英语：独立主格结构
英语：独立主格结构417
名词/主格代词+过去分词
▪ 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
▪ The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问 题的解决，质量已经提高了。
▪ Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上 的字。
1. Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.
A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set
2. A new technique ______, the production increased by
20 percent.
A. to have been worked out B. having worked out
（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）
Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm． （他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着现在分词通常表示动作正在进行 （或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表 示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
高考：英语独立主格结构
高考：英语独立主格结构高考：英语独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）。
其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。
注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
英语语法独立主格结构
英语语法独立主格结构独立主格结构是英语语法中一种重要的句子结构，它可以帮助我们清晰地表达句子的逻辑关系和语义关系，增强句子的表达力和语言的逻辑性。
本文将详细介绍独立主格结构的定义、形式、用法和相关练习。
一、定义独立主格结构是指在一个句子中，主句的主语和独立主格之间存在一种逻辑上的平行关系。
独立主格结构通常由名词或代词（独立主格）+动词/副词/介词短语（补语）构成，与主句之间用逗号隔开。
二、形式独立主格结构可由以下几种形式构成：1.名词短语作独立主格例如：- His arms folded, he leaned against the wall.- The children playing in the yard, the parents sat on the porch.2.代词短语作独立主格例如：- Her hair flowing in the wind, she walked along the beach.- With a smile on his face, he greeted the guests.3.动词短语作独立主格例如：- The sun shining brightly, we decided to go for a picnic.- The game over, the crowd cheered for their team.4.副词短语作独立主格例如：- The storm having passed, we ventured out of our shelter.- The rain falling heavily, she hurriedly grabbed an umbrella.5.介词短语作独立主格例如：- With a sigh of relief, he finished his final exam.- In the distance, we could hear the sound of waves crashing.三、用法独立主格结构能够起到以下几种作用：1.表示时间、条件或原因- The rain having stopped, we went outside to play.- The bus having arrived, we boarded and headed home.2.表示场景、情景或背景- The children singing and dancing, the party was a great success.- The streets filled with people, the city felt vibrant and alive.3.表示对比、对立或转折- The students studying diligently, the teacher was pleased with their progress.4.修饰句子成分，增强句子表达力- His hands trembling, he handed me the letter.- The book finished, she closed it and put it back on the shelf.四、练习请根据上述的独立主格结构的定义、形式和用法，完成以下练习。
语法：英语独立主格结构
英语独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与句子的主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。
其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
1.Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。
（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.2．He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。
（seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 3．The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。
（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A. 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
英语语法独立主格
英语语法独立主格独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
接下来，小编给大家准备了英语语法独立主格,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
英语语法独立主格一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
例如1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
)2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
)3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
) 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
例如，上述例句可变为：1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词/代词+分词(短语)外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
英语独立主格结构
独立主格结构：独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）.它在句法上游离与句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何语法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，给他构成一个完整的寓意环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和位于，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号上与主句隔开。
一、独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为俩部分，一部分事名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1）名词/代词+形容词I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那。
2）名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散散步。
3）名词/代词+过去分词More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们会做的更好。
The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4）名词/代词（主格）+不定式Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.这是前俩卷，第三卷将于下雨问世。
高中英语语法——独立主格结构
独立主格一、独立主格结构(the absolute structure)用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的特点：1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
4)在句中作状语，并对主句进行补充说明。
5)它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思三、构成1、名词/代词+ to doWe divide the work, he to clean windows and I to sweep the floor.The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。
2、名词/代词+ doingIt being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.There being no bus or taxi then, we had to walk home.There being nothing else to do, we left.The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting.The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.（1）.__________no bus, we had to walk home. (A)A .There beingB .BeingC .Having beenD .There was（2）._______no bus, we had to walk home. (b)A .As there beingB .As there wasC .BeingD .There was（3）._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (c)A .BeingB .There beingC .It beingD .Having been（4）.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (d or It being)A .As it beingB .BeingC .It isD .As it is3、名词/代词+ doneHis voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.Her wallet stolen, she had no money to buy even a bus ticket.因为钱包被偷了，她甚至连买车票的钱也没有了。
高中英语知识点：独立主格结构
高中英语知识点：独立主格结构独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
下面是小编为您收集整理的高中英语知识点：独立主格结构，供大家参考!高中英语知识点：独立主格结构独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)1、名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
2、名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder， their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
3、名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor， each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
4、名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans asleep， the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
英语语法独立主格结构
独立主格结构独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句子中作状语的短语。
主要由两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。
逻辑主语由名词或代词充当，逻辑谓语由非谓语动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语充当。
1.非谓语构成独立主格结构Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing next week.The job finished, we went home.The exam to be held tomorrow, i can’t go with you.2.逻辑主语+名词3.逻辑主语+形容词4.逻辑主语+副词5.逻辑主语+介词短语6.“With+宾语+宾语补足语”的独立主格结构（1）with+名词/代词+非谓语动词With my homework finishedWith a lot of thing to doWith the light burning（2）with+名词/代词：with my home work（3）with+名词/代词+形容词：with the door open（4）with+名词/代词+副词：with the light on（5）with+名词/代词+介词短语：with a book in her hand7.There be句型的独立主格结构（1）作主语There being a kindergarden on campus is a great convenience.It’s necessary for there to be sth.（2）作宾语We expect there to be a chance to go abroad.We are looking forward to there being a concert.（3）作状语There being nobody else at land, i had to do it by myself.There having beenno rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.作原因状语一般用there being （there being=because be.）8.独立主格结构的省略在某些独立主格结构中，如”单数名词+介词短语“中，名词前不用冠词。
英语独立主格结构
独立主格结构一、概念：有时一个名词/代词+ 一个其他结构,在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句或并列句,人们通常称这种结构为独立主格或独立结构.二、独立主格的结构：n/pron + doing River rising,they had to left for safety.to do Much work to do,they had to work for extra hours.done All the work done,they went for lunch.adj.He entered the room,his nose red with cold.adv.He was lying in bed,light on.Prepositional phrase He walked in,cane in hand.在这种结构中,n/pron.在逻辑上是后一部分的主语,后一部分相当于谓语或表语.这种结构在句子中只能作状语,三、独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分：1、伴随状语（方式状语）：相当于一个并列句.He was watching TV,his mouth half open.He fell to the ground,blood coming down his nose.The policeman entered the dark room,gun in hand.The old man sat down,his face pale with pain.2、时间状语：相当于一个时间状语从句.Meeting over,everyone tried to do something for the project.Spring coming,the flowers are coming out.The problem settled,everyone was filled with joy.3、原因状语：相当于一个原因状语从句.John (being) away,Tom had to do the work on his own.It being dark,they had to walk with the torches on.There being no bus,they had no choice but to take a taxi.4、条件状语：相当于一个条件状语从句.Weather permitting,we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.Enough time given,we’ll do the job better.注：有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构.如：With the problem settled,the computer restarted.With the old man leading,we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.He left the bathroom,with the water running.He rushed out with a knife in his hand.此句可改写为He rushed out ,a knife in his hand.或He rushed out,knife in hand.但是,“with + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语.如：Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains around it.He lives in a village with a railway behind it.Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.。
英语之独立主格结构
英语之独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
详细概述非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：1）独立主格结构表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）独立主格结构表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）独立主格结构表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.二月中旬，天气有利于工作，工人们开始修缮河坝。
英语独立主格结构
英语独立主格结构独立主格结构（nominative absolute）是一种特定的英语句式，由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式) 或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
即：名词/代词+ 现在分词名词/代词+ 过去分词名词/代词+ 动词不定式名词/代词+ （being）形容词、副词、名词或介词短语(逻辑主语) + （逻辑谓语）独立主格结构可以说是英语学习中的一个难点，因为它在意义上可以独立成句，却与另一个句子组成句子，不用连词。
那么，让我们来看看独立主格结构是如何形成的。
The wind failed. We lowered the sail. （单句）When the wind failed, we lowered the sail. （时间状语从句）The wind failing, we lowered the sail. （独立主格结构，时间状语）风停了，我们降下了帆.The weather was rainy. We decided to postpone the trip. （单句）As he weather was rainy, we decided to postpone the trip. （原因状语从句）The weather being rainy, we decided to postpone the trip. （独立主格结构，原因状语）由于天气下雨，我们决定推迟旅行。
The tall oak stood in our yard, and its branches was covered in icicles. （并列分句）Its branches covered in icicles, the tall oak stood in our yard. （独立主格结构，伴随状语）那棵高大的橡树，树枝上挂满了冰柱，竖立在我们的院子里。
英语语法之独立主格
He raised his head, his eyes swollen. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. He put on his socks, wrong side out. His parents being away on vacation, he had to cook meal for himself. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next mouth.
独立主格 （一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不 同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词， 不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
英语独立主格
独立主格（一）：独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+doing，done ；Spring coming up, everything is becoming green.= Since the spring is coming up, everything is becoming green.名词(代词)+adj. ；The bride beautiful, the groom is unbearably ugly.=Though the bride is beautiful, the groom is unbearably ugly.名词(代词)+adv. ；The project done successfully, everyone is cheerful.= The project is done successfully, so everyone is cheerful.名词(代词)+to do ；A meeting to be run, he is in the rush hour now.=Since a meeting is about to be run, he is in the rush hour now.名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
The book under his arm, the teacher went into the classroom.= The book was under his arm, and the teacher went into the classroom.（二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.练习If the weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
高考：英语独立主格结构
高考：英语独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）。
其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。
注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
英语语法独立主格
英语语法独立主格独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
接下来，小编给大家准备了英语语法独立主格,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。
英语语法独立主格一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
例如1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
)2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
)3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
) 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
例如，上述例句可变为：1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词/代词+分词(短语)外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
高二英语独立主格
6.with+名词(或代词)+动词不定式:不定式表将发生的动作。 例如:1)With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
（原因状语） 2)With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out. （原因状语）
由于孩子们在上学，所以当我们想度假时而不能去度 假。（原因状语）
2)The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵让他背朝着他的父亲站在那儿。（行为方式）
5.with+名词(或代词)+副词 例如:1)He fell asleep with the light on （伴随情况）. 2)The boy stood there with his head down.
1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词:现在分词和前面的名词或代 词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 Eg:With prices going up so fast, we can‘t afford luxuries.
（原因状语）
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.（伴随情 况）
（伴随情况） 2)With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it‘ll r ain presently.
大气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。（原因状语）
4.with+名词(或代词)+介词短语 例:1)With the children at school, we can't take our vacatio n whHere are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month． The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home， the other to go to his friend's． 5）名词／代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand． 注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 6）名词／代词十副词 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away． Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking． 7）名词／代词＋名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．
英语语法独立主格结构
• Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (You may refer to the corresponding passages in Part I) • 1. These discoveries have grown into a whole discipline of color psychology. (passage 1) • • 2. So fire engines and ambulances in some advanced countries are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop traffic (passage 1) • • 3. For every social situation ,there is permissible time that you can hold a person’s gaze without being intimate ,rude or aggressive.( passage 2) • • 4. Cyclo-cross races are usually held from September to March ,adding winter weather hazards to the challenge .( passage 3) • • 5. In the process ,the moisture in this warm air produces rain .and with it the heat is converted to energy in the form of strong winds. ( passage 4) •
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The Absolute Structure
概念
独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是 由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一 种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一 个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词 与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓 关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系， 独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句 前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句 分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主 句之间不能使用任何连接词。
名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高 了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了， 她看不见黑板上的字。
It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘 故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商 店都关门了。
There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就 回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再 要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地 上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属 都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 (=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
Choose the best from the four choices． 1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task． A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned 2．The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． A．began B．beginning C．having begun D．being beginning 3．Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints． A．being B．is与句子的 主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词， 副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分 开。
1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． （黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。） Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm． （他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。） He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm. 3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale， toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。） The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale.
名词/主格代词+副词
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了
名词/主格代词+介词短语
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉 坐着，背对着门。
8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer． A．not being finished B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个 人干两个人的活。
例题
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that
用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来
用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组 织一次海滨小游。 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能 成功。
名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且 强调的是一次具体性的动作。 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要 做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个 去了书店。
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式 文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
形式
名词/主格代词+现在分词 名词/主格代词+过去分词 名词/主格代词+不定式 名词/主格代词+形容词 名词/主格代词+副词 名词/主格代词+介词短语 There being +名词（代词） It being +名词（代词）
名词/主格代词+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难， 无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席， 会议不得不取消。
用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为 明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不 得不熬夜到很晚。 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
功能与用法
功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中， 其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时 间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生 的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于 一个状语从句或并列句。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因 时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首， 表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补 充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句 末。