Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
语篇翻译——衔接与连贯
Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。
它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。
它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。
所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。
衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
. Paris I’ve always wanted to go there.7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。
前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。
（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it..Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。
CohesionandCoherence资料
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
汉英语篇衔接手段和连贯手段的对比
A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in English and Chinese texts
Steps
1.Introduction
Text, cohesion, coherence, cohesive devices, coherent devices
Discussion:
Comment on two students’ ’ translation: whose is better in achieving the cohesion of a text?
Coherence devices
Unlike cohesion, coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage. The sense is in turn fulfilled through a certain structure, organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme. Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion, it will, after all, be embodied and detected through some devices like text markers, lexical coherence, and text pattern, etc.
省略 Ellipss the omission of an item. It is the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ” ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing. 省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺 省。 省略包括名词型省略(Nominal substitution)、动 省略包括名词型省略 、 词型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略 词型省略 和小句型省略(Clausal 和小句型省略 ellipsis)。 。
(13 14)商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯解析
二、衔接手段
包括：语法衔接（grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
1. grammatical cohesion （语法衔接)
Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify four major devices with which to achieve grammatical cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction. 1.1. Reference / anaphora （照应） For example: The manager likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
Second, the decision-making process of Chinese companies is generally slow and time-consuming. This is because most Chinese companies keep to the “bottom-up, then top-down and then bottomup” decision making principle which involves many people at different levels. American companies, on the other hand, usually operate with quick decisions made by the top management. I hope American businessmen in China will understand these differences and adjust to the Chinese way. 译文
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(7-12章)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2.Given and new information已知信息与新信息3.Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4.Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I.Definition of discourse and discourse analysisrmation structure1.Given and new information2.Topic and comment3.ContrastIII.Cohesion and coherence1.Cohesion.(1)Reference(2)Substitution(3)Ellipsis(4)Conjunction(5)Lexical cohesion2.CoherenceIV.Discourse markers1.Definition2.Functional-pragmatic nature3.Features of discourse markersV.Conversational analysis1.Adjacency pairs2.Preference structure3.PresequencesVI.Critical discourse analysisI.Definition of discourse and discourse analysis(语篇及语篇分析的定义)1.Discourse(语篇)A general term for examples of language use,nguage which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations,and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
语篇层次的翻译
• 文化与翻译 • 一、概念意义与文化意义完全相
同。
• 丢脸 to lose face • 老手 an old hand • 灰心 to lose heart • 笑柄 a laughing stock • 浑水摸鱼
• to fish in troubled water • 趁热打铁 • Strike while the iron is hot. • 花钱如流水 • to spend money like water • 祸不单行 • Misfortune never comes alone.
• 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧 张局势，必须马上停止。
• They must stop all their provocations at once, which created tensions. （因果）
• 1.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆. • 2. 他不去我也去。 • 3. 他不去我才去。 • 4. 人穷志短。 • 5. 人穷志不短。 • 6. 人有脸， 树有皮。 • 7. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
• The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei has had was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy.
• 三、概念意义相同，语用意义不同
• （风姐）：这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外 孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的。
汉语“竹节”式结构与英语 “葡萄串”式结构
关于衔接与连贯的研究综述
衔接与连贯的研究综述摘要：衔接与连贯及其关系问题是语篇分析的重要课题。
在过去的几十年中，语言学界在如何看待衔接与连贯的关系这一问题上提出了许多不同的观点。
本文简要回顾了衔接与连贯的研究历程，概述了衔接与连贯的定义和区分，归纳了语言学家在衔接与连贯的关系这一问题上的不同观点，最后提出了研究存在的问题和发展趋势。
关键词：衔接；连贯；关系；发展趋势The Literature Review of Cohesion and CoherenceAbstract: The relationship between cohesion and coherence is one of the major concerns of discourse analysis. Many linguists have thus far made considerable investigations into this area of study from varied perspectives. This paper firstly attempts a systematic discussion of the different views concerning the relationship between cohesion and coherence, then sets out to illustrate the author s views on how to interpret the relationship between these two concepts, and puts out the problems and development trends of this aspect at last.Key words: cohesion, coherence, relationship, development trends一、引言衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）是篇章语言学的两个重要术语。
第四讲：语篇的衔接和连贯解析
I have come to this world, stark-naked; am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made this trip for nothing! (张培基，2002：74) I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am to go back as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? 张培基，2007
Additive (typically marked with “and”); Adversative (marked with words such as “but”); Causal (marked with “because” or “so,” etc.); Temporal (markers such as “and” or “and then”).
Halliday & Hasan： 衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于 句间不同成分之间的语义联系。 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五 种类型: 指代（reference） 替代（substitution） 省略 (ellipsis) 连接 (conjunction) 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）
语篇翻译与单句翻译的区别
汉英语篇衔接手段和连贯手段的对比
2. Comparison
3. Improving the translation
篇章
篇章是表达整体概念的语义单位。它在
一定的情景中产生，提供作者想传达的 信息，各成分之间有语言手段将其衔接 在一起，成为语义连贯的整体，为交际 的受者所接受。 衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。
Cohesion & Coherence
词汇衔接指篇章中的词汇之间存在着的语义联系，
通过原词的重复、同义、近义、反义、上下义和整 体与部分等关系来实现，可归纳为词的反复和搭配 两大类。
Any differences in terms of cohesive devices used in Chinese and English texts？
词汇衔接 Lexical cohesion
Lexical cohesion deals with connections
based on the words used. It is achieved by selection of vocabulary, using semantically close items. There are two types of lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocation.
Cohesive devices
语法衔接（grammatical cohesion）： 指称 /照应(reference) 替代（substitution） 省略（ellipsis） 连接/关联（conjunction）
词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）： • 复现关系(reiteration) • 同现关系(collocation)
cohesionandcoherence语篇分析衔接手段
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义 依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依 赖于后述词项的词项。
Reference
The
snail is considered a great delicacy. As the child grows, he learns to be independent. It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
他们系统地将衔接分为五大 类：照应（reference）、替 代（substitution）、省略 （ellipsis）、连接 （conjunction）及词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）。 其中前三类属于语法手段， 第四类属于逻辑手段，最后 一类属于词汇衔接手段。
cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
衔接与连贯
• eg. Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of these differences.
Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion and coherence are terms used in discourse analysis （话语分析）and text linguistics（篇章语言学） to describe the properties of written texts.
CohesionandCoherence衔接与连贯
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那 么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
•二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替 代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’）
我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’ (clausal substitution)
汉英语篇衔接手段和连贯手段对比
Discussion:
Comment on two students’ translation: whose is better in achieving the cohesion of a text?
Coherence devices
Unlike cohesion, coherence refers to the
The topic of cohesion…has always
appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.” （Newmark, 1987：295）
cohere, Lat. co- + haer¶ e (cling), to stick or
held together, and to have internal elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.
overall sense of unity in a passage. The sense is in turn fulfilled through a certain structure, organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme. Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion, it will, after all, be embodied and detected through some devices like text markers, lexical coherence, and text pattern, etc.
cohesion and coherence
我被连在邮局的柜台旁独自排了一小时 的队。
省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代” （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可 使之意义明确的成分。
连接是句际间意义相互联
系的一种衔接手段，常用 的有递进、转折、因果、 时间。词义衔接是实现衔 接的又一手段。它是通过 词义的选择来实现的。
词义衔接主要可划分为重
复、同义词、反义词、局 部词、上座标词、下义词 和搭配。
连贯
文本或话语因其构成成分在逻辑、 语义和句法上错互依存而形成的 一种性质。连贯性是各种因素作 用而形成的：言语序列、词汇的 选择、词汇群体、逻辑关系、对 意义的说明中连接词语的使用。 与和语言相关的衔接相对，连贯 性反映的是文本内概念的相关性。 要求各个部分的语义连接应当通 顺而流畅 。
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义
依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依
赖于后述词项的词项。
替代指用一个词项去代替另一个
或几个词项，是词项之间的一种 代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 one(s), do, same。Halliday和 Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动 词性替代和从句性替代。由于前 述句子或上下文使得意义明确而
e.g.（缺乏逻辑连贯性）
贯通语篇衔接与连贯,提升言语交际能力
贯通语篇衔接与连贯，提升言语交际能力发表时间：2017-11-02T13:53:23.707Z 来源：《创新人才教育》2017年第7期作者：花蓉裘春燕[导读] 本文旨在通过语篇研究的成果，探讨衔接与连贯的含义与关系，分析衔接的手段，连贯的特征及与语境的重要性。
上海华东师范大学 200062 花蓉裘春燕【摘要】本文旨在通过语篇研究的成果，探讨衔接与连贯的含义与关系，分析衔接的手段，连贯的特征及与语境的重要性，提升对于衔接是形式上的，它存在于语篇的表层结构，连贯是语义上的，其存在于语篇的深层结构这一概念的认知迭代，改善教学质量，助推语言学习者的言语交际能力。
【关键词】语篇；研究；衔接；交际能力引言语篇(discourse)研究始于 20 世纪 60 年代，它的迅速发展及被重视的程度，历经了几个重要的历史时期，研究的对象与方法都在不同的阶段分别有所体现，然而语篇的衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）至始至终是语篇研究的核心，也是语篇研究屹立不倒的关键。
诚然，篇章语言学所研究的语篇是言语交际的结果。
构成语篇的一系列句子链接按照一定的语言以及交际规则实现说话者一定的交际目的和意图，通过交流过程中的一系列连续的语段或句子构成了语言整体和一个语义的整体，。
从而使得任何一个语篇对读者和作者都是一个具有完整意义的信息载体。
换言之，语篇只有前后衔接，意思连贯，中心明确，才有可能被他人接受和理解，真正发挥其一定的交际功能，也只有贯通了语篇衔接与连贯的理论和方法，才能够提高学习者语言写作及说话能力，成功掌握了语篇的信息内涵，才有利于在培养学习者的语言能力的同时，发展言语交际能力。
一、语篇衔接与连贯的存在关系有关语篇的衔接与连贯的定义与关系，语言学家们没有一个统一的解释。
在《英语中的衔接》（1976）中，英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）和哈桑（Hasan）对衔接作了界定，系统的研究了英语语言系统中可用来建构衔接关系的语料，形成了完整的理论体系，指出衔接专门指那些组成语篇的非结构性关系，即语义关系，语篇是一个语义单位。
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Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
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• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
、省略、照应。
语篇的特点
记录
• 在语义逻辑上，全篇通常有首有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命题 具有连贯性，而不是各不相关的。每个句子都起着一定的承前启 后的作用，句与句，段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。
• Michael McCarthy claims that the relations between vocabulary items in text described by Halliday and Hasan are of two principal kinds：reiteration and collocation.
英汉语篇的主要差异
记录
• 英语是主语显著（subject-prominent）的语言，它突出的是主语 ，除省略句外，每个句子都必须有主语。
• 汉语则是主题显著（topic-prominent）的语言，它突出的是主题 而非主语。汉语篇章中某些句子的主语有的可以省略，有的必须 省略，否则读起来别扭；有的比较朦胧，难以一眼看清。
1. 指代 （reference）
记录
• Eg：I have come to this world， star-naked；am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness？It is not fair though：why should I have made this trip for nothing！
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• 替代是用一个语言项目去替换另一个语言项目。 • 1）nominal substitute：one，ones，the same，so • 2）verbal substitute：do，do so • 3）clausal substitute：so，not
5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
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• 词汇衔接指语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系 ，或重复，或由其他词语替代，或共同出现。
• 这里归纳了五种形式：1）重复，2）泛指词，3）同义词，4）反 义词，5）上下义关系搭配。
What makes a good text？
chances with a bad written report.
5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
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• According to Halliday and Hasan， lexical cohesion includes the following devices：repetition，synonymy and antonymy， collocation，etc.
5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
记录
• Based on Halliday and Hasan，Michael McCarthy，and Hu Zhuanglin, we propose that lexical cohesion have the following devices：reiteration，general word，synonymy，antonymy and collocation.
• Examples of Discourse: written story in a book；someone telling a joke；a conversation between two friends…
语篇
记录
• 语篇是指口头或者书面语的一个单位。如一篇散文、一首诗歌、 一次演讲、一份协议、或其中意思比较完整的段落。
4. 连接 （conjunction）
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• Examples： • 1）Harry is good at making oral presentations and he also
writes very good. • 2）Harry is good at making oral presentations，but he is terrible
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• A text may be cohesive without necessarily being coherent： cohesion does not spawn coherence.
• Connor writes：cohesion is determined by lexically and grammatically overt inter-sentential relationships， whereas coherence is based on semantic relationships.
The End
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
记录
• Teun A Van Dijk argues convincingly that coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences， with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and reader.
1. 指代 （reference）
记录
• 指代关系指词与所代表的事物、行为、事件及特性之间的关系。 • 代词是语篇中的重要衔接手段。理清代词的指称关系，在阅读中
是至关重要的。 • 1）personal reference （人称代词） • 2）demonstrative reference （指示代词）
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• 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
4. 连接 （conjunction）
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• Halliday and Hasan 总结的四种主要的连接方式： • 1）additive （typically marked with “and”）； • 2）adversative （marked with words such as “but”）； • 3）causal （marked with “because” or “so”，etc.）; • 4）temporal （markers such as “and” or “and then”）.
with written reports. • 3）Harry is good at making oral presentations，because he
took a training program in presentations last year. • 4）Harry gave a good oral presentation， then he ruined his
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
记录
• 如果说衔接所实现的是语言表层形式和陈述之间的关系，那么连 贯则是指交际行为之间的统一关系。
• 连贯是主观的，有赖于接受者对语篇的理解。 • 如果语篇中包含的概念关系与读者原有的对事物的体验相符，那
对读者来说，该语篇是连贯的。由于不同读者对世界的体验不同 ，在一个读者看来是连贯的语篇，对另一个读者却可能不连贯。
Discourse: Cohesion and Coherence 语篇的衔接和连贯
What is Discourse？
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• Language does not normally consist of isolated，unrelated sentences，but instead of collocated， structured，coherent groups of sentences we录