healthyway. From a psychological perspective…well, let's talk about two reasons psychologists believeplay benefits kids.First, play helps children feel more in control. Why Well, some psychologists have suggested thatsmall children often feel helpless. They have to depend on other people, adults, for everything.They've got very little control over their own lives. Parents decide when they eat, what they eat,what they wear. This constant state of dependency can make kids feel uneasy and anxious. But when kids play, the y're able to control their world of play. They decide…oh...which toy they'regonna play with and how they're gonna play with it. Maybe they take some building blocks and make a building out of them. They are constructing something with no help at all. So according tothis theory, playing gives children a sense of being in control and they don't feel so helpless.And here's another way play contributes to healthy psychological development. It gives children asafe way to explore certain urges, desires they have, but ones that don't represent…well...typically acceptable behavior. For example, uh, take the urge to be destructive.All kids have this urge, but if they try to act on it and start actually breaking things or messingthings up around the house, their parents will get upset. But kids are naturally curious. They wantto explore what it's like to be destructive, but they don't want their parents to be upset withthem. So by acting out destructive behaviors during play, the problem is solved cuz in play, they're allowed to be destructive. Think about it. Think of the example before where a kid builds something out of blocks. Isn't it really common to see a kid build a tower or something and thenjust smash it all down Destructive in a way, but no harm done, right。

托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本Employee:Hi, can I help you?Student:Yes, I'd like to get help with the, you know, payment for my classes, some sort of financial aid. The problem is I don't know much about it, so I don't really know where to begin. I saw this poster about work-study programs. Can you tell me something about that?Employee:Well, I think you're talking about the government sponsored work-study program. It works like this: you work on campus and get paid an hourly wage just like a regular job. However, instead of getting a paycheck, the money goes directly to your bill for your courses, but almost all work-study jobs pay minimum wage, which is usually pretty low. The truth is: you might do better getting a job off campus since you can do whatever you want with the money, like paying your rent or...or buying textbooks.Student:Thanks! That's very useful. So how do I find out what's out there?Employee:Let me show you our catalogue of various programs as well as scholarships offered here. [01.00.24]That's your best bet1 really, if you can find a good scholarship, because you don't have to pay the money back. You might qualify if your grades are good enough or if you have the right background.Student:Yeah, that sounds like something I should try for.Employee:Now, this is my desk-copy of the catalogue, but I can give you your own copy if you want. Oh yeah, be sure to visitthe university library, too. There's a whole section on financial aid including application forms.Student:Why isn't all the information listed in the catalogue? It'd be so much easier.Employee:Oh, if we did that, the catalogue would be too heavy to pick up. Civic clubs, foundations, organizations from all over the country offer scholarships or other financial assistance to college students and all kinds of companies have programs to help their employees' children go to college. If either of your parents works for a large corporation, have them check to see if their companies do that.Student:Okay. Good idea. Hey, my dad works for a big accounting firm and he's a member of a professional accounting organization. Do you think they'd offerfinancial aid?Employee:Yes, that's fairly common, especially if you are planning to go into accounting. What are you studying?What do you plan to do after you graduate?Student:I want to become a dentist. I'm enrolled in a pre-med program for dentistry.Employee:Okay. So I'd suggest looking in the library for information on organizations that have to do with dentistry. Any number of them might offer scholarships to students planning to join their profession.Student:I'll definitely investigate that one.Employee:Great! But be sure to talk to one of our librarians, too. They get the same questions over and over, so they can save you a great deal of time.托福TPO41听力Conversation2题目1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The procedures for applying for different types of scholarshipsB. Where the man must go to submit his financial-aid applicationC. How students can get help paying their tuitionD. Various organizations that offer work-study programs2.What is the woman’s opinion of the wor k-study program?A. It does not provide as much financial flexibility as a regular job does.B. It is more difficult to apply for than other types of financial aid.C. It should offer more jobs that would appeal to dental students.D. It should allow students to choose where they want to work.3.Why does the woman mention civic clubs, foundations, and large corporations?A. To suggest organizations the man should visit to learn about scholarshipsB. To give some examples of organizations that offer scholarships。

托福TPO41独立写作题目文本+满分范文

托福 TPO41 独立写作满分范文：
No doubt that teachers are one of most important influenced persons for everyone in society. Therefore, views differ considerably when it comes to the issue of whether teachers were more appreciated and valued by the society in the past than today. Some people contend that teachers nowadays have more respect and reputation by society because of their contribution, while others assert that teachers in the past were much respected and admired due to the rarity of ratio. Both of opposite arguments appear to be somewhat convincing and stand to reason. However, my personal experience and actual observation of life have led me to disagree that teachers were more appreciated and value by society in the past than today. First of all, modern teachers can make more contributions to society, so teachers are more valued today than in the past. Take Taiwan as example, nowadays teachers’ contributions are important for society’s economic construction. However, more attractive factors, such as exotic environment, wages, and teaching system than the past attract teachers move to another county. Hence, relocation of teachers results in substantially dedications drop of Taiwan. Nowadays, teachers need to spend more time to be qualified as educators, so they are more appreciated than the teachers in the past. Take my university teacher, Charles, as an example. He is a statistic teacher. Furthermore, because of rules of university, he has to be qualified by participating in numerous exams every single year. That is to say, he is adept in his field and stands the test. On the other hand, if he didn’t pass the test, he would be deprived the qualification of teacher. Unlike teachers in the past, they just only pass the exam when entering the university, and they can get tenured. Accordingly, I believe that teachers are more appreciated today. Modern students care about their education very much so as to achieve better future career, so educators are valued a lot by people. For instance, nowadays students want to gain more knowledge, so they prepare questions to ask tteach on the course without preparing because they face students’ challenges all the time. In other words, if they fail to answer student’s question, they will not to be trusted. Admittedly, teachers are still respectful by people from the past, so it seems reasonable that teachers are as important now as before. Yet, based on aforementioned analyses, I believe that teachers were more appreciated and valued by the society today.

托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo41lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions—extreme heat or cold,or,very dry conditions....Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants,but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants,there are basically three different adaptive strategies.And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So,first off,there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants,but they all can absorb and store a lot of water.Obviously,opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally,rains are light and short,so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil…and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil,though the soil has to be saturated,since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare.Succulent plants can store water in their leaves,in their stems,or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun,most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plantthat’s out in the sun,the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few,if any,leaves.Now besides succulent plants,there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way.You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter?They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down.Well,drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case,water—runs short.A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief,but occasionally there's a heavy one.Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots.Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates.Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots,in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this—annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants.In desert conditions,annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter.Of course,these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the following year.Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years.It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions,of unfavorable weather.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The growth rates of plants in different geographical regionsB.Different ways that plants have adapted to desert environmentsC.The different mechanisms that plant roots use to absorb waterD.Different kinds of succulent plants2.What are two features of succulent plants that help them survive in deserts?[Click on2answers.]A.Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.B.Succulent plants become dormant until the next rainfall.C.Succulent plants have short stems.D.Succulent plants have few leaves.3.Why does the professor mention bears?A.To remind students of information from a previous lectureB.To point out a feature common to all desert plantsC.To reinforce a point about drought-tolerant plantsD.To help students understand the concept of adaptation4.What is one ability that drought-tolerant plants have that succulent plants do not have?A.The ability to absorb water from dry soilB.The ability to absorb water through their leavesC.The ability to prevent moisture from being lost through their leavesD.The ability to shed leaves5.Why can annual plants grow in a desert even after a year of no rainfall?A.Annual plants have an extensive root system that can absorb water from far away.B.Annual plants produce seeds all year long.C.Seeds of annual plants can store water for a long time.D.Seeds of annual plants can survive in the ground for a long time without water.5.Listen again to part of the lecture.Then,answer the question.(PROFESSOR)The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this.Why does the professor say this: (PROFESSOR)Yes,there are plants that do this.A.To correct a previous statementB.To acknowledge a potentially surprising factC.To anticipate the types of questions that students might have about the topicD.To make sure that students are paying attention答案B ADC AD B译文教授：许多生物已经发展了在恶劣环境中生存的能力：酷热、严寒，或者非常干燥的环境。

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本第1篇

Navajo ArtThe Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts, which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky. It was she who，according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave. Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world. Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony,and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.Paragraph 1The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.1.The word “precise” is closest in meaning toA.colorfulB.exactC.delicateplex2. The w ord “enlist" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.assistB.requireC.describeD.recruit3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Navajo ritual chants?A. There is a large number of them.B. Each of them corresponds to a particular sand painting.C. They are difficult to remember.D. They do not take long to perform4.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of many important Navajo rituals EXCEPT:A.They involve the creation of large, detailed images.B.They include performers whose faces are covered.C.They take place indoors.D. They are performed without elaborate planning.Paragraph 2The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.5.It can be inferred from the discussion of illness and curing in paragraph 2 thatA.the Navajo consider illness to always have a supernatural causeB.rituals involving songs and sand paintings may be used to treat an illnessC.when a Navajo is ill, ugly and disorderly sand paintings are madeD.after a serious illness, a Navajo will take part in a ceremonyParagraph 3Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts, which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.6. The word “faithful” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.modernB. accurateC. wonderfulD. simplified7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Navajo used the symbolism and beauty of their works of art to improve their life in an often inhospitable environment.B. The ideas the Navajo hold about symbolism and beauty were influenced by their inhospitable climate, neighbors, and rulers.C. When they first arrived in the Southwest, the Navajo produced symbolic art forms that promoted harmony.D. In their works of art, the Navajo emphasized beauty and harmony that can be found even under the most inhospitable circumstances.8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?A. The landscape of the SouthwestB. Traditional Navajo practicesC. Historical events that occurred in the SouthwestD. The lives of heroes in traditional Navajo storiesParagraph 4The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky. It was she who，according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave. Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world. Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.9. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Navajo weavers and weaving?A. Navajo women oversee all aspects of wool production and weaving.B. The wool used for blankets comes from different sheep than does the wool used for other purposes.C.Navajo weavers have used some of the same designs for hundreds of years.D. Weaving is done primarily for use in rituals.10. The word “ancestor” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. relative from an earlier generationB. person who established a particular tradition in a societyC.hero from ancient timesD. person who once made important contributions to a social group or culture11. Why does the author discuss “a mythic ancestor”?A. To show how Navajo ideas of weaving have changed over timeB. To explain why the Navajo principle of stability is more clearly represented in their weavings than in their sand paintingsC. To emphasize the role of naturally occurring weaving materials in the creative weavings of the NavajoD. To help explain the significance of weaving in Navajo culture12. According to paragraph 4, Navajo weavers imitateA. traditional weaving patternsB. patterns used in sand paintingsC. the activities through which the world was createdD. images from nature13. Look at the four squares [■]] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. [■] The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. [■] The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. [■] These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days. [■]14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click View Text.Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.Answer ChoicesA. Navajo sand paintings are an expression of the close relationship between nature and the spiritual world in Navajo cultureB. Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremoniesdesigned to restore beauty and harmony.C. Whereas Navajo sand paintings are associated with male deities. Navajo weaving involves representations of female figures such as Spider Woman.D. Individual Navajo sand paintings typically embody the principles of harmony and disorder.E.Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works andas such represent the principle of stability.F.In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.。

tpo41托福综合写作范文

tpo41托福综合写作范文一、阅读部分观点及理由。

1. 经济影响。

阅读认为在很多农村地区，ORV娱乐活动是当地经济的重要来源。

例如，那些有大量公共土地可供ORV使用的地方，会吸引很多游客。

游客们会在当地住宿、在餐馆就餐、购买汽油等，这给当地的小企业，像小旅馆、餐馆和加油站等带来了大量的生意。

如果限制ORV使用，这些企业的收入会锐减，导致当地经济衰退。

2. 执法困难。

限制ORV使用会带来执法上的难题。

公共土地面积广阔，要去监管哪些地方ORV 可以使用，哪些不可以，需要大量的人力和物力。

政府需要雇佣更多的执法人员，购买更多的设备，如巡逻车等。

而且即使这样，也很难完全监管到所有的公共土地，因为有很多偏远的区域难以到达。

这就会导致一些人可能会违反限制规定而不被发现，使得限制ORV使用的政策难以有效实施。

3. 不公平对待。

阅读指出这种限制对ORV使用者不公平。

公共土地是属于全体公民的，而ORV使用者也是公民的一部分。

他们缴纳了税款，有权利像其他公民使用公共土地进行野餐、徒步等活动一样，使用公共土地来进行ORV活动。

如果限制他们，就相当于剥夺了他们使用公共土地的部分权利，这是一种不公平的对待。

二、听力部分观点及理由反驳阅读。

听力材料对阅读中的观点进行了一一反驳。

1. 经济影响方面的反驳。

听力认为从长远来看，限制ORV使用实际上对当地经济有益。

虽然短期内那些依赖ORV游客的小企业可能会受到影响，但如果限制ORV使用，公共土地的生态环境会得到改善。

例如，土地不会被ORV过度碾压破坏，植被能够更好地生长。

这样会吸引更多其他类型的游客，像那些喜欢观赏自然风景、进行徒步旅行或者鸟类观察的游客。

这些游客数量更多，停留时间可能更长，而且他们的消费模式更加多样化，会给当地带来更多不同类型的商业机会，从长远来说会促进当地经济的发展。

2. 执法困难方面的反驳。

关于执法困难这一点，听力指出其实不需要对整个公共土地进行严格监管。

可以采用一些简单而有效的方法。

托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Trade And Early State Formation①Bartering was a basic trade mechanism for many thousands of years;often sporadic and usually based on notions of reciprocity,it involved the mutual exchange of commodities or objects between individuals or groups.Redistribution of these goods through society lay in the hands of chiefs,religious leaders,or kin groups.Such redistribution was a basic element in chiefdoms.The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.②In the1970s,a number of archaeologists gave trade a primary role in the rise of ancient states.British archaeologist Colin Renfrew attributed the dramatic flowering of the Minoan civilization on Crete and through the Aegean to intensified trading contacts and to the impact of olive and vine cultivation on local communities.As agricultural economies became more diversified and local food supplies could be purchased both locally and over longer distances,a far-reaching economic interdependence resulted.Eventually,this led to redistribution systems for luxuries and basic commodities,systems that were organized and controlled by Minoan rulers from their palaces.As time went on,the self-sufficiency of communities was replaced by mutual dependence.Interest in long-distance trade brought about some cultural homogeneity from trade and gift exchange,and perhaps even led to piracy.Thus,intensified trade and interaction,and the flowering of specialist crafts,in a complex process of positive feedback,led to much more complex societies based on palaces,which were the economic hubs of a new Minoan civilization.③Renfrew’s model made some assumptions that are now discounted.For example,he argued that the introduction of domesticated vines and olives allowed a substantial expansion of land under cultivation and helped to power the emergence of complex society.Many archaeologists and paleobotanists now question this view,pointing out that the available evidence for cultivated vines and olives suggests that they were present only in the later Bronze Age.Trade, nevertheless,was probably one of many variables that led to the emergence of palace economies in Minoan Crete.④American archaeologist William Rathje developed a hypothesis that considered an explosion in long-distance exchange a fundamental cause of Mayan civilizationin Mesoamerica.He suggested that the lowland Mayan environment was deficient in many vital resources,among them obsidian,salt,stone for grinding maize,and many luxury materials.All these could be obtained from the nearby highlands, from the Valley of Mexico,and from other regions,if the necessary trading networks came into being.Such connections,and the trading expeditions to maintain them,could not be organized by individual villages.The Maya lived in a relatively uniform environment,where every community suffered from the same resource deficiencies.Thus,argued Rathje,long-distance trade networks were organized through local ceremonial centers and their leaders.In time,this organization became a state,and knowledge of its functioning was exportable,as were pottery,tropical bird feathers,specialized stone materials,and other local commodities.⑤Rathje’s hypothesis probably explains part of the complex process of Mayan state formation,but it suffers from the objection that suitable alternative raw materials can be found in the lowlands.It could be,too,that warfare became a competitive response to population growth and to the increasing scarcity of prime agricultural land,and that it played an important role in the emergence of the Mayan states.⑥Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce,we know that,because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices,trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.Many ever-changing variables affected ancient trade,among them the demand for goods.There were also the logistics of transportation,the extent of the trading network,and the social and political environment.Intricate market networks channeled supplies along well-defined routes.Authorities at both ends might regulate the profits fed back to the source,providing the incentive for further transactions.There may or may not have been a market organization.Extensive long-distance trade was a consequence rather than a cause of complex societies.译文贸易与早期的国家形成①易货贸易是数千年来的一种基本贸易机制；它通常是不定时发生的，并且基于互惠的概念，它涉及个人或群体之间商品或物品的相互交换。

TPO 41 托福综合写作+独立写作范文

TPO 41综合写作：According to the reading passage, representatives of power companies hold the view that new regulations for handling and storing coal ash are unnecessary and might lead to undesirable consequences. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons.Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations already exist. For example one regulation requires companies to use liner to prevent coal ash components from contaminating the surrounding environment. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So we need stricter new rules to prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites.Secondly, the passage asserts that creating too strict rules for storing and dealing with coal ash might discourage the recycling of it into other products, and consumers may be reluctant to purchase recycled coal ash products. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that stricter rules doesn’t mean that consumers won’t use recycled coal ash products anymore. Take mercury as example, it’s been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and it receives little concerns.Finally, the author of reading passage believes that strict new regulations would increase the cost of disposal and handling for the power companies. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that the result is worth the extra cost. To state it more clearly, it would increase the average consumer’s electricity bill by only about one percent, which is totally acceptable to have a cleaner environment.独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teacher were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.综合写作：阅读：新的规定没有必要，听力：有必要阅读1：规定已经存在听力1：not sufficientNew—linerOld—没有，污染土壤和环境阅读2：不利于废物循环听力2：并不一定意味着就不适用了，举例：汞阅读3：成本增加，点的价格上升听力3：平均很低，1%独立写作：同意：老师过去收到更多的重视/现在没有收到重视理由1：因为现在科技发达，学生可以从多种途径获得信息/知识人工智能，网络，一搜索所以，不重视老师对比：老师是获取信息的唯一途径，会受到更多的尊重理由2：现在父母受教育程度也比较高，学生从父母那里获得知识过去：父母受教育程度较低，充分信任老师过去重视，现在不重视理由3：教育：现在对于尊师重道的教育是缺乏的不重视不同意：现在收到更多的重视和欣赏/过去没有那么多的重视和欣赏理由1：现在做老师de 标准比较高—-- 迫使步段提升自己理由2：现在父母更重视孩子的学习，重视教育传授知识，教育的执行者重视老师理由3：必须承认的是：现在老师在某种那个程度上不那么收重视了，因为学生可以从网络上获取知识，但是，网络上的知识有时候不是那么的准确，不权威，然而老师在课堂上讲的内容经过验证，因此我认为现在老师更受重视。

topik41届中高级听力原文

topik41届中高级听力原文TOPIC 41届中高级听力原文一、Introduction本文为TOPIC 41届中高级听力的原文，目的在于提供给读者一个全面的听力材料，帮助其进行听力训练和提升。

以下将按照原文的顺序，逐段进行翻译和解读。

二、Section 1[原文]Good morning, everyone. Welcome to this lecture on sustainable development. Today, I'll talk about the concept of sustainable development and its importance in today's world.[翻译]大家早上好。

欢迎参加这个关于可持续发展的讲座。

今天，我将介绍可持续发展的概念及其在当今世界的重要性。

[解读]本段是一个讲座的开场白，目的在于向观众介绍今天的主题，即可持续发展。

可持续发展是一个在当今世界极为重要的话题，因为它涉及到我们可持续利用自然资源的能力，以及保护环境，保证社会发展的方式。

三、Section 2[原文]Sustainable development refers to the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It takes into account the economic, social, and environmental aspects of development.[翻译]可持续发展是指满足当前需求的发展，同时不损害未来一代满足自己需求的能力。

它考虑到发展的经济、社会和环境方面。

[解读]本段对可持续发展进行了准确定义。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO41×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO41×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔ-ÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to the environment and suggest that the United States government should create new, much stricter regulations for handling and storing coal ash. However, representatives of power companies take the opposite view; they argue that new regulations are unnecessary and might actually have negative consequences They use the following arguments to support their position. Regulations Exist First, power company representatives point out that effective environmental regulations already exist. For example, one very important regulation requires companies to use liner-special material that prevents coal ash components from leaking into the soil and contaminating the surrounding environment. Companies that dispose of coal ash in disposal ponds or landfills must use liner in every new pond or landfill they build. Concerns About Recycling Coal Ash Second, some analysts predict that creating very strict rules for storing and handling coal ash might discourage the recycling of coal ash into other products Currently, a large portion of coal ash generated by power plants is recycled: it is used, for example, in building materials such as concrete and bricks Recycling coal ash reduces the need to dispose of it in other ways and presents no environmental danger. However, if new, stricter rules are adopted for handling coal ash, consumers may become concerned that recycled coal ash products are just too dangerous, and may stop buying the products Increased Cost Finally, strict new regulations would result in a significant increase in disposal and handling costs for the power companies. perhaps as much as ten times the current costs. Power companies would be forced to increase the price of electricity, which would not be welcomed by the general public.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO41×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Professor: There should definitely be stricter rules adopted for handling and disposing of coal ash.¡¡¡¡First, the regulations we have now, for example, those that require companies to use liner, are not really sufficient. Under the current regulations, liner has to be used only when a company builds a new landfill or a new pond. But companies are not required to add liner to old ponds and landfills. Yet several of those older disposal sites have caused significant damage. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. We absolutely need stricter new regulations that will prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites, the new sites as well as the old ones.¡¡¡¡Second, stricter rules for handling coal ash won't necessarily mean that consumers will stop using recycled coal ash products. Let's look at how people responded to strict regulations for other dangerous materials. Take mercury for example. Mercury is a fairly hazardous material and it's been subject to very strict handling and storage rules for a long time. Yet despite those rules, it's been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years. And consumers have had very few concerns about it. So it's unlikely that consumers will become afraid to buy recycled coal ash products if stricter regulations are adopted.¡¡¡¡Third, it's true that the cost of coal ash storage and handling will increase, but in this case, the result is well worth the extra cost. According to analysts, the cost to the power companies of implementing these rules would be about 15 billion dollars. That sounds like a lot. But when you actually do the math, it would increase the average consumer's household electricity bill by only about one percent. That's not a big price to pay for having a cleaner environment.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO41×ÛºÏÐ´×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The reading mainly talks about that the new regulations of coal ash are unnecessary. However the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations have already existed. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So we need stricter new rules to prevent environmental damage at all coal ash disposal sites. Secondly, the passage asserts that creating too strict rules for storing and dealing with coal ash might discourage the recycling of it into other products. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that stricter rules don¡¯t mean that consumers won¡¯t use recycled coal ash products anymore. Take mercury as example, it¡¯s been successfully and safely recycled for over 50 years and it receives little concerns. Finally, the author of reading passage believes that strict new regulations would increase the cost of disposal and handling for the power companies. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that the result is worth the extra cost. To state it more clearly, it would increase the average consumer¡¯s electricity bill by only about one percent which is totally acceptable to have a cleaner environment. ####According to the reading passage, representatives of power companies hold the view that new regulations for handling and storing coal ash are unnecessary and might lead to undesirable consequences. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the effective environmental regulations already exist. For example one regulation requires companies to use liner to prevent coal ash components from contaminating the surrounding environment. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the regulations we have now are not sufficient. For example, the harmful chemicals from coal ash leaked into groundwater and contaminated drinking water. So。

托福TPO41综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

TPO41听力文本

tpo41综合写作范文

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第2篇

tpo41托福综合写作范文

托福TPO41阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO41阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析

【威学教育】托福口语TPO41综合体听力文本

托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO41听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO41独立写作题目文本+满分范文

托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第1篇

tpo41托福综合写作范文

托福阅读tpo41R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

TPO 41 托福综合写作+独立写作范文

topik41届中高级听力原文

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本第2篇

TPO-41 阅读文本和对应题目文本第1篇