英语：独立主格结构

用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来
用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组 织一次海滨小游。 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能 成功。
独立主格结构
The Absolute Structure
概念
独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是 由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一 种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一 个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词 与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓 关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系， 独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句 前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句 分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主 句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式 文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
形式
名词/主格代词+现在分词 名词/主格代词+过去分词 名词/主格代词+不定式 名词/主格代词+形容词 名词/主格代词+副词 名词/主格代词+介词短语 There being +名词（代词） It being +名词（代词）
用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为 明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不 得不熬夜到很晚。 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
ItΒιβλιοθήκη Baidubeing +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘 故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商 店都关门了。
名词/主格代词+形容词
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难， 无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席， 会议不得不取消。
名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且 强调的是一次具体性的动作。 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要 做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个 去了书店。
名词/主格代词+副词
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了
名词/主格代词+介词短语
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉 坐着，背对着门。
特点
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的 主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词， 副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分 开。
1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． （黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。） Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm． （他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。） He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm. 3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale， toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。） The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale.
名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高 了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了， 她看不见黑板上的字。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地 上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属 都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 (=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
4．Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymaking． A．set B．setting C．has set D．was set
5．With all factors ，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal． A．being considered B．considering C．considered D．are considered
6．A new technique ，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent． A．to have been worked out B．having worked out C．working out D．having been worked out 7．On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still， ears ，alert，listening． A．pointed B．pointing C．are pointed D．are pointing
功能与用法
功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中， 其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时 间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 用法：独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生 的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于 一个状语从句或并列句。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因 时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首， 表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补 充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句 末。
There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就 回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再 要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
Choose the best from the four choices． 1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task． A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned 2．The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． A．began B．beginning C．having begun D．being beginning 3．Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints． A．being B．is C．was D．to be
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个 人干两个人的活。
例题
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that
8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer． A．not being finished B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished
名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn‘t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允 许的话，我们明天去郊游。