动词不定式主动表被动用法归纳

动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式, 例如do 的被动式有to be done, to have been

done 。只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定式的被动式。一般说来, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。例如: He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要求派他去那个工厂工作。

These books are not allowed to be taken out of

the room. 这些书不许带出室外。

但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思,

用的

却是主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况:

一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语,

用主动形式表被动意义。

1) have( give, show )sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 与things 是动

宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下

午你有事要做吗?

( to do 是由you 发出的)

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的xx 吗? (谁带不得而知)再如:

Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读

的材料。

He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给

你指出要走的正确的路。

2) It ( This, That )＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋n. ＋

to do

在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。

question 与to answer 为动宾关系。to answer 可

改

为for me to answer 。再如:

It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子

很容易翻译。

3) There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do

在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主

动式,

也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作

定语,

重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。例如: 没有时间可以耽误。可译成:

There is no time to lose (to be lost ). 用to lose

可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁lost time

不明确。

但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不

同:

a. There is nothing to do now. ( = Wehave nothing

to do now. )现在没事干。

b. There is nothing to be done. (= We can do

nothing now. )现在没办法了。

a. There is nothing to see. ( nothing worth

seeing )没有xx 值得看。

b. There is nothing to be seen. ( nothing there

at all )看不见什么xx 。

二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不

定式有

被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型

有:

1)n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do

The question was very difficult to answer. 这

问题很难回答。

这工作很容易做The job is very easy to do.

2)n. ＋be＋too ＋adj. ＋to do

The thing is too small to see. 这xx 太小看不见。

I was too excited to say a word. 我激动得连一

句话也说不出。

3) n. ＋be ＋adj. ＋enough to do

这盒子轻得可The box is light enough to carry.

带走。

这本书很便宜The book is cheap enough to buy.

可以买。

但下列两句可用不定式的主, 也可用被动This plant is fit to eat ／to be eaten. 这种植

物可以食用。

The cake is ready to eat ／to be eaten. 这块饼

可以吃了。

、某些动词, 如to let, to blame （责备）, to seek

（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。

例如:

The house is to let. 这房子要出租。

Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁?

这理由不难找到。The reason is not far to seek.

练习: 选择填空。

1. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it

is very comfortable to _________ .

a. sit

b. sit on

c. be sat

d. be sat on

2. I'm hungry. Get me something ________ .

a. eat

b. to eat

c. to be eat

d. for eating

3. It is difficult for a foreigner _________

Chinese.

a. write

b. to write

c. to be written

d. written

4. I have no more letters ____________ , thank you.

a. to type

b. typing

c. to be typed

d. typed

5. The car is rather difficult _________ .

a. to repair

b. to be repaired

c. repairing

d. being repaired

6. He was nowhere _________ .

a. to see

b. to be seen

c. seeing

d. seen

7. She had no money _________ a birthday present