宏观经济学第六章_宏观经济政策实践(1)

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宏观经济学第6章+总需求与总供给习题

第六章总需求与总供给一、名词解释题1．扩张性财政政策 3．扩张性货币政策5．总供给 7．交易动机 8．投机动机 11．自生支出13．边际支出倾向 15．流动性偏好17．IS曲线19．工资粘性21．菲利普斯曲线23．成本推进的通货膨胀二、单项选择1．总需求曲线向下倾斜是由于（）。

A、实际资产效应B、跨期替代效应C、开放替代效应D、以上三项都是3．价格在一定程度上不具备弹性的条件下短期总供给曲线是（）。

A、垂直的B、水平的C、向上倾斜的D、向下倾斜的5．在古典模型的长期均衡中，当货币供给增加时（）。

A、均衡的就业水平和产出不受影响B、均衡的产出和均衡价格水平不受影响C、均衡的价格水平，货币工资不受影响D、均衡就业量和均衡货币工资不受影响7．变动时不会导致总需求曲线移动的因素是（）。

A、公众的预期B、价格水平C、宏观经济政策D、汇率9．“滞胀”理论不符合（）观点。

A、货币主义B、凯恩斯主义C、理性预期学派D、实际经济周期11．假设可支配收入增加50元，消费支出增加45元，那么边际消费倾向为（）。

A、0.05B、0.10C、0.90D、1.0013．按照凯恩斯的观点，人们需要货币，是出于（）。

A、交易动机B、预防动机C、投机动机D、以上三项15．一般地说，位于LM曲线左方的收入和利率的组合，都是（）。

A、货币需求大于货币供给的非均衡组合B、货币需求等于货币供给的均衡组合C、货币需求小于货币供给的非均衡组合D、产品需求小于产品供给的非均衡组合17．IS曲线向左方移动的条件是（）。

A、总支出增加B、总支出减少C、价格水平下降D、价格水平上升19．IS曲线为y=500-2000 r，下列哪一个利率和收入水平的组合不在IS 曲线上（）。

A、r=0.02，y=450B、r=0.05，y=400C、r=0.07，y=360D、r=0.10，y=30021．计划总支出曲线（）。

A、是向上倾斜的B、是向下倾斜的C、是垂直的D、是水平的23．如果总存货等于计划存货，那么（）。

宏观经济学习题(6-8)

第六章开放经济一、选择题1．当一国的净资本流入为正值时：A 该国的资本账户处于盈余状态。

B 该国存在贸易盈余和资本账户盈余。

C 该国的资本账户处于平衡状态。

D 该国存在贸易赤字和资本账户赤字。

E 该国资本账户处于赤字状态。

答案：A2．以下选项正确的是：A 进口＋出口＝净资本流入。

B 进口＝出口－净资本流入。

C 进口＝出口＋净资本流入。

D 进口＋净资本流入＝出口。

E 进口＝净资本流入。

答案：C3．对于一个大国开放经济来说，紧缩性的财政政策对该国的长期影响是（ C ）A．国民储蓄的减少 B．利率上升 C．净出口的上升 D．产出减少4．在开放经济中：A 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资＋政府储蓄B 私人储蓄＝净资本流入＋投资＋政府储蓄C 私人储蓄＋投资＝净资本流入＋政府储蓄D 私人储蓄＋政府储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资E 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＋投资＝政府储蓄答案：D5．在小型开放经济中，预算赤字的上升将：A 降低利率和投资。

B 不改变利率或投资。

C提高利率和投资。

D 提高利率但降低投资。

E 降低利率但提高投资。

答案：B6．汇率是指：A 两国之间的贸易赤字。

B 一国的净资本流入。

C 两种货币的相对价格。

D 一国货币的升值率。

E 一国货币的贬值率。

答案：C7．在开放经济中，投资—储蓄恒等式表明：A 私人储蓄必定等于私人投资。

B 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资C 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资加上政府赤字。

D 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字。

E 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字再加上投资。

答案：C8．对美国而言，提高私人储蓄可能会：A 提高预算赤字。

B 降低预算赤字。

C 增加投资。

D 对利率和投资没有影响。

E 引起美元升值答案：C二、名词解释1．贸易逆差 2．贸易顺差 3．名义汇率 4．实际汇率1．贸易逆差：一国在一定时期内进口贸易总值大于出口总值。

宏观经济学精品课件高鸿业第五版第六章第一节(2)

2、斟酌使用（或权衡性）的财政政策：逆经济方向行事 1 ）定义：为确保经济稳定，政府要审视度势，主动采取一些财政政策，即变动支出和税收水平以稳定总需求水平，使经济接近物价稳定的充分就业水平。２）补偿性财政政策：即交替使用的扩张性和紧缩性财政政策。经济衰退时，政府应采取扩张性的财政政策以刺激总需求；反之，当认为总需求非常高，出现通货膨胀时，应采取紧缩性财政政策，以抑制总需求。
解：第0年，BS*= t y*-g-t r = 200-250 = -50 BS = t y -g-t r = 200-250 = -50 第1年， BS*= t y*-g-t r = 200-270 = -70（下降） BS = t y -g-t r = 200-270 = -70（下降）若 t= 20%，则 BS*= t y*-g-t r = 0.2 1000-270 = -70 BS = 0.2[1000+2（270-250）]-270 = -62 扩张性财政政策的效果使政府的预算盈余下降，充分就业预算盈余下降20，实际预算盈余下降12。
二、自动稳定器与斟酌使用的财政政策 1 、自动稳定器：又称内在稳定器，是指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制。通过三项制度得到发挥： 1）税收的自动变化经济上升阶段，收入增加，税收增加多一些，可支配收入（ DPI ）少增加一些，消费少增加一些，自动抑制了需求扩张和经济过热。
• 案例1：美国政府的债务和赤字
债务/GDP%
80 60 40 20 1950 1970 1995
• • • •
储蓄率 1960~1981 1982~1994 变化公共储蓄 T-G 0.8 -1.6 -2.国民储蓄 Y-C-G 16.9 14.1 -2.8

【宏观经济学】第六章财政政策与

当经济繁荣时，失业率下降，人们的收入增加，税收会随着个人收入增加而增加，可支配收入也就会自动地少增加一些，从而使消费和总需求少增加一些。在实行累进税率情况下，繁荣使纳税人的收入自动地进入较高的纳税档次，政府税收上升的幅度会超过收入上升的幅度，从而起到抑制通货膨胀的作用。
自动稳定器政府支出的自动变化
一、财政的构成和财政政策工具（一）政府支出
政府支出是整个国家各级政府支出的总和，主要包括政府购买和政府转移支付。
（二）政府收入
税收财产税、所得税和流转税累退税、累进税和比例税公债
政府购买政府购买是指政府对商品和劳务的购买。如购买军需品、机关公用品、政府雇员报酬、公共项目工程所需的支出等都属于政府购买。政府购买是一种实质性支出，有着商品和劳务的实际交易，因而直接形成社会需求和购买力，是国民收入的一个组成部分。
变动政府转移支付支出方案
例如在经济不景气时，临时增加对退伍军人的额外补贴，在经济繁荣时，暂时停止上述补贴，政府还根据萧条程度延长或缩短失业者能获得补助金的期限。
变动税率
例如在确信是短暂的衰退时，暂时降低所得税率。
“时滞”问题认识时滞
即从问题的发生到人们意识到这种问题需要经过一段时间。
行动时滞
紧缩性财政政策
当认为总需求非常高，即出现通货膨胀时，政府应增加税收或减少支出以抑制总需求。
三、传统的健全财政思想量入为出，收支平衡
政府的财政不以赚钱为目的，不应出现赤字，应该每年都保持预算的平衡。同时，政府尽量少预算，支出要节俭，并严格控制其用途。
少征税
私人企业是国民经济的基础，赋税过重会抑制厂商和个人的积极性，对整个国民经济的发展不利。

高鸿业《宏观经济学》习题(1)

（1）B（2）B（3）A（4）B（5）B（6）A（7）C第五章宏观经济政策实践一、选择题1.政府的财政收入政策通过哪一个因素对国民收入产生影响？A、政府转移支付B、政府购买C、消费支出D、出口2.假定政府没有实行财政政策，国民收入水平的提高可能导致：A、政府支出增加B、政府税收增加C、政府税收减少D、政府财政赤字增加3.扩张性财政政策对经济的影响是:A、缓和了经济萧条但增加了政府债务B、缓和了萧条也减少了政府债务C、加剧了通货膨胀但减轻了政府债务D、缓和了通货膨胀但增加了政府债务4.商业银行之所以有超额储备，是因为：A、吸收的存款太多B、未找到那么多合适的贷款C、向中央银行申请的贴现太多D、以上几种情况都可能5.市场利率提高，银行的准备金会：A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上几种情况都可能6.中央银行降低再贴现率，会使银行准备金：A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上几种情况都可能7.中央银行在公开市场卖出政府债券是企图：A、收集一笔资金帮助政府弥补财政赤字B、减少商业银行在中央银行的存款C、减少流通中基础货币以紧缩货币供给D、通过买卖债券获取差价利益二、计算题1、假设一经济有如下关系：C=100+0.8Yd（消费）I=50（投资）g=200（政府支出）Tr=62.5（政府转移支付）t=0.25（边际税率）单位都是10亿美元（1）求均衡收入；（2）求预算盈余BS；（3）若投资增加到I=100时，预算盈余有何变化？为什么会发生这一变化？（4）若充分就业收入y*=1200，当投资分别为50和100时，充分就业预算盈余BS*为多少？（5）若投资I=50，政府购买g=250，而充分就业收入仍为1200，试问充分就业预算盈余为多少？答案：（1）Y=C+I+G=100+0.8Yd+50+200=100+0.8（Y-0.25Y+62.5）+250 解得Y=1000（2）BS=tY- G- TR=0.25×1000-200-62.5=-12.5（3）Y=C+I+G=100+0.8（Y-0.25Y+62.5）+100+200 解得Y=1125BS=tY- G - TR=0.25×1125-200-62.5=18.75由预算赤字变成了预算盈余，因为投资增加，带动产出增加，在相同的边际税率下税收增加，导致出现盈余。

宏观经济学第六章习题及答案

第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2．通货膨胀的原因3．通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4．失业的含义与衡量5．失业的种类6．失业的原因7．失业的影响及其治理8．失业与通货膨胀的关系：菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1．一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是（ D ）。

a．消费者物价指数； b．生产物价指数；c．GDP缩减指数； d．以上均正确。

2．可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指（ D）。

a．通货膨胀率以每年5％的速度增长； b．通货膨胀率在10％以上；c．通货膨胀率一直保持在2％－3％水平；d．通货膨胀率处于3％—10％之间。

3．通货膨胀的主要类型有（ D ）。

a．需求拉上型； b．成本推进型；c．结构型； d．以上均正确。

4．通货膨胀会（ C ）。

a．使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平；b．使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下；c．使国民收入提高或下降，主要看通货膨胀产生的原因；d．只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时，国民收入才会增长。

5．在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将有利于（ A ）。

a．债务人； b；债权人；c．在职工人； d．离退休人员。

6．已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元，实际国民收入11800亿，边际消费倾向0.8，在增加3000亿的投资后，经济将发生（ A ）。

a．需求拉上通货膨胀；b．成本推进通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．需求不足的失业。

7．收入政策主要是用来治理（ B ）。

a．需求拉上的通货膨胀； b．成本推进的通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．供求混合通货膨胀。

8．抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指（ C ）。

a．收入初次分配； b．收入再分配；c．收入—价格管制； d．以上均正确。

9．失业率是指（ A ）。

a．失业人口占劳动力的百分比； b．失业人数占人口总数的百分比； c．失业人数占就业人数的百分比； d．以上均正确。

10．充分就业的含义是（B ）。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》(英文第八版)答案-第六章

Chapter 6 Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve and the Phillips curve describe very similar relationships and bothcurves can be used to analyze the same phenomena. The AS-curve shows a relationship between the price level and the level of output. The Phillips curve shows a relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate, given certain inflationary expectations. For example, a movement along the AS-curve depicts an increase in the price level that is associated with an increase in the level of output. As output increases, the rate of unemployment decreases (see Okun’s law).Therefore, with a larger increase in the price level (a higher level of inflation) there will be a decrease in unemployment, creating a downward-sloping Phillips curve.This downward sloping Phillips curve shifts whenever inflationary expectations change. If one assumes that workers will change their wage demands whenever their inflationary expectations change, one can conclude that a shift in the Phillips curve corresponds to a shift in the upward sloping AS-curve, since higher wages mean higher cost of production.2. In the short run, when wages and prices are assumed to be fixed, there can be no inflation and thusthe Phillips curve makes no sense over this very brief time frame. But in the medium run (in this chapter also often referred to as the short run), the Phillips curve is downward sloping as inflationary expectations are assumed to be constant. In the long run, the Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment, which corresponds to the vertical long-run AS-curve at the full-employment level of output.3. A variety of explanations are given in this chapter for the stickiness of wages in the short orintermediate run. One is that workers have imperfect information and nobody knows the actual price level. People don’t know whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Due to this uncertainty, labor markets will not clear immediately. Another argument relies on coordination problems, that is, different firms within an economy cannot coordinate price changes in response to monetary policy changes.Individual firms change their prices only reluctantly, since they are afraid of losing market share. The efficiency wage theory argues that employers pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages because of the perceived menu costs involved. There are long-term relations between firms and workers and wages are usually set in nominal terms by wage contracts, which are renegotiated only periodically. Thus real wages fluctuate over time as the price level changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their own employees but not with unemployed workers. Since a turnover in the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for lower wages.These different views are not necessarily mutually exclusive and it is up to students to decide which of the arguments presented here they find most plausible. The explanations differ mainly in their assumption of how fast markets clear and whether employment variations are voluntary.4.a. Stagflation is defined as a period of high unemployment accompanied by high inflation.4.b. Stagflation can occur in time periods when people have high inflationary expectations. If theeconomy goes into a recession, the actual rate of inflation will fall below the expected rate of inflation.However, the actual inflation rate may still be very high while the rate of unemployment is increasing.For example, the Fed may have let money supply grow much too fast in the past, so everyone expectsa high inflation rate. If a supply shock occurs, we will see an increase in the rate of unemploymentwhile inflationary expectations and actual inflation remain very high. This scenario occurred during the 1970s. Once we have reached such a situation, it becomes necessary to design policies that will reduce inflationary expectations to shift the Phillips curve back to the left.5. Assume a disturbance occurs and the AD-curve shifts to the right. Unemployment decreases andinflation increases, and we move along the downward sloping Phillips curve to the left. However, as soon as people realize that actual inflation is higher than their inflationary expectations, they adjust their inflationary expectations upward and the downward-sloping Phillips curve shifts to the right, eventually returning unemployment back to its natural rate. In other words, the economy adjusts back at the full-employment level of income.If an adverse supply shock occurs (the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the left), unemployment and inflation increase simultaneously. This will correspond to a shift of the downward-sloping Phillips curve to the right. However, when people realize that actual inflation is less than expected inflation, then the downward-sloping Phillips curve starts to shift back and the economy adjusts back to the natural rate of unemployment in the long run.6.The expectations-augmented Phillips curve predicts that inflation will rise above the expected levelwhen unemployment drops below its natural rate. However, if people know that this is going to happen, why don’t they immediately adjust to it? And if people immediately adjusted to it, wouldn’t this imply that anticipated monetary policy would be ineffective to cause any deviation from the full-employment level of output? In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations, they may not be able to adjust immediately. One reason is that wage contracts often set wages for an extended time period. Similarly, prices cannot always be changed right away and the costs of changing prices may outweigh the benefits. A further argument is that even rational people make forecasting mistakes and learn only slowly.In other words, the location of the expectations-augmented Phillips curve is determined by the level of expected inflation, which is set by recent historical experience. A shift in this curve caused by changing inflationary expectations occurs only gradually. The rational expectations model, on the other hand, assumes that the Phillips curve shifts almost instantaneously as new information about the near future becomes available.Technical Problems:1. A reduction in the supply of money leads to excess demand for money and increased interest rates,reducing the level of private spending (especially investment). Therefore the AD-curve shifts to the left. This causes an excess supply of goods and services at the original price level so the price level starts to decrease. Since the AS-curve is upward sloping, a new short-run macro-equilibrium is reached at a lower level of output (and thus a higher level of unemployment) and a lower price level.PP1However, the higher level of unemployment eventually puts downward pressure on wages, reducing the cost of production and shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right. Alternatively, since this equilibrium output level is below the full-employment level, prices will continue to fall, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right. As long as output is below the full-employment level Y*, the upward-sloping AS-curve will continue to shift to the right, which means that the price level will continue to decline. Eventually a new long-run equilibrium will be reached at the full-employment level of output (Y*) and a lower price level.2. According to the rational expectations theory, an announced change in monetary policy wouldimmediately change people’s perception in regard to the expected inflation rate. If people could adjust immediately to this change in inflationary expectations, then the rate of unemployment or the output level would remain the same. In other words, we would immediately move from point 1 to point 3 in the diagram used to explain the previous question and the Fed would be unable to affect the unemployment rate. In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations and can anticipate the effects of a policy change correctly, they may not be able to immediately adjust due to wage contracts, etc. Thus, there will always be some deviation from the full-employment output level Y*.3.a. A favorable supply shock, such as a decline in material prices, shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve tothe right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new short-run equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P20 13.b. Lower material prices lower the cost of production, shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve shiftsto the right, and leading to an increase in output and a lower price level. Since unemployment is now below its natural rate, there is a shortage of labor, providing upward pressure on wages. This will increase the cost of production again, eventually shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve back to the original long-run equilibrium (assuming that potential GDP has not been affected).Additional Problems:1. Explain the long-run effect of an increase in nominal money supply on the amount of realmoney balances available in the economy.In the very short run, the price level is fixed, so if nominal money supply (M) increases, a higher level of real money balances is available, causing interest rates to fall and the level of investment spending to increase. This leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The shift to the right of the AD-curve causes the price level (P) to increase, leading to a reduction in real money balances (M/P). In the medium run (an upward-sloping AS-curve), we reach a new equilibrium at a higher output level and a higher price level. Since prices have gone up proportionally less than nominal money supply, real money balances have increased. However, to reach a new long-run equilibrium, prices have to increase further, and as a result, the level of real money balances will decrease further. When the new long-run equilibrium at Y* is finally reached, the price level will have risen proportionally to nominal money supply and the level of real money balances will be back at its original level.2. Assume the economy is in a recession. Describe an adjustment process that will ensure that theeconomy eventually will return to full employment. How can the government speed up this process?If the economy is in a recession, there will be downward pressure on wages and prices, which will bring the economy back to the full-employment output level. The upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right due to lower production costs. However, this process may take a fairly long time. The government can shorten this adjustment process with the help of expansionary fiscal or monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand. The resulting shift to the right of the AD-curve implies that the final long-run equilibrium will be at a higher price level. In other words, the reduction in unemployment can only be achieved at the cost of higher inflation.3. "The stickiness of wages implies that policy makers can achieve low unemployment only if theyare willing to put up with high inflation." Comment on this statement.There are several explanations of why wages and prices adjust only slowly. One is that workers have imperfect information, so they do not realize that lower prices mean higher real wages. Another is that firms are reluctant to change prices and wages since they are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and want to avoid the perceived cost of making these changes. Finally, wage contracts tend to be long-term and staggered, so it takes time to adjust wages to price changes. Some firms may pay their workers above market-clearing wages to keep them happy and productive. For these reasons, wages and prices tend to be rigid in the short run. Thus it takes time for the economy to adjust back to full-employment.If there were a stable Phillips-curve relationship, a low rate of unemployment could only be achieved by allowing inflation to increase. However, such a stable relationship does not exist. Wages tend to be rigid in the short run, so expansionary policies lower unemployment and increase inflation in the short run. In the long run, however, the economy will adjust back to the natural rate of unemployment, so expansionary policies simply lead to a higher price level.4. "If we assume that people have rational expectations, then fiscal policy is always irrelevant.But monetary policy can still be used to affect the rate of inflation and unemployment."Comment on this statement.Individuals and firms with rational expectations consistently make optimal decisions based on all information available. As long as a policy change is anticipated, people are able to assess its long-run outcome and will try to immediately adjust. Since fiscal policy doesn't affect inflation or unemployment in the long run, it is also ineffective in the short run if wages and prices are assumed to be flexible. An anticipated change in monetary growth, on the other hand, will be reflected in a change in the inflation rate. If wages are flexible, workers will adjust their wage demands immediately and no significant change in the unemployment rate will occur. However, even if people have rational expectations, wages tend to be fairly rigid in the short run due to wage contracts. Therefore, it will take time for the economy to adjust back to a long-run equilibrium. This implies that both fiscal and monetary policy can affect the rate of inflation and unemployment to some degree in the short run.5. "Inflation cannot accelerate in a recession, when the rate of unemployment is above its naturalrate." Comment on this statement.Inflation can accelerate even in a recession, that is, when the unemployment is high, if a supply shock occurs. An oil price increase will increase the cost of production, so the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left. This will increase the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment simultaneously, as firms increase their product prices and cut their production. If the Fed tries to accommodate the supply shock with expansionary monetary policy in an effort to stimulate the economy, then inflation will accelerate even more, as the AD-curve shifts to the right.6. Comment on the following statement:"The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the problems that the administration has in coordinating its fiscal policies with the monetary policies of the Fed." The coordination approach has nothing to do with fiscal or monetary policy but is simply one explanation of why wages adjust slowly. This view asserts that firms generally are unable to coordinate wage and price changes in response to a monetary policy change. For example, any firm that cuts workers' wages in response to monetary contraction while other firms don't, will anger its employees who may then choose to leave. Firms are also reluctant to change their prices since they are unsure about their competitors' behavior. Thus wages and prices change only slowly in response to a change in aggregate demand. This implies an upward-sloping (short-run) AS-curve.7. Comment on the following statement:"The unemployment rate is zero at the full-employment level of output."With a higher price level real wages decline, increasing the quantity of labor demanded. Therefore the nominal wage rate is bid up until the real wage rate is restored to its unique equilibrium level. Similarly, if prices fall, real wages increase, leading to unemployment. The nominal wage rate falls to bring the real wage rate back to its equilibrium level. So the nominal wage rate changes in proportion to the price level to maintain a real wage rate that clears the labor market. At this wage rate, the full-employment level of output is produced. However, at the full-employment output level the unemployment rate is not zero. Due to frictions in the labor market, there is always a positive unemployment rate, as workers switch between jobs. This is called the natural rate of unemployment.8. Briefly state the reason for the slow adjustment of wages to changes in aggregate demand. The reasons for the slow adjustment of nominal wages can be explained in several ways. One explanation is that workers have imperfect information, that is, they do not immediately realize whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Another explanation is that coordination problems exist, that is, different firms within an economy are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and thus they only reluctantly change wages or prices. The efficiency wage theory, on the other hand, argues that firms pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages due to the perceived cost of doing so. Another argument is that wage contracts tend to be long-term, so real wages tend to fluctuate over the length of the contract and output adjusts only slowly to price changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their employees but not the unemployed. Since a turnover of the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for less. These various explanations are not mutually exclusive, and they all imply that the AS-curve is positively sloped, that is, that a change in aggregate demand will affect both output and prices in the short run.9. True or false? Why?"There is no frictional unemployment at the natural rate of unemployment."False. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which the labor market is in equilibrium. But there is always some unemployment due to new entrants into the labor force, people between jobs, and the like.This rate of unemployment is considered normal, due to frictions in the labor market, and is often called frictional unemployment.10. "If everyone in this economy had rational expectations, then wages would be flexible andunemployment could not occur." Comment on this statement.The new Keynesian models argue that even if people have rational expectations, socially undesirable outcomes may still occur due to imperfect competition and the existence of wage contracts. Prices may not change freely, since firms in imperfectly competitive markets are reluctant to change them, due to the menu costs involved. Nominal wages are set by contracts over a period of time, so the economy may adjust only slowly to a decrease in aggregate demand. Thus a rate of unemployment higher than the natural rate can exist over an extended period of time.11. True or false? Why?"If nominal wages were more flexible, expansionary policies would be more effective in reducing the rate of unemployment."False. In Chapter 5 we learned that in the classical case (where nominal wages are completely flexible) the AS-curve is vertical, whereas in the Keynesian case (where wages do not change, even if unemployment persists) the AS-curve is horizontal. From this we can conclude that more flexible nominal wages imply a steeper upward-sloping AS-curve. Any type of expansionary demand-side policy will shift the AD-curve to the right and this will cause the level of output and prices to increase (at least in the short-run). A steeper upward-sloping AS-curve results in a larger price increase and a smaller increase in output. But a smaller increase in the level of output results in a smaller reduction in unemployment. In either case, the economy will settle back at the full-employment level of output in the long run. In the long run, the rate of unemployment always goes back to its natural level.12. Explain the short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the level of government spendingon output, unemployment, interest rates, prices, and real money balances.An increase in government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the AD-curve to the right. Because there is excess demand, the price level increases, which reduces the level of real money balances. Therefore interest rates increase, leading to some crowding out of investment. Due to this real balance effect, the increase in output is less than the shift in the AD-curve. Assuming an upward-sloping AS-curve, a new equilibrium is reached at a higher price level, a higher level of output, a lower unemployment rate and a higher interest rate. Since output is now above the full-employment level, wages and prices will continue to rise and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting to the left. This process will continue until a new long-run equilibrium is reached at the full-employment level of income Y*, that is, until unemployment is back at its natural rate. At this point the price level, nominal wages, and interest rates will be higher than previously and real money balances will be lower.13. Briefly explain why there seems to be so much interest in finding ways to shift theupward-sloping aggregate supply curve to the right.Shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without any negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the upward sloping AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.14. Use an AD-AS framework to show the effect of monetary restriction on the level of output,prices and the interest rate in the medium and the long run.A decrease in nominal money supply will increase interest rates, leading to a decrease in investment spending. This will shift the AD-curve to the left, creating an excess supply of goods and services. Therefore price level will decrease and real money balances will increase. A new equilibrium will be achieved at the intersection of the new AD-curve and the upward-sloping AS-curve at an output level that is below the full-employment level.In the long run, higher unemployment will cause downward pressure on wages. As the cost of production decreases, the upward-sloping AS-curve will keep shifting to the right until a new long-run equilibrium is established at the full-employment level of output, that is, where the new AD-curve intersects the long-run vertical AS-curve at Y*. At this point, real output, the real interest rate, real money balances, and the real wage rate will be back at their original level. Nominal money supply, the price level and the nominal wage rate will all have decreased proportionally.A simplified adjustment can be shown as follows:1-->2: Ms down ==> i up ==> I down ==> Y down ==> the AD-curve shifts left ==>excess supply ==> P down ==> real ms up ==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up(The first line describes a policy change, that is, a shift in the AD-curve; the second line describes the price adjustment, that is, a movement along the AD-curve.)Short-run effect:Y down, i up, P down2-->3: Since Y < Y* ==> downwards pressure on nominal wages ==> cost of production down ==> the short run AS-curve shifts right ==> excess supply of goods ==> P down ==> real ms up==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up (This process continues until Y = Y*)Long-run effect:Y stays at Y*, i remains the same, P down.Note: Even though only one shift of the short-run AS-curve to the new long-run equilibrium is shown here, this shift is actually a combination of many shifts.P2P1P2P30 215. Briefly discuss the importance of Okun’s law in evaluating the cost of unemployment.Okun’s law states that a reduction in the unemployment rate of 1 percent will increase the level of output by about 2 percent. This relationship allows us to measure the cost to society (in terms of lost production) of a given rate of unemployment.16. True or false? Why?"If monetary policy accommodates an adverse supply shock, it will worsen any inflationary effects."True. An adverse supply shock shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the left. There is excess demand for goods and services at the original price level and prices start to rise, leading to lower real money balances, higher interest rates, and lower output. If no policy is implemented, then unemployment will force the nominal wage down to restore equilibrium at the original position. If the government views this adjustment process as too slow, it can respond by implementing expansionary policies. Accommodating the supply shock in this way shifts the AD-curve to the right and a new equilibrium can be reached at full-employment but at a higher price level. It is unlikely, though, that the economy will remain there for long since workers will realize that their purchasing power has been diminished by higher prices and will demand a wage increase. If they are successful, the cost of production will increase and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left again. In other words, we will enter a wage-price spiral.PP3P2P1217. Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Fed undertake if its goal isto stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Show with the help of an AD-AS diagram and briefly explain the adjustment process.1-->2: As oil prices decline, the cost of production decreases and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the right, causing excess supply of goods. Thus the price level decreases, real money balances increase, and the interest rate declines.2-->3: A decrease in money supply will increase the interest rate, decrease private spending, and shift the AD-curve to the left. This means that prices will decrease even further and the level of output will decline. (We assume, for simplicity, that it goes back to the full-employment level Y*, so no long-run adjustment is needed.) Overall, the level of output has remained at its full-employment level but the level of prices and the interest rate have decreased.PP1P2218. Comment on the following statement:"A favorable oil shock causes lower inflation and lower unemployment."A decrease in material prices (or any other favorable supply shock) shifts theupward-sloping AS-curve to the right, and prices begin to decrease. The new equilibrium is at a lower price level and a higher level of output (a lower level of unemployment).Since output is now above the full-employment level, there will be upward pressure on nominal wages and prices, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting back to its original position (assuming that potential output was not affected). In the long run, unemployment will be back at its natural rate but the price level will have decreased (and thus real wages increased).19. “Falling oil prices will lead to increased employment, higher wage rates an dincreased real money balances.” Comment on this statement with the help of an AD-AS diagram and explain the short-run and long-run adjustment processes.A decline in material prices shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve starts shifting back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P2Y*Y2Y。

宏观经济学A-单项选择题模拟题

宏观经济学A-单项选择题模拟题《宏观经济学A》单项选择题模拟题第一章宏观经济学导论第二章国民收入核算1.下列哪一项不列入国内生产总值的核算？（）A 出口到国外的一批货物B.政府给贫困家庭发放的一笔救济金C.经纪人为一座旧房买卖收取的一笔佣金D.保险公司收到一笔家庭财产保险费2.一国的国内生产总值小于国民生产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收入( )外国公民从该国取得的收入.A.大于B.小于C.等于D.可能大于也可能小于3.面粉是中间产品这一命题( )A.一定是对的B.一定是不对的C.可能是对的,也可能是不对的D.以上三种说法全对4.经济学上的投资是指( )A.企业增加一笔存货B.建造一座住宅C.企业购买一台计算机D.以上都是5.在一个由家庭、企业、政府和国外的部门构成的四部门经济中,GDP是( )的总和.A.消费、总投资、政府购买和净出口B.消费、净投资、政府购买和净出口C.消费、总投资、政府购买和总出口D.工资、地租、利息、利润和折旧6．下列哪一项不是公司间接税？（）A.销售税B.公司所得税C.货物税D.公司财产税7.下列项目中,( )不属于要素收入的是A.总统薪水B.股息C.公司对灾区的捐献D.银行存款者取得的利息8.在统计中,社会保险税增加对( )项有影响.A.国内生产总值B.国内生产净值C.国民收入D.个人收入9.如果个人收入等于570美元,而个人所得税等于90美元,消费等于430美元,利息支付总额为10美元,个人储蓄为40美元,个人可支配收入则等于( )A.500美元B.480美元C.470美元D.400美元第三章简单国民收入决定理论1．投资往往是易变的，其主要原因之一是（）A.投资很大程度上取决于企业家的预期B.消费需求变动得如此反复无常以致它影响投资C.政府开支代替投资，而政府开支波动剧烈D.利率水平波动相当剧烈2.根据投资理论，（）A.当资本折旧率上升时，资本需求保持不变B.如果利率上升速度与通胀率相等，资本需求将下降C.如果通胀率比利率上升更快，资本需求曲线并不变D.如果通胀率比利率下降更快，厂商将宁愿有一个更小的资本存量。

《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析

《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第一章导论1、怎样理解宏观经济学的研究对象？【解答】宏观经济学研究的对象是经济的总体行为。

它的基本研究方法是考察经济的总体趋势，采用总量分析法。

它解决的主要中心问题经济周期与失业、通货膨胀和经济增长。

与微观经济学不同，宏观经济学则主要研究整体经济，以产出、失业、通货膨胀这些大范围内的经济现象为研究对象，其目的是对产出、失业以及价格的变动作出经济解释，宏观经济学的研究方法则是总量分析，即对能够反映整个经济运行情况的经济变量的决定、变动及其相互关系进行分析。

这些总量包括两类，一类是个量的总和，另一类是平均量。

因此，宏观经济学又称为“总量经济学”。

《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第二章国民收入核算1、下列项目是否计入GDP，为什么？（1）政府转移支付（2）购买一辆用过的卡车（3）购买普通股票（4）购买一块地产【解答】（1）政府转移支付不计入GDP，因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收（包括社会保障税）和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳务发生。

例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是残疾人创造了收入；相反，倒是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去生活来源才给予救济的。

（2）购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP，因为在生产时已经计入过。

（3）购买普通股票不计入GDP，因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出，即购买新厂房，设备和存货的行为，而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动，并不是实际的生产经营活动。

（4）购买一块地产也不计入GDP，因为购买地产只是一种所有权的转移活动，不属于经济意义的投资活动，故不计入GDP。

2、如果甲乙两国并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有什么影响（假定两国产出不变）？【解答】如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有影响。

因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP，对两国GDP 总和不会有影响。

完整版宏观经济学名词解释

第一章国民收入核算1. 宏观经济学：相对于“微观经济学”而言，是一门以一国（或地区）的宏观经济运行作为主要研究对象的经济科学。

它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支与汇率的决定和变动等经济中的宏观整体问题。

（解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动、国际收支等问题，实现长期稳定的发展）。

2. GDP：国内生产总值（GDP）是指经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。

它是一个市场价值概念，测度的是产品最终价值，中间价值不计入GDP。

一般用收入法和支出法核算。

3. 最终产品：在一定时期内生产的并由最后使用者购买的产品和劳。

4. GNP：国民生产总值是一个国民概念，乃指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的最终产品的市场价值，即无论劳动力和其他生产要素处于国内还是国外，只要是本国国民生产的产品和劳务的价值都记入国民生产总值。

5. NNP：国民生产净值是社会总产品中扣除已消耗的生产资料后的全部消费资料和用于扩大再生产及增加后背那部分生产资料。

6. 潜在产出：潜在产出是经济中实现了充分就业时所达到的产量水平。

7. 个人可支配收入：PDI是一个国家所有个人在一定时期内实际得到的可用于个人消费或储蓄的那一部分收入。

8. 转移支付：转移支付是指政府或企业的一种并非购买本年的商品和劳务而作的支付。

分为政府转移支付和企业转移支付。

政府转移支付作用是收入重新分配，。

企业转移支付通常以捐款形式进行。

9. 产出缺口：衡量实际产量与经济中现有资源得到充分利用时所能生产的产量之间的差额。

第二章简单国民收入决定理论1.凯恩斯定律：凯恩斯提出的需求能创造自己的供给，因此政府采取措施刺激需求以稳定经济的论点，这是凯恩斯根据对总供给和总需求之间关系的分析，为推行其国家干预经济的政策而提出的与萨伊定律截然相反的论点。

2.均衡产出：当产出水平等于总需求水平时，企业声场就会稳定下来。

西方经济学第17章(宏观第6章)

西方经济学第17章(宏观第6章)西方经济学第17章(宏观第6章)（一）问答题1、总需求曲线的理论来源是什么？为什么IS-LM模型中，由P（价格）自由变动，即可得到总需求曲线？答：（1）总需求是整个经济社会对产品和劳务的需求总量，这一需求总量通常以产出水平来表示。

一个经济社会的总需求包括消费需求、投资需求、政府购买和国外需求。

总需求量受多种因素的影响，其中价格水平是一个重要的因素。

在宏观经济学中，为了说明价格水平对总需求量的影响，引入了总需求曲线的概念，即总需求量与价格水平之间关系的几何表示。

在凯恩斯主义的总需求理论中，总需求曲线的理论来源主要是产品市场均衡理论和货币市场均衡理论来反映。

（2）在IS-LM模型中，一般价格水平被假定是一个常数（参数）。

在价格水平固定不变且货币供给为已知的情况下，IS曲线和LM曲线的交点决定均衡的收入（产量）水平。

如图17-1所示：图17-1分上下两个部分，上图为IS—LM 图。

下图表示价格水平和需求总量之间的关系，当价格P的数值为P1时，此时的LM曲线LM（P1）与IS曲线相交与E1点，E1点所表示的国民收入和利率顺次为y1和r1。

将P1和y1标在下图中便得到总需求曲线上的一点D1。

现在假设P由P1下降到P2。

由于P的下降，LM曲线移动到LM（P2）的位置，它与IS曲线的交点为E2点。

E2点所表示的国民收入和利率顺次为y2和r2。

对应于上图中的点E2又可在下图中找到D2。

按照同样的程序，随着P的变化，LM曲线和IS曲线可以有许多交点，每一个交点，都代表着一个特定的y 和P。

于是就有许多P与y的组合，从而构成了下图中的一系列点。

把这些点连在一起所得的曲线AD便是总需求曲线。

从推导总需求曲线的过程看到，总需求曲线曲线表示社会的需求总量和价格水平之间的相反方向的关系。

即总需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。

向右下方倾斜的总需求曲线表示，价格水平越高，需求总量越小；价格水平越低，需求总量越大。

宏观经济学第六章开放条件下的国民收入均衡

X=X0
Y
2、进口函数一国的进口同样取决于相应的三项因素：（1）国外商品的相对价格；（2）国际间贸易政策；（3）本国的收入水平。在这些因素里最值得注意的是第（3）项，它把一国的进口数量与该国的国民收入水平间联系起来，即进口是收入的函数，用公式表示为： M=m0+jY M M = m0+ jY 其中，m0 为自发进口，j为边际进口倾向。这两点可以看作是自发消费和边际消费倾向自然而然的延伸。
求解得
Y= a + b（Y-T0）+ I0 + G0 +X0 - m0 – j Y 假定出口增量为ΔX，由ΔX引起的收入变动为ΔY，则有： Y +ΔY =- -bT0 + I0 + G0 +（X0 +ΔX）] [a 两式相减，即得 ΔY = 1/（1-b+j） ΔX 或 △Y/ΔX = 1/（1-b+j）
O
Y
3、净出口函数
净出口 = X—M = X—m0—jY 该式表明，净出口也是收入的函数。
X-M
M
X0
O
Yx=M
Y
X-M
图中横轴表示收入，纵轴表示净出口，净出口函数曲线为一条过横轴的向右下方倾斜的曲线。它表明净出口也是收入的函数，随着收入的增加而下降，当收入为Yx=M 时，净出口等于零，此时的收入水平叫做外贸平衡收入。
第六章开放条件下的国民收入均衡
第一开放经济的基本知识
一、开放程度及其对经济的影响
所谓开放经济是指一个国家或地区的经济活动与国际市场相联系，不仅要受其他国家或地区的影响，而且也要影响其他国家或地区的经济运行状态。 1、开放程度的衡量进口/GDP

宏观经济学实验实验报告(1)

宏观经济学实验实验报告(1)宏观经济学实验实验报告实验的背景宏观经济学的实验可以帮助人们更好地理解宏观经济现象和政策。

本次实验旨在通过一个市场经济模型探究货币政策、财政政策和外部经济冲击对经济运行的影响。

实验的设计实验中使用的市场经济模型包括了供给曲线和需求曲线。

实验被设计成三部分，每部分分别研究一种经济政策或冲击：1. 货币政策：通过调整中央银行利率实现货币政策，研究利率变化对市场经济的影响。

2. 财政政策：通过调整政府支出实现财政政策，研究政府支出变化对市场经济的影响。

3. 外部经济冲击：由于加入了其他国家市场经济的影响，外部经济冲击将会影响市场经济的运行。

实验将研究这种冲击对市场经济的影响。

实验的步骤第一步：货币政策实验在第一部分实验中，我们调整中央银行的利率来模拟货币政策的影响。

利率的调整将影响借贷成本，从而影响投资、消费和供给水平。

实验的步骤如下：1. 设置模型中的供给曲线和需求曲线。

2. 设定中央银行的利率。

3. 观察模型的变化，记录不同利率水平下消费、投资和生产水平的变化情况。

通过模拟不同利率水平下市场经济的运行情况，我们发现，当利率上升时，消费和投资会减少，供给水平也会下降。

利率下降则会导致相反的变化。

因此，货币政策对市场经济的影响是显著的，政府可以通过调整利率来影响市场经济。

第二步：财政政策实验在第二部分实验中，我们调整政府支出来模拟财政政策的影响。

政府支出的增加将会刺激市场活动，从而影响经济增长。

实验的步骤如下：1. 设置模型中的供给曲线和需求曲线。

2. 增加政府支出。

3. 观察模型的变化，记录政府支出的变化对消费、投资和生产水平的影响。

通过模拟增加政府支出的情况，我们发现，政府支出的增加确实会刺激市场经济的活动，并且会导致经济增长。

因此，财政政策对市场经济的影响也是显著的。

第三步：外部经济冲击实验在第三部分实验中，我们模拟机会成本和贸易条件的变化对市场经济的影响。

外部经济冲击能够影响市场经济环境，从而影响企业的经济决策。

宏观经济学曼昆讲义第六章开放经济精品PPT课件

1、固定汇率是如何运行的
固定汇率的实质是：中央银行承诺，允许货币供给调整到任何水平，以保证均衡汇率等于所宣布的汇率
如，央行想把汇率固定在1：8水平上，而目前均衡汇率是1：10。套利者会大量购买本币，以获取差价。
LM*曲线
这里，T和G、r*、M、P是外生变量。Y，e
是内生变量
汇率e
LM*
IS*
Y
Y
十、浮动汇率的小型开放经济
1、财政政策
扩张的财政政策会使汇率上升而收入不变（这与封闭经济不同）
汇率eBiblioteka LM*IS2* IS1*Y
原因：
封闭经济：收入增加利率上升（更高收入增加对货币需求）
开放经济：收入增加利率上升
净出口>0
净出口=0
净出口<0
Y>C+I+G
Y=C+I+G
Y<C+I+G
储蓄>投资储蓄=投资储蓄<投资
资本净流出>0 资本净流出=0 资本净流出<0
三、名义汇率与实际汇率
名义汇率是一国通货交换另一国通货的比率实际汇率是人们交换两国生产的产品的比率
实际汇率等于名义汇率乘以两国物价水平的比率
须大到足以抵消财政影响）
3、货币政策
e
LM1* LM2*
IS*
货币供给增加会增加收入，降低汇率
注意：货币供给增加与封闭经济一样会增加收入
但传递机制不同：封闭：通过利率传递开放：通过汇率传递
封闭经济：货币增加利率下降投资增加收入增加
开放经济：货币增加利率下降压力资本流出本币贬值（汇率下
r = r*

宏观经济学第六章习题及答案

a．消费者物价指数； b．生产物价指数；c．GDP缩减指数； d．以上均正确。

2．可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指（ D）。

a．通货膨胀率以每年5％的速度增长； b．通货膨胀率在10％以上；c．通货膨胀率一直保持在2％－3％水平；d．通货膨胀率处于3％—10％之间。

3．通货膨胀的主要类型有（ D ）。

a．需求拉上型； b．成本推进型；c．结构型； d．以上均正确。

4．通货膨胀会（ C ）。

5．在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将有利于（ A ）。

a．债务人； b；债权人；c．在职工人； d．离退休人员。

6．已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元，实际国民收入11800亿，边际消费倾向0.8，在增加3000亿的投资后，经济将发生（ A ）。

a．需求拉上通货膨胀；b．成本推进通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．需求不足的失业。

7．收入政策主要是用来治理（ B ）。

a．需求拉上的通货膨胀； b．成本推进的通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．供求混合通货膨胀。

8．抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指（ C ）。

a．收入初次分配； b．收入再分配；c．收入—价格管制； d．以上均正确。

9．失业率是指（ A ）。

a．失业人口占劳动力的百分比； b．失业人数占人口总数的百分比； c．失业人数占就业人数的百分比； d．以上均正确。

10．充分就业的含义是（B ）。

2宏观经济学第六章试题及答案

宏观经济学及其研究对象宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为考察对象，研究社会总体经济问题以及相应的经济变量的总量是如何决定及其相互关系。

它需要解决三个问题：一是已经配置到各个生产部门和企业的经济资源总量的使用情况是如何决定着一国的总产量(国民收入)或就业量;二是商品市场和货币市场的总供求是如何决定着一国的国民收入水平和一般物价水平;三是国民收入水平和一般物价水平的变动与经济周期及经济增长的关系。

它又称为国民收入决定论或收入分析。

宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题，包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策等。

（一）选择题1. 依据哈罗德—多马模型的定义，自然增长率G N与实际增长率G之间的关系是（）：AG N≥G；BG N≤G； C G N＞G；DG N＜G。

2. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析，如果有保证的增长率G W大于实际增长率G，经济将（）：A持续高涨；B长期萧条；C均衡增长；D不能确定。

3. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析，如果有保证的增长率G W大于自然增长率G N，经济将（）：A持续高涨；B长期萧条；C均衡增长；D不能确定。

4. 要达到充分就业的均衡增长，必须使（）：AG=G N；BG=G W；CG=G N= G W；DG W= G N。

5. 在哈罗德—多马模型中，已知有保证的增长率G W小于实际增长率G，如果合意的储蓄率等于实际储蓄率，那么合意的资本—产出比将（）：A小于实际的资本—产出比；B大于实际的资本—产出比；C等于实际的资本—产出比；D以下情况都有可能。

6. 当合意的资本—产出比大于实际的资本—产出比时，厂商的合理反应是（）：A增加投资；B减少投资；C保持原有投资水平；D不能确定。

7. 哈罗德—多马模型的分析之所以是一种动态分析，是因为它（）：A从连续的各个时期来分析经济增长；B根据投资和储蓄之间的关系来分析经济增长；C根据有效需求来分析经济增长；D在技术、人口和资本均可发生变化的时期内分析经济增长。

西方经济学考研真题详解(宏观经济学-第6章-总需求-总供给模型)

第6章总需求－总供给模型6.1考点难点归纳1．总需求函数总需求函数表示产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡时的价格水平与国民收入间的依存关系，描述这一函数的曲线称为总需求曲线。

所谓总需求是指整个经济社会在每一个价格水平下对产品和劳务的需求总量，它由消费需求、投资需求、政府支出和国外需求构成。

在其他条件不变的情况下，当价格水平提高时，国民收入水平就下降；当价格水平下降时，国民收入水平就上升。

总需求曲线向下倾斜，其机制在于：当价格水平上升时，将会同时打破产品市场和货币市场上的均衡。

在货币市场上，价格水平上升导致实际货币供给下降，从而使LM 曲线向左移动，均衡利率水平上升，国民收入水平下降。

在产品市场上，一方面由于利率水平上升造成投资需求下降（即利率效应），总需求随之下降；另一方面，价格水平的上升还导致人们的财富和实际收入水平下降以及本国出口产品相对价格的提高从而使人们的消费需求下降，本国的出口也会减少、国外需求减少，进口增加。

这样，随着价格水平的上升，总需求水平就会下降。

2．总需求曲线的斜率和移动总需求曲线的斜率反映价格水平变动一定幅度使国民收入（或均衡支出水平）变动多少。

从IS －LM 模型分析中可知，价格水平变动引起实际货币余额变动会使LM 移动，进而影响收入水平，而LM 移动究竟会使均衡收入变动多少，取决于IS 曲线和LM 曲线的斜率。

IS 曲线斜率不变时，LM 曲线越陡，则LM 移动时收入变动就越大，从而AD 曲线越平缓；相反，LM 曲线斜率不变时，IS 曲线越平缓（即投资需求对利率变动越敏感或边际消费倾向越大），则LM 曲线移动时收入变动越大，从而AD 曲线也越平缓。

政府采取扩张性财政政策，如政府支出扩大（A 增加），或扩张性货币政策（M 增加），都会使总需求曲线向右上方移动；反之，则向左下方移动。

3．总供给总供给是经济社会的总产量（或者总产出），一般而言是由劳动力、生产性资本存量和技术决定的。